Zoology

Introduction

Zoology

• Is the study of animals, has many subdivisions based on specific areas of interest.

• All members of the Kingdom Animalia are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms.

Invertebrate Zoology

• Is the study of multicellular animals without backbones.

* Entomology- study of insects* Myrmecology- study of ants* Apiology- study of honey bees* Malacology- study of mollusks* Conchology- study of mollusk shells

Vertebrate Zoology

• Is the study of animals with backbones.* Ichthyology- study of fish* Herpeteology- study of amphibians

and reptiles.* Ornithology- study of birds* Mammalogy- study of mammals* Cetology- study of marine mammals* Primatology- study of primates

Morphology

• Is the study of the shape, form, and structure of animals and their parts.

Comparative anatomy

• Is the study of the similarity and differences in the anatomy of different groups of animals.

• Structures are Homologous if they have arisen from the same ancestral structure, but perform either similar or different functions in modern animals. Examples are the wings of birds, the human arm, and the forelimb of whales.

• Analogous structures have developed from different ancestral structures, but perform similar functions. Examples are the wings of birds and the wings of insects.

Germ layers

• Layers of cells that originate in the developing embryo and become specific structures in the animal are known as germ layers.

• Ectoderm- the outer layer which forms the body covering. Ecto-outer

• Mesoderm- the middle layer which forms the organs inside the body. Meso-middle

• Endoderm- the inner layer which forms the lining inside the body cavity. Endo- inner

Body Types

• There are 4 body types defined by the presence or absence of a coelom, or body cavity. The body types below are arranged from least complex to most complex:– Acoelomate with only two germ layers, ectoderm

and endoderm. (Hydra)– Acoelomate with three germ layers, ectoderm

mesoderm, and endoderm. (Flatworms)

• Pseudocoelomate- with a “cavity” forming between the mesoderm and the endoderm. (roundworms)

• Coelomate, with a true body cavity forming within the mesoderm. (segmented worms, freshwater muscles, all Arthropods, and all Chordates.)

Taxonomy

• Is the science of naming and classifying organisms on the basis of their evolutionary relationships. Visible traits are most often used for this classification.

Binomial System

• Developed by Linnaeus• Two-name system• Each organism has a genus

and a species name• First name (genus); second

name (species)

Scientific naming rules

1st name = Genus–Always capitalized

• 2nd name = species–Always lower case

• Both names are underlined or written in italics.

Seven taxonomic ranks• Kingdom- kings –Phylum- play •Class- cards–Order- on»Family- fat» Genus- green » Species- stools

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata

Class Mammalia Order Carnivora

Family Felidae Genus Panthera Species leo

Binomial nomenclature• Humans

Homo sapiens orHomo sapiens

• In addition to the basic 7 categories above, many other taxonomic ranks exist ( subphyla, superclasses, subspecies, etc)

THREE DOMAIN’S

• There are 3 major evolutionary lineages. Each is called a Domain which supercedes the Kingdom as the broadest taxonomic grouping.

• The Domains are:– The Archea- prokaryotic microbes that inhabit extreme,

anerobic environments, such as high temperature rift valleys on the ocean floor and those with high salt or acid contents.

– The Eubacteria- true bacteria, which are prokaryotic as well.– Prokaryotic- do not have a true nucleus or membrane bound

organelles.

• The Eucarya- All eucaryotic organisms, that is, the protists, fungi, plants and animals.

• Eucaryotic organisms arose about 1.5 billion years ago, probably through the fusion of several specialized microbes into a larger, unspecialized one.

Animal species• There are about 1.5 million named species.

*These are divided into approximately 34 phyla, based on the complexity of their body.* All 34 phyla contain invertebrates, even the phylum Chordata.* 94% of all animal species are invertebrates.

*82% of all animal species are Arthropods.* 3% of all animals are in the phylum Chordata.* 0.03% of all animals are mammals.

Animal Group Names

• You may have heard of a gaggle of geese, a plaque of locusts, and a school of fish. But how do you refer to a group of foxes, frogs, or owls?

• See list!