Zygote: fertilized cell created by the union of the egg and sperm >200 types of human cells...
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![Page 1: Zygote: fertilized cell created by the union of the egg and sperm >200 types of human cells Embryonic stem cells –Created during earliest divisions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649f2f5503460f94c4a022/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Zygote: fertilized cell created by the union of the egg and sperm >200 types of human cells Embryonic stem cells –Created during earliest divisions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649f2f5503460f94c4a022/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Zygote: fertilized cell created by the union of the egg and sperm
• >200 types of human cells
• Embryonic stem cells– Created during
earliest divisions– Potential to become
any type of cell
![Page 3: Zygote: fertilized cell created by the union of the egg and sperm >200 types of human cells Embryonic stem cells –Created during earliest divisions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649f2f5503460f94c4a022/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Determination
• Determination– Stem cells
commit to a specific type
– Few weeks into development
– Irreversible
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Stem cell programmed to become a muscle cell
Stem cell programmed to become a nerve cell
ON ON ON
ON ON ON
Genes (switches) exist in both cells, but are activated in one type and deactivated in the other.
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Differentiation
• Differentiation– Cells acquire the
structures & functions of a specialized cell
– Specific genes activated
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![Page 7: Zygote: fertilized cell created by the union of the egg and sperm >200 types of human cells Embryonic stem cells –Created during earliest divisions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649f2f5503460f94c4a022/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Programmed cell death
(apoptosis) between the
fingers
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Webbed Toes
![Page 9: Zygote: fertilized cell created by the union of the egg and sperm >200 types of human cells Embryonic stem cells –Created during earliest divisions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649f2f5503460f94c4a022/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Cell: Basic unit• Tissue: Group of cells
– 4 types• Organ: Groups of
tissue– Ex: lung contains
each tissue• Organ System: Group
of organs working together– Digestive System
• Organism: all organ systems working together
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• Muscle: contracting cells– Skeletal, cardiac cells
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• Connective Tissue: Support the body– Bone, fat, tendons
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• Epithelial: protection sheet of cells– skin, stomach lining
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• Nerve Tissue: Transmit electric signals– Brain & Spinal Cord
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Homeostasis• Process where the
body maintains a constant internal environment
• Reactions & enzymes work best in specific conditions
• Control systems adjust to internal/external changes– pH, temp, fluids
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Control Systems• Sensors (aka: receptors)
– Gather information about the body and environment
– Ex: skin senses pressure• Communication Center
– Messages sent throughout the body to respond
– Ex: Impulse travel through your nerves
• Control Center– Receives information from the
sensors– Ex: Brain interprets the impulse
• Targets– Body part that changes its activity– Ex: Muscles in foot stretch/contract
abruptly
!*%!?%&#
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Negative Feedback Loops• Regulates most
of the body• Counters
changes in the body that move conditions away from a set point– Reverses the
change
• Keeps internal environment stable
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Positive Feedback Loop• Increases the
changes away from set points
• Important when rapid changes needed
• Ex: Oxytocin released– When uterus
contractions begin, oxytocin released to speed up the contractions (not stop them)
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Working Together
• Thermoregulation: Maintenance of body temperature– Skin: sensors provide feedback to brain– Nervous & Endocrine system: send messages to/from brain– Muscles: Start to shiver
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Homeostasis disruption
• Sensors fail
• Wrong messages sent
• Message doesn’t reach target
• Serious injury
• Microorganism infection
• Short Term– Temporary discomfort
(usually)
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Long Term: Diabetes
• Normal
– Insulin controls glucose level
– High: cells intake more glucose
– Low: pancreas creates more glucose
• Type 1
– Immune system destroys cells to produce insulin
– Pancreas fails
– Blood pH decreases (more acidic)
• Type 2
– Insulin production decreases
– Glucose level in blood rises
– Cells starve