zondervanacademic-cdn.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com · Web viewA couple of basic, but very important...

Contents1. What Is the Bible?................................................................................................................22. What Is God Like?...............................................................................................................43. What Is the Trinity?.............................................................................................................74. What Is Creation?................................................................................................................95. What Is Prayer?..................................................................................................................116. What Are Angels, Satan, and Demons?.............................................................................137. What Is Man?.....................................................................................................................158. What Is Sin?.......................................................................................................................179. Who Is Christ?...................................................................................................................1910. What Is the Atonement?.....................................................................................................2111. What Is the Resurrection?..................................................................................................2312. What Is Election?...............................................................................................................2513. What Does It Mean to Become a Christian?......................................................................2714. What Are Justification and Adoption?...............................................................................2915. What Are Sanctification and Perseverance?......................................................................3116. What Is Death?...................................................................................................................3317. What Is the Church?...........................................................................................................3518. What Will Happen When Christ Returns?.........................................................................3819. What Is the Final Judgment?..............................................................................................4020. What Is Heaven?................................................................................................................42

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Chapter 1: What is the Bible?

A couple of basic, but very important first questions for one to ask when approaching a deeper study of theology, is to ask what actually is the Bible? What distinguishes it from any other book or religious text? The short answer to these important questions is that the Bible clearly portrays the very nature of God, or who God is. It claims that the words are the very words of God and that we can know God personally by reading about him through this sacred text. The Bible clearly makes a strong case for its claims that it is God’s Word. Although the Bible was physically composed by human authors, it also claims that its words were “breathed out by God” (2 Tim 3:16). Since these words were preserved in the Bible and are God’s words, one can be confident that not only are the words true, but are actually the standard-bearer of truth itself. Within the text of Scripture, we have all that we need to “become a Christian, live as a Christian, and grow as a Christian.” 1

KEY TERMSCB: 13BD: 33–40

Authority of the Bible: All of the words in the Bible are God’s words. To disbelieve or disobey them is to disbelieve or disobey God himself.

CB: 16BD: 50–52

Clarity of Scripture: The Bible is written in such a way that all things necessary to become a Christian, live as a Christian, and grow as a Christian are clear.

CB: 17–18BD: 54–58

Necessity of Scripture: It is necessary to read the Bible or have someone tell us what is in the Bible if we are going to know God personally, have our sins forgiven, and know with certainty what God wants us to do.

CB: 18–20BD: 58–62

Sufficiency of Scripture: The Bible contains all the words of God that a person needs to become a Christian, live as a Christian, and grow as a Christian.

Discussion/Reflection Questions

1. Why is it important that the Bible be the basis for our beliefs?2. Will the Bible definitely answer every question we bring to it? Why or why not?3. What is one issue that the Bible speaks clearly on? What is one issue that the Bible does

not speak clearly on? How does this affect the emphasis you should place on these issues?

4. How are some ways we can graciously interact with unbelievers on issues that are not directly spelled out in Scripture?

5. How can one know and understand God’s will for his/her life by reading and reflecting on Scripture?

1 Grudem & Grudem, 14.

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Further Reading

Barackman, Floyd H. Practical Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1992.

Bibliology: The Doctrine of the Bible.

Berkhof, Louis. Systematic Theology. 4th ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1939.

Chafer, Lewis Sperry. Systematic Theology. 7 vols. Plus index vol. Dallas: Dallas Seminary Press, 1947–1948.

Erickson, Millard J. Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1998. Advanced.Chapter 11: The Power of God’s Word: Authority

Evans, William. The Great Doctrines of the Bible. Chicago: The Moody Bible Institute, 1974.The Doctrine of the Scriptures.

Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. Advanced.Chapter 4: The Four Characteristics of Scripture: (1) AuthorityChapter 6: The Four Characteristics of Scripture: (2) ClarityChapter 7: The Four Characteristics of Scripture: (3) NecessityChapter 8: The Four Characteristics of Scripture: (4) Sufficiency

Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith, ed. by Jeff Purswell. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 2: The Authority and Inerrancy of the BibleChapter 3: The Clarity, Necessity, and Sufficiency of the Bible

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Chapter 2: What is God Like?

In order to develop a relationship with someone, it is imperative that we get to know the other person. It is no different when we seek to develop a meaningful relationship with God. Due to the wide misunderstandings and misinformation we receive from society today about who God is and what he is like, it is important for us to derive an accurate understanding about him from the source. Within the Bible we gain a clear understanding of the nature of God in his dealings with people and how he instructs the characters in what they are to do in order to please him. There are many attributes of God that rise to the surface as we study and reflect on Scripture. These “attributes” provide us with an understanding of the very nature of God. They are attributes in the sense that they describe the very essence of who God is. He is not only “truthful” or “loving,” his very being is truth and love.


God is knowable: God exists in such a way that we can know things about him and come to know him personally.

CB: 22–23BD: 71–73

God is independent: God does not actually need us or anything else in creation for anything.

CB: 23–24BD: 73–76

God is unchangeable: God is unchangeable in his being, attributes, purposes, and promises.

CB: 24–25BD: 76–78

God is eternal: God has no beginning or end or succession of events in his own being.

CB: 25–26BD: 78–81

God is omnipresent: God is unlimited with regard to time, he is also unlimited with regard to space.

CB: 26BD: 86–87

God is spirit: God exists in such a way that his being is not made of any matter.

CB: 26–27BD: 87–88

God is invisible: No one has ever been able to see God (John 1:18). Nor will anyone ever be able to see God’s total essence or all of his spiritual being.

CB: 27BD: 88

God is omniscient: God “knows everything” (1 John 3:20). In one simple and eternal act, he fully knows himself and all actual and possible things.

CB: 27–28BD: 88–89

God is wise: God always chooses the best possible goals and the best possible means to meet those goals.

CB: 28BD: 89–90

God is truthful: All of God’s knowledge and all his words are both true and the final standard of truth.

CB: 29BD: 90–91

God is good: God is the final standard of good; all he is and does is good and worthy of

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approval.CB: 29–30BD: 91–92

God is love: God eternally gives of himself for the good of others.

CB: 30BD: 92–93

God is holy: God is separated from sin and devoted to seeking his own honor.

CB: 30–31BD: 93–94

God is righteous and just: God always acts in accordance with what is right, for he himself is the final standards of what is right.

CB: 31BD: 94

God is jealous: God continually seeks to protect his own honor.

CB: 32BD: 94–95

God is wrathful towards sin: God’s wrath burns hot against sin and it is this wrath that will eventually consume those who reject Jesus and continue in their sin.

CB: 32–33BD: 95–98

God wills what he wills: God’s will is the ultimate reason for everything that happens. All the events of our life are subject to God’s will.

CB: 34BD: 98

God has freedom: Nothing can hinder God from doing his will. He is not constrained by anything outside of himself; he is completely free to do whatever he wants to do.

CB: 34BD: 98–99

God is omnipotent: He is all powerful. He is about to do all is holy will. There are no limits on what he decides to do.

CB: 35BD: 99

God is perfect: God fully possesses all excellent qualities and lacks no part of any qualities that would be desirable for him.

CB: 35BD: 99–100

God is blessed: God fully delights in himself and in all that reflects his character.

CB: 35BD: 100

God is beautiful: God is the sum of all desirable qualities, and he possesses every quality that is truly desirable.

CB: 36BD: 81–82

God is unity: God is unified in all his attributes. He is not more of one attribute than another.


1. What are some attributes that God most clearly shares with us? What are some attributes he doesn’t share very much with us? Name one attribute of God that you would like to imitate more fully in your daily life and tell why?

2. Can you tell what some of the dangers would be in considering one of God’s attributes more important than others?

3. Which of God’s attributes seem most amazing to you? What have you learned about God through this attribute?

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4. How can our relationship with God grow by learning more about his attributes?5. Which of God’s attributes seem most troubling to you? Describe why this is so.

Further Reading

Barackman, Floyd H. Practical Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1992.Theology Proper: The Doctrine of God.Paterology: The Doctrine of the God the Father.



Erickson, Millard J. Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1998. Advanced.Chapter 12: The Greatness of GodChapter 13: The Goodness of GodChapter 14: God’s Nearness and Distance: Immanence and Transcendence

Evans, William. The Great Doctrines of the Bible. Chicago: The Moody Bible Institute, 1974.The Doctrine of God.

Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. Advanced.Chapter 9: The Existence of GodChapter 10: The Knowability of GodChapter 11: The Character of God: “Incommunicable” AttributesChapter 12: The Character of God: “Communicable” Attributes (Part 1)Chapter 13: The Character of God: “Communicable” Attributes (Part 2)

Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith, ed. by Jeff Purswell. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 4: The Character of God: “Incommunicable Attributes”Chapter 5: The “Communicable” Attributes of God

Ryrie, Charles C. Basic Theology: A Popular Systematic Guide to Understanding Biblical Truth. Chicago: Moody Publishers, 1999.Chapter 4: The Knowledge of GodChapter 5: The Revelation of GodChapter 6: The Perfections of GodChapter 7: The Names of God

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Chapter 3: What is the Trinity?

There may be many things we come into contact with in observing the world we live in that would be challenging to explain. You may be filled with awe at the beauty of a sunset, or perhaps the surprise shooting star you notice out of the corner of your eye on a perfectly clear summer’s eve. But, have you ever tried explaining why such things enrapture you? Sure, there are scientific explanations for such things and we can reduce it to that, yet we are still left with a void as to why such a thing erupts our heart with emotion when we encounter them. Such it is with the doctrine of the Trinity. Many brilliant minds have attempted to explain this mysterious concept, but for the most part have fallen short as to just exactly how it can be that God can be a unified three-ness. Each member of the Trinity being uniquely distinguished in their essences and roles, yet all at the same time, unified in their essence.


Doctrine of the Trinity: The idea of three distinct eternally existing persons and only one God.

CB: 38–39BD: 106–112

Meaning of the Trinity: The Father is not the Son or the Holy Spirit. The Son is not the Father or the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit is not the Father or the Son.

CB: 39BD: 121

Trinity as Mystery: The Trinity is one of those mysteries we can only describe in part. Although different analogies from creation can help understand the Trinity, all fail to describe the mystery.

CB: 40–41BD: 115–116

Roles of the Trinity: All three members of the Trinity have distinct roles. These different functions are the outworking of the eternal relationship between the Father, Son, and Spirit.


1. Can you name three or four key passages of Scripture that tell us about the Trinity? What exactly do these passages tell us about the Trinity?

2. Why do all analogies fail in their ability to fully explain the Trinity? Does this mean we should try to come up with an analogy that works? Why or why not?

3. How do the different ways the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit relate to each other provide us with a model for the ways we are to relate to each other?

4. Discuss how you would attempt to explain the doctrine of the Trinity to an unbeliever. What if that person was a Muslim? Jehovah’s Witness?

5. Discuss the various roles that characterize each member of the Trinity.

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Further Reading

Barackman, Floyd H. Practical Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1992.Paterology: The Doctrine of God the Father.Christology: The Doctrine of God the Lord Jesus Christ.Pneumatology: The Doctrine of God the Holy Spirit.



Erickson, Millard J. Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1998. Advanced.Chapter 15: God’s Three-in-Oneness: The Trinity

Evans, William. The Great Doctrines of the Bible. Chicago: The Moody Bible Institute, 1974.The Doctrine of God.The Doctrine of Jesus Christ.The Doctrine of the Holy Spirit.

Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. Advanced.Chapter 14: God in Three Persons: The Trinity

Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith, ed. by Jeff Purswell. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 6: The Trinity

Ryrie, Charles C. Basic Theology: A Popular Systematic Guide to Understanding Biblical Truth. Chicago: Moody Publishers, 1999.Chapter 8: The Triunity of God

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Chapter 4: What is Creation?

Have you ever reflected on the incredible advancements we have seen in modern medicine or in technology? Looking back in recent history of the past 50 years leaves us awestruck at how so many brilliant minds have collaborated to engineer so many products, procedures and medicines that we have come to depend on and without which we would feel at a deep loss. Yet, it is more important to pan out a bit. Have you ever considered the ultimate Creator? If you are enraptured by the marvels of modern technology or medicine, think and reflect for a moment on the incredible power God has. He created everything that we can see, whether that be through a microscope, telescope, or even worlds beyond that have not yet been discovered, out of nothing! God has specifically designed the universe and all that is in it. He took special care in the creation of human beings by placing his image onto them for the purpose of having a special relationship with them.

KEY TERMSCB: 43–44BD: 124–125

The created creation: God created the universe out of nothing; nothing but God existed before the universe was created.

CB: 45BD: 126–130

The distinct but dependent creation: As Creator, God is distinct from his creation, but also intimately involved in it.

CB: 45–46BD: 130–131

The glory-giving creation: All of creation was made to give glory to God.

CB: 40–41BD: 131–132

The good creation: God can delight in his creation because it gives him glory and he considered it “very good” (Gen 1:31).


1. In what ways do God’s acts of creation give us great humility? How do they give us great dignity?

2. List some of the ways the earth, the animals, and you yourself can give glory to God the Creator.

3. What does God think about all of his creation? How did his view of the creation change after Adam and Eve sinned? How is God’s view of all his creation different from your view of specific aspects of his creation?

4. With a proper biblical understanding of creation, describe some practical ways we should be responsible for caring for it.

5. Discuss some ways that alternative scientific explanations of the origins of the universe contradict God’s word. How do they fall short? Why is it important to understand the truth? What are some of the ramifications of these alternative explanations?

Further Reading


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Erickson, Millard J. Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1998. Advanced.Chapter 17: God’s Originating Work: Creation

Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. Advanced.Chapter 15: Creation

Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith, ed. by Jeff Purswell. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 7: Creation

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Chapter 5: What is Prayer?

In any of our relationships, communication is critical in the development and maintenance of them. As we begin to know one another, we begin to better understand each other’s personalities and how we communicate how we feel. It is very similar in our relationship to the Lord. In order to really know God, we need to communicate with him. That mode of communication is prayer. There has been a lot of misunderstanding regarding prayer. Some feel that it is merely a last ditch effort if all else fails, we resort to prayer. Or, others consent that it really doesn’t matter that we pray since God has everything worked out the way he wants it anyway. The common denominator to these errant views of prayer is that they are focused on the wrong person. Prayer isn’t about what we can receive from God. It isn’t about us delivering our wish list to God so that he can grant our requests like a fairy godmother. Prayer is about deepening our relationship with God. It’s about knowing who God is so that we begin to humbly relinquish our selfish desires and begin to consistently seek after God’s desires and his will.


Prayer: Personal communication from us to God. It not only helps us know about God but also helps us truly know God.

CB: 48BD: 126–130

Reason For prayer: God wants us to pray so that our dependence on him can increase.

CB: 49BD: 130–131

Effectiveness of prayer: When we ask for things in prayer, God often responds to those prayers.

CB: 50–52BD: 131–132

Attitude in Prayer: Praying according to God’s will often requires humility on our part, for it requires that we pray not simply for what we desire but instead for what God desires.


1. Why does God want us to pray? How have you recently experienced these benefits of prayer? Take a moment to pray, thanking God for how he has blessed you through prayer.

2. Is God required to give us what we ask for in prayer? Why or why not?3. What are some ways we can we develop more dependence upon God’s power in prayer?4. Why is having an attitude of humility so important in how we approach God in prayer?5. Is there anything in your life right now that might be hindering your prayers? If so, take a

moment to pray, asking God to forgive you of those things that hinder your prayers.

Further Reading

Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. Advanced.Chapter 18: Prayer

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Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith, ed. by Jeff Purswell. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 9: Prayer

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Chapter 6: What Are Angels, Satan, and Demons?

Spiritual beings are somewhat of a mystery to most of us. Since we cannot experience them with any of our senses, we find ourselves torn between belief and perhaps feeling captured in a fairy tale. Yet, Scripture teaches very clearly of the reality of such spiritual beings. Not only do they exist, but they are powerful creatures who serve as models of worship for us to emulate in our relationship with God as good angels. But, not all spiritual creatures have pure intentions and motives. There is a dark side. Demonic legions are very real. Headed by Satan, this league of wickedness serves to continually work evil in the world in vain attempts to thwart God’s sovereign plan. Yet, we must remain mindful of the fact that not all evil is due to the influence of such demonic influences, but to the decisions and free choices of individuals.


Angels: Created spiritual beings with moral judgment and high intelligence but without physical bodies.

CB: 54–55BD: 126–130

Demons: Evil angels who sinned against God and who now continually work evil in the world.

CB: 55BD: 130–131

Satan: Personal name of the head of demons.

CB: 56BD: 131–132

Demonic Activity: Satan and his demons are active in the world today, and they work much evil. But they are not solely responsible for all the evil in the world.


1. How are the angels like us? How are they different from us?2. What is the primary role of angels in the world today?3. What can we learn about worship as we look to angels as models? 4. What are some of the things that the Bible tells us about Satan? How do these things put

you on guard against Satan? How do these things remove some fears you may have about Satan?

5. How can we protect ourselves from demonic influences?

Further Reading

Barackman, Floyd H. Practical Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 1992. Advanced.Angelology – The Doctrine of Angels



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Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. Advanced.Chapter 19: AngelsChapter 20: Satan and Demons

Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith, ed. by Jeff Purswell. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 10: Angels, Satan, and Demons

Hodge, Charles, Systematic Theology. 3 vols. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers; Reprinted 1981 edition (June 1, 1999).

Ryrie, Charles C., A Survey of Bible Doctrine. Chicago: Moody Publishers, 1972. Basic.Chapter 5: The World of Angels

Ryrie, Charles C., Basic Theology. Chicago: Moody Publishers, 1999. Intermediate.Section IV: Angels: Ministering SpiritsSection V: Our Adversary the DevilSection VI: Demons: Unclean Spirits

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Chapter 7: What is Man?

For the most part, I am afraid that when we think about man, we default to what we read in the headlines, or view what’s is scrolling across the bottom portion of our TV screen. So, it may seem to be a little bit of a stretch for us to realize that God has created man as the pinnacle of his creation. In fact, he has created all men to bear the image of God. Being created in the likeness of God distinguishes man from the rest of God’s glorious creation. Yet, unfortunately, when sin was introduced to Adam and Eve in the garden of Eden, that image became temporarily distorted and man throughout history has inherited the sinful DNA of Adam. But, that image is being restored. As God’s image bearers, man has the distinctive responsibilities to manage God’s creation here on earth.


Man: The pinnacle of God’s creation. God did not need to create man because he was needing or lacking anything.

CB: 58–59BD: 126–130

Created for God’s glory: Because man was created for God’s glory, the ultimate goal of man in life should be to live for his glory.

CB: 59–60BD: 130–131

Created in God’s image: As creatures made in God’s image, man was made to be like God. Because of sin, God’s image is partly distorted.

CB: 60–61BD: 131–132

Responsibilities as Creatures in God’s Image: As creatures made in God’s image, man is made to be representatives on the earth and care for the land.


1. Why were we created? What are some specific examples of ways we can fulfill the purpose we were created for?

2. In what ways can we learn more about God as we learn more about ourselves?3. In what ways has sin distorted the image of God in man?4. What does it mean to be created in God’s image? How does that affect your view of

yourself?5. What are our responsibilities as God’s image bearers? What are some ways you and your

church can fulfill those responsibilities?

Further Reading

Barackman, Floyd H. Practical Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 1992. Advanced.Anthropology – The Doctrine of Man


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Erickson, Millard J. Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1998. Advanced.Chapter 21: Introduction to the Doctrine of HumanityChapter 22: The Origin of HumanityChapter 23: The Image of God in the HumanChapter 24: The Constitutional Nature of the HumanChapter 25: The Universality of Humanity


Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. Advanced.Chapter 23: The Essential Nature of Man

Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith, ed. by Jeff Purswell. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 11: The Creation of ManChapter 12: Man as Male and Female


Ryrie, Charles C., A Survey of Bible Doctrine. Chicago: Moody Publishers, 1972. Basic.Chapter 6: The Nature of Man

Ryrie, Charles C., Basic Theology. Chicago: Moody Publishers, 1999. Intermediate.Section VII: The Image of God

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Chapter 8: What is Sin?

Sin has gotten a fairly bad reputation lately. Not that it should have a “good” reputation in the sense that sin should be understood as reputable. But, “bad” in the sense of false, or misunderstood. At the very least, sin is defined by the general public as a “mistake.” When defined as such, people often tend to disregard their abhorrent behavior as abnormal, and that “everyone makes a mistake,” or, “I am only human.” But, when we consult Scripture to understand how God defines sin, we get a much graver picture. Sin is anything that goes against the holy character of God. Sin is what was responsible for causing the severed relationship between God and man. Sin is what fractured the unhindered fellowship Adam and Eve experienced with God in the garden of Eden. When we think of all of the heartache, tears, disasters, trials, adversities, and diseases, we can attribute all of that to sin. In contrast, we understand that God created everything “very good” (Gen. 1:31). God was deeply satisfied with all that he created. He did not create sin and he in no way desired for his glorious creation to become tainted by it.


Impact of sin: Sin mars the image of God in man; man no longer reflects the perfection God created us to reflect.

CB: 62BD: 126–130

Sin: Sin is any failure to conform to the moral law of God in act, attitude, or nature.

CB: 63–65BD: 130–131

Where sin came from: Sin existed in Satan and his demons before the disobedience of Adam and Eve, and then it entered the world of humans through their decisions.

CB: 65–66BD: 131–132

How sin affects us: When we sin as forgiven Christians, our legal standing before God is not affected. While sin does not affect our status or standing with God, it does affect our fellowship with God, for God is grieved by our sin.


1. What is sin? How does it affect our lives and the world we live in?2. Describe why sin is so offensive to God.3. Will Christians continue to sin? Why or why not?4. What are some of the negative results of sin in the life of a Christian? How did man

inherit sin? What should Christians do if they sin?5. How was sin defeated? How does this make you feel? Take a moment to pray, telling

God how his defeat of sin makes you feel.

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Further Reading

Barackman, Floyd H. Practical Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 1992. Advanced.Hamartiology – The Doctrine of Sin


Erickson, Millard J. Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1998. Advanced.Chapter 26: The Nature of SinChapter 27: The Source of SinChapter 28: The Results of SinChapter 29: The Magnitude of SinChapter 30: The Social Dimension of Sin

Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. Advanced.Chapter 24: Sin

Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith, ed. by Jeff Purswell. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 13: Sin


Ryrie, Charles C., Basic Theology. Chicago: Moody Publishers, 1999. Intermediate.Section VIII: Sin

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Chapter 9: Who is Christ?

In our pluralistic society, it is very difficult to get a sense of who Jesus really is. Some say he was a good teacher, whom we should model our moral life after. Others say that he was a rabble-rouser who stirred up the masses and was executed like a common criminal. Others may claim that he can easily fit into their buffer-type of religious system with the many other “gods” they have on their table. But, how does the Bible describe who Jesus was? Scripture clearly teaches that Jesus was not just an ordinary man, or great teacher, or moral example. Being fully God and fully human, Jesus led a perfectly obedient life to the Father for the purpose of being a mediator for sinful man to have a relationship with God.


Jesus – fully man: Jesus was fully and completely human. His body was, in every respect, just like ours, yet without sin.

CB: 69–70BD: 126–130

Jesus – fully God: Jesus is fully God. This fact allows him the ability to bear the full penalty of sin for the whole world and provide its payment for the salvation of man.

CB: 70BD: 130–131

Jesus – fully God and fully man in one person: Jesus’ divine and human natures are forever distinct and retain their own properties even though they are eternally and inseparably united together in one person.


1. Jesus is fully God. What are some ways that this encourages you? 2. What are some proofs from Scripture that verify that Jesus was fully God?3. Why did the fact that Jesus is fully God become necessary for salvation?4. Jesus is fully man. What are some ways that this encourages you?5. What are some proofs from Scripture that verify that Jesus was fully man?6. Why did the fact that Jesus is fully man become necessary for salvation?7. Take a moment to pray and talk directly to Jesus, thanking him for coming to earth and

becoming fully man for your sake.

Further Reading

Barackman, Floyd H. Practical Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 1992. Advanced.Christology – The Doctrine of the Lord Jesus Christ


Erickson, Millard J. Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1998. Advanced.Chapter 32: The Deity of Christ

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Chapter 33: The Humanity of ChristChapter 34: The Unity of the Person of ChristChapter 35: The Virgin BirthChapter 36: Introduction to the Work of Christ


Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. Advanced.Chapter 26: The Person of Christ Chapter 29: The Offices of Christ

Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith, ed. by Jeff Purswell. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 14: The Person of Christ


Ryrie, Charles C., Basic Theology. Chicago: Moody Publishers, 1999. Intermediate.Section IX: Jesus Christ Our Lord

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Chapter 10: What is the Atonement?

What is the good news? What is it that Jesus provided for us when he lived a perfect life, died the death that he did, and rose from the dead? The atonement describes the perfect provision that satisfied God in every way so God would no longer see us as sinners, but as perfectly righteous before him. It was absolutely necessary for Jesus to live the life he did and die the death he died in order to provide for our atonement. Jesus took our place to voluntarily bear the horrendous wrath of God for all of our sins. There was no other way to provide for our salvation. There is now a way that has been provided to deliver us from the bondage of sin and bridge the divide between sinful man and a holy, just God.


Atonement: The work Jesus did to save people from their sins both through the life he lived and through the death he died.

CB: 72BD: 126–130

Cause of the atonement: Christ came to earn our salvation because of God’s faithful love (mercy) and justice.

CB: 72–73BD: 130–131

The necessity of the atonement: Jesus knew there was no other way for God to save us than for him to die in our place. Other means, like the sacrifices offered for sins in the OT had no lasting value.

CB: 73–74BD: 131–132

The nature of the atonement: Christ had to live a life of perfect obedience to God as well as offer himself as a sacrifice to remove our guilt and so the positive merits of his obedience could be counted for us.

CB: 75BD:

The result of the atonement: Jesus paid the penalty we deserved to pay for our sin. He bore the wrath we deserved to bear. He overcame the separation our sin caused between God and us. He freed us from the bondage caused by sin.


1. Why was it necessary for Jesus to come and live a perfect life on earth?2. Why was it necessary for Jesus to die? Could he have saved us in some other way?3. What is the significance of Jesus being a “propitiation” (Rom. 3:25)?4. Why were the OT sacrifices not sufficient in providing a permanent means for salvation?5. How does your understanding of the atonement humble you? How does it encourage

you?

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Further Reading

Barackman, Floyd H. Practical Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 1992. Advanced.Christology – The Doctrine of the Lord Jesus Christ


Erickson, Millard J. Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1998. Advanced.Chapter 32: The Deity of ChristChapter 33: The Humanity of ChristChapter 34: The Unity of the Person of ChristChapter 35: The Virgin BirthChapter 36: Introduction to the Work of Christ


Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. Advanced.Chapter 26: The Person of Christ Chapter 29: The Offices of Christ

Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith, ed. by Jeff Purswell. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 14: The Person of Christ



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Chapter 11: What is the Resurrection?

What makes Jesus’ resurrection so special? We notice that there are other resurrections recorded in Scripture. So, what does it matter to us personally? When Jesus rose from the dead, he now inhabited a new body that was no longer subject to weakness or disease. In fact, as a result of Jesus’ resurrection, we are now able to live lives God intended for us to live prior to the fall. The resurrection of Jesus Christ serves as a model of the resurrection life we will one day possess as well as an example of the power we now can claim during our brief sojourn on this earth. Yet, the most significant part of the resurrection is the fact that as a result of it, we are assured that our sins have been adequately forgiven. The payment has been dealt with in full and God the Father is completely satisfied with the payment. As Jesus proclaimed from the cross, “It is finished!” (John 19:30).


Evidence of the resurrection: All four gospels contain accounts of Jesus’ resurrection (Matt. 28:1–20; Mark 16:1; Luke 24:1–53; John 20:1–21:25).

CB: 76–77BD: 126–130

Details of the resurrection: When Jesus rose from the dead, he began a new kind of human life in which he had a perfect body that was no longer subject to weakness, aging, death, or decay.

CB: 77–78BD: 130–131

Results of the resurrection: Jesus earned for us a new future life that is like his own. Although our bodies are not yet like his new body, our spirits have already been made alive with new resurrection power. The resurrection insures our right standing before God.

CB: 78BD: 131–132

Ascension: Jesus received glory, honor, and authority that had never been his before as one who was both God and man. His life provides a pattern for ours.


1. Why is it important that Jesus rose from the dead? What would your life be like if he had not risen from the dead?

2. In what ways can we experience and enjoy the benefits of the power of Jesus’ resurrection while we are living?

3. How does Jesus’ resurrection serve as a validation that the Father has approved this work to free us from our sins?

4. What are some results in your life, and in the whole world, or Jesus’ resurrection from the dead?

5. What about Jesus’ resurrection makes you long for your own resurrection?

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Further Reading


Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. Advanced.Chapter 28: Resurrection and Ascension

Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith, ed. by Jeff Purswell. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 16: Resurrection and Ascension



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Chapter 12: What is Election?

Probably the most controversial and misunderstood doctrines in Scripture is the doctrine of election. For the most part, the major area of concern lies in the fact that God chooses “some” for salvation and not all. This selection is not made on the merit of the person selected, but merely by the mercy expressed by God. This is where it becomes uneasy for people. Why would God seem to capriciously hand-pick some to be saved and randomly send others to hell? And, if one’s salvation is not earned by merits, and can only be granted by God, how can a person be held accountable for their sins, and those who are of the elect appear not to be? These are fair questions indeed. Yet, the mistake in this line of reasoning is in the fact that we are blinded by our own perspective. You see, we see the “unfairness” of this because we are the humans whose eternal destinies lie in the balance. We see ourselves as worthy of God’s favor rather than the fallen, sinful creatures as God sees us. Actually, the doctrine of election is a beautiful depiction of God’s grace, not God’s anger. It’s all about grace because God does not owe anyone eternal life. Even if God only selected one person for eternal salvation, he would still be considered a gracious, merciful, and loving God.


Election: An act of God before creation in which he chooses some people to be saved, not on account of any foreseen merit in them, but only because of his sovereign good pleasure.

CB: 80–81BD: 126–130

What this means: Election is a cause of comfort and for assurance that God will work for our good today.

CB: 81–82BD: 130–131

What this doesn’t mean: The doctrine of election doesn’t mean that our choices don’t matter and our actions don’t have any consequences.

CB: 82–84BD: 131–132

Freedom: We ultimately do what we desire to do. Making choices is part of what it means to be a human being in God’s image, for we imitate God’s own activity of deciding to do things that are consistent with his character. Our choices are real choices.

CB: 84–85 Fairness: God’s decision to save any sinful human being demonstrates his grace which goes far beyond the requirements of fairness and justice.

CB: 87–88 Common grace: All mankind – regardless of whether they will ultimately receive God’s grace or God’s judgment – will continue to receive many blessings while on earth.

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1. How does your understanding of the doctrine of election cause you to rejoice? What troubles you about it?

2. In light of the doctrine of election, in what ways do our choices have meaning?3. Discuss how God can fairly hold those accountable whom he has not elected. Is this fair?

Why or why not? 4. Can you name some specific ways in which you have recently seen God bless his

creation through common grace? Take a moment to pray, thanking God for specific examples of the grace he has given to all people.

5. Consider how you can balance God’s willingness for all to be saved yet not saving everyone. Can he be gracious and not save all?

Further Reading


Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. Advanced.Chapter 32: Election and Reprobation

Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith, ed. by Jeff Purswell. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 18: Election

Ryrie, Charles C., Basic Theology. Chicago: Moody Publishers, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 54: The Doctrine of Election

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Chapter 13: What Does It Mean to Become a Christian?

Many of us perhaps remember the exact moment we were saved. Some may not be quite as certain. One thing for sure, explaining the whole process can be a bit tricky. The gospel is all about God reaching down to intervene while we were yet running away (Rom. 5:8). So, how exactly does God save sinners? Well, there isn’t a one-size-fits-all answer to this question. God provides multiple ways for people to come to him. Amazingly enough, the common element is the fact that God is the one primarily responsible for each step of the process. In order to have a relationship with God, our hearts need to be regenerated. Not new and improved, completely overhauled. We cannot do that on our own. God can only do that and he is freely willing to do so. Salvation also requires faith. Again, we are unable and unwilling to reach out to God in faith and repentance to seek out salvation. Again, God gives us this as a gift as well. God calls those whom he has elected for salvation. Once this occurs, there is only one natural response: salvation. God in his infinite mercy, love, and grace requires perfection and he provides all that is necessary for his children to enjoy that eternal, unhindered fellowship with himself because he knows we are unable, even unwilling to do anything to become worthy of his salvation.


Effective calling: The calling to those who are “predestined” and who became “justified.” It is a summons that cannot be denied because it comes from God and always results in saving faith.

CB: 90BD: 126–130

General call: A broad sense of “calling” that refers to any preaching of the gospel to anyone, whether they respond or not.

CB: 91BD: 130–131

Gospel call: Goes forth through the human preaching of the gospel. Not all gospel calls are effective. The job of believers is to explain the gospel message; it is God’s job to make that message or call effective.

CB: 92–93BD: 131–132

Reception of the call: After the invitation to respond to the gospel is given, God must bring about a change in an individual’s heart before they can respond in faith.

CB: 93–94 Response to the call: Once God has summoned through an effective call and changed a person’s heart through regeneration, the necessary response is repentance and faith.


1. How does someone become a Christian?2. Can you explain what it means to truly believe in Jesus? What does it mean to truly

repent of sins?

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3. Describe how an effective call produces its results.4. Describe the process in which the gospel call is received. Where do conversion, saving

faith, repentance, and faith come into play in this process?5. In what ways can Christians give evidence of their belief in Jesus?

Further Reading

Barackman, Floyd H. Practical Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 1992. Advanced.Soteriology – The Doctrine of Salvation


Erickson, Millard J. Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1998. Advanced.Chapter 42: Concepts of SalvationChapter 43: The Antecedent to Salvation: PredestinationChapter 44: The Beginning of Salvation: Subjective AspectsChapter 45: The Beginning of Salvation: Objective AspectsChapter 46: The Continuation of SalvationChapter 47: The Completion of SalvationChapter 48: The Means and Extent of Salvation


Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. Advanced.Chapter 31: Common Grace Chapter 33: The Gospel Call and Effective CallingChapter 34: RegenerationChapter 35: Conversion (Faith and Repentance)

Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith, ed. by Jeff Purswell. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 17: Common Grace Chapter 19: The Gospel Call Chapter 20: RegenerationChapter 21: Conversion (Faith and Repentance)


Ryrie, Charles C., Basic Theology. Chicago: Moody Publishers, 1999. Intermediate.Section X: So Great a Salvation

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Chapter 14: What Justification and Adoption?

So, just how exactly does God view us once we have been saved? This can be a difficult question to answer as we recognize the fact that as sinners we could not even approach God because God could not stand in the sight of anything that was contrary to his nature. So, there must be something that occurs within a person for God to be able not only to stand in the sight of a person, but to lovingly embrace them into his family. God declares us righteous in his sight once a person responds in faith to the gospel. Justification describes a legal action by God where he no longer sees a person as sinful, but in fact, sees that person through the righteousness of Christ. As such, God welcomes the individual into his family as an adopted heir.


Justification: Instantaneous legal act of God in which he thinks of our sins as forgiven and thinks of Christ’s righteousness as belonging to us and therefore declares us to be “just” or morally righteous in his sight.

CB: 96–97BD: 126–130

Faith alone: Justification comes as a result of God’s grace and it comes as God’s response to our faith.

CB: 97–98BD: 130–131

Adoption: When God makes us members of his family.


1. What does it mean to be justified? 2. How are Christians justified? Do you really believe that you have been fully justified

once for all time?3. Compare and contrast the Protestant and Roman Catholic perspectives of justification. 4. If you are a Christian, how does it make you feel to be part of God’s family? Why does it

make you feel this way? Can you name some of the specific blessings that come from adoption?

Further Reading



Erickson, Millard J. Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1998. Advanced.Chapter 45: The Beginning of Salvation: Objective Aspects


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Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. Advanced.Chapter 36: Justification (Right and Legal Standing Before God)

Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith, ed. by Jeff Purswell. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 22: Justification and Adoption



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Chapter 15: What Are Sanctification and Perseverance?

So, after we are saved, are we now as free from sin and as righteous as we will ever be? Does God expect anything more from us? Are we now just free to coast through the rest of our lives without care or concern about our spiritual life? Well, if you have studied the Bible for very long, you will know the response to these questions. Even though once we have been justified by faith, God no longer sees our sins in order to condemn us, but views us through the righteousness of Christ, we are still required to grow in our faith. This doesn’t mean that we earn points with God by doing good deeds. Nor does it mean that God loves us any more or less based on our spiritual performance. What it does mean is that once we have experienced salvation, we are now free to do good works apart from the sin that had previously ensnared us. Prior to our salvation, we desired to serve ourselves. Now, in response to our faith and eternal salvation that has been secured for us, we now desire and long to serve God out of sincere gratitude for the salvation that has been purchased for us. The progressive process of sanctification describes how we grow in our spiritual life with God through our earthly lives through the many experiences that we go through. There are valleys and mountaintop experiences through the ebb and flow of our lives. God desires to be the center by which we should always choose that which would bring the most glory to him. Yet, he continues to love us when we don’t chose to obey him and we can still grow in our walk with him when we make mistakes and turn away from him in disobedience and sin. God is very clear in his word that even here without his divine enablement of the Holy Spirit we would not progress in our sanctification. So, even though we have a responsibility in the process, there is nothing we can do apart from his intervention.


Sanctification: A progressive work of both God and man that makes Christians more and more free from sin and more and more like Christ in their actual lives.

CB: 99–100BD: 126–130

Sanctification as a process: Sanctification starts at the point of regeneration and increases throughout life.

CB: 100–101BD: 130–131

God’s role in sanctification: Sanctification is primarily a work of God. God equips his children through the power of the Holy Spirit.

CB: 101–102BD: 131–132

Our role in sanctification: We are both passively and actively involved in our sanctification.

CB: 102–106 Perseverance of the saints: All true Christians will persevere, and only those who persevere are true Christians.


1. How is sanctification different from justification? 2. What is our role in sanctification? What is God’s role? What are some specific ways in

which you could contribute more to your sanctification in the coming week?

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3. List some passages of Scripture that support the doctrine of perseverance. As you reflect on those passages, how do they make you feel? Why do they make you feel that way?

4. What are some evidences that can provide assurance of our salvation? How can these indicators help us overcome feelings of doubt and insecurity?

5. Does assurance in our salvation indicate we will not sin? Why or why not?

Further Reading

Barackman, Floyd H. Practical Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 1992. Advanced.

Soteriology – The Doctrine of Salvation


Erickson, Millard J. Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1998. Advanced.Chapter 45: The Beginning of Salvation: Objective Aspects


Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. Advanced.Chapter 38: Sanctification (Growth in Likeness to Christ) Chapter 40: The Perseverance of the Saints (Remaining a Christian)

Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith, ed. by Jeff Purswell. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 23: Sanctification (Growth in Likeness to Christ) Chapter 24: The Perseverance of the Saints (Remaining a Christian)



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Chapter 16: What is Death?

If we are completely honest with ourselves, I don’t believe any of us would claim that we are looking forward to our own deaths. It is certainly healthy for us to ponder why we feel the way we do about death. Is it because we are unable to ask anyone who has passed on to describe what it’s like? Or, perhaps, we associate death with agonizing misery and suffering? Yet, when we look closely at Scripture and what it has to say regarding believers who pass from this earthly realm into the next, there is cause for joy and exciting anticipation. The Bible clearly tells us that this earth is not our permanent dwelling place. In fact, when we observe the eternity we will experience, our earthly life is but a small sliver on that pie chart. What we have to look forward to is spending our entire eternity with God. Yet, at the same as we readily acknowledge the true smallness of our time here on earth, it makes our responsibilities here as God’s ambassadors that much more sobering and urgent. For those who reject Christ’s offer of eternal life, Scripture teaches us that they will move from this earth to a place where they will experience torment for all eternity. So, as we contemplate what happens at death and beyond, let’s carefully examine how we are spending our time so that we never miss opportunities that the Lord has given us to share the good news before it’s too late.

KEY TERMSCB: 108–109BD: 124–125

Why Christians die: Christians die because of the result of living in a world that isn’t quite right.

CB: 109–110BD: 126–130

When Christians die: Christians should not view death with fear, but with joy.

CB: 110–111BD: 130–131

When non-Christians die: When non-Christians die, their souls go immediately to eternal punishment. They will not receive a second chance.

CB: 111–112BD: 131–132

When Christians are raised from the dead: When you die, your body will remain in the ground until Christ returns and your soul will go immediately into the presence of God.


1. Why do Christians die? How does that affect the way you think about your own death someday?

2. What happens to the bodies and what happens to the souls of Christians when they die? How does this make you feel? Why does it make you feel this way?

3. What happens to the bodies and what happens to the souls of non-Christians when they die? How does that make you feel? How does that affect your current plan for sharing the gospel with your family, co-workers, and friends who are non-believers? Is there anything you need to change? If so, what are some tangible steps you can take to make that a reality?

4. Compare and contrast the differences between Protestant and Roman Catholic doctrine of what happens to the souls of those who die.

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5. What will happen to the bodies of Christians when Jesus returns to earth? What specific aspects of our resurrected bodies are you especially hopeful about?

Further Reading


Erickson, Millard J. Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1998. Advanced.Chapter 56: Individual Eschatology

Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. Advanced.Chapter 41: Death and the Intermediate State

Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith, ed. by Jeff Purswell. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 25: Death, the Intermediate State, and Glorification


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Chapter 17: What is the Church?

For most of us, when we think of the church, we normally visualize the four-walled building we frequent once or twice a week. What we may not realize is that this notion of the church is a more contemporary definition. As we reflect on Scripture, we notice that in the early days, the church described not a building, but a congregation. The church describes all believers from all time throughout history. It includes those who have gone on before us as well all who come after us. The church is an interdependent group of people who know Christ as Savior. God inaugurated the church to serve him, worship him, as well as equip those within the body to minister and reach out to others who are suffering or do not know Christ as Savior.


Church: The community of all true believers for all time.

CB: 113BD: 126–130

Invisible church: Because we cannot see the spiritual conditions of people’s hearts, the true church, in its spiritual reality as the fellowship of all genuine believers, is invisible. It is the church as God sees it.

CB: 113–114BD: 130–131

Visible church: The church as Christians on earth see it. The visible church will contain genuine believers as well as others who do not truly believe or follow the claims of Jesus.

CB: 114BD: 131–132

Church as a family: The members of the church are likened to relate to one another as members of a larger family.

CB: 114 Church as a body: The members of the church are likened to members of one body. Each member has their own special function and responsibility just like parts of the body do.

CB: 115–116 Marks of the church: Correct preaching from the Bible and the correct administration of the sacraments.

CB: 116–117 Distinctions of the church: Purity of the church – determined by the degree of freedom from wrong doctrine and conduct and its degree of conformity to God’s revealed will for the church. Unity of the church – freedom from divisions among true Christians – to the best of our ability.

CB: 116–117 What the church is supposed to do: Minister to God, to its members, and to the world by worship, preaching the gospel, and ministering to the poor and oppressed.

CB: 117–118 Spiritual gifts: Include both gifts related to

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natural ability and gifts that appear to be more miraculous. All are empowered by the Holy Spirit.


1. How is a church different from a Bible study or Christian retreat? 2. Why should Christians become members of a church? What are some of the dangers of

not becoming a member of a local church?3. Describe how a church can be viewed as a family. What attributes of a family carry over

into a church? Describe how a church can be viewed as a body. What attributes of a body carry over into a church?

4. Can you list some of the things a church is supposed to do? Can you name some specific examples of the Holy Spirit’s work empowering and blessing some of those things in your own church?

5. Describe the purpose of the spiritual gifts to the life and health of a church.

Further Reading

Barackman, Floyd H. Practical Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 1992. Advanced.Ecclesiology – The Doctrine of the Church


Erickson, Millard J. Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1998. Advanced.Part 11: The Church


Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. Advanced.Chapter 44: The Church: Its Nature, Its Marks, and Its Purposes Chapter 45: The Purity and Unity of the ChurchChapter 46: The Power of the ChurchChapter 47: Church GovernmentChapter 48: Means of Grace Within the ChurchChapter 49: BaptismChapter 50: The Lord’s SupperChapter 51: WorshipChapter 52: Gifts of the Holy Spirit (1): General QuestionsChapter 53: Gifts of the Holy Spirit (2): Specific Gifts

Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith, ed. by Jeff Purswell. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Intermediate.

36

Chapter 26: The Nature of the Church Chapter 27: BaptismChapter 28: The Lord’s SupperChapter 29: Gifts of the Holy Spirit (1): General QuestionsChapter 30: Gifts of the Holy Spirit (2): Specific Gifts

Ryrie, Charles C., Basic Theology. Chicago: Moody Publishers, 1999. Intermediate.Section XII: “I Will Build My Church”

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Chapter 18: What Will Happen When Christ Returns?

Oftentimes we can tell when a thunderstorm is approaching. We see the storm clouds approaching in the distance. We feel the breeze begin to pick up speeds slowly, but steadily. There is an eerie stillness that surrounds us. That silence is hastily interrupted by the heart-stopping clap of thunder and the tremendous downpour of rain. Contrast this scenario with the pending return of Christ. Christians have been waiting almost 2,000 years for Christ to return to this earth and establish his kingdom. Scripture even shares with us that his return is at hand, or close by. Yet, when we carefully examine Scripture, we notice that although there are going to be signs to alert us that perhaps Jesus is to return, we need to counterbalance that with the fact that Jesus claimed that even he did not know the exact timing of his return (Mark 13:32). So, it is fruitless to attempt to figure out exactly when he will return. We would be wise to spend our energy on sharing his good news to those who do not know him before he does return.


Eschatology: The study of the events of the “last things.”

CB: 120–121BD: 126–130

Timing of the Lord’s return: Christ’s return will come at a time that no one knows.

CB: 122BD: 130–131

“Unlikely but possible”: The perspective that it is unlikely but possible that the signs preceding the return of Christ have been fulfilled and that therefore Christ could return at any moment.

CB: 123–124BD: 131–132

Amillennial: The perspective that the millennium is now, and when it ends, Jesus will return.

CB: 124 Postmillennial: The perspective that the millennium will come gradually, and Jesus will return after the millennium.

CB: 125 Premillennial: The perspective that the millennium will come suddenly, and Jesus will return before the millennium.

CB: 126–127 Pretribulational premillennial: A variation of the premillennial view that holds that Christ will actually return twice: once in a secret return to suddenly take Christians out of the world and then seven years later in a second, public return when he will bring Christians back to earth to reign with him for the thousand years mentioned in Revelation 20:4–5.

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1. What are some of the things about eschatology that all Christians should agree on? Which of those things gives you the greatest joy?

2. Reflecting on the several signs that will precede the return of Christ, describe what their purpose is balancing the fact that no one knows the exact return of Christ.

3. What are some issues relating to eschatology that Christians differ on? How should Christians deal with these differences?

4. Take a moment to read Revelation 22:12. In response to reading that, take a moment to pray John’s prayer as found in Revelation 22:20.

5. Describe how Jesus will reign victorious over Satan after his return. How can these truths encourage us and provide comfort for us right now?

Further Reading

Barackman, Floyd H. Practical Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 1992. Advanced.Eschatology – The Doctrine of Future Prophetic Events


Erickson, Millard J. Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1998. Advanced.Chapter 57: The Second Coming and Its Consequents


Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. Advanced.Chapter 54: The Return of Christ: When and How? Chapter 55: The Millennium

Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith, ed. by Jeff Purswell. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 31: The Return of Christ: When and How? Chapter 32: The Millennium


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Chapter 19: What is the Final Judgment?

For the most part, as believers in Christ, we typically don’t like to think about “judgment.” Our minds tend to gravitate to those passages which affirm God’s grace, mercy, and love. We get a hollow feeling in our stomach when think about how a loving God can send someone to hell to suffer eternal punishment. One thing that may concern us when we begin thinking of judgment may be that this will be the time when God sizes up all that we have done in our lives to determine whether he gives us a thumbs-up or a thumbs-down. Nothing could be further from the truth. God doesn’t want his children to be in the dark regarding where they will be spending their eternal destinies. He makes that very clear in his word. If we confess with our mouths that Jesus is Lord, our sins have been pardoned and nothing we could ever possibly do would snatch us out of his hands (Rom. 10:9; John 10:28). To be very clear, the “judgment” actually refers to two very different actions by God. First, for those who reject Christ, they will be judged according to their deeds. Since they did not accept the gospel by faith, they have no mediator or provision to redeem their sins. God still views them in their wickedness and will rightly condemn them to eternal judgment. Secondly, for those who have by faith accepted the provision God so graciously offered for their redemption, God will judge them according to the good deeds they performed on the earth. They will be condemned for their deeds, but will receive a reward from God accordingly.


Final judgment: The culmination of many precursors throughout history in which God rewarded righteousness or punished unrighteousness.

CB: 129–130BD: 126–130

The final judgment for unbelievers: Those who haven’t looked to Jesus for their salvation will be judged according to what they have done (Rev. 20:12).

CB: 130BD: 130–131

The final judgment for believers: The final judgment for believers will not be one of punishment, but one of reward.

CB: 131BD: 131–132

The purpose of the final judgment: To display God’s glory to all mankind by demonstrating his justice and mercy simultaneously.

CB: 131–132 Application of the final judgment: Christians should be able to forgive each other freely, provides us with motivation to lie each day in obedience to God, and provides us with an encouragement to tell others the good news of Jesus.

CB: 132 Hell: A place of eternal punishment reserved for those who have rejected the claims of Jesus.

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1. What happens to Christians at the final judgment? What will happen to those who have rejected Jesus’ claims?

2. How does your understanding of the final judgment affect your life today? How does it affect the way you relate to others?

3. Describe God’s overall purpose for the final judgment. How can this bring comfort to believers?

4. What does the Bible tell us about hell? How does your understanding of hell make you feel? Why does it make you feel that way?

5. Why is eternal punishment necessary?

Further Reading



Erickson, Millard J. Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1998. Advanced.Chapter 57: The Final Judgment and Its Consequents


Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. Advanced.Chapter 56: The Final Judgment and Eternal Punishment

Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith, ed. by Jeff Purswell. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 33: The Final Judgment and Eternal Punishment


Ryrie, Charles C., Basic Theology. Chicago: Moody Publishers, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 91: Future Judgments

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Chapter 20: What is Heaven?

If you would ask the average person on the street to describe heaven to you, many would probably paint a flowery picture to you of clouds, harps, and angels in a soft pastoral background filled with sweet aromatics. Yet Scripture paints a much more vivid portrait of what this will be like. Our minds cannot comprehend much more than this picture of a divine spa or resort. Heaven is the realm of God where he makes known his presence to bless. It is not only a place of peace, but is incomprehensible in the fact that it will be a place without sin. We cannot compare that to anything else we have ever known, because from the day we took our first breath we only knew sin and were surrounded by sin. In heaven and the renewed creation, all of that will be removed and we will experience perfect, unhindered fellowship with God the way he intended it before the fall. We will be exposed to God’s glory and forever worship him.


Heaven: The place where God most fully makes known his presence to bless.

CB: 134–135BD: 126–130

Renewed creation: No longer will there be “thorns and thistles” (Gen. 3:18) that God brought in judgment on sin, nor will there be other distortions of nature that bring destruction. Paradise will be restored.

CB: 136BD: 130–131

Glory of God: Heaven will be a place where God’s glory will be undeniably evident that all of creation will function in a way that is in full cooperation with his will.


1. Can you list some of the things the Bible says about heaven?2. In what ways does the Bible’s description of heaven surprise you, encourage you, and

make you long for heaven even more?3. Describe how God will renew the earth. What are some of the changes that will take

place as a result?4. Discuss the impact being in the presence of the glory of God will have.5. Take a moment to pray, thanking God for specific aspects of heaven.

Further Reading


Erickson, Millard J. Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1998. Advanced.Chapter 59: Final States


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Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994. Advanced.Chapter 57: The New Heavens and the New Earth

Grudem, Wayne. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith, ed. by Jeff Purswell. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999. Intermediate.Chapter 34: The New Heavens and the New Earth


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