©2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
The more things change, the more they remain the same.
Alphonse Karr
©2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Human Ecology• Involves biological, psychological,
and cultural contexts• The contexts of development help
define human processes that develop over time, such as–Perceptions–Learning– Individual and group behavior
©2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Human Ecology
• The biological, psychological, social, and cultural contexts in which a developing person interacts and the consequent processes that develop over time.
©2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Socialization
• The process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, and character traits that enable them to participate as effective members of groups and society
©2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Socialization• Unique to humans• Reciprocal and dynamic
• Socialization occurs• through interaction with significant
others • by means of communication • in emotionally significant contexts
©2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Intentional Socialization
• Socialization in which values are consistently conveyed, and backed up with• approval for compliance • negative consequences for
noncompliance
©2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Unintentional Socialization
• Socialization that takes place spontaneously • without the deliberate intent to impart
knowledge or values
©2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Socializing Agents• Children are socialized by many
people.• Socializing agents change their
practices or views over time in reaction to, or as a result of, societal change.
©2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Childhood: Historical Perspectives
• The Renaissance• Development of the Printing Press• The Industrial Revolution• Childhood Today
©2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Theory
• An organized set of statements that explains observations, integrates different facts or events, and predicts future outcomes
• Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model
©2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Microsystem
• Activities and relationships with significant others experienced by a developing person in a particular small setting
• Examples are family, school, peer group, and community
©2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Mesosystem
• Linkages and interrelationships between two or more of a person’s microsystems
©2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Exosystem
• Settings in which children do not actually participate, but which affect them in one of their microsystems
©2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Macrosystem
• The society and subculture to which the developing person belongs, with particular reference to belief systems, lifestyles, patterns of interaction, and life changes
©2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Chronosystem
• Temporal changes in ecological systems or within individuals, producing new conditions that affect development
Top Related