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Zonal diagnosis and intervention plan for East Shoa, Oromia

Compiled by Nigatu Alemayehu

April, 2013

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East ShoaZonal diagnosis and intervention plan

1. Introduction

The Livestock and Irrigation Value chains for Ethiopian Smallholders (LIVES) project aims at

supporting the GoE’s efforts to transform the smallholder subsistence agricultural sector to a

more market-oriented smallholder sector to contribute to the new GTP. The project will be

implemented over a 6 year period, starting April 2012 till March 2018, including a planning

phase. The project shall be implemented by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)

and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in partnership with the Ethiopian

Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Bureau of

Agriculture/Livestock Development Agencies and Regional Agricultural Research Institutes.The

project is funded by The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA).

The project uses a value chain framework to develop targeted commodities. Such a framework

recognizes value chain actors who add value at different stages of the value chain and

individuals and organizations which provide inputs/ services to the value chain actors. Key

value chain actors are producers of agricultural inputs and outputs, traders and processors at

village, district, regional and national levels. Important service providers include the public

research and extension sectors which are involved in technology development, capacity

development, knowledge generation and dissemination. The agricultural offices are also

involved in input supply and provision of services e.g. supply of seeds, artificial insemination,

veterinary services and other agricultural crop and livestock inputs. However, community,

cooperative, farmer and private sector involvement in producing inputs and providing services

is emerging.

The project will carry out a range of activities in five focus areas: capacity development,

knowledge management, promotion, commodity value chain development and documentation.

For all activities, the project will aim for a gender balanced and environmentally sustainable

development.

Project implementation will focus on clusters of Districts in 10 Zones, in which 4 priority

livestock and irrigated fruits and vegetables will be supported in the selected districts.

East Shoa Zone is one of the targeted Zones and this report documents the processes followed

to select commodities and interventions, provides diagnostic background/baseline information

on the Zone, selected Districts and selected commodities value chains. It also describes

potential interventions for capacity development, knowledge management and value chain

development complemented by a plan of action for implementation.

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2. Study methods/approaches

In 2010,the IPMS project organized LIVES project initiation consultation workshop with Oromia

Bureau partners and identified Zones and commodities for intervention. Commodities and

zones that were put forward in 2010 were further refined during second consultation meeting

after the project approval by CIDA. Apparently, all the previously selected zones were

approved, but on commodity selection east Shoa have selected small ruminant, beef, dairy and

irrigated agriculture. However, it was agreed that the potential of small ruminant in east Shoa

is relatively low so it is out and instead poultry was included.

2.1 Processes and steps followed in EastShoa Zone for commodity and woreda selection

Oromia PIP team,was composed of three IPMS staff and one representative from Oromia

Research Institute, Oromia Livestock Health and Development Agency, Oromia Water Resource

Bureau, Oromai Agriculture Bureau irrigation department. The Oromia team traveled to Zonal

town of East Shoa-Adama. Short meeting was held with the zonal public administration head –

AtoTesfayeWoredfa- to explain why we are there, what we intend to do at regional, zonal and

district levels, who we want to meet. The team scheduled to give a briefing to the zonal cabinet

and office heads on Friday May 26, 2012. Brief meeting with extension experts and livestock

and health agency heads was carried out in order to set up a zonal consultation meeting for the

next meeting.

A quick meeting was held with the head of the zonal office of agriculture and deputy head of

zonal administration (Ato Abera Denku) to explain the purpose of LIVES and the mission of the

team. Ato Abera was very enthusiastic about the LIVES project and willing to support the team

and the project.

Consultation meeting with zonal experts conducted with experts from livestock agency,

irrigation agronomy, food security, and cooperatives on May 27, 2012 on the following topics

(See Annex 1 for List of zonal meeting participants ):-

o Overview of the LIVES project objectives, implementation plans and expectations

o Confirm the commodities selected by regional experts for East Shoa

o Select potential districts for learning site

o List actors and service providers for the selected commodities- at zonal level

o Quantify the staff expertise in the zonal office of Agriculture

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Conforming selected commodities – zonal experts agreed with the already selected

commodities. However, at first there was a bit of a resistance on the beef commodity with the

fear of focusing on the specialized traders and not the smallholders and the cost of production.

Some experts suggested adding small ruminants under beef as both are produced for fattening.

However, the types of interventions that will be made for cattle fattening is different from that

of small ruminants. Thus, it should be either cattle fattening or small ruminant. Looking at the

potential of small ruminants, the experts decided to retain the cattle fattening as one

commodity. Apiculture was also proposed, but again, the potential of apiculture is lower than

the other commodities in the zone. Therefore, beef, poultry, dairy and irrigated agriculture

remained to be the commodities for East Shoa zone.

Select potential districts - Lume (around Mojo), Bora (around Bote) and Dugda (around Meki)

were selected as potential learning woredas for LIVES(See Table 1). The selection criteria setted

by the group for commodity ranking and debated upon are;

1. Livestock density and irrigation site availability

2. Potential and capacity of producers in the area to involve in semi-commercial

agriculture production (e.g., technologyadoption, experience in the commodity)

3. Non-AGP district

4. Capacity of service providers (especially extension offices) to implement project

activities

5. Concentration of other projects/ programs in theselected district to work as a partner

and identify potential to complement each other.

6. Activities on pipe-line from other actors to assess potential area of future intervention

and collaboration.

7. Availability of market infrastructure and other infrastructure (e.g.,road)

8. Farming system diversity to scale up best practices to the wider area in the zone.

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Table 1: Ranking of commodities and selection of Woredas

o

Highest scoring Lume, Bora and Dugda are selected clustered districts.

2.2 List of actors and service providers for selected commodities- at zonal level-

The zonal experts and the Oromia team was sub-divided in two groups,i.e., into Livestock and

Irrigated agriculture sectors to list all actors and service providers at zonal level for each

commodity. The group came up with lists of actors and service providers for each commodity.

The team completed data collection at zonal level such as list of producers and input suppliers

along the commodity value chains, list of NGOs and private sectors in the value chains, level of

staff capacity at zonal offices of agriculture, water and livestock. After completing the zonal

data, the team was divided into three and went to the three selected districts (Lume, Bora and

Dugda). We got the required data from the respective districts and came together for

debriefing. Finally, the team prepared zonal cabinet briefing meeting on their findings from the

districts and the Zone.

E. Shoa Beef Chicken meat/eggs

Milk Irrigated Agriculture

Total

Gimbichu 2 2 1 1 6

Fentale 1 0 1 3 5

Boset 2 2 2 1 7

Akaki 1 1 3 1 6

Ada 1 2 3 3 9

Liben 3 2 1 3 9

Lume 3 3 3 2 11

Adama 3 3 3 2 11

Bora 3 2 2 3 10

Dugda 3 3 2 3 11

AdamiTulu-j.k. 2 2 3 3 10

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2.3 Procedure baseline data collection

Data collection about the zone took place during the PIP phase and subsequent in a detailed

baseline follow up study. About 21 PAs, were selected for base line study in East Shoa

representing different commodity combinations for dairy, beef, poultry and irrigation (see

Figure 1). The PAs were randomly selected at the head quarter. Data were collected from

structured questionnaire. Data were collected in group discussion with about ten people from

selected PA representing PA administrators, DAS, Women, Youth, representative from each

village within PA, elders and model framers. Data collected from PAs were triangulated and

verified in discussion with Woreda experts and DA supervisors

Figure 1: Sample potential PAs and intervention PAs

.2.4 East Shoa Zonal familiarization and planning workshop

On February 27-28, project familiarization and planning workshop was organized in Mojo town

in the presence of zonal and district heads of agriculture, livestock agency, women affairs,

research center and university representatives, model farmers for each commodity, NGO,

cooperative/union and other program representatives. The zonal head of the Office of

Agriculture and zonal livestock agency took the lead in organizing and facilitating this workshop.

The list of workshop participants is in Annex 1-D. The planning part of the workshop was carried

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out by group works in which the participants were divided into two: Livestock and irrigation

group. Each group was composed of experts, producers and researchers. They deliberated on

the value chain visioning for each of the commodities; possible interventions LIVES should focus

on in the first year and along its implementation period; crop livestock interactions, related

environmental and gender issues that need to addressed. The group works took one day, while

reporting back was done in the last afternoon of the workshop. The list of possible

interventions in commodity value chain development, knowledge, capacity and linkage creation

that came out from the group work is summarized on chapter 5 of this report.

3 Description of East ShoaZone

3.1 Location

East Shoa zone undertakes its administrative duties and responsibilities in 10 districts (Fantalle,

Boset, Adama, Lume, Bora, Dugda, AdamiTulluJidoKombolcha, Ada’a, Liben and Gimbichu) and

3 urban centers namely; Matehara, Mojo and Batu (Ziway). East Shoa Zone extends between 70

33’50”N - 9008’56”N and from 38024’10”E - 400 05’ 34”E. The zone is bordered to the North by

Amhara National RegionalSstate, on the South East by Afar National Regional State, to the

South East by Arsi Zone, on the West by South West Shewa zone and finally, West Arsi Zone in

the South. Due to the geographical proximity of the zone to Addis Ababa, it has a great

advantage for market access for both agricultural and industrial products. Currently, most areas

of East Shewa zone are delineated as industrial zone.

The total area of East Shoa zone is approximately 10241 Km2 and Adama town is the capital of

the zone. Awash is best utilized river for irrigation in East Shoa. There are five rift valley lakes

situated in the zone namely; Zeway (434Km2), Shala (400 Km2), Langano (230 Km2), Abiyata

(205 Km2) and Beseka 23 Km2. Zeway lake is the most economically and socially utilized lake for

fishery, recreation, irrigation, tourism and for livestock drinking. There are seven creator lakes

named; Chuklala, Hora, Bishoftu, Babogaya, Kurftu, Green and HoraOda.They are mainly used

for recreation and livestock drinking. There are also dams constructed for hydroelectric power

generation and irrigation (Koka) and for irrigation only (Chelekleka. The dams are also used for

fishery and recreation, too. The temperature in East Shoa zone varies from less than 100c along

high altitudes to above 300c in rift valley lowland areas, the mean temperature is 20oC. Sincethe

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large portion of the zone is located along the rift valley system, rainfall varies from 6oomm to

1000mm with mean annual rainfall of 816 mm. According to the national population housing

census of 2007, the total population of East Shoa Zone was 1.16 million, of which, 0.60 million

are males and 0.56 million are femalesand projected to be 1.48 million by July 2023. The crude

population density of the Zone is 120 per Km2 in 2007 and projected to be 153 per Km2 in 2023.

3.2 Biophysical characteristics

The East Shoa Zone has five agro-ecological Zones namely Dry Dega which has an elevation

between 2300- 3200 meter above sea level(masl) and rainfall amount less than 900 mm per

annum and covers 3% of the total area, while Dry Kolla has an elevation range of 500-1550 masl

and rainfall per annum less than 900 mm per annum and accounts 26 %. Dry WeinaDega is

characterized with elevation range between 1500-2300 masl and rain fall less than 900 mm per

annum and covers 44%, Moist Dega is defined as an elevation between 2300-3200 masl and

annual rainfall between900-1400mm and shares 3% of total area of the zone and moist

WeinaDega has an elevation range of 1500-2300 m.a.s.l and annual rainfall of 900-1400 mm

and encompasses 24 % (See Figure 2).

The total surface area of East Shoa is 9923 Km2. The land use/land cover is dominated by

allocating land for cultivation which is 62%, grass land 34%, forestland 3.5%, water bodies 0.3%

and others 0.2%. The livestock population is estimated to be 1.28 million(Figure 3) cattle 505

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thousands; goat 319 thousands; sheep and 871 thousands chicken.

Figure 2: Biophysical characteristics of East Shoa

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Figure 3. East Shoa zone human population and density

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In the year 2008/2009, 423925 and 6482 hectares were devoted for cultivation of different

crops in “Mehir” and “Belg” seasons; respectively. The amount of fertilizer distributed during

the above year was 248524 Quintals and improved seed was 19857 quintals. The East Shoa

zone has high potential water resources. Currently, rivers like Awash, Meki, Bulbula, Mojo and

Kesem as well as different lakes of the zone and underground water have been used for

irrigation. In 2008/2009, 4951 hectares under traditional and 41777 hectares under modern

irrigation schemes were irrigated. Average land holding was estimated to be 2.75 hectares and

the average number of farm oxen per household was 2. There were 814 development agents in

the 2009. Livestock density, excluding poultry was estimated about 220 cattle per square

kilometer as compared to 120 people per square kilometer( See Figures Below).

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Figure 4. Cattle and chicken population and density

During 2009, there were 895 legally registered businessmen with capital of Birr 54.7 million.

The whole sealers were 16 in number with the capital of Birr 45.9 million; while the number of

retails and services providers were 418 and 461, respectively with aggregate capital of Birr 8.8

million. There are about 19 small scale manufacturing industries that created job for 7,000

permanent and 6,000 temporary employees with capital of Birr 0.50 billion.

Major constraints of agricultural development in the zone are as follows:-

Unreliable climatic condition,

Poor and inadequate input supply system,

Poor quality product,

Poor market information, intelligence and infrastructure,

Poor financial service delivery

Lack of efficient water harvesting techniques,

Animal diseases,

Inadequate modern cattle breeding techniques,

Expansion and dissemination of “feremsisa” weed pest and prosobis

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3.3 LIVES Project Area in East Shoa

For a more effective and competitive agriculture production and management in a sustainable

way, Livestock and Irrigated value chain For Ethiopian Smallholders (LIVES) is six years project

funded by CIDA and implemented by ILRI will soon become operational in East Shoa zone. The

project objectives and activities focus in the areas of value chain development, capacity

development, Knowledge Management (KM), research and promotion. The project identified

three clustered districts namely; Lume, Bora and Dugda and selected four commodities for

implementation in dairy, beef, poultry and irrigated agriculture.

The location of the 3 selected districts Bora, Dugda and Lume is shown in map 1 and basic

statistics of the Selected Woredas in Table 2

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Table 2 Basic statistics for East Shoa Zone Selected districts( Source Lume, Bora and Dugda District office of agriculture and Livestock Agency )

Items Selected Districts

Total Bora Dugda Lume

Rain fed crops 27805 54175 46030 128010

Irrigated crops 7292 5965 - 13257

Communal /opening graze 1911 3964 44654 50529

Private grazing - 7361 - 7361

Forests/woodlots - 3172 4200 7372

Plantation - 239 - 239

Local calves (no.) 12934 33036 7159 53129

Improved calves (no.) - 80 - 80

Local heifers (no.) 21918 37050 10575 69543

Improved heifers (no.) 156 104 - 260

Local cows (no.) 27576 54051 16842 98469

Improved cows (no.) 484 268 2 754

Local bulls (no.) 14960 1721 - 16681

Improved bulls (no.) 34 79 - 113

Ox 23157 39952 39116 102225

Sheep (no.) - 41101 26693 67794

Goats (no.) - 43515 25136 68651

Local poultry (no.) 37721 99643 64091 201455

Improved poultry (no.) 2717 304 - 3021

Land covered

by irrigated

vegetables

(ha.)

Onion

6819

3008

Tomato 1688

Hot pepper 97

Cabbage 597

Eggplant -

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3.4 Zonal organizations and staffing

3.4 .1 Agricultural Extension As in most parts of Ethiopia, agricultural extension service is provided almost solely by the

government. The woreda office of Agriculture is mandated to give agricultural extension service

in the woreda. The extension service is directly given through development agents(DAS) located

in each PA and are supervised by supervisors. The DAs have received agricultural training for 3

years and one extension supervisor supervises 9 DAs. In each Peasant Association, there are

three DAs specialized in Animal Sciences, Plant sciences and Natural Resource Management.

There are two co-operative promotion agents in each PA and one animal health assistant. Staff

at regional and Zonal levels give technical backstopping.

Extension service is expected to be based on the farmer training centers (FTC). The

constructions of many FTCs havealmost been completed although all have not been equipped

yet. Each FTC is supposed to have a demonstration field of about 3 ha. However, there is no

clear guideline on how the FTCs will be organized, managed and operated.

Livestock Development and Health agency is partiality autonomous institution dealing with

livestock extension, and a DA specialized in livestock reports to Woreda Livestock Agency.

The extension service focuses on package program giving more emphasis to crop production,

with little attention to livestock production. The extension service is not linked with the credit

service provided by micro-finance institutions.

There are a number of extension and training materials, manuals prepared for experts and DAs

by the Federal and Regional levels. These are based on packages formulated for the different

commodities. These materials are about 20 to 30 pages per commodity and enough copies are

not available for distribution to all DAs. Simple extension and training materials with strong

messages are needed at the DA and farmers levels. The national research system has produced

a number of leaflets, booklets, posters, etc. for specific technologies. These materials have to

be translated to various local languages and adequate number of copies has to be produced.

3.4.2 Human Resource

There are no specialized staff in poultry, beef, dairy, horticulture agronomy, pathologist and

pump maintenance specialists at Zonal and Woreda levels. There are more MSc graduates at

Zonal level than woreda. In East shoa Zone, there are 10 MSc graduates 90% are males. There

are 30 BSc graduates 75% are male. In the three selected districts, there is only one male MSc

graduate and 77 BSc graduates of which 85 % are male, and the number of diploma holders is

209 of which 83% are males. The diploma graduates number is high due to DAs number. In

general, the human resource is dominated by male Annex 3 .

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3.4.3 Agricultural research

Adami Tulu, Debrezeit and Melkasa Research Centers are generating technology and build

capacity of farmers and extension staff on livestock and irrigated agriculture in the selected

three districts.

3.4 .4 Water development

The Oromia Water Bureau and its branches at Zonal and Woreda levels, are mainly engaged in

infrastructure such as design, constructing canal, spill ways, river diversion, borehole drilling

and followup. The Zonal and woreda water office will be consulted for their future scheme

development in the three districts.

Irrigation department under the Office of Agriculture deals with agronomy, management and

marketing of horticultural crops. The co-operative promotion office is involved in farmers

organization, training, and auditing services.

3.4.5. Education Institutes

Adama University is involved in livestock and irrigated agriculture training, research to generate

technology and extension (Table 3).

3.4.6NGOs and Program

NGOs and Programs like AGP, PSNP/HAB are involved in capacity building technical and assets,

extension and Knowledge management activities(See Table 3 for programs and institutions in

East Shoa Zone).

Table 3.Programs and institutions in East Shoa Zone

No. Education and Research Institutions

Role in Commodity Production/in the Value Chain

1 Adama University- Assela campus

Educate students on livestock, horticulture and hydraulic engineering. It has a potential to transfer technology on livestock and irrigated agriculture through students apprentice and by creating direct linkage with farmers

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2 Addis Abeba University Debrezeit Vet. Faculty

The faculty educates animal health veterinarians and the post graduate program deals with animal production and breeding. The faculty has already developed experience of working with surrounding farmers particularly on animal health service. Post graduate students research can also be geared to address the local problem on livestock production.

3 Debrezeit Research Center Provide training and input supply(genetic material) on dairy, Meat, poultry, fodder, highland type vegetables and fruits.

4 Melkasa Research Center Provide improved varieties on lowland crops and vegetables as well as generate technology on agricultural machineries and equipment

5 Adami Tulu Research Centers Deals with dairy, meat, poultry, apiculture and irrigated agriculture. Provide improved varieties of animals, vegetable seeds and give technical advices on improved management

No Programs and Projects Role in Commodity Production/in the Value Chain

1 AGP AGP is working in three Woredas of East Shoa namely; in Gimbichu, Ada and Liben. No overlap with LIVES districts

2 PSNP and HABP PSNP and HABP are working in food insecure Woredas(Fenatle, Boset, Adamitulujiddo Komoblcha). No overlap with LIVES districts

3 NGOs (VOCA, World vision, SEDA, IDE, USAID, Vision Ethiopia, Self Help, OSHO, OSRA Support Africa, CCF(Catholic Church Fund )

Provide skill building activities to farmers, unions and public sector staff on livestock and irrigation development.

4 Private feedlots around Nazeret, Upper Awash Agro- industry, EMDTI, Ada Dairy co-operatives, MekiBatu Farmers Union, Mekizeway vegetable farmers, Private companies(like cow Grow, Genesis, Alema)

Best demonstration sites for skill development

4.0 Assessment of commodities and identification of potential interventions

4.1Dairy

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Inputs and services: Breeding and health

Dairying is mainly butter production in East Shoa Zone. Crop residue is the main animal feed occasionally

supplemented with local brewery by products such as ‘Atela’. Recently,Boran heifers bought from

Borena were distributed to few farmers by the zonal Livestock Health and Development Agency. In

addition, Adamitulu Research Center supplied crosses of Boran and Holstein Frisian to few farmers in

Bora and Dugda districts.

Artificial Insemination (AI) and animal health services are provided by district livestock agency, alone.

However, AI service provision is not efficient due to shortage of semen, liquid nitrogen supply and

means of transportation.

The districts livestock agencies provide the regular disease prevention programs such as mass

vaccination services. There are private drug shops and private professional veterinary services providers

in all districts. However, the quality of their service is not regularly monitored.

Inputs and services: Feed

There are several feed processing plants in East Shoa zone mainly concentrated around Bishoftu, Mojo

and Adama. There are also many flour mill and edible oil processing factories that provide their by-

product as an input for animal feed such as wheat short, bran and oil cake. However, the use of

concentrate by smallholder farmers as dairy feed was limited in its scope, partly due to lack of

knowledge about its relevance and inaccessibility to information about the availability of the inputs.

AdamiTulu Research Center supply forage seeds to farmers so that they produce their own forage seed

and fodder. The seed supply however, is only on small quantity and not able to satisfy the demand of

farmers.

Production and Marketing

There are 60 PAS selected as a potential for Dairy in east Shoa Zone See Figure 5 below. The

selected PAs are lined up along the road from Addis Ababa to Hwassa and the along the main

road crossing from Addis Ababa to Adama. The potential PAs are 21 from Lume, 10 from Bora

and 29 fromDugda. The total number of households involved in dairy are 13, 135 of which 11,

240 are male headed and the remaining 1895 are female headed. Fluid milk market is found in

urban areas by semi-commercial dairy farms located in Mojo, Boti and Meki towns. Rural dairy

system is characterized by butter marketing and extensive management.

From the baseline survey data, the proportion of households selling milk in rural PAs account

2% for male headed households and none for female headed, while the proportion of

households selling butter are 63-65%. This data suggests that in East Shoa zone butter

marketing has more importance than fluid milk marketing, probably due to high butter demand

in the towns located in the three districts. The average number of households producing milk

from crossbred cows were 6 male and 2 female heads per PA. The total number of cross bred

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cows owned by these households were estimated to be 45. The average milk productivity per

cow per day is 1 lt for local and 5 lt for crossbred cows. This indicates that the pace of animal

genetic improvement program carried out in the selected districts is at early stage. Animal feed

, health, market infrastructure, and knowledge in dairy are the major bottlenecks that hindered

dairy development in the districts. The calving interval reaches up to 580 days.

Women are active in assembling and retailing of butter. There are over 100 women who are

Involved in assembling and retailing of butter in each district targeting woreda, zonal and

regional town market (See Table 4 for baseline data)

AdamiTulu research center can provide TOT to district staff. The trained district experts then provide

training to development agents of all PAs in a district. Major training focuses are on production

technologies: feed, breed and production management.

At district and PA levels, there are enough experts and development agents who have general

knowledge in animal science. Their practical skill training and specialization needs attention to explore

their potential further.

Information and knowledge management on the dairy management looks weak. Particularly record

keeping and information about dairy value chain actors and service providers are incomplete.ICT tools

can play important role for knowledge sharing at all levels, especially for input supply and marketing.

FTCs can play role in being centers of excellence for knowledge and information as well as source for

some forage genetic materials like elephant grass, cowpea, alfaalfa and lablab.

Networks and linkages

There are institutional linkages on dairy production with Adama University, Adamitulu research center,

Zonal and district livestock agencies. Farmer cooperatives in each of the LIVES districts have good

linkage with union for the sale of fluid milk and also supply of concentrate feed, seed and some farming

equipment.

Table 4.Dairy commodity development indicators – Averageof

sample PAs and Extrapolated

Indicators

Average of sample

Pas

Extrapolated for all

potential Pas

Number of dairy potential PAs 60

16 Number of dairy potential sample

PAs

Number of Male 127 7,590

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households

producing milk from

local cows

Female 18 1,106

Number of

households

producing milk from

improved cows

Male 5 289

Female 0.4 23

Number of

households selling

milk

Male 1 64

Female 0 0

Proportion of

households selling

milk (%)

Male 0.8 0.8

Female 0 0

Number of

households selling

butter

Male 82 4,904

Female 12 713

Proportion of

households selling

butter (%)

Male 65 12

Female 64 65

Number of local

cows owned by

Male 1,155 69,323

Female 108 6,499

Number of improved

cows owned by

Male 28 1,669

Female 3 199

Number of milking

cows

Local 306 18,341

Improved 7 398

Number of lactating

days per year

Local 204 204

Improved 252 252

Milk yield per day Local 0.8 0.8

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per cow (lt.) Improved 5.3 5.3

Amount of milk

produced by

(lt./year)

Male 54,151 3,249,083

Female 5,275 316,493

Amount of milk

produced by milk

sellers (lt.)

Male 1,060 63,616

Female 0 0

Average price of milk per litter 7.5 7.5

Amount of milk sold

by (lt./year)

Male 339 20,355

Female 0 0

Proportion of milk

sold by (%)

Male 32 32

Female 0 0

Amount of butter

produced (kg/year)

Male 1,120 67,229

Female 150 9,024

Average price of butter per kilogram 145 145

Amount of butter

sold by (kg/year)

Male 697 41,798

Female 98 5,907

Proportion of butter

sold by (%)

Male 62 62

Female 65 65

Revenue of milk sold

by (Birr)

Male 2,444 152,663

Female 0 0

Revenue of butter

sold by (Birr)

Male 101,230 6,073,825

Female 14,307 858,432

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Figure 5. Dairy Potential intervention PAs

4.2.Beef

Inputs and services: Breeding and health

Beef is one of the main marketable livestock commodity in East Shoa zone. Crop residue is the main

animal feed occasionally supplemented with local brewery by-products such as ‘Atela.The animal

sources for fattening are either plowing oxen after performing plow or oxen bought on market. Mature

animals are selected for fattening. There are no improved specialized breeds for fattening and no AI

service targeting beef. Traditional fattening practice takes 4- 6 months.

The district livestock agencies provide the regular disease prevention programs such as mass vaccination

services. There are private drug shops and private veterinary services in all districts. However, the

quality of their services is not regularly monitored. Farmers vaccinate fattened animals for anthrax,

black leg and drench broad spectrum anti-worm drugs at the beginning of feedlot.

Inputs and services: Feed

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There are several feed processing plants in East Shoa zone mainly concentrated around Bishoftu, Mojo

and Adama. There are also many flour mills and edible oil processing factories that provide their by-

products as an input for animal feed such as wheat short, bran and oil cake. However, the use of

concentrate by smallholder farmers as beef feed was limited in its scope, partly due to lack of

knowledge about its relevance and inaccessibility to information about its availability. AdamiTulu

Research Center supply forage seeds to farmers so that they produce their own legume and grass forage

seed and fodder. The seed supply however, is only on small quantity and not able to satisfy the demand

of farmers.

Production and Marketing

There are 60 PAs selected as a potential for beef in East Shoa Zone( Figure 6). The selected PAs

are scattered all over the districts. The potential PAs from Lume are 25, from Bora 15 and

from Dugda 20. The total number of households involved in beef are 8907 of which 7692 are

male headed and the remaining 1215 are female headed. Meat market is largely found in urban

areas by meat venders and butchers. Very few live animals are exported, but the majorities are

marketed in local market targeting major towns and Addis Ababa. The most widely used

animals for fattening are local animals. There are two sources of animals. The first category is

when farmers buy local oxen for plowing, then at the end of the plow season fatten the animals

and sell it. The second source is buying beef type animal from cattle market usually Boran and

their crosses intended for feedlot management.

Farmers usually target holidays like New year, Christmas, and Easter. The management of

animals varies from individual to individual. Specialized beef producing farmers practice stall

feeding, concentrate supplementation, drug drenching and vaccination. Most farmers,

however,keepbeef cattle under extensive management allowing on open grazing and

supplement with concentrate during the night. In case of smallholders feed sources, roughage

is from home grown straw. The major critical problem in cattle fattening is availability and

quality of water. In rural areas, cattle are trekking long distance in search of water from rivers,

lakes, ponds and springs. Long distance walk has impact on energy loss and disease

transmission. Water quality is affected at water points due to trampling and sedimentation.

Water quality has a significant impact on meat production.

From baseline survey data, the proportion of households involved in improved beef production

in rural PAs account 21% for male headed household and 3% for female headed. While the

proportion of improved animals sold by household are less than 1%. This data suggests that in

the East Shoa zone improved beef production and marketing is at infant stage. Women headed

households participation in production and marketing of beef is very low as compared to male

headed households ( See Table 5 for baseline data).

25

Table 5Beef commodity development indicators – Average of sample Pas and Extrapolated

Indicators

Averag

e of

sample

Pas

Extrapol

ated for

all

potentia

l PAs

Number of potential PAs 60

17 Number of potential sample Pas

Number of households who own male animals Male 300 18,025

Female 40 2,425

Number of male animals owned by Male 1,010 60,596

Female 95 5,693

Number of households involved in improved

beef production

Male 67 4,024

Female 8 498

Number of male animals under improved

production by

Male 101 6,035

Female 23 1,398

Number of households selling male animal

(ready for sale for meat)

Male 139 8,340

Female 14 819

Proportion ofhouseholds selling male animal

(ready for sale for meat) (%)

Male 46 46

Female 34 34

Number of households selling male animals

under improved production

Male 46 2,767

Female 7 402

Proportion of households selling male animals

under improved production (%)

Male 69 69

Female 81 81

Number of male animal sold by (ready for sale

for meat)

Male 199 11,954

26

Female 21 1,239

Proportion of male animal sold by (ready for

sale for meat) (%)

Male 20 20

Female 22 22

Average price of male animal sold (Birr/animal) 6,494 6494

Number of male animals under improved

production sold by

Male 96 5,760

Female 10 589

Proportion of male animals under improved

production sold by (%)

Male 95 95

Female 42 42

Average price of male animals under improved

production sold (Birr/animal)

9,833 9833

Revenue of male animals sold by (Birr) Male 1,293,7

84

77,627,0

48

Female 134,07

7

8,044,61

1

Revenue of male animals under improved

production sold by (Birr)

Male 943,98

0

56,638,8

00

Female 96,596 5,795,76

0

.

27

Figure 6. Potential PAs for beef intervention

4.3Poultry

Inputs and services: Breeding and health

Poultry is one of the main marketable livestock commodities in East Shoa zone. Local chicken are

scavenging with occasional supplementation from human meal leftovers. Grains like wheat and maize

are thrown for feeding. Local chicken are housed with human. There are no protections from predators

like birds, cats, foxes, and snakes.The chicken sources for improved chicken are either day old chicks or

pullets. The chicken sources are Zonal Livestock agency or private companies. Bovan Brown and White

leghorn are the major poultry breeds for egg production. Supply of chicken for egg production and meat

are the major limitations for the expansion of the industry. Parent stocks are imported from abroad and

are not regularly available

The district livestock agencies provide the regular disease prevention programs such as vaccination for

Newcastle disease. There are private drug shops and private veterinary services in all districts who

provide vaccination and treatment. However, the quality of their service is not regularly monitored.

Community level vaccination are unknown in the districts.

Inputs and services: Feed

28

There are several feed processing plants in East Shoa zone mainly concentrated around Bishoftu, Mojo

and Adama. There are also many flour milsl and edible oil processing factories that provide their by-

products as an input for animal feed such as wheat short, bran and oil cake. However, the use of

concentrate by smallholder farmers as poultry feed was limited in its scope, partly due to the lack of

knowledge about its relevance and inaccessibility to information about its availability.

Production and Marketing

There are 64 PAs selected as a potential for poultry in East Shoa Zone( Figure 7). The selected

PAs are scattered all over the districts. The potential PAs are 22 from Lume, 15 from Bora and

27 from Dugda. The total number of households involved in poultry are16906 of which 13388

are male headed and the remaining 3518 are female headed. Poultry production categorized

into two types; layers for egg production and broilers for meat production. The local chicken

classified as dual purpose. Broilers production and marketing is largely practiced in urban areas

like Mojo town by semi-commercial farmers. There are specialized service providers that give

chicken dressing and packing. Dressed chicken are traded to big hotels and restaurant in Addis

Ababa, Nazerte, Debrezeit, Hawassa and etc. There is a high demand for chicken meat, but the

major problems are availability of day old chick genetic resource), high feed cost and less

knowledge on modern poultry management. The local chickenshave poor performance in terms

of egg production, weight gain and feed conversion efficiency. The locals are managed

extensively by scavenging on naturally available resources without proper housing, feeding,

watering and health care.

Chicken traders target major holidays like New year, Christmas, and Easter. The handling and

transportation of chicken to market is unnatural that they are suspended downturn of the

head. From LIVES baseline survey data, the proportion of households involved in improved

poultry production in rural PAs account 10% for both male and female headed households.

While the proportion of improved chicken sold by household are about 40%. This data suggests

that in the East Shoa zone, most improved poultry are layers. Women headed households

participation in poultry production and marketing is reasonably fair ( See Table 6 for baseline

data).

Table 6.Poultry commodity development indicators – Average of sample PAs and

Extrapolated

Avera Extrapol

29

Indicators ge of

sampl

e PAs

ated for

all

potenti

al Pas

Number of potential PAs 64

17 Number of potential sample Pas

Number of households involved in local chicken

production

Male 364 23,266

Female 53 3,366

Number of households involved in improved

chicken production

Male 37 2,345

Female 8 456

Number of local chicken owned by Male 2,116 135,435

Female 358 22,916

Number of improved chicken owned by Male 210 13,421

Female 43 2,733

Number of households selling local chicken Male 338 21,628

Female 48 3,076

Proportion of households selling local chicken

(%)

Male 93 93

Female 91 92

Number of local chicken sold by Male 847 54,201

Female 161 103,312

Proportion of local chicken sold by (%) Male 40 40

Female 45 45

Average price of local chicken sold (Birr/chicken) 81 81

Number of households selling improved chicken Male 28 1,818

30

Female 5 294

Proportion of households selling improved

chicken (%)

Male 78 78

Female 64 64

Number of improved chicken sold by Male 71 4,514

Female 18 1,129

Proportion of improved chicken sold by (%) Male 34 34

Female 41 41

Average price of improved chicken sold (Birr/chicken) 91 91

Number of eggs produced by Male 68,087 4,357,5

61

Female 11,591 741,828

Number of households selling eggs Male 366 23,428

Female 64 4,077

Number of eggs sold by Male 35,808 2,291,7

05

Female 6,133 392,520

Proportion of eggs sold by (%) Male 53 53

Female 53 53

Average price of egg sold (Birr/egg) 1.7 1.7

Revenue of local chicken sold by Male 68,280 4,369,9

13

Female 12,990 831,367

Revenue of improved chicken sold by (Birr) Male 6,389 408,905

31

Female 1,599 102,311

Revenue of eggs sold by (Birr) Male 963 61,611

Female 165 10,553

Figure 7. Poultry intervention potential PAs

4.4Irrigated Vegetable

Input supply: seeds, irrigation equipment and Agrochemicals

Vegetable seeds mainly come from Addis Ababa ‘AtkilteTera’ Market.Meki-Batuunion also sells

vegetable seed, agro-chemicals to its members. Melkasa research Center multiply onion, pepper and

tomato seeds on farmers plot. However, the rate of adoption of those vegetable seeds released from

Melkasa is very low. There are private vegetable seed shops in Adam, Zewai, and Meki. The knowledge

of these shoppers about vegetable seed storage, expiry date and agro-suitability are very low. Fertilizer

distributed through unions and co-operatives. The major challenge for fertilization is the rate of

32

application. Some farmers over dose fertilizers others apply below the requirement rate. The time and

place of application is another area that needs attention. The application of pesticides is another

obstaclein terms of storage, use and safety. There is a gap in identifying preventive and curing

pesticides. The rate of application, frequency and place of application of pesticides requires practical

skill development. There is better knowledge on seeds and agro-chemicals by commercial and semi-

commercial farmers than smallholders. The extension staff and DAs also lack the basic practical skill of

seed production, agro-chemical use and application. There are Commercial farmers specialized in onion

seed production linked to Union and Research but no certification carried out, there are none in other

vegetables seeds mutltiplication.

Motor pumps and other irrigation equipment are either purchased individually from Addis Ababa

market or supplied by the Oromia water and energy resources office. Some NGOs like HUNDE supply

pumps to farmers as well. However, there is no facility for pump repair and maintenance in the vicinity

of the irrigation sites of the farmers. Maintenance and repair service providers are located in district

towns like Meki, Bote and Mojo.

Production and marketing

There are 32 PAs selected as potential for irrigated agriculture in East Shoa Zone( See Figure 8).

The majority of the selected PAs are located along Awash, Mojo and Mekirivers and near Koka

Dam and Lake Zewai.From the potential PAs, 13 are from Lume, 7 from Bora and 12 from

Dugda.

There are two classifications of irrigation types as modern and traditional. Modern irrigation

users are those who use properly constructed smallholders irrigation scheme with canals, sub

canals and spill ways that accounts for 10 % of the total irrigated area. Traditional irrigation

users are those who construct their own unprofessionally built canals and don’t have irrigation

schemes. These farmers use motor pumps to lift water. The irrigation potential of the selected

LIVES woredas in the zone is about 25 200 ha of which Lume has 2100 ha, Bora 9000ha

andDugda 14100 ha. The actual irrigated area is 18500 ha or 73% of the potential, of which

Lume 1750 ha(84%), Bora 7200(80%) and Dugda 9500(68%). The major water sources are Koka

dam and contained water from Awash river 6200 ha or 34%, Lake Zeway 5900 ha or 32 %,

rivers 2900 ha or 15% and Shallow wells 3500 ha or 19 % (The idea is not clear to a reader). The

water delivery or abstraction is by water pumping using motor water pumps and gravity.

Recently, there is an attempt to try solar energy for pumping of water. Treadle pumps are very

rarely used. The irrigation type is furrow irrigation, but there are some few plots with drip

irrigation. The total number of households involved in irrigated agriculture are 10257 of which

9190 are male headed and the remaining1062 are female headed.

33

The major problems in irrigated agriculture are poor input supply system, prevalence of disease and pests, poor credit system, and market is dominated by middle men and brokers. The service of cooperatives and union is restricted to some degree to few farmers. Knowledge about horticulture production and post- harvest handling is inadequate by both the extension staff and producers. About 25-35% of the vegetable produced is lost due to post harvest handling problem. Market intelligence is another bottle neck. Everybody produces the same product for the same market, which contribute for price shock. The vegetable varieties used for production are not assessed for their suitability to the agro-ecology. Hi-bird varieties are used for many subsequent production cycles and are locally prepared by individual farmers from the fruits of previous harvest. There is a huge knowledge gap in disease and pests scouting and identification. Pesticides and fertilizer application rate lacks scientific endorsements and areusuallydone traditionally. Value additions through processing are not common practices. Storage facilities are limited and the shelf life of many vegetable products are short . The shortage of containers causes serious problems especially for the peasants and often their crops are loaded on to the transport vehicles loss their quality and weight. Wooden box and plastic crates are used for tomato and papaya handling. However, since these containers are not constructed professionally they damage quality due to wounds and bruising. The type of containers used by the general trade includes baskets with no uniform size for kale, lettuce, carrots, and jute sacks to holdonions, shallots, potatoes, cucumbers, melons and cabbages. The major vegetables grown are onion, tomato, cabbage, Kale, pepper and green beans (See Table 7). The produce is sold on farm gate after negotiation of producers with brokers or agents. Some farmers have a direct link with traders and negotiate on cell phone. Seeds are usually produced on contractual basis with union and research centers, however there are specialized farmers who produce onion seed by themselves and sell it directly to input suppliers/shoppers.

Capacity development and knowledge Management

Irrigation agriculture is an old practice in EastShoa. However, deeper knowledge and skill on scheme

management and production technologies is still lacking. Eg. Small holder farmers irrigate only few area

while rent out the other land for commercial producers, mainly of limited, finance, skill and knowledge

on irrigation and agronomy management. There are instances when the office of agriculture, in

collaboration with Admitulu, Melkasa research, Meki-Batu and CRS training on irrigated vegetable

production for farmers. Development agent’s knowledge and skill on irrigation agriculture is reported to

be minimal. Most of the DAs and their supervisors in the PAs are trained general crop production,

natural resources or animal sciences. Many have no special training in irrigation agriculture. This is a gap

that needs to be bridged for sustainable irrigation agriculture extension and development in the area.

Linkages and Networks

Vegetable and fruit producers get technical service and advice from government public department and hence their connection can be considered medium. Co-operative agency organizes farmers into water users association and build the capacity of executive committee members so that their relationship between producers and co-operative promotion agency is mild. NGOs like SEDA, CRS, IDE and Rift Valley build technical, organizational and infrastructure

34

capacity of smallholder farmers but rarely work with commercial producers so that their linkage with producers is medium. MFI gives credit service to small holder farmers as a result their linkage is strong. Since Melkassa research provide support to smallholder farmers in improved varieties of vegetables and fruits the linkage with producers is medium.

The research system has a good linkage with Zonal office of agriculture through the establishment of a forum called REALC(Research extension Advisory and Learning Council) , where all value chain actors on agriculture (crops, livestock and NRM) in the zones meet to discuss challenges, opportunities, lesson learned and share of responsibilities. However, the relation between research system and other actors (Co-operative office, Water resource office and NGOs) was poor. Unions serve as centers of excellence for promotion of technology

through research therefore the linkage with research system is medium.

Unions have good relations with many government departments for working towards the interest of farmers. However, their linkage with water resource office is weak as the office is only dealing with design and construction of irrigation facilities and do not collaborate with smallholder irrigation schemes. The unions have good relationship with NGOs who are operating on irrigated agriculture, and also they are assisted in capacity development. MekiBatu, Lume-Adama unions of East Shoa serve us bridges to strengthen the relation of smallholder producers, large scale consumers and traders.

The linkage among public sectors (extension, research, input suppliers) is stronger; however, the linkage among the organizations outside public sector can be rated from weak to no

linkage. Particularly the link with MFI and Women Affairs Office is non-existent.TheOromia Water, Energy and Mineral Resources Office have no/weak linkage with other NGOs and research. Its linkage with the bureau of agriculture is weak as well.

Environmental Assessment

Irrigated vegetable production could deplete the environment by increasing salinity of water and

increased concentration of chemical waste in the soil and water. Thus, care should be taken to produce

in an environmental friendly way. Some parts of East shoa are already degraded and in poor condition,

rehabilitation mechanism of these areas should also be considered.

Gender Assessment

Vegetable irrigation is a gender friendly activity that could be easily implemented by men and women

farmers. Women farmers can easily manage the production, once they have the required production

knowledge and skill. Small scale irrigation scheme development could be facilitated with the support of

the bureau of agriculture and water office. Involvement of women members in water user’s association

group, which is not that strong at the moment, would benefit for proper utilization of irrigation water

use as well.

35

36

Table 7.Vegetable commodity development for average sample PAs and Extrapolated

Indicators

Onion Tomato Pepper Cabbage/Leafy veg.

Average

Sample

PA

Extrapolated Average

Sample

PA

Extrapolated Average

Sample

PA

Extrapolated Average

Sample

PA

Extrapolated

Number of total

potential PAs for

irrigated agriculture

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

Number of

households

involved in

production

Male 86 2590 90 2,697 4 107 6 193

Female 11 323 11 327 1 37 0.7 20

Area

covered (ha)

Male 106.9 3207 87.9 2,637 18 55 7.7 232

Female 8.2 247 6.6 198 0.3 10 1.9 57

Average productivity

(qt/ha)

208 208 260 260 63 63 165 165

Volume

produced

(qt)

Male 17175 515237 38,205 1,146,157 139 4180 1,750 52,500

Female 1802 54067 2,494 74,817 38 1133 381 11,433

37

Volume sold

(qt)

Male 16909 507284 37,469 1,124,061 138 4143 1,718 51,542

Female 1773 53180 2,450 73,497 37 1117 375 11,250

Proportion

sold (%)

Male 9 99 99 99 79 79 99 99

Female 55 55 74 74 39 39 49 49

Number of

households

selling

Male 86 2590 90 2,697 4 107 6 193

Female 11 323 11 327 1 57 0.7 20

Proportion

of

households

selling (%)

Male 100 100 10 100 660 100 100 100

Female 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Average price (Birr/qt) 593 593 450 450 660 660 244 244

Revenue

(Birr)

Male 10032942 300988256 16,860,918 505,827,552 91,143 2734292 418,776 12,563,282

Female 1051782 31553464 1,102,450 33,073,500 24,581 737440 91,404 2,742,106

38

Fruits

Input supply

Fruit seeds/seedlings supply in East Shoa zone was an old practice. NGOs and the ministry introduced seedlings of papaya, banana, mango, citrus

fruits long time ago. However, grafted and improved seedlings’ distribution are uncommon. Private fruit nurseries are operational but grafting is

not a common practice.

Production and marketing

Papaya fruit was introduced long time ago in East Shoa zone. Ministry and NGOs like CRS distributed many fruit seedlings to farmers every year. Papaya has started producing fruit long time ago. Those produced are marketed on the road side from Addis to Hawsaa and to Addis Ababa

market , Citrus, mango and avocado production didn’t reach to a level of bulk selling (. See Table 8).

Capacity development and Knowledge Management

Fruit production by irrigation is not widely practiced in the LIVES districts of West Shoa. Some farmers produce papaya, banana and orange in

small scale using their local knowledge. Capacity of development agents and farmers on production and management is limited.

Linkages and Network

Linkage with NGOs and the office of agriculture are the strongest in fruit production. Melkasa research center is testing tissue culture for

banana; mango and avocado.

Gender Assessment

Irrigated fruit management as vegetables is an activity in which both men and women could actively engage in. However, only few female

headed households are active in doing so in the districts. Capacity strengthening through training and visit in nursery management and tree

management should give equal opportunity to women, as well.

Environmental Assessment

Irrigated fruit production could deplete the environment by increasing salinity of water and increased concentration of chemical waste in the soil

and water. Thus, care should be taken to produce in an environmental friendly way. Fruit production should be integrated with natural resource

management.

.

39

40

*Table 8: Fruits commodity development for average Sample PAs and Extrapolated

Indicators

Orange Mango Papaya Avocado

Average

Sample

PAs

Extrap

olated

Average

Sample

PA

Extra

polat

ed

Extrap

olated

Average

sample

PAs

Extrapolated

Number of total potential PAs

for irrigated agriculture

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

Number of

households involved

in production

Male 0.3 10 1 33 2 50 0.2 7

Female 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Number of trees

owned

Male 0.7 20 12 367 838 25133 0.2 70

Female 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -

Productivity per tree

(kg/tree)

Male - 100 100 30 30

-

Female - - 0 0 - - -

Average productivity (qt/ha) 4 4 203 203 230 230 0.6 0.6

41

Indicators

Orange Mango Papaya Avocado

Average

Sample

PAs

Extrap

olated

Average

Sample

PA

Extra

polat

ed

Extrap

olated

Average

sample

PAs

Extrapolated

Volume produced (qt)

Male 0.4 13 11 336 250 7509 0.01 0.3

Female 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Amount sold (qt)

Male 0.4 12 8 236 8 242 0.01 0.3

Female 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Proportion sold (%)

Male 88 88 70 70 3 3 100 100

Female 0 0 0 0 0 0 - -

Number of

households selling

Male 0.3 10 1 33 2 50 0.2 7

Female 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Proportion of

households selling (%)

Male 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Female 0 0 0 0 0 0 - -

Average price (Birr/qt) 1000 1000 850 850 500 500 1000 1000

Revenue (Birr)

Male 389 11,667 6,677 200,3

17

4028 12083

3

11 333

Female 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

42

43

Figure 8. Potential PAs for irrigated agriculture.

44

5. Proposed set of commodity interventions and activities

First year activities are designated by symbol * and written in blue.

Dairy

Vision: In rural area small holder managed own local cows producing milk for home consumption and butter for market. To increase the current local cow’s milk productivity of 1.5 liter/day to 3.5 liter per day. For improved breeds to increase from 8lt/day per cow to 15 liters per day per cow. Produce quality enough milk through improved input supply and service delivery and developed market outlet. Increase the number milking cows through reducing calving interval. Increase the number of improved breed milking cows using technologies such as sex fixer, sexed semen and hormone assisted synchronization. All increase the revenue obtained from milk sells. Rural areas increase revenue from butter sell through framers organization for better processing and marketing.

Production Interventions

45

Identify Target farmers *

Introduce modern dairy management and reproduction .*

Selection of model PAs *

Manual development *

Assess best practice on dairy development *

TOT on milk quality and hygiene

TOT on milk quality and hygiene

Demonstrations at FTC

TOT community based vet service.

Input supply

46

Organize formal and informal dairy groups (milk units) or link with existing co-operatives both for input supply service and collective marketing *

Facilitate credit services

Facilitating the provision of improved breed(Holestein-Fresian for fluid milk and Jersey for butter).

Organize community based breeding programs such as Bull stations. *

Promote the hormone assisted mass insemination and private AI service*

Promote private drug shop and vet service*

Encourage provision of improved dairy equipments and utensils

Introduce milk quality testing equipment’s

Promote private forage seed multipliers

Facilitate with credit institutions on provision of credit for getting bulls, heifers and others input services Create linkages with service providers, input suppliers and producers *

Strengthening the farmers’ cooperatives in order to give services such as A.I services, feed resources purchasing, etc. Introduction of mechanized chopping of crop residues, fodder and promote different silage making technologies.

Dairy Marketing

47

Introduction of processing technologies: dairy processing (butter and cheese) * Intervention on butter churning that could be organized at cooperative level followed by cheese processing, Link small scale butter producers with large scale butter sellers

Setting up the market linkages. Identifying buyers for the dairy products and plan to meet the identified market *.

Training on the value of quality in the market place and in the processes of quality control

Create milk collection centers

Organize milk day

Facilitate school milk day *

Promote milk consumption

Dairy show

48

Dairy knowledge and capacity needs – farmers, extension staff, community managers water, grazing areas and breeding schemes

Form formal and informal farmers’ dairy groups and provide training in dairy production

Develop skill of SMS, DAs and experts through TOT on improved forage development utilization of high quality crop residues, ration formulation of agro-industrial by products +

Provide training on business plan development +

Create awareness on zero grazing/ stall feeding

Increase the number and skill of AI technicians

Increased awarenessand skill on bull selection; dairy heifer management; heat detection, communities perception of AI…etc

Increased knowledge on Milk quality and hygiene from production to processing

Training on proper breeding record keeping

Prepare and provide standard dairy handbook/manual in local language about housing, feeding, health, product handling and processing

Create knowledge and awareness on TB and other zoonotic diseases transmission

Provide training and skill development on the use and management of manure as fertilizer and biogas

Empower women to actively participate in dairy cooperatives

Identifying women friendly Information/knowledge management tools in dairy commodity value chain

Develop Skill and knowledge of milk collection's centers at spots and their accessories

49

Beef Production

Vision Increase carcass percentage from the current 110 kg/animal to 130 kg/animal

Increase farmers income from meat selling by 50% and increase meat quality for both local and international market.

Provide Knowledge how to select better animals for fattening from existing indigenous breeds

from areas such as Meki, Koka, Nazereth *.

Selecting best time of the year to purchase and sell stock *

Credit facilitations and training*

TOT in preparing more nutritious feed resources *

Providing better feed varieties

TOT deworming, vaccination and disease symptoms identification *

TOT quality meat production management

Promote experience sharing among actors*

Training youth and women on how to utilize available space. (produces a lot in small space)

50

Meat Input supply

Training in producing better feed and forage seed multiplication

Facilitate credit for input, animal purchase

Promote private forage seed multipliers

Create linkages with service providers, input suppliers and producers * Introduction of mechanized chopping of crop residues and silage making

TOT of para-vets

Meat marketing

Farmers should be trained to anticipate markets and produce and sell with that in mind

Provide marketing Information *

Cooperatives can help in collective marketing.

Organize cattle trade fair

51

Poultry Production

Vision: (egg production): Local from 50 to 70 eggs/hen/year Exotic breed from 140 to 280 eggs/hen/year Market improvement for broilers (Local: from 1.5 kg to 2.0 in 45 days; Improving the production of egg and poultry meat by increasing the number of chickens/farmer and the number of farmers

Project facilitate provision of improved breed for both egg and meat producing. Isa Brown, Sex Brown, Leghorn, Rhode Island Red *

Sensitizing women to the opportunities in the sector

Facilitate training on how to make better facilities(Housing, Feeder, Brooder, Watering can and litter) *

Project can provide training and provision of “package” type materials for lifecycle management.*

Diversification in poultry operation such as meat as well as egg production

Organize innovative farmers first to set examples to others

Poultry Input Supply

52

Provisions of better breeds

Assess why breeding centers in Nazerte and Debrezeit not used to supply input for needs in East Shoa*

Facilitate Provisions of credit services *

Training of Para-vets

Keep chicks for longer period and distribute after vaccination

Utilizing farmers’ cooperative and youth for input supply services such as day old chicks, pullets, feed, drugs, vaccines etc.

Poultry Processing and Market

Linking farmers’ with a marketing network – both for egg and meat products *

Teaching change in existing poultry consumption habits to broaden poultry market. (New chicken preparation recopies – other than just “Doro Wot”

Encourage/train farmers to consume such resources themselves to increase the health of their family while also broadening the market.

Link with bulk markets such as university, military camps, hospitals etc

Make chicken a food for the masses rather than a holiday-only meal

Organizing farmers in cooperatives to possibly setup or utilize slaughter services, and modern storage mechanisms to keep products longer *

53

Vegetables and Fruits –Tomato, Onion, Peeper, Cabbage, Papaya and Banana

Vision A. Increased income of smallholders and produce diversification and efficiency water

utilization Efficiency

Increasing productivity of irrigated crops (fruits and vegetables) and fodders Through provision of improved inputs, proper land (Agronomic Practices) and water management, organizing knowledge and creating market access/out reach the existing level of irrigated agriculture would be improved in terms of productivity and types of high value fruit and vegetable crops. In addition, by introducing new seeds fodders, Introducing intercropping of animal feed along perennial crops there would enhance tradeoff between irrigated agriculture and the livestock sector within the zone.

Increased Income Knowledge value chain based to increase productivity of vegetables, fruits and fodder crops through integrated technology access in time, in quality and quantity it is envisioned that the income of the farmers would grow by 30% the end of (five years) LIVES interventions. B. Established new value chains of vegetables and fruits through diversification and specialization as well as increased land productivity Increased land productivity through better water and land management, proper use of input,

skill and labor. The following table indicates the envisioned productivity (amount of yield

increment) by the end of LIVES Project.

Types of Vegetables and Fruits and envisioned productivity for East shoa Zone at the end of the

Project life (maximum five years)

Vegetable Commodities Current level Productivity Envisioned Level of Productivity

Vegetable Commodities

Onion (Keyy Shinkurt)

200 q ha-1 (50 -60 % of growers) 400 q ha-1

Tomato 230 q ha-1 (50 -60 % of growers) 450 q ha-1

Cabbage (Tikil Gomen)

190 q ha-1 250 q ha-1

Green pepper 70 q ha -1 100 q ha-1

Fruit Commodities

Papaya 300 q ha-1 500 q ha-1

54

Mango 150 q ha-1 300 q ha-1

Avocado 170 q ha-1 350 q ha-1

Orange 200 q ha-1 350 q ha-1

Animal Feed Commodities

(intercrop, boarder crop

Elephant grass Boundary

Sasbania

Rhodes grass

Cow pea

Alpha alpha

Vetch Suitable for intercropping with perennial crops

Animal feed can be produced in the following way: Cropping animal feed seeds along farm boarders/boundaries, intercropping of livestock feed with suitable perennial crops, at household level or on the smallholders plot Intercropping animal feed and feed for bees along perennial crops (fruits), on terrace,

These will enhance the production and productivity of honey and dairy -To build water bank/storage service for water would help Water User Associations (WUA) in a number of ways -The first harvest of orange and apple will be happening within three years’ time. Thus,

the productivity level for the first time might be small but will show increment for the

coming many years.

I. Input supply and service

Seed and Seedling

Improve seed regulatory capacity of all actors, so that quality seed system improved,

Enhance follow up of quality seed/ improved seed

Testing and verifying adaptation of new irrigated crop varieties, (seed Lab.)

Improve capacity of seed multiplication by privates, seed enterprises, and by other actors*,

Fertilizer

Carry out soil test,

Strength knowledge about fertilizer application rate and regulation

55

Fertilizer supply rainfed Vs irrigated

Capacitate Union in supply and distribution Irrigation Water Supply

Capacitating farmers, experts, development agents, irrigation water management, due attention to environment *

Policy, guideline, water use master plan by stakeholders, IWMI, MoA, BoA

Encourage WUA, water quality *

Introducing improved /new technology pumps Chemicals: pesticides, fungicides, vermicides, herbicides etc

Capacitating pest identification,*

Capacitating pesticide chemical use*

Application of regulation of chemical standards, regulatory body, experience share

Irrigation related Input (Water Pumps, Motor Pumps, Triddle Pumps, Rope and Washer Pumps, Drip kits, Water Banks)

Regulation on quality control

Supply and maintenance capacity, experience share among service providers for both privately bought and GO/NGO supplied pumps*

Sprayers

Regulation on quality control

Supply and maintenance capacity, experience share Chemical Spraying Services

Encouraging organized spray service providers, safety precautions, experience share

Pump Maintenance

Organize youth and micro-enterprise for on-farm maintenance , experience share among service providers for both privately bought and GO/NGO supplied pumps*

* Saving and credit

Training on micro-finance, business plan, Saving culture and credit return,

56

II. Production

Create platform to Improve farmers productivity and quality of production*

Create standard for produces, produce guidelines manual,

Improve Harvest method, time and method of planting

Capacitating appropriate storage and transport means* Assigning DAs on irrigation fields

Linking key stakeholders on irrigated Enhancing the linkage and interaction of research and extension

Enhance the capacity of research in bringing new technologies (new varieties, new skills

Creating new capacities ( financially, skills and knowledge management)to disseminate new research results and technologies to thousands of small holder farmers *

III. Processing

Access to new processing technology

Link to existing agro-processing industries (Merti Jeju) * IV. Marketing

Capacitate grading, supply and demand, market information, market extension, intelligence,

business plan, new outreach, market networking*

Market governing rules and regulations, *

Market institutions, innovation* Capacitating municipality and marketing and trade agency

Capacitate on regulation of vegetable and fruits produce marketing place and systems

Facilitate form agency on food safety standards specifically to horticultural produce

Enhance the capacity of Rural Road Authority to build rural roads

Creating farmers marketing groups *

Establishing market at farm gates

57

58

Vegetable and Fruits Knowledge Management Interventions Improved variety, Adaptation, Experience sharing for farmers Awareness creation of fruit, vegetables and fodder crops Information network (ICT) Media dissemination of best practices Demonstrate organic and inorganic production , and others Awareness creation on fertilizer supply and distribution, poor store management Awareness creation on water point sources (ground, river, lakes, wetlands) Awareness creation and training on micro-finance, business plan, Awareness create market services and systems, market places, Availing market information (volume, price, quality) Facilitating trade fair on horticulture Awareness on Product lose management and work n standard unit of measurement

59

Vegetable and Fruits Capacity Development interventions Training on irrigation water management for experts, developments agents, framers Training economic use of water management Improved variety, Adaptation, Training on water use technology, equity, share Training on diseases and pests identification Training on chemical use and application rates, time, Training safety precaution farmers, experts etc Training on irrigation water management for experts, developments agents, framers Training economic use of water management Training on water use technology, equity, share Training on diseases and pests identification Training on chemical use and application rates, time, Training safety precaution farmers, experts etc Use of crop rotation, to reduce pest build up Application of rules and regulation of chemical standards Training on operation, maintenance, selection of the quality pump Training on operation, calibration, safety precautions, maintenance Pesticide spray Training spraying services, calibration, maintenance Training on environmental health Training operation and maintenance, on-farm / local Saving culture and credit return, Training on agronomic (including protection) practices Training appropriate harvesting practices, Training appropriate storage and appropriate transport practices and technologies Sorting, grading and packaging Training and Demonstration on Access to processing for small holders Training on grading, supply and demand, market information, market extension, intelligence, business plan, new outreach, market networking Establish standard market centers/ place in main towns and cities Establish vegetable and fruits collection centers Market service promotion (Burayu) Availing market information (volume, price, quality) New conserving technologies during transporting goods (Cooling services). Improve the quality of the boxes ( fractured and broken boxes) which damage the product ( Tomato) Irrigation Value Chain Training for Extension agents/Experts Marketing extension training Encourage action research to solve problems of smallholder farmers

60

7. Gender interventions/strategies

Dairy and poultry development in most systems involves both male and females.

Considerable impact on women’s income may be achieved by focusing on the rural

butter systems, since women are major actors in this system i.e. processing and selling.

The role of women in specialized fluid milk production in and around urban areas can

also be expanded.

Increased involvement of women (in male and female headed HH) can be achieved

through capacity development/knowledge management and increased access to inputs

(in particular credit) and new information sources.

Introduction of mechanized chopping of crop residues can reduce the labor burden on

women.Involvement of women in cooperatives to supply inputs/services and

processing/marketing of outputs.

6. Environmental assessment/interventions

Fluid milk development in (peri-) urban areas may result in development of zoonotic

diseases – this potential problem will be addressed through awareness creation. Towns

will have to identify sites for dairy development so that effects will be minimal.

Smell effects because of (peri-) urban development could be minimized

throughappropriate site selection

Use of hormones to improve AI service delivery should be carefully monitored by the

livestock agencies/mobile teams to avoid misuse by humans

Use of crop residues as a source of feed could have negative effect on soil

structure/fertility and should be compensated through the use of manure, crop rotation

or other fertility enhancing practices

Grazing area development can have a positive effect on apiculture development

through increased biodiversity and availability of flowers (bee forage)

Fruit waste (especially banana) can be used as a source of feed dairy production

61

Annex 1 Participants of the zonal consultation meeting May 23, 2012

No. Name Department/ expertise Phone No

1 Sisay Abebe Zonal livestock agency 0911811792

2 GetiyeAshebir Zonal livestock agency 0911336091

3 Hussein Aman Irrigation engineer/ water

office

0911364974

4 Hussein Nadew Livestock expert 0913226216

5. Jemaneh Wake Food Security coordinator 0911065661

6 MotumaTolosa Irrigation team leader 0912000248

7 MulatuWubeshet East shoa zone irrigation

agronomy (also LIVES-PIP

oromia team)

0916850766

8 TesfayeMoreda Zonal livestock agency-

coordinator

0911092819

9 GemechuBatu Cooperative agency- expert 0911477364

10 Nigatu Alemayehu Oromia team- IPMS

11 Ephrem Tesema Oromia team- IPMS

12 AberaKettema Oromia team- Regional

livestock agency

0911709581

13 KurabachewShewawork Oromia team- OWMEB 0911867147

14 DawitAssefa Oromia team- OARI 0911045670

15 Fanos Mekonnen Oromia team- IPMS

Participants of the cabinet briefing May 26, 2012

No. Name Department/ expertise Phone No

62

1 Sisay Abebe Zonal livestock agency 0911811792

2 GetiyeAshebir Zonal livestock agency 0911336091

3 AberaDinku Zonal office of Agriculture

head/

0911628390

4 BekelechBedaso Zonal cooperative agency

head

0912227260

5 MotumaTolosa Irrigation team leader 0912000248

6 MulatuWubeshet East shoa zone irrigation

agronomy (also LIVES-PIP

oromia team)

0916850766

7 TesfayeMoreda Zonal livestock agency-

coordinator

0911092819

8 Nigatu Alemayehu Oromia team- IPMS

9 Ephrem Tesema Oromia team- IPMS

10 AberaKettema Oromia team- Regional

livestock agency

0911709581

11 KurabachewShewawork Oromia team- OWMEB 0911867147

12 DawitAssefa Oromia team- OARI 0911045670

13 Fanos Mekonnen Oromia team- IPMS

Annex 2: District Consultation Meeting Participants

2.1 LumeWoreda Expertise Consultation meeting attendants

No Name Responsibility Mobile phone

number

63

1 Ketema Getachew Head, Extension OoA 0912296681

2 DawitAsseged Irrigation Agronomist 0924418147

3 Temesgen Jena LDHA, INPUT SUPPLY 0911539774

4 Bekele H/ Sellassie LDHA, DAIRY EXPERT 0924090094

5 Aster Hailu LDHA, Input supply

Process owner

0911091123

6 Missile Admasu LDHA, Poultry expert 0912080964

2.2 Bora WoredaExpertise Consultation meeting attendants

No. Name Department/

expertise

Phone number Remark

1 Tilahun Shiferaw Head of district

livestock agency

0911787750

2 AndargachewKifle Animal science

expert at district

livestock agency

0913120859

3 MuluAbabu Irrigation –

irrigation

agronomist

0911795033

4 HajjiiGanno Input supply 0920065130

5 DawitAssefa OARI

6 Fanos Mekonnen IPMS

64

2.3 DugdaWoredaExpertise Consultation meeting attendants

No. Name Organization Cellphone

Address

1. WoldeIbsa OoA 09 12 16 81 88

2. DesalegnTola Water, Mining and Energy Office 0912194009

3. BegnaBosa Water, Mining and Energy Office No cellphone

4. AdemFeye OoA 0913285027

5. Worku Nigatu OoA 0911796380

6. AlebelNigussie OoA 0911974786

7. WoldeEbsa OoA 09 12168188

8. ShimelisBalcha OoA

9. FikremariamNegasa Livestock Agency 0910458921

10. MengistuFeyisa Livestock Development and

Health

0912194009

11. TekabeBekele Trade 0911725176

Annex 3. East Shoa Zonal Human resource data

Zonal Level of Education

65

Dugda District Level of Education

District office of Agriculture

Qualification MSc BSc Diploma Certificate

M F M F M F M F

Agronomy

1

1

Qualification MSc BSc Diploma Certificate

Zonal office of Agriculture

M F M F M F M F

Plant Science

4

Rural Development 2

2 2

Marketing

3

Horticulture and Plant Protection

1

Forestry

1 1

Zonal Livestock agency

Fisheries and Aquaculture 1

Animal Production

2

1

DVM 1

Zonal

Cooperative agency

Cooperative Business Mgt.

1

Cooperative Mgt. 1

Rural Development

5

Cooperative Accounting

1

Plant Science 2

2

Economist

3 1

Irrigation Engineering 2 1 2 1 1

66

Plant Science/Horticulture

1

17 2

Rural Development

3

Natural Resource Mgt.

12 3 17 1

District livestock agency

Beef and poultry 1

Dairy

1

Extension

12 1 1

DVM

1

Animal Science

18 2

Animal Health Technician

4 3

Water Resources, Energy and Mineral office

Water construction

2

3

Water facility supply

1

4

Irrigation and Land Drainage

2

LUME district

Level of Education

Qualification MSc BSc Diploma Certificate

M F M F M F M F

District office of Agriculture

Agronomy

2

Plant Science/Horticulture

1

22 11

Rural Development

4

Extension DVM

2

Bora District Level of Education

Qualification MSc BSc Diploma Certificate

M F M F M F M F

District office of Agriculture

Plant Science

11 3 16 3

Natural Resource Mgt.

19

Food science Agro-ecology Rural Development

District livestock agency

DVM

1

Animal Science

5 3 18 2

Animal Health Technician

1

67

Animal Science

4 1 20 11

Animal Health Technician

5 1 2

District cooperative

agency

Cooperative Mgt.

2 Development Mgt.

Economics

1

Agribusiness Mgt.

3

Water Resources, Energy and Mineral

office

Water construction Water facility supply Irrigation and Land

Drainage

2