Zoo handouts

Cladograms illustrating phylogenetic groupings: Monophyly(upper left and right), Polyphyly (lower left), Paraphyly (lower right). Only monophyletic groups are considered true clades (natural taxonomic group)Pasted from

METAZOA or ANIMALIAEukaryotic

Multicellular (except Myxozoa)

Heterotrophic

No cell wall

Collagen

Gastrulation

Character state terms you should be familiar with:Plesiomorphy- ancestral state1.Apomorphy - derived state2.Synapomorphy - shared derived state3.

How do zoologists categorize animals?Morphology and developmentMolecular data

Body symmetry: Radial (a), Bilateral (b)

Even though starfishes (P Echinodermata) are radially symmetrical, they are in fact more closely related to you than to a jellyfish. Their bilateral ancestry can be seen in their larvae.

Homology of forelimbsPasted from

Convergent evolutionPasted from

Animal PhylogenySaturday, June 09, 20072:01 PM

E Aurellado Zoology 3 Page 1

Embryonic developmentSunday, June 10, 200711:59 PM


Body plans according to coelom formation

Traditional animal phylogeny (A) and current (B).Adoutte et al. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 4453-4456Pasted from

Do molecular data support the traditional or the current phylogeny? Recent analyses are now relying on genomic data rather than single genes to reconstruct animal phylogeny. See the following articles supporting either one of the hypothesis:Coelomata: Rogozin et al. 2007. Ecdysozoan clade rejected by genome-wide analysis of rare amino acid replacements. Mol Biol Evol 24:1080-1090. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/24/4/1080

Ecdysozoa: Irimia et al. 2007. Rare coding sequence changes are consistent with Ecdysozoa, not Coelomata. Mol Biol Evol. Epub May 27, 2007 . http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/msm105v1?ck=nck

Body Cavities & Molecular DataMonday, June 11, 20071:59 PM


ProtistaUnicellular1.Eukaryotic2.Specialized organelles3.

Protistan phyla (Traditional Classification)

Sarcodina Pseudopodia

Mastigophora Flagellum

Ciliophora CiliaMacro- and micronucleus

Apicomplexa Apical complexNo obvious locomotory structuresEndoparasitic

What is the difference between cilia and flagellum?

Protista is a paraphyletic group

Current "supergroups" of EukaryotesSimpson & Roger. 2004. The real "kingdoms" of Eukaryotes. Curr Biol 14:R693-R696.

Plantae Plastids from primary endosymbiosis of a cyanobacteriumVolvox, land plants

Excavata Distinctive feeding groove (cytostome) of excavate typeTrypanosoma, Trichonympha, Euglena

Rhizaria Filopodia or axopodiaForams & radiolarians

Chromalveolata Plastids from 2ndary endosymbiosis of a red algaCiliates, dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, Opalina

Amoebozoa LobopodiumAmoeba, Arcella

Opisthokonta Single posterior flagellumChoanoflagellates, animals and fungi

The phylum Myxozoa, once thought to be protists, have been found to be members of K Metazoa

Choanoflagellates: sister group of animals

Kingdom Protista (protists)Sunday, June 17, 20073:59 PM


Porifera (L porus =pore, ferre = to bear)Asymmetrical or radially symmetrical1.Cellular level of organization2.Body covered with pores (ostia)3.Specialized cells , e.g., choanocytes4.Sessile5.Aquatic6.

Classes of Porifera

Hexactinellida Glass sponges6-rayed siliceous spiculesSyncitial cellsSyconoid or leuconoid

Demospongiae Siliceous spicules (not 6-rayed)May have sponginLeuconoid

Calcarea Calcareous spiculesAsconoid, syconoid, leuconoid

Class Sclerospongiae is no longer a valid class

Not all sponges are filter-feeders

Carnivorous sponge Asbestopluma(Demospongiae)Pasted from

Generalized sponge body planPasted from

Sponge body forms

Calcarea: Leucosolenia eleanorPasted from

Hexactinellidae: Euplectella sp.Pasted from

Demospongiae: Spongilla sp.Pasted from

Why do freshwater sponges have gemmules as part of their life cycle?

Phylum Porifera (sponges)Saturday, June 09, 200712:23 PM


CnidocytesPasted from

Why shouldn't you use freshwater to treat jellyfish stings?

Cnidaria (Gk. cnidos = stinging nettle)Cnidocytes1.Planula larva2.Radial symmetry3.Tissue level of organization4.Diploblastic5.Nerve net & musculo-epithelial cells6.Aquatic7.

Cnidarian polyp and medusa formsPasted from

Classes of Cnidaria

Anthozoa True corals, sea anemones, etc.Polyp form with mesenteries

Scyphozoa True jellyfishesMedusa dominant, polyp reduced or absent

Cubozoa Box jellyfishesMedusa dominant w/ velarium

Hydrozoa Hydroids, siphonophores, etc.Polyp w/o mesenteries and/or medusa w/ velum

Anthozoa: Acropora, staghorn coralPhoto : E Aurellado

Scyphozoa: left, jellyfish (photo: E Aurellado); right, Aurelia scyphistoma Pasted from

Cubozoa: Carukia barnesi, Irukandji jellyfishPasted from

Hydrozoa: Hydra w/ bud and ovaryPasted from

What contributed to the diversity of cnidarians?PolymorphismColony formationCoral formation

Phylum CnidariaThursday, June 07, 20078:53 PM


BILATERIABilaterally symmetrical -- evolution of actively hunting animals

Cephalization-- development of a head region

where sensory structures are concentrated

Ectoderm

Endoderm

Mesoderm

Triploblastic -- allows for development of organ systems

Protostomes: blastopore becoming the mouthLophotrochozoa: trochozoa & lophophorates

General Characteristics of flatworms:Dorsoventrally flattened1.Acoelomate2.Incomplete digetive system 3.Ladderlike nervous system with simple brain

4.

Protonephridial excretory system5.No vascular system6.Circular & longitudinal muscles7.Mostly hermaphroditic8.Tegument syncitial in parasitic forms9.

Classes

Turbellaria1. Free-livingCovered with ciliated epidermisWell-developed sensory structures, e.g., eyespots

Monogenea2. Ectoparasitic flukesAttachment organs (prohaptor & opisthaptor)Single host

Trematoda3. Endoparasitic flukes2 suckers: oral and ventralComplex life history: intermediate & definitive hosts

Cestoda4. Tapeworms, parasiticScolex, neck, strobila made of proglottids

www.bio.miami.edu

Dugesia1.

Dactylogyrus2.Pasted from

www.bergen.edu

www.cvm.okstate.edu

Schistosoma is an example of a dioecious flatworm3.

www.ndpteachers.org

4.

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Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Tuesday, December 26, 200611:08 PM


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How are endoparasitic flatworms adapted to their lifestyle?Organs for attachmentCan withstand host's defensesHigh fecundity

Life cycles of parasitic flatwormsWednesday, December 27, 200612:07 AM


What are the advantages of a complete gut?Allows linear processing of food and specialization of gut regions

Increases feeding efficiencyCould allow increase in body size

Nemertea / RhyncocoelaRhyncocoel - cavity that operates the proboscis1."Acoelomate"2.Complete gut3.Blood system4.Protonephridial excretory system5.Serial gonads6.Mostly marine7. Pilidium larva of nemertines

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Enoplan nemertine showing everted proboscisPasted from

Classes (traditional classification)

Enopla Proboscis armed with a stylet

Anopla Unarmed proboscis

Anoplan nemertine: Lineus bilineatusPasted from

Phylum Nemertea (ribbon worms)Thursday, December 28, 200611:50 AM


Ecdysozoa: protostomes that molt (ecdysis)

Nematoda (Gk. nema = thread):Slender cylindrical body1.Pseudocoelomate w/ high hydrostatic pressure2.Complete digestive system w/ muscular pharynx3.Collagenous cuticle4.Mostly dioecious5.Longitudinal muscles, no circular muscles6.No circulatory system7.Brain & longitudinal nerve cords8.

anterior amphidsa.posterior phasmidsb.

Sensory structures9.

What are the advantages of a tube-within-tube pattern of pseudocoelomates and coelomates?Allows fluid circulationHydrostatic skeletonMore room for internal organs to develop

Females larger than malesmales with copulatory spicules, often a bent tail or copulatory bursa

Ascaris


Secernentea1. With phasmidse.g., Ascaris, Ancylostoma(parasitic), C. elegans, T. aceti(free-living)

"Adenophorea"2. Without phasmidse.g., Trichuris, Trichinella(parasitic)

Free-living nematodes

Caenorhabditis elegansPasted from

Vinegar Eel 1 (Turbatrix aceti)http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-4b/V

inegar_Eel_1/vinegar_eel_1.htm

Screen clipping taken: 12/27/2006, 2:11 PM

Ancylostoma

Trichinella

Trichuris

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What is eutely?

Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)Wednesday, December 27, 20063:18 PM


Rotifera (wheel bearers):Head bears ciliated crown called corona1.Pseudocoelomate2.Modified muscular pharynx called mastax containing trophi

3.

Body comprised of head, trunk & foot (bears pedal glands)

4.

Microscopic 5.Dioecious, some species parthenogenetic6.Maybe a lophotrochozoan7.Mostly freshwater, planktonic or benthic8.

Classes

Seisonidea Epizoic on gills of a marine crustacean, Nebalia

Corona reducedPaired gonadsReproduce sexually

Bdelloidea Corona divided into 2 partsPaired gonadsParthenogenetic, no boys allowed Swimming or crawling (like a leech)

Monogononta 1 gonadReduced coronaAlternate parthenogenesis (amictic) and sexual (mictic) reproduction

Seison (Seisonidea)Pasted from

BdelloideaPasted from

Brachionus quadridentatus(Monogononta)

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Both bdelloid rotifers and nematodes can undergo cryptobiosis-- a state of suspended animation under extreme conditions, e.g., dessication, freezing, and heating.Fertilized eggs of monogonont rotifers can also lie dormant in adverse conditions (embryonic diapause)

Monogonont life cyclePasted from

What is the advantage of cryptobiosis and embryonic diapause in rotifers capable of asexual reproduction? How are these adaptations related to their habitats?

http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/Dec2000/pdf/Dec2000p41-47.pdf


Phylum Rotifera (rotifers)Wednesday, December 27, 20064:15 PM


Trochozoa : coelomate protostomes w/ trochophore larvaMollusca (Gk. Molluscus = soft)Radula (rasping tongue)1.Ctenidium2.Mantle covering visceral mass3.Muscular foot4.Hemocoel 5.Nephridial excretory system6.Molluscan shell not a defining characteristic, although it contributed to the diversification of the phylum

Classes

Neomeniomorpha1.Chaetodermomorpha2.

Vermiform bodiesSpiculate

Polyplacophora 3. 8 dorsal platesSpiculate

Monoplacophora4. Calcareous shellserial replication

Scaphopoda 5.Bivalvia 6.Gastropoda 7.Cephalopoda8.

Calcareous shellReduced serial replication

Chaetodermomorpha: no foot & pedal groovePasted from

Neomeniomorpha: foot w/ pedal groovePasted from

Polyplacophora (chitons)Chiton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyplacophora


Aculifera: spiculate molluscs

What advances are made possible by a true coelom?Independent movement of gut and body wallDevelopment of more complex respiratory, circulatory, and excretory systems

Trochophore larvaPasted from

Basic molluscan body planPasted from

Phylum Mollusca (mollusks)Thursday, December 28, 20062:43 PM


V. Horigue

Bivalvia: Tridacna (giant clam)2 lateral shells; no radula

A. Spring

Gastropoda: Left, queen conch; right, nudibranchSingle shell, absent in nudibranchs; gills or lung

Gastropods exhibit a condition called torsion. Why did it evolve and what are its disadvantages?

V. Horigue

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A. S

pri

ng

Cephalopoda: top, Nautilus; bottom, Octopus; Siphon & tentacles derived from foot-mantle; well-developed nervous system; closed circulatory system; shell internal/absent in coleoids, external in Nautilus

Monoplacophora (ventral view): single shell; serial repetition of kidneys, gonads & gillsPasted from

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a shell?

Scaphopoda: Captacula, no ctenidiumPasted from

Internal anatomy of a squid (Cephalopoda)Pasted from

Conchifera (shelled molluscs)Thursday, December 28, 20065:27 PM


Metamerism: serial repetition of segments (somites) along the length of the animalCriteria of true metamerism:Mesodermal1.Embryonic development2.Penultimate budding3.What are the advantages of metamerism?More efficient locomotionFunctional independence among segmentsProvides a framework for specialization

Annelida (L. annulus = little ring)Segmented body1.Coelom divided by septa2.Chitinous setae3.Circular and longitudinal muscles4.Closed circulatory system 5.Complete gut6.Solid ventral nerve cord7.Respire through skin, gills or parapodia8.Metanephridial excretory system9.

Fanworm with radioles exposed Photo by VVHilomen

x-s Polychaete showing parapodia w/ setaePasted from


Polychaeta (bristleworms & tubeworms)

Many setae in parapodiaMostly marineSeparate sexes

Oligochaeta (earthworms)

Few setae,no parapodiaClitellumHermaphroditic

Hirudinea (leeches) No setae nor parapodiaClitellumHermaphroditic

Ophryotrocha (Polychaeta)

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Basic Annelid StructureProstomium1.Peristomium (1st true segment)2.Segments3.Pygidium (w/ anus)4.

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Clitellate annelids: top, Oligochaeta; bottom, Hirudinea

MetanephridiaPasted from

Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)Friday, December 29, 20062:07 PM


Arthropods are the largest phylum (>80% species) in the animal kingdom . Arthropoda (arthros = joint, podus = foot)Jointed appendages1.Chitinous exoskeleton2.Segmented body, tagmatization3.Special respiratory structures , e.g., gills, tracheae or book lungs

4.

Open circulatory system, hemocyanin5.Well-developed sensory structures6.Excretory system i.e., malpighian tubules and coxal glands for terrestrial arthropods

7.

Dioecious, fertilization external in aquatic arthropods and internal in terrestrial arthropods

8.

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Arthropod Subphyla

Chelicerata Lack antennaeTagmata: prosoma and opisthosomaChelicerae, pedipalps & 4 prs. of walking legs

"Myriapoda" 1 pair of antennaeLow level of tagmatizationMany segments

Crustacea Biramous appendages, 2 prs. antennaeMainly aquatic, nauplius larvaHead, thorax (or cephalothorax) & abdomen

Hexapoda Uniramous appendages, 1 pr. antennaeMainly terrestrialHead, thorax, & abdomen6 legs

Myriapods are often classified with hexapods under "Uniramia", but myriapods may actually be allied with Chelicerata, thus forming the clade "Paradoxopoda" Myriapoda may be a polyphyletic group

Tagmatization - fusion of body segments into specialized functional groups. Each specialized group is called a tagma (pl. tagmata)Pasted from

a body built from a cephalon, thorax, and pygidium

a body divided into three lobes, running from head to tail

one pair of antennae

Trilobites are an extinct group of arthropods, distinguished by the following characters:

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Vertebrate (left) vs. Arthropod joint (right).Muscles attach to the exoskeleton and the cuticle at the joints are thin and flexible, allowing for rapid movement.

Phylum ArthropodaFriday, December 29, 20063:58 PM


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Green gland

Biramous appendage of crustaceans

Daphnia: C. Branchiopoda, O. CladoceraPasted from

Argulus: BranchiuraPasted from

C. OstracodaPasted from

Balanus : Cirripedia Photo by E Aurellado

Cuticle of crustaceans is further hardened by calcium salts to add thickness and deter predators. Because they live in a buoyant medium, weight is not a problem.

Euphausia: C. MalacostracaPasted from

crab: C. Malacostraca,O. DecapodaPasted from

Nauplius larva

Fairy shrimp: C. Branchiopoda, O. AnostracaPasted from

Copepod: C. MaxillopodaPasted from

CrustaceaFriday, February 16, 20074:48 PM


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Typical myriapod body plan

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Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda

C. Merostomata, O. XiphosuraPasted from

C. PycnogonidaPasted from

Arachnid anatomyPasted from

Myriapod Classes

Chilopoda CentipedesPoison claws1 pair of legs/segment

Diplopoda Millipedes2 pairs of legs/segment

Symphyla Resemble centipedesNot all segments bears legs

Pauropods Resemble millipedes9 prs. of legs (> no. segments)

Although all myriapods are terrestrial, they are confined to damp and humid environments.

Chelicerate Classes

Merostomata Horseshoe crabsLimulus, Tachypleus, CarcinoscorpiusMarineBook gills

Pycnogonida Sea spidersMarineNo respiratory or excretory structures

Arachnida Spiders, scorpions, mites & ticksTerrestrialWaxy cuticleBook lungs

Paradoxopoda: Chelicerates and MyriapodsFriday, February 16, 20075:06 PM


Butterfly: Order LepidopteraPhoto by E Aurellado

Advantages of flight:Means of avoiding predation1.Facilitates food access2.Means of dispersal3.

Beetle: O. ColeopteraPhoto by E Aurellado

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What contributed to the diversity of insects?Ability to invade terrestrial habitatsCo-evolution with angiospermsEvolution of flight (in pterygote insects)

Tracheal system of insects

3 tagmata of insectsPasted from

What adaptations enabled insects to minimize desiccation and thus, dominate land? Epicuticular wax1.Tracheal system with valves2.Elimination of uric acid (insoluble in water)3.Ability to reabsorb water in rectum4.

Hexapoda (insects)Friday, February 16, 20073:49 PM


Brachiolaria (Asteroid)

Ophiopluteus (Ophiuroid)

Doliolaria (Holothuroid & Crinoid)

Echinopluteus (Echinoid)Pasted from

DeuterostomesBlastopore forms anusCoelom formed by outpuching (enterocoelous)Radial cleavageEchinodermata (echinos = spiny, derma = skin)Water vascular system1.Calcitic endoskeleton of ossicles2.Mutable connective tissue3.Pentaradial symmetry (bilateral larvae)4.Decentralized nervous system (nerve ring)5.No blood or excretory system6.Marine7.

Water vascular systemPasted from

PedicellariaePasted from

Xyloplax n. sp. Biol.Bull. 208: 7780.(April2005)http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/208/2/77

Classes

Crinoidea Sea lilies & feather stars

Asteroidea Sea stars

Ophiuroidea Brittle stars & basket stars

Echinoidea Sea urchins & sand dollars

Holothuroidea Sea cucumbers

"Concentricycloidea" Sea daisies

Ophiuroidea: 5 arms sharply marked off; no anusPasted from

Ashley Spring

Asteroidea: typically 5 arms,Mouth w/ anus

Concentricycloidea : Xyloplax medusiformis, X. turnerae, and a new species from N. Pacific. They are named after their WVS of 2 concentric rings; could be highly modified sea stars.

Crinoidea: mainly sessile; ciliated ambulacral groove; mouth upwardPasted from

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Echinoidea: globose; long spines & covered in test; aristotle's lantern

Holothuroidea:Elongates; few dermal ossicles; respiratory tree

Phylum EchinodermataThursday, December 28, 20067:46 PM


Saccoglossus kowalevskii (Enteropneusta)Pasted from

Nature 444, 85-88 (2 November 2006)Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida

Pasted from

This article in Nature reports that the enigmatic Xenoturbella, a worm-like animal without a brain, gut or gonads discovered in 1949 belongs to a phylum of its own, not to Mollusca as previously thought. P Xenoturbellida may be closely related to Echinodermata and Hemichordata.

XenoturbellaPasted from

Comparison between tornaria and bipinnaria larvaePasted from

Cephalodiscus (Pterobranchia)Pasted from

Hemichordata ("half-string")Body divided into 3 parts: proboscis, collar and trunk1.Gill slits2.Stomochord 3.Dorsal tubular nerve cord4.

Hemichordate Classes

Enteropneusta Acorn worms

Pterobranchia Sessile & colonial wormsWith lophophore (hollow tentacles derived from extensions of the mesocoel)

What evidences support the close relationship between hemichordates and echinoderms?Similarity between the tornaria larva of hemichordates and the bipinnaria of asteroidea

Trimerous body plan of hemichordates and echinodermsLeft coelomic pouches become dominant as the right pouches are lost in both phyla

Molecular evidence

What is the fate of the 3 coelomic sacs in hemichordates and echinoderms?

Coelom Hemichordate Echinoderm

Protocoel Proboscis Axocoel

Mesocoel Collar & collar pore Hydrocoel (WVS & madreporite)

Metacoel Trunk Somatocoel

Phylum HemichordataSaturday, March 03, 20075:25 PM


4 main chordate charactersPasted from

Oikopleura (Larvacea)Pelagic, solitary; forms mucus "house" to trap foodPasted from

Salp (Thaliacea )Pelagic, solitary or colonial, barrel-shapedPasted from

Rhopalaea crassa (Ascidiacea)Benthic, solitary, colonial or compound; barrel-shapedPasted from

Megalodicopia hians (Sorberacea)Solitary, deep sea benthic, predatoryPasted from

Chordata (chorda = string)Notochord1.Dorsal hollow nerve cord2.Pharyngeal gill slits3.Post-anal tail4.Subpharyngeal endostyle or thyroid gland5.

Chordate Subphyla

Urochordata Tunicates Tunic (cellulose-like tunicin)Notochord at the tailBlood w/ high concentrations of vanadium

Marine filter feeders

Cephalochordata Lancelets All chordate characters persist in adult

Marine filter feeders

Vertebrata Vertebrates Cranium Vertebral columnSegmented muscles

Inversion HypothesisPasted from

Adult (left) and "tadpole" larva (right) of an ascidianPasted from

Branchiostoma (Amphioxus, subPhylum Cephalochordata)Pasted from

Phylum Chordata (chordates)Friday, January 05, 20078:23 PM


Which invertebrate chordate group is the closest relatives of the vertebrates?Many molecular studies strongly suggest the close affinity between cephalochordates and vertebrates. However, in early 2006, an article in Naturehas shown molecular evidence claiming tunicates may actually be the closest relatives to vertebrates. This debate is likely to continue in the near future.

Jawed

vertebrates

Tetrapo

ds

Am

nio

tes

Vertebrate phylogeny (modified from Brooks/Cole 2001)Pasted from

Evolution of jaws from anterior gill arches

Amniote eggPasted from

Vertebrate Classes

Myxini & Cephalaspidomorphi

Jawless fishesHagfishes and lampreys

Chondricthyes Sharks, rays, and chimaerasCartilaginous endoskeletonno operculum & swim bladder

Osteichthyes Bony fishesOperculum & swim bladder

Amphibia Frogs & salamandersAquatic tadpoleCutaneous respiration

Reptilia Turtles, lizards, snakes & crocodilians

Epidermal scales

Aves BirdsFeathers

Mammalia MammalsMilk-producing mammary glandsHair/fur

Chondrichthyes (photo: A. Spring)

Osteichthyes (Photo: E Aurellado)

AgnathaPasted from

Amphibia (photo : J Baril)

Reptilia (photo: A Spring)

Aves

MammaliaPhotos: E Aurellado

Subphylum VertebrataSaturday, March 03, 20076:26 PM


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