Zycosil Frequently Asked Questions Handbooksouthsco.ipower.com/pdf/D-1-Zycosil Frequently Asked...

Zydex Industries July 2008

Zycosil Frequently Asked

Questions Handbook


INDEX

1. Application - Instruction

2. Application- Surface Preparation

3. Application - New Concrete and Patches

4. Cracks and Zycosil Application

5. Zycosil and Integral Water Repellency

6. Zycosil and Exterior Paint

7. Water and Zycosil Water Repellent

8. Waterproofing and Curing Compounds

9. Waterproofing and Sealant Compounds

10. Waterproofing and Landscaping

11. Waterproofing Window/Door Joints

12. Zycosil and Fugitive Dye - Quality Assurance

13. Tinting Zycosil Waterproofing

14. Zycosil - Life Cycle and Performance

15. Measurement of Water Absorption - Rilem Test

16. VOC (Volatile Organic Content)

17. Flash Point


APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS

PRODUCTS

The ZYCOSIL water repellent is a water soluble product for use on a wide variety of

substrates.

ZYCOSIL is suitable for concrete and brick masonry substrates; also for limestone,

marble, stone, stucco, clay tile, plaster, sand, soil, and aggregates.

PRE-INSPECTION

New concrete must be allowed to cure for a minimum of 28 days. All repointing must

be complete and allowed to cure for at least 3 days.

Concrete repair and replacement must be completed prior to application of Zycosil.

Concrete patches must be allowed to cure for at least 28 days.

Structural cracks that exceed 0.5 mm must use materials and application techniques

acceptable to the specifying engineer.

All in-place caulking or sealing materials must have cured.

PRE-TESTING

Prior to the start of the application, Zydex Industries requires that the applicator apply

Zycosil to a representative test area. The evaluation should be according to Zydex’s

standard procedures to verify that it will effectively protect the structure and will not

have any adverse effect on related construction materials, such as plastic windows and

asphaltic product.

SURFACE PREPARATION

All surfaces must be cleaned to remove all traces of dirt, dust, efflorescence, mold,

salt, grease, oil, asphalt, laitance, curing compounds, paint, coatings and other foreign

materials.

The purpose of cleaning is to remove the contaminants and leave the pores open to

allow penetration of Zycosil.

Surface cleaning should be closely monitored by the contractor and must not cause any

unnecessary surface damage. Surface preparation shall be subject to final approval by

the specifying engineer.


Proper surface preparation will depend on the type of substrate (concrete, masonry,

stone, etc.), as well as the type of surface contamination. To ensure proper

performance of Zycosil, the same cleaning technique that will be used on the project

should also be used to prepare the test area. The following are acceptable cleaning

techniques.

1. Horizontal concrete surfaces may be cleaned using shot blast or water jet

equipment. The size of the shot and travel speed of the equipment should be

selected to provide a uniformly clean surface with a uniform profile

acceptable to the specifying engineer. The deck surface next to curbs,

columns, etc., which is not cleaned by the shot blast equipment, as well as

three (3) inches up the walls directly adjacent to the deck surfaces, should be

cleaned by sandblasting.

2. Vertical Surfaces may be cleaned using either hot or cold high pressure water

(minimum 1400-2100 psi) or high pressure steam.

3. All Surfaces:

Chemical cleaners may be used if required to remove certain types of surface

contamination. The cleaner must be used in accordance with the

manufacturer’s instructions. The surface should be thoroughly washed to

remove all cleaning material using a minimum of 1400-2100 psi water.

Wet or dry sandblasting may be used on concrete surfaces.

DELIVERY, STORAGE AND HANDLING

Zycosil should be delivered to the job site in the original sealed containers clearly

marked with Zydex’s’ identification, including type of material and lot number with

the numbered seals intact.

Store Zycosil in a covered area protected from rain or standing water, where

temperatures are not less than 10º C (50 F). If Zycosil is in storage for more than two

years, a sample should be sent to Zydex for analysis prior to use and the container

must be properly resealed.

JOB CONDITIONS

The contractor should not proceed with the application if:

A. Ambient temperature is below 10º C (50F) unless authorized in writing by Zydex.

B. The ambient or surface temperature is above 50º C (120F)

C. Rain is expected within 2 hours following the application.

D. Precipitation has occurred within 24 hours prior to application.


E. High winds or other conditions prevent proper application and overspray that may

have an adverse effect on surrounding materials.

APPLICATION

Diluted Zycosil shall be applied using low pressure (15-25 psi) pumping equipment

with fan type spray nozzles.

Zycosil should be diluted with water (<1000 TSD). For the horizontal surface 1 part

Zycosil is diluted with 10 parts of water. For the vertical surface 1 part Zycosil is

diluted with 20 parts of water. For the area where annual rain fall exceeds 2000 mm

(80 inches), 1:10 diluted ratio is used for both of the surfaces.

The applicator shall provide, install and maintain suitable traps, tarps, and/or drop

cloths to protect against damage caused by spillage or heavy overspray. Protect all

plants and vegetation from overspray. Protect all materials containing asphalt from

overspray. Protect all coated glass materials. (Although Zycosil will not leave a

residue on glass, the carrier may react with plastic coatings on the structure, glass or

surrounding property).

A flood application of the material is required on horizontal surfaces, the liquid

material should pond on the surface at least 5 seconds before being absorbed. On

vertical surfaces, the liquid material should run down 6-8 inches below the spray

pattern. It is best on vertical surfaces to apply spray from the bottom to the top of the

structure so that you can determine which areas have been treated.

On horizontal surfaces, traffic must be kept off the treated surfaces until the solution

has completely dried.

The contractor shall provide adequate ventilation during the application and shall

follow all safety precautions.

IMPORTANT: THE ZYCOSIL CONTAINER IS LABELED WITH IMPORTANT

SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS, READ THEM CAREFULLY BEFORE USING.

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS ARE PROVIDED BY ZYDEX AND MUST

BE CAREFULLY REVIEWED PRIOR TO APPLICATION OF ZYCOSIL.


Zycosil Weatherproofing, Efflorescence and Masonry Surface Preparation

Zycosil is a clear penetrating water repellent that can be applied to various clay and

concrete masonry structures to help reduce the presence of efflorescence and maintain a

clean appearance.

Cleaning before Zycosil Application

For normal atmospheric dirt and grime, power-washing (1400 psi) with or without a light

duty restoration cleaner, is typically sufficient.

For surfaces contaminated with mold or fungus, a sodium hypochlorite solution should be

used in addition to pressure washing.

For removing efflorescence and mineral deposits, a chemical cleaner specifically

designed for that application is recommended. Follow the cleaner’s manufacturer

instructions, including neutralization and cleaning of residual off the substrate. If the

efflorescence is severe (no brick showing), then it is recommended that it be removed

prior to treatment with Zycosil as treatment may saturate the efflorescence and not be

allowed to penetrate into the substrate.

For removing a previously applied surface treatment, please contact the manufacturer of

that product for the appropriate method of removal.

For any wet cleaning techniques, the building must be allowed to dry (at least 48 hours)

after cleaning and prior to the Zycosil application.

Cleaning after Zycosil Application

If the efflorescence is light (hazy, with brick showing through), it is possible that the

Zycosil can be applied to the building prior to the removal of the efflorescence. After the

Zycosil has been allowed to cure fully (wait at least 5-7 days), the building can be

cleaned using a light power-washing or chemical cleaner (detergents). In some cases the

efflorescence dissipates with time and weathering (rain).

Routine maintenance on any structure is recommended. Cleaning of the surface with a

citric acid cleaner will not affect the performance of the Zycosil application, nor will re-

application be required as a result of cleaning. Since Zycosil water repellent chemically

bonds with the brick, orCMU and mortar, chemical cleaners will not hinder their

effectiveness.

The condition on any project for which a warranty is requested should be evaluated

by a Zydex representative prior to application of a Zycosil, water repellent.


Zycosil Waterproofing Product on New Concrete and Repair Patches

It is typically recommended that new concrete be allowed to cure a full 28 days prior to

the application of Zycosil. However, with adequate surface preparation and appropriate

moisture content, application can occur prior to the standard 28 day recommendation.

The following requirements need to be adhered to prior to the application of Zycosil.

Old concrete must be adequately prepared by removing dirt and debris.

New concrete must be cured to at least 80% of its design strength.

New concrete must be adequately prepared to remove any curing compounds, surface

contamination and laitance.

For patch areas (either standard concrete or polymer) the cure time before applying the

Zycosil repellent can be reduced to 7 to 10 days under the following guidelines:

Patch is no more then 3 inches thick.

Patch area is wet cured for not more than seven days.

Patch area is allowed to air dry for 5 to 7 days after wet cure period. (Temperature

above 80oF five days, between 50

oF and 60

oF seven days).

Zycosil is applied at the specified coverage rate. This may require one flood

opposed to multiple coats. The concrete should be visibly dry at the time of

application.

It is important to note that the strength of the concrete is not as critical as the

moisture content. Water not used in the cement hydration process, curing water,

and precipitation affect the total concrete moisture content. Wet and cool weather

will extend the time before Zycosil application can occur.


Cracks and their Influence on the Zycosil Application

Cracks in Reinforced Concrete

Generally, Zycosil treatment is much more effective on pre-existing cracks than cracks

which occur after the application. This is because the Zycosil dilute solution can enter

the cracks and penetrate into the walls of the crack making them hydrophobic. This will

keep water and chlorides from soaking into the concrete, but may not stop leaks. The

Zycosil has no body and does not plug the crack.

Typically, on reinforced concrete, cracks narrow as they approach the reinforcing steel.

A rule of thumb is that cracks that are 30 mils (0.75mm) or less in width can be

effectively treated with a Zycosil. This does not mean that 100% of the leaks will stop,

but a great majority (>80%). The preferred water dilution for Zycosil is 1:10. This has

the best penetration ability and gives a high degree of repellency.

More material is necessary to treat cracked concrete because the cracks must be filled

with the sealer. Since the crack has a large surface area, extra material is needed to

properly treat the walls of the crack and also the sound concrete. The sealer should be

applied at a heavier coverage rate or extra coats should be applied directly to the cracks.

Cracks in Masonry

Determining the limit on treating cracks in masonry is difficult because the crack width

may not decrease as it goes deeper into the substrate. This, coupled with other defects

that can be found in masonry, such as unfilled head joints, makes any recommendation

less reliable.

Generally, debonded joints or cracks greater than 5 mils (0.1 mm) that run the depth of

the masonry unit should be repointed or repaired. This value is based on the fact that

during a wind driven rain, wider cracks will be less effective in keeping water out. Water

repellents that can seal larger cracks tend to be film formers and will conversely reduce

water vapor transmission. Depending on the local climate and environmental conditions,

this could be a major factor in how to address cracks.


Zycosil Waterproofing and Integral Water Repellents

Integral water-repellents were developed to be included as admixtures in block

formulations for the purpose of reducing water absorption due to wind-driven rain.

Normally high doses of the admixture are required to have any significant effect on water

absorption. Most block manufacturers add a lower dosage for simply reducing or

controlling efflorescence. The blocks containing an integral water repellent, those have

been tested in our laboratories; do not significantly improve water absorption when tested

in accordance with ASTM C 140 test procedure.

Zycosil can be applied to concrete masonry units (CMU) with mix designs containing

integral water repellents such as “Dry Block”. Integral water repellents will not

interfere with the reaction of the silane to the concrete block or interfere with the

penetration. It has been determined that integral water repellents such as “Dry Block”

will not interfere with the performance or the penetration of the Zycosil application.

For the purpose of warranty qualification, please note that testing is required. This

testing can be performed either in the field (test-patch and water uptake) or in-house in

our laboratory (percent water absorption of treated versus untreated and depth of

penetration). A field test-patch is recommended in either case to confirm aesthetics as

well as coverage rate for application.

Zycosil Water Repellent and Exterior Paints There are several types of paints which can be applied over a substrate treated with a

Zycosil water repellent. The Zycosil product is most commonly applied to masonry and

concrete. Zycosil is based on organosilane chemistry. It imparts water repellency to a

substrate by bonding organosilane to porous silica-type surfaces. This process changes the

surface tension of the substrate so as to repel water.

A Better Paint when Applied Over Zycosil Treated Surface (Polymer based Paints)

The use of Zycosil prior to the application of the paint provides additional benefits, besides a

highly water repellent surface. The silanes used in the Zycosil formulations actually increase the

adhesion of acrylic, epoxy and alkyds. The adhesion of these paints can be increased as much as

50% when applied over a substrate treated with Zycosil.

The surface tension of the paint must be low enough to allow it to “wet out” and spread on the

surface to be painted. If the paint can not be uniformly spread over the surface, the paint will

have low adhesion or a poor appearance. Therefore, the carrier or carrier system employed by the

paint is as important as the actual resin.

The typical solvents used in paint formulations, alcohol, mineral spirits, ketone, toluene and other

such solvents will spread readily over a Zycosil treated surface.


Water borne systems pose a different problem. Water borne paints employ emulsifiers, wetting

agents and sometimes solvents to carry the paint resin in a stable suspension. Generally, most

water borne paints are emulsions of the resin in water. Surfactants are used to emulsify the resin.

Surfactants lower the surface tension at the water-resin interface to allow materials which are not

soluble to form a uniform emulsion.

Because of the use of surfactants, some water borne paints have a low enough surface tension to

evenly spread over a Zycosil treated substrate. Generally, the acrylic based and latex rubber

paints have a surfactant system which allows them to “wet out” over Zycosil treated concrete and

masonry.

Because of variations in paint formulations, substrate conditions and environmental aspects, it is

recommended to apply a test section of the paint over the Zycosil treated surface, and check for

compatibility.

It is important to indicate that Acrylate or polymer based paints close the pore of the surfaces.

Any moisture present in the interior of the surface will remain inside. Therefore it is advisable to

allow sufficient time for evaporation of water after Zycosil application. This will prevent

blistering of paint.

A Better Aesthetic Value When Zycosil Is Applied Over Cement

Based Paints The use of Zycosil products after the application of the cement paint provides additional benefits,

besides a highly water repellent surface. The Zycosil application actually increases life

expectancy of the economical cement based paint. The treated surface will not fade away and will

not allow fungus to grow on the surface, thus keeping surfaces clean for a longer period.

Water and Zycosil Waterproofing Product

Zycosil Organosilane compound is composed of water reactive molecules. This

chemical reaction called HYDROLYSIS causes the silane based water repellent to

chemically bond to the substrate to which it is applied. Zycosil is specially

formulated so that water solution mixed with it remains effective for 48 hours.

When this hydrolysis reaction occurs prematurely, the monomeric silane polymerizes and

can not effectively penetrate the substrate. To avoid premature hydrolysis of Zycosil,

product should be stored in the original, tightly sealed container in a dry storage area.

Partial drums and pails should be tightly resealed and also stored in a dry area. Before

using a partial container, adequate evaluation should be performed to ensure that the

product integrity has not been compromised. To test the product, first thoroughly

shake/mix with appropriate amount of water. Second, apply a small amount to a test

spot. If the product soaks in, dries completely clear (no surface residue), and no

discoloration occurs, then the product is good to use.


Zycosil product is water soluble and is specially formulated to be diluted with water.

Although the addition of water to a standard reactive silane compound would be

detrimental, Zycosil is highly effective based on its complex stabilizing systems which

allow the water and reactive silane compound to coexist in a container during application

period without reacting.

During application special care should be taken in diluting Zycosil. Water quality should

be good (less than 1000 TDS). Furthermore, equipment should be appropriately flushed

with water to clean equipment. NEVER apply product to a visibly wet or damp surface.

Wait for at least 24 hours of completely dry warm sunny weather after a light rain and

48 hours after a heavier rain before applying product.

Wait for at least 48 to 72 hours of completely dry warm sunny weather after power-

washing a structure before applying product.

Zycosil Waterproofing Product and Curing Compounds

Zycosil can be applied to new concrete surfaces after they have sufficiently cured.

Zycosil water repellent works best on quality concrete, follow the recommendation of the

American Concrete Institute on concrete mix design, placement and curing.

The recommended curing technique is a wet cure.

All curing compounds are compatible with Zycosil water repellent. The only

difference between curing compounds is the amount of surface preparation required

before the Zycosil application. Generally, membrane forming curing compounds

(e.g. cure & seal products, linseed oil based and latex rubber) must be aggressively

removed prior to the sealer application. The surface preparation is done by shot

blast, sand blast, or high pressure water (greater than 2800 psi).

Products which require less severe surface preparation prior to the water repellent

application are dissipating resin or silicate type products. The minimum surface

preparation required when using these types of curing compounds is a power sweep or

low pressure water blast (1400 – 2100 psi).

The dissipating resin systems require approximately 45 to 60 days to dissipate or

breakdown before applying a Zycosil water repellent. Follow the curing compound

manufacturer’s application instructions.

The only sure way to know if the substrate is acceptable for the water repellent is to apply

a test patch and remove a core for penetration testing.


Zycosil Weatherproofing Product and Sealants

Applying Zycosil over Sealants

ZYCOSIL can be applied to a structure without protecting the existing sealant. This is true for

commercial sealants in the following generic classes: polysulfide, polyurethane, silicone, acrylic

and butyl rubber.

It is important that the sealant be fully cured before the application of the Zycosil

product.

Zycosil should always be applied before the sealant.

Applying a Sealant over a treated surface

Zycosil applied to a surface that will receive the following sealants:

Pecora Dynatrol II, Dynaflex, NR-200 Urexpan, NR-300 Urexpan

Tremco1 Dymeric (primer required), Dymonic (primer required)

Sternson RC 1, RC 2, RC 270, RC 5000, Duoflex, Loadflex

Sika Sikaflex-2c NS/SL, Sikaflex-1a

Dow Corning 786, 790, 795 Silicone

General Electric SC 1800.01 Sealant

Sonneborn NP 1 and NP 2

Pacific Polymers Elasto-Thane 230, 920

Tremco Vulkem 116, 227, 45, 245, 921

A mock-up of the sealant applied to the Zycosil treated surface must be done to

assure compatibility. This is necessary because differences in substrates, surface

contaminants, and other variables may affect adhesion of the sealant. It is also

important to follow the manufacturer's recommendations for joint design, surface

preparation, primer application, tooling, and weather conditions. Because over

spray may get on adjacent glass and metal surfaces, which may also be receiving a

sealant, these surfaces should be checked for compatibility.


Zycosil Waterproofing Product and Landscaping

Zycosil product is not systemic to vegetation, including bushes and trees. The active

ingredient is not toxic to terrestrial or aquatic life. However, a small amount of alcohol

in the Zycosil may tend to dry out the leaves of plants leaving brown spotting where

product contacted the vegetation. Overspray, on the other hand, will not cause damage to

roots. It is important to water vegetation before and after overspray to ensure that the

browning of the leaves is temporary.

Toxicity testing has been performed on the silanes used in Zycosil. Test results for LC50

(Lethal Concentration for 50% lethality) indicate that this type of organosilane

compounds are not classifiable as Environmentally Hazardous Substances (Class 9,

Division 2) in accordance with Federal EPA and DOT Regulatory Provisions.

Zycosil Waterproofing Product and Windows

Zycosil - Will it leave a residue on glass or metal?

Water soluble Zycosil may not leave a residue on glass or metal; however if it does leave

any film on the surface (from overspray) it can be cleaned with soap or/and water jet.

How to clean windows contaminated with Zycosil

Just spray with a water/soap mixture, and wash off.

CARS: To clean overspray off cars, use high pressure water spray such as a hose or car

wash treatment.


Zycosil Waterproofing and Fugitive Dye

Zycosil with fugitive dye reduces the number of days inspectors are required on

each job. By adding a faint, temporary pink color to Zycosil water repellent,

workers and inspectors are able to see exactly where the product was applied. We

recommend Rhodomine-B. Ten-L diluted Zycosil solution may require less

than 0.01g of Dye.

Fugitive dye is an ultraviolet (UV) sensitive color additive, which breaks

down when exposed to UV rays from the sun. It does not alter the chemical

reaction of Zycosil.

Color intensity varies with coverage rate, porosity and color of

substrate. Concentration can be varied to meet individual

building requirements.

Duration of dye varies with exposure. Northern exposure

remains approximately 30 days; Southern exposure

approximately 10 days.

Makes Zycosil easier to apply because it is visible during

application, with less product waste due to overlapping

application.

Paid inspector days are reduced.

CAUTIONS: Spills or leaks from drums will leave a dark pink stain on concrete. This can be washed with

bleach until a faint pink stain remains. Foliage must be protected from overspray to prevent

discoloration.


Tinting Zycosil Waterproofing Zycosil water repellent is supplied as clear non-gloss products. It is recommended to be applied

as a concentrated product that requires dilution with water. Some customers want to also add a

tint or color to the Zycosil to hide or cover minor imperfections. Although not done in the

factory, Zycosil products can be field tinted with “water based colorants”.

Adding a water based colorant to your ZYCOSIL will not give the same results as a stain. Stains

contain acrylics or other film forming material to “hold” the colorant. Tinting ZYCOSIL product

does not alter the chemical reaction of silane compound with the concrete, or affect its penetration

level.

Guidelines for adding Water based Colorants

Recommended brands of water based tints are Tints-All brand tints, which can be

purchased at a Home Improvement store. Please keep in mind that final color will vary

due to the substrate porosity.

Add the colorant just prior to application and mix thoroughly. The colorant may fall out

of solution; therefore occasionally mix the container during application.

Life Cycle and Performance of Zycosil Waterproofing

Beading Effect:

Zycosil is a clear penetrating water repellent. This product works by penetrating into the

substrate and modifying the surface tension to inhibit water intrusion. This product will

not modify the appearance of the substrate, as it does not sit on the surface. Since this

product is not a film former and does not sit on the surface, the substrate’s breathability is

not affected. Because this product is penetrant, it does not always cause water to “bead”

on the surface. It is important to remember two things: First, that beading on the surface

does not mean that water is not absorbing into the substrate. Second, those sacrificial

products (film formers), although they exhibit excellent beading effects, wear away

rapidly and do not offer the long-term protection as does Zycosil.

Zycosil most commonly produces the best beading effect after application. However, depending

on environmental conditions, this effect may be short lived. It is important to remember that even

if the product no longer exhibits significant beading, the deep penetrating treatment still offers

full protection. The continued performance can be evaluated either in the field using a water

uptake tube (RILEM) or in the laboratory using the substrate’s appropriate ASTM test method for

water absorption.


When Should I Re-Treat My Structure?

Life cycle data is based on the assumption that re-treatment should occur before there is a

significant drop-off in performance. This is assumed to be at 25% reduction from the

starting values. Each waterproofing or water repellent system starts at different protection

levels and the re-treatment times are to maintain optimum performance. Our Analytical

and Technical Services Departments can determine product effectiveness by performing

field or laboratory test.

MEASUREMENT OF WATER ABSORPTION UNDER

LOW PRESSURE RILEM TEST METHOD NO. II.4

Introduction

RILEM (Reunion Internationale des laboratories D’Essais et de Recherches sur les Materiaux et

les Constructions), with headquarters in Paris, is the International Union of Testing and Research

Laboratories for Materials and Structures. As with the American Society for Testing for

Materials (ASTM), technical committees are formed within RILEM to develop standard methods

for measuring properties and evaluating the performance and durability of many different

building materials.

One such technical committee, Commission 25-PEM, has developed tests to measure the

deterioration of stone and to assess the effectiveness of treatment methods. The standard tests

drafted by Commission 25-PEM fall within several categories, including methods for determining

internal cohesion (III), for measuring mechanical surface properties (IV.), and for detecting the

presence and movement of water (II.). Within category II, Test Method No. II.4 is designed to

measure the quantity of water absorbed by the surface of a masonry material over a definite

period of time.

RILEM Test Method II.4 provides a simple means for measuring the rate at which water moves

through porous material, such as masonry. The test can be performed at the site or in the

laboratory, and can be used to measure vertical or horizontal water transport. Water permeability

measurements obtained in the laboratory can be used to characterize unweathered, untreated

masonry. Measurements made at the site (or on samples removed for laboratory testing) can be

used to assess the degree of weathering that the material has undergone. Test Method II.4 can

also be used to determine the degree of protection afforded by a water repellent treatment. A

description of the equipment and procedure for conducting this test is provided in paragraphs

below. The theoretical basis on which the method is based and the several applications of test

data are discussed.


Theory

Because masonry building materials are porous, they are all somewhat permeable to water. The

interior structure of a masonry material is a system of fine interconnected pores. Wetting by

liquid water involves capillary migration (suction) through this pore system, proceeding along

both vertical and horizontal pathways. Vertical transport occurs when water enters as ground

water at the base of the structure or as rain water through leaking gutters. Penetrating of driving

rain into wall surfaces results in horizontal transport. (Under actual conditions, the amount of

water penetration depends on prevailing wind conditions as well as on the composition and

condition of the exposed surfaces).

When liquid water comes into contact with a masonry surface, wetting proceeds through the

material as a front. Accurate measurements of the advances of this wetting front made on a

variety of masonry building materials have demonstrated that the characteristic wetting rate and

pattern of each material are directly related to its capillary structure and pore size distribution. In

fact, rate constants have been measured for brick, limestone and other masonry materials.

RILEM Test Method II.4 provides a simple method for measuring the volume of water absorbed

by a material within a specified time period.

Equipment

The equipment necessary for measuring water absorption under low pressure is simple. The test

can be performed at site or in the laboratory with a test apparatus available in two forms. One is

designed for application to vertical surfaces and measures horizontal transport of water, or, its

resistance to wind-driven rain penetration.*

A second form is designed for application to horizontal surfaces and measures vertical transport.

A pipe-like apparatus is for vertical surfaces. Its flat, circular brim (at the bottom end of the pipe)

is affixed to the masonry surface by interposing a piece of putty. The open, upper end of the pipe

has an area of 5.7 cm2

. The vertical tube is graduated from 0 to 4 cm3 with each gradation

representing an increment of 0.1 cm3 (it is therefore possible to estimate to 0.05 cm

3 ). The total

height of the column of water applied to the surface measured from the center point of the flat,

circular brim to the topmost gradation, is 9.8 cm. This corresponds to a pressure of 961.38

Pascal’s (approximately 0.1 Kg), or a dynamic wind pressure of 142.6 kilometers per hour

(approximately 88.5 mph).

The attached graph is a correlation between the height of the tube and the equivalent wind speed.

As the liquid height is increased (wind speed becomes greater) the water absorption into the

substrate will increase. It is possible to have no leakage until a certain liquid level is reached and

then to have complete leakage of the tube. This is called the “breakthrough pressure” of the

substrate. This is the minimum force necessary to overcome the natural surface tension of the

substrate. It is possible to have a liquid level just under the breakthrough pressure and have no or

minor leakage, and then have complete failure if the liquid level is slightly above the

breakthrough pressure.

* It should be noted that a standard method for measuring water penetration and leakage

through masonry is described in ASTM E 514. The ASTM test method is intended to evaluate

wall design and workmanship as well as the degree of weathering and the performance of a

water repellent treatment. It is therefore necessary to conduct the procedure on a test wall built

with a minimum height and length of four feet. The wall is exposed to water (3.4 gallons per

square feet per hour) in a test chamber for four hours.


Procedure

The testing apparatus is affixed by interposing a tape of putty between the flat, circular brim of

the pipe and the surface of the masonry material. To ensure adhesion, manual pressure is exerted

on the cylinder. Water is then added through the upper, open end of the pipe until the column

reaches the 0 gradation mark. The quantity of water absorbed by the material during a specified

period of time is read directly form the graduated tube. The period of time appropriate for the test

depends on the porosity of the material on which the measurement is being made; generally 5, 10,

15, 20, 30 and 60 minute intervals provide the most useful data. In many cases, it may be

important to measure the water absorption through the mortar joint as well as through the surface

of the brick (or natural stone) substrate.

Report

Results or the test measurements are presented in the form of water absorption with the volume of

water absorbed in cubic centimeters reported as a function of time in minutes. The masonry

surface tested must be mentioned in the report.

Applications

Water has long been associated with deterioration processes affecting masonry

materials. Its presence within the interior pore structure of masonry can result in

physical destruction if the material undergoes wet/dry or freeze/thaw cycling. The

latter is particularly damaging if the masonry material has high clay mineral

content. Perhaps of greater importance is the fact that the presence of moisture is a

necessary precondition for most deterioration processes. Pollutant gases are

harmful when they are dissolved in water; effluorescence phenomena are dependent

on the migration of salts dissolved in water; moisture is a requirement for the

growth of biological organisms. Because of these factors, the water permeability of

a masonry material is related to its durability. Thus, results obtained using Test

Method II.4 can be used to predict potential vulnerability of untreated,

unweathered masonry materials to water-related deterioration.

Test Method II.4 also provides useful information when carried out on weathered masonry

surfaces. Water permeability of a material is affected when its surface is obscured by the

presence of atmospheric soiling or biological growth, and when there are hygroscopic salts within

the interior. The formation of a weathering crust due to mineralogical changes occurring on the

exposed (weathered) surface may substantially affect water permeability measurement. By

comparing data obtained on masonry that has been exposed to the elements with measurements

made on unweathered samples, it is possible to measure the degree of weathering that has

occurred.

Finally, RILEM Test Method II.4 can be used to evaluate the performance of a water repellent

treatment. An effective treatment should substantially reduce surface permeability of the

masonry material to water. By so doing, the treatment will reduce the materials vulnerability to

water-related deterioration. A comparison of test results obtained on treated masonry samples

with those obtained on untreated samples provides information about the degree of protection that

can be provided by the water repellent treatment.


The New USA VOC Regulations and for Water Repellent

Specification

In 2005 the Environmental Protection Agency’s rule “National Volatile Organic

Compound Emission Standards for Architectural Coatings” (rule 40 CFR Part 59)

wient into effect. This is the last date of manufacture for non-compliant products.

Under the rule the VOC limit for water-repellent sealers is 450 grams per liter or

5 lbs. per gallon. The rule will cover all 50 States, the District of Columbia and

all United States Territories. This rule does not supersede stricter Local State

regulations (mainly California). While many manufacturers will have to

reformulate their products to comply with the regulations, proven technology

already exists with the Zycosil product.

How to Verify Compliance?

The EPA’s laboratory procedure titled “Method 24” is to be used to measure the

VOC content of coatings falling under this rule. Compliance of this rule is self-

governing; the EPA does not test products nor give an approval. The EPA

requires specific labeling on all products. Therefore, people in the design

community have to rely on the manufacturer to produce compliant products.

How Will Manufacturers Comply?

Manufacturers have several options to make their products comply with the

regulations:

1) Reformulate with higher solids – Depending on the nature of the active

ingredient, increasing to higher solids is an attractive option if a product is close

to the VOC limit. Generally, high solids treatments provide better performance,

especially penetration and longevity. However, some types of products (acrylics,

silicones) tend to darken the substrate if the active concentration is too high.

2) Reformulate using exempt solvents – There are several exempt solvents

that have a negligible photochemical effect (do not contribute to ground level

ozone). These solvents may change the physical characteristics of the final

formulation. In addition, some exempt solvents have negative health effects.

For example, 1,1,1, trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) is considered a primary

ground water pollutant.

3) Reformulate to water-borne (emulsions) technology -- Most common

water repellents are already available in water-borne form including acrylics,

silicones, silicates, silanes and siloxanes. Compared to their solvent-borne

counterparts these products have similar performance, although they tend to have

narrower application conditions (temperature and substrate moisture content).


Performance drawbacks of water-borne (emulsions) technology are generally

reduced penetration into dense substrates and shorter shelf life (material stability).

Zycosil being a water soluble product performance does not exhibit a

performance change such as other water-borne repellents.

4) Reinvent old technologies -- Old technologies that may make a comeback are

silicone emulsions, methyl siliconates and silicates (all available since the 1970’s).

These old technologies may be touted as new or improved. In reality they were rejected

by the marketplace due to poor performance years ago. They tend to have low active

contents (<15%) and may be highly alkaline (pH > 10). On masonry these products

either have no efficacy or have serious drawbacks such as discoloration or reduced

water vapor transmission. These materials have even poorer performance on concrete

(see NCHRP 244, Concrete International, January 1999).

5) Pay exceedance fees -- The exceedance fee is a system the EPA has set

up a to allow a manufacturer to pay a fee in lieu of meeting the VOC

content limits. The manufacture pays a fee to the EPA based on the

amount of VOC over the limit. This option will be phased out over time.

How to Meet Regulations and Maintain a Quality Specification?

One of the important aspects of VOC not addressed in the Federal Regulation is the “life

time VOC” of a product. Products that have a lower initial VOC but need to be

reapplied at shorter intervals are not necessarily the most environmentally friendly.

Therefore, the two best ways for a specifier to comply and guarantee high performance is

to use 1) high in solids content solvent or 2) water-borne products. Also, by specifying

these types of products you also eliminate the chance that old, ineffective technology

maybe in your specification.

Quality water repellents in an alcohol carrier with over 40% silane are VOC compliant

and have excellent performance. Zycosil on the other hand dissolves in water prior to

application. VOC amount is about 20 % of the solvent based Silaen products. Also

available are 100% solvent-free silanes, which are compliant in California (very

expensive).

What Products Does Zydex manufacture That Meets These Needs?

Zycosil is supplied as concentrated product. It is diluted with water (1:10 or 1:20) prior

application. Zydex manufactures products that meet the criteria described above.

This information is based on our present knowledge and experience. However, it implies no liability or other

legal responsibility on our part, including with regard to existing local, State and National government

regulations and laws. In particular, no guarantee of properties in the legal sense is implied. We reserve the

right to make any changes according to technological progress or further developments. The reader is not

released from the obligation to conduct careful inspection and evaluation of this information prior to its use.


FLASH POINT

The term "Flash Point" is often misunderstood. A common misconception is that the

“Flash Point” is the temperature at which a material will self ignite. This is not the

proper interpretation of “Flash Point”. The term does indeed have a true technical

meaning that must be understood in order to fully comprehend the properties of a

chemical product, particularly documents containing technical information (such as an

MSDS). "Flash Point" is given in terms of temperature. The testing can either be

performed in a closed cup or open cup apparatus and involves heating (or cooling) a

substance, applying an ignition to the vapors of that substance. The two Federal

Government Agencies most concerned with flash point are the Department of

Transportation (USDOT) and OSHA. Their definitions can be found in the Federal

Register as follows:

USDOT: 49 CFR 173.120 C: The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off a

vapor within a test vessel in sufficient concentrations to form an ignitable mixture with

air near the surface of the liquid.

OSHA: 29CFR 1910.1200 C: The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off

vapor in sufficient concentrations to form an ignitable mixture with air when tested in

accordance with the test methods in 29CFR 1910.1200 C.

Zycosil flash point is 105 oC (220

oF). Zycosil is classified as non-flammable material.

The test method requires the presence of an ignition source in the contained vessel.

Therefore, if you were to apply a flammable liquid to an enclosed room with no

ventilation and exposed pilot lights, for example, then this would indeed pose a concern.

However, in exterior applications, where vapors are free to dissipate (thus not allowing

their accumulation at the surface) and open flames are not likely to be present, there is

less potential for hazard.

It is important that the applicator is well versed in OSHA and safety training with any

chemical or potential hazardous material. Read the entire Material Safety Data Sheet

(MSDS) prior to using any product. If you still have questions regarding the safe

handling of any of the Zydex Water repellent contact your local sales rep or Hero Global

Services at (803) 802-1948.

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