Zoology 2100 Human Anatomy

Dr. Nicole Okazaki

Time: 10-11:15 am (Tu-Th)

Location: Room LL 126

Office hours: to be posted on line

Office: 408M

Phone: 626-6168

Email: nokazaki@weber.edu

Syllabus• Textbooks:

– Required: Human Anatomy, Can De Graaf, 6th edition

– Recommended: Anatomy & Physiology Revealed (CD set volume 1-4)

– Recommended: Dictionary of word roots and combining forms, Borror.

• Laboratory manual: Laboratory manual to accompany Human Anatomy, 6th edition (Van De Graaf).

Syllabus• Course website:

– Lecture slides, this syllabus, course notes, grades etc. will be posted on the eWeber portal (WSU online/Blackboard/WebCT).

– If space allows, notes will be posted on this website:

faculty.weber.edu/nokazaki

Syllabus

• Credit: 4 h (3 for class + 1 for lab)

• Grading:

- 4 lecture exams (including the cumulative final): 450 points

- 2 lab exams: 200 points ) + Weekly lab quizzes: 108 points

- Total possible points = 758 points

• Class exams– Each “midterm” exam will be 100 points + Final exam 150

points• Each “midterm” exam (other than the final), will cover

material from after the previous exam to present (not cumulative)

• Final is a cumulative exam

Syllabus

• Tests:– Exams will be Chi-tester exams given over 2-3 days.– Exams can be taken at any testing centers with a

proctored computer room (6 locations at WSU)– There are no makeup .You must have a valid

documented excuse for missing a test and you must notify the instructor of your inability to take the test prior to the beginning of the test period.

– A missed test will result in a 0 in the test.

Syllabus

• Laboratory:– Two (2) laboratory exams

• Week 7

• Week 15 (lab final)

• Each lab exam = 100 points

– Ten (10) lab quizzes• Each quiz = 10 points

• You can drop your worst grade (more on this later)

• Total of 108 quiz points

Grading scale

• There are no extra credit opportunities or making up missed exams: YOU NEED EVERY POINT!!!! The grading scheme is standardized:

• A = 100-93% B- = 92-80% D+ = 69-67%

• A- = 92-90% C+ = 79-77% D = 66-63%

• B+ = 89-87% C = 76-73% D- = 62-60%

• B = 86-83% C- = 72-70% E = Below 60%

Syllabus• Laboratory:

– Lind Lecture Hall 003• Go outside, opposite end of this building from the science lab (facing

the road), down the stairs. Almost looks like a loading dock/shipping & receiving area. Look for a big sign on the door.

– Lab will often be open from 8:00-21:00 weekdays.• Note: this is in addition to your assigned lab times. In between

“formal lab times”, there will be open study periods.

• See your lab instructors for these actual “open” times.

– You cannot skip or trade labs. The labs are currently full up.• Snaking someone else’s lab makes it unfair for everyone who makes

the effort to do it right…don’t be a ____.

Syllabus• Laboratory:

– The use of human cadavers is a privilege, NOT a right.

• You CANNOT bring friends, family etc. into the cadaver lab UNLESS they are enrolled in this course.

• Treat the cadavers with respect: they were someone’s loved one at one time.

Syllabus• SPELLING

– Anatomy is all about spelling– Spelling errors WILL COST you.

• On an exam, if there is a fill-in-the-blank question, and you misspell (1-2 incorrect letters), you lose ½ point.

• On a lab quiz, or the lab exams, if you misspell, you lose ½ point.

• Words spelled completely incorrectly (more than 1-2 incorrect letters) will be considered incorrect.

– Why?!?!?!• If you misspell on a diagnosis or surgical request, it

might result in amputation of the incorrect limb, or incorrect drug administration and patient death.

Syllabus• Class etiquette:

– Turn off your cell phones– If “texting” during class is important to you, do

the class a favor: do not come … why did you take the class in the first place?

– If you have a question, ask during class. Chances are, others have the same question.

– Questions and discussion are welcome during class.

– Cheating: it’s not worth it. If you’re caught, the punishment will ruin your academic career and any chances of medical school, nursing etc.

Syllabus• Students with disabilities:

– Please contact the Services for Students with Disabilities office (SSD) in room 181 of the Student Service Center.• 626-6413, TTY = 626-6850• www.weber.edu/ssd

Syllabus• Pregnancy:

– Students who are, want to, or become pregnant should consult with their physician before continuing with this course.• We will be working with cadavers. The

fumes are not the most ideal thing to expose the fetus to.

Anatomy SI

Supplemental InstructionThe S.I. program at Weber State aids students in lower division classes that have a lower than average pass rate, but are required for students to move on in their education. The program is free for everyone to attend and get help, you do not get points or graded but is has been shown to help students tremendously in the class.There will be three SI sessions held every week, times will be determined by next week.

Objectives of the SI

Go over information presented in class.

Answer any questions.

Review test material.

Look at pictures and slides from class.Contact Info:

Introduction

Anatomy

• Anatomy: study of structure– Can be surface structure (2 eyes, 5 fingers)– Can be through dissection (cutting open,

cutting apart)• Cadaver, live patient, other animals with similar

anatomy

– “Gross anatomy”: what you can see with your eyes, and feel with your hands

– “Histology”: using a microscope to magnify, so you can see cells and cell structures

Human structure “hierarchy of complexity”

Organ system (group of organs with a particular purpose ie. Cardiovascular system)

- Organ (2 or more tissue types that work together to perform a function ie. Heart)

- Tissue (mass of similar cells that are part of an organ)

- Cells (smallest unit that carries out basic life functions…nothing smaller than a cell is considered “alive”)

Organelle (microscopic structures within a cell that help the cell function)

Molecule (components of the

organelles…protein, DNA, atoms etc.)

Anatomic variation• We understand that not everyone is exactly

the same– Different races, hair color, eye color, sex etc.– Some people have different anatomy

• Situs invertus (then the heart is placed opposite of the “normal” location)

• What is “normal” or “average”?– Male: 22 years old, 70 Kg (154 Lbs), eats 2800

Kcal, in decent shape– Female: 22 years old, 58 Kg (128 Lbs), eats

2000 Kcal, in decent shape

Characteristics of life 1. Organization

2. Cellular composition

3. Metabolism

4. Excretion

5. Responsiveness

6. Homeostasis

7. Development

8. Reproduction

9. Evolution

Characteristics of life 1. Organization:

• Living things are organized far more than non-living things (you’re more complex than a rock)

2. Cellular composition:• Living things are composed of cells

3. Metabolism:• Living things change molecules to control life

• Anabolism: make something (protein from amino acid)

• Catabolism: break down something (amino acid from protein)

Characteristics of life 4. Excretion:

• We must get rid of the waste products formed during metabolism

• Very few molecules in your body last longer than 1 year, they have to be made and broken down constantly (some cells last your lifetime).

5. Responsiveness:• Must be able to sense and respond to stimuli

• Boiling water: if you’re alive, you’ll pull your hand out…if you’re dead, you’ll leave it in

Characteristics of life (4)6. Homeostasis:

• Maintain a stable internal environment (internal stability)

• Not a “slave” to the environment

7. Development • Change in form or function over time

• Differentiation: when you develop from non-specific “mass” to functionally and structurally distinct form (fertilized egg fetus)

• Growth: when you grow in size

8. Reproduction:• All living beings can reproduce or produce “copies

Characteristics of life9. Evolution:

• All living things have the ability to mutate or change their genetic makeup over time

• Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, yearly strain of the flu virus etc.

Anatomical terms

Terms

• Anatomical position – When you are standing straight

up, feet flat on the ground (no shoes), arms at your side, and palms facing forward

– It is from this position that the rest of the anatomical terms will be derived

Terms

• Supine vs. prone– Remember that the “anatomical

position” means that you stand with your palms facing forward

• Supine = palms forward (towards the front)

• Prone = palms backward (towards your back)

• Important because of the way your forearm bones are “ “ “ placed:

– Supine = radius & ulna parallel– Prone = radius & ulna crossed

– Also: body laying face down: prone“ “ “ up : supine

Terms

• Supine vs. prone– In the anatomical position, the

forearm bones are parallel (your forearms are supine)

Terms

• Anatomical “planes”– Like a pane of glass, or slice

through your body– Sagittal plane: cuts your body in

right and left• A line that cuts from the nose to

belly button

Saggital plane

Terms

• Sagittal plane– This “cut” DOES NOT have to be through

your center• IF IT IS through your center (and divides you in

half, or divides an ORGAN in half) = median or mid-sagittal plane

• If it DOES NOT cut you or an organ in half = sagittal plane

Terms

Mid-sagittal plane (median sagittal plane)

Cuts the body cavity in half, but legs are

not cut in half

Legs are in “sagittal plane”

Terms

Sagittal plane

Body is not cut in half…the “cut” is now

considered sagittal, NOT median or mid-saggital

Right leg now in median or mid-sagittal plane

Terms

• Anatomical “planes”– Frontal plane (coronal): Cuts

your body into front and back halves

• A line that cuts across your body from 1 shoulder to the other

Terms

• Anatomical “planes”– Transverse plane: cuts across

your body perpendicular or at a right angle to your height

• Divides your body into UPPER and LOWER portions

• A cut across your belt line, or if a hula-hoop cut you in half

Terms

• Anatomical “planes”– Note that the sagittal, frontal and transverse

planes do not necessarily have to CUT YOU IN HALF

• There are times when these “cuts” are made in organs

– Like the sagittal plane of the leg, or a sagittal plane of an eyeball…these wouldn’t cut your body in half, but they’d cut that organ in half

Terms

• “Directional” terms– Used to describe the “location” or “direction”

on your body• Usually to describe the location of 1 organ to

another

– More “scientific” way of saying that your heart is “above your stomach, and in front of in front of your lungs”

Terms

• “Directional” terms– Ventral: towards your front

• “your nose is ventral to your ears”

– Dorsal: towards your back• “your ears are dorsal to your nose”

– Anterior: towards your front• Like “ventral”… “your nose is anterior to your ears”

– Posterior: towards your back• Like “dorsal” … “your ears are posterior to your nose”

Terms

• “Directional” terms– Trick question: which directional term (ventral or

dorsal) are your nails facing (or which side of your body are your nails on)?

• Hint: think “anatomical position”

Terms

• “Directional” terms– Trick question: which directional term (ventral or

dorsal) are your nails facing (or which side of your body are your nails on)?

• Nails are on your dorsal surface– Recall that the anatomical position calls for your palms to

face forward…your nails would face your back

– If we could get into a truly anatomical position, the soles of your feet would also face forward!

Terms

• “Directional” terms– Superior: “above” something else

• “Your head is superior to your heart”

– Inferior: “below” something else• “your feet are inferior to your hands”

• Note: “superior” and “inferior” refer to the position when you are in the “anatomical position” (standing up)

Terms

• “Directional” terms– Medial: Towards the middle

• “Your heart is medial to your lungs”• “Your nose is medial to your ears”

– Lateral: Away from the middle (towards a side)• “Your arms are lateral to your heart”• “Your ears are lateral to your nose”• Ipsilateral = on the same side: “your right arm and

right leg are ipsilateral”• Contralateral = on opposite sides: “your arms are

contralateral to each other”

Terms

• “Directional” terms– Proximal: closer to the origin or attachment point

• “Your elbow is proximal to your shoulder”

• “Your knee is proximal to your hip”

– Distal: Farther from the origin or attachment point• “Your wrist is distal to your shoulder”

• “Your ankle is distal to your hip”

Terms

• “Directional” terms– Superficial: Close to the body surface (when

looking from the inside towards the skin)• “You can see superficial scars because they’re on the

surface”

• “You can see superficial bruises because they’re close to the surface”

– Deep: Closer to the inside of the body (farther from the surface of the body)

• “Bones are deep to the muscle”

Terms

• Body regions:– Used to denote specific regions of the body (arms,

legs, ankles etc.)• Body is divided into 2 main regions during an exam

(physical)– Axial: head, neck, torso (trunk)

» Trunk is subdivided into thoracic and abdominal regions

– Appendicular: NOT “ your appendix”…your appendages

» Extremities…arms, legs, limbs

Terms

• Axial regions– Cephalic: your head– Cranial: the back of your head– Facial: limited to your face– Cervical: front of your neck– Nuchal: back of your neck

Terms• Axial regions

– Thoracic: chest• Sternal: area in the center of your chest, the sternum

• Pectoral: area around your breast

– Scapular: area around your shoulder blades (on your back)

– Interscapular: area between both of your shoulder blades (on your back)

– Vertebral: area of your spine (on your back)

Terms• Axial regions

– Abdominal: abdomen, usually divided into 4 quadrants

• Right upper quadrant: Your upper right

• Right lower quadrant

• Left upper quadrant

• Left lower quadrant

Terms• Axial regions

– Abdominal: Can also be divided into 9 regions like a tic-tac-toe grid

• If you draw 2 lines from the middle of your collarbone down to your pelvic bone = midclavicular lines

• Subcostal line = line that runs horizontally (across) the bottom of your sternum

– Also runs through the cartilage that holds your 10th rib together

• Intertubercular line: line that runs horizontally (across) the “points” on your pelvic bone (the boney points on your hips)

Lateral regions

Lateral regions

Also called “lumbar region”

Also called “iliac region”

Also called “pubic region”

Terms• Terms:

– “Sub-” = below (submarine)• Subcostal = below ribs

– “Inter-” = between• Intertubercul line = between the swells of your tuberculs (the

points on your pelvis)

– “Hypo-” = below (hypovolemic…hypo-osmotic)• Hypochondriac = below the chondria of your rib (no, not someone

who doesn’t go to the doctor for anything)

– “Inguin-” = groin– “Epi-” = around, above or over

• Epigastric = above / around the stomach

– “Ante-” = before, in front of • Antebrachial = before the arm

Terms• Appendicular regions

– Remember that these are your appendages (arms and legs), not your appendix!

• Also called limbs or extremities

– Divided into:• Upper limbs

• Lower limbs

Terms• Appendicular regions

– Upper limbs • Axillary: armpit region

• Brachium: upper arm (bicep area)

– Technically, your “arm” is the brachium ONLY (the upper limb…what’s between your elbow and shoulder)

• Antebrachium: forearm (“before the arm”)

• Carpus: wrist (“carpal tunnel”)

• Manus: hand

• Digits: fingers

Terms• Appenddicular regions

– Lower limbs• Gluteal: buttocks (where your leg enters your pelvis)

– Similar to the axillary (armpit), except for your legs

• Thigh: Where your femur, quad and hamstring muscles are located

– Attached to your pelvis

• Crus: the “leg” proper

• Tarsus: your ankles

• Pes: foot

• Digits: toes

Terms• Body cavities: within each region, there are a

number of internal cavities– Organs within the internal cavities are called

“viscera”

– 2 major cavities• Dorsal cavity: your head and spine (the cavity along

your head and back)

• Ventral cavity: your chest, abdomen and pelvic cavities (the cavities in your chest, abdomen and pelvis)

Terms• Dorsal body cavity

– 2 subdivisions: (recall the previous slide)• Cranial cavity: enclosed by your skull (brain

case)– Contains your brain

• Vertebral cavity: enclosed by the spinal column

– Note: not the “spinal chord”…that’s the neural tissue that runs inside the spinal column…the spinal column is the bone part (it’s like a tube)

– Lined by 3 layers of membrane = “meninges”• Soft tissue that protects the neural tissue from the bone

Terms• Ventral body cavity

– Split during fetal development into the thoracic and abdominal cavity

• Separated by the diaphragm

• Remember terminology: thoracic cavity is “superior” to the abdominal cavity…abdominal cavity is “inferior” to the thoracic cavity

– Both cavities are lined by serous membrane• Secrete substance similar to blood serum…hence the

name “serous” = serum

Terms• Ventral body cavity

– Thoracic cavity = 3 regions:• Right, left and median (middle)

– Separated by the “mediastinum”– Right and left = lungs

» Lined by a 2-layered membrane = pleura» Rib-side membrane = parietal pleura» Lung-side membrane = visceral pleura» Each membrane separated by a fluid space =

pleural cavity, which contains pleural fluid» It is more common to call the right and left

cavities “pleural cavities”

“Pleurisy”: when the pleura get

inflamed

If this happens, the parietal and visceral

pleura will rub against each other,

and this is quite painful…it gets

painful to breathe

Terms• Ventral body cavity

– Thoracic cavity = 3 regions:• Median portion or mediastinum

– Esophagus, trachea, heart, thymus and the major blood vessels leading to and from the heart

– Heart is enclosed by a 2 layered membrane = “pericardium”

» Parietal pericardium = “outside” membrane, closest to the sternum

» Visceral pericardium = the “heart side” membrane

» Separated by pericardial cavity, and pericardial fluid

“Pericarditis”: when the

pericardium gets inflamed

Like pleurisy, this can make breathing painful, and almost

feel like one is having an heart attack.

Terms• Ventral body cavity

– Abdominal-pelvic cavity • 2 “cavities” although not separated by any

membrane per se• Abdominal cavity = digestive organs, kidneys,

ureter• Pelvic cavity = bladder, rectum, reproductive

organs– Think of the pelvic cavity as a “bowl” that holds

the bladder, rectum and reproductive organs (all the “uncomfortable-to-talk-about stuff”)

Terms• Ventral body cavity

– Abdominal-pelvic cavity • Peritoneum: moist, serous (serum-like)

membrane– Parietal peritoneum lines the walls of the abdominal

cavity

– Visceral peritoneum covers most of the stomach, intestines and liver

– The peritoneal cavity = the space between the visceral and parietal membrane layers

» Has peritoneal fluid

Terms• Ventral body cavity

– Abdominal-pelvic cavity • Peritoneum: moist, serous (serum-like)

membrane– Intestinal tract is connected to the dorsal abdominal

wall by a clear membrane called “mesentery”

» This is where the blood enters and leaves the intestinal tract

» Mesentery is a specialized region of the peritoneum (if you could pull out the peritoneum like a table cloth, you would also pull out the mesentery)

Terms• Ventral body cavity

– Abdominal-pelvic cavity • Mesentery: specialized region of the

peritoneum that surrounds the intestinal tract– When “wrapped” around the intestinal “tube”,

called “serosa” (the outer surface of the intestinal tract…what you see when you cut open the abdomen)

– In the colon, this region is called “mesocolon”

• The “visceral peritoneum” consists of the mesentery and serosa (including the mesocolon)

Terms• Ventral body cavity

– Abdominal-pelvic cavity• There is also a specialized fatty membrane,

with a large number of blood vessels that hangs from the stomach (inferolateral) like a drape or skirt over the intestines = “greater omentum”

– Often used to “cover” regions of the intestine that have been injured (if you cut out a portion of intestine, the omentum will “migrate” and cover it)

• There is also a smaller version of this membrane that hangs between the stomach and liver = “lesser omentum”

Saggital section

Transverse section

Terms• Organ systems

• Systems for protection, structural support and movement

– Integumentary system

– Skeletal system

– Muscular system

• Systems for internal communication– Neural system

– Endocrine system

• Systems for fluid transport– Circulatory system

– Lymphatic system

Terms• Organ systems

• Systems for defense– Immune system

• Systems for input and output– Respiratory system

– Urinary system

– Digestive system

• Reproduction– Reproductive system

Terms• Terms:

– “Viscus” = body organ– “Pleur-” = side, rib side– “Pariet-” = wall

• The “parietal pleura” is the wall facing the ribs

– “Mediastinum-” = middle– “Peri-” = around

• The “pericardium” is the membrane around the heart (cardium)

– “Retro-” = behind• Kidneys are “retroperitoneal”…they’re behind the peritoneum

– “Mes-” = in the middle• The “mesentery” is in the middle of the intestine, where the blood

vessels lie

– “Omentum” = covering