Zionism and IsraelZionism and IsraelSeth WardSeth Ward

University of WyomingUniversity of Wyoming

Europe in 1800Europe in 1800

The European The European Background Background

The French The French Revolution Revolution

Sanhedrin–Assembly of Jewish Notables Sanhedrin–Assembly of Jewish Notables answers Napoleon’s famous questions. Napoleon’s famous questions.

Napoleon’s career in the Napoleon’s career in the

Eastern MediterraneanEastern Mediterranean

"Everything must be refused to the Jews as a Nation... and everything granted to the Jews as individuals." In French: Rappelons la formule fameuse d'un révolutionnaire : «Ne rien accorder aux juifs en tant que nation; tout leur accorder en tant qu'individu» (Clermont-Tonnerre, 23 décembre 1789).

EuropeEurope The ways of the Old Regime were reinstated after The ways of the Old Regime were reinstated after

1815, but by 1870s Jews had achieved citizenship 1815, but by 1870s Jews had achieved citizenship rights in most places in central and Western rights in most places in central and Western Europe. Europe.

In the first 2/3rds of the 19th century, Jews had to In the first 2/3rds of the 19th century, Jews had to accept baptism to succeed in many places accept baptism to succeed in many places

Western Europe: Edgar Mortara Case (1858-Western Europe: Edgar Mortara Case (1858-1859). Demonstrated the extent to which the 1859). Demonstrated the extent to which the Catholic Catholic Church supported the efficacy of Baptism, even Church supported the efficacy of Baptism, even done in secret and without family consent; but the done in secret and without family consent; but the political environment allowed (and even favored) political environment allowed (and even favored) a negative European reaction. a negative European reaction.

Dreyfus Case 1893. Herzl reported it. Dreyfus Case 1893. Herzl reported it.

Early 19Early 19thth Century Century Palestine Palestine

Mehmet Ali’s conquest of Mehmet Ali’s conquest of Palestine  (1831) accorded Palestine  (1831) accorded well with themes in well with themes in Restoration Theology Restoration Theology regarding Jews returning to regarding Jews returning to the Holy Land. the Holy Land.

The conquests of Muhammad The conquests of Muhammad Ali (d. 1849) reached to Ali (d. 1849) reached to Damascus and beyond.Damascus and beyond.

“ “Damascus Affair” Blood Damascus Affair” Blood Libel in 1840.Libel in 1840.

David Roberts--Mosque of Omar, 1839

Restoration TheologyRestoration Theology

77thth Earl of Shaftesbury (Anthony Ashley-Cooper Earl of Shaftesbury (Anthony Ashley-Cooper

1801-1885) “The State and the rebirth of the 1801-1885) “The State and the rebirth of the Jews” (1839) –among the first to call for Jewish Jews” (1839) –among the first to call for Jewish settlement in Palestine and often credited with settlement in Palestine and often credited with the idea “A country without a people for a the idea “A country without a people for a people without a country” although this people without a country” although this probably is based on writing by Alexander Keith probably is based on writing by Alexander Keith in 1843. in 1843.

Image: Shaftesbury Memorial, Piccadily Circus London: “Angel of Christian Charity” (for his philanthropic works, Image: Shaftesbury Memorial, Piccadily Circus London: “Angel of Christian Charity” (for his philanthropic works, not his politics). not his politics).

Joseph Smith: sent an emissary to the Joseph Smith: sent an emissary to the Holy LandHoly Land

During the 1836 dedication of the Kirtland Temple, Joseph Smith prayed fervently for the gathering of Israel. Several days later Moses appeared in the Kirtland Temple and restored the keys necessary for this gathering to begin (see D&C 110:11). Image: Orson Hyde Dedicates the Holy Land

Developments in JudaismDevelopments in Judaism

Reform movement Hamburg temple, Reform movement Hamburg temple, 18181818

Shimshon Rafael Hirsch 1808-1888Shimshon Rafael Hirsch 1808-1888 Zacharias Frankel (“Historic” Judaism) Zacharias Frankel (“Historic” Judaism)

1801-18751801-1875 Wissenschaft des JudentumsWissenschaft des Judentums. . Abraham Geiger 1810-1874 Abraham Geiger 1810-1874 Heine, Zunz, Graetz, others. Heine, Zunz, Graetz, others. ““Enlighteners” and traditionalistsEnlighteners” and traditionalists

Ottoman ReformsOttoman Reforms

Ottomans: Lost Morea (Greece), Ottomans: Lost Morea (Greece), Hungary, Egypt etc. Hungary, Egypt etc.

Tanzimat: Gülhane Hatt-ı şerif Tanzimat: Gülhane Hatt-ı şerif (1839) (1839)

Hatt-ı Humayun islahat fermani Hatt-ı Humayun islahat fermani (1856).(1856).

Reforms in Land ownershipReforms in Land ownership Constitutional Reform 1876Constitutional Reform 1876

Abdülmecid I Ruled 1839-1861

Judaism: Land, Nation, Judaism: Land, Nation, ReligionReligion Jewish love for the land: “Blessings of the Jewish love for the land: “Blessings of the

Land” and “Blessings for Jerusalem” (Land” and “Blessings for Jerusalem” ( ברכות ברכות in Grace after meals, Daily ) in Grace after meals, Daily (הארץ וברכות ירושליםהארץ וברכות ירושליםPrayer (Amida), Haftarah, etc. –and Biblical Prayer (Amida), Haftarah, etc. –and Biblical promises of patrimony and progeny to promises of patrimony and progeny to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.

““Religio” vs. “Natio”: is Judaism a Religio” vs. “Natio”: is Judaism a religion religion or a or a ““nationalitynationality” (an idea akin to ethnicity or race)?” (an idea akin to ethnicity or race)?

Haskalah (enlightenment) and Haskalah (enlightenment) and Wissenschaft Wissenschaft des Judentumsdes Judentums: awakens interest in Hebrew, : awakens interest in Hebrew, research into Jewish folkways, questions about research into Jewish folkways, questions about nature of Jewish identity, rise of Jewish nature of Jewish identity, rise of Jewish literature, poetry, fiction, education in math, literature, poetry, fiction, education in math, science, newspapers, etc.science, newspapers, etc.

Persecution, Nationalism, Persecution, Nationalism, EmancipationEmancipation

Persecution and Pogroms, especially in Persecution and Pogroms, especially in Russia in 1881 and after Kishinev and the Russia in 1881 and after Kishinev and the failure of the Russian Revolution (1903, failure of the Russian Revolution (1903, 1905) 1905)

Emerging nation-states in Germany (Prussia), Emerging nation-states in Germany (Prussia), Italy (House of Savoy), European areas Italy (House of Savoy), European areas formerly part of the Ottoman Empire; formerly part of the Ottoman Empire; attempts and movements in Russia, Austro-attempts and movements in Russia, Austro-Hungarian Empire, etc.Hungarian Empire, etc.

Emancipation gives rise to Antisemitism in Emancipation gives rise to Antisemitism in Germany, France, and elsewhere. Germany, France, and elsewhere.

Chaim Nachman BialikChaim Nachman Bialik On Bialik:On Bialik:

http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/bialik.html

   http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/

modern_judaism/v024/24.3penkower.htmlmodern_judaism/v024/24.3penkower.html

      על השחיטהעל השחיטהhttp://benyehuda.org/bialik/bia061.html

http://www.richardsilverstein.com/tikun_olam/2003/08/24/on-the-slaughte/

http://poemsintranslation.blogspot.com/2011/02/bialik-on-slaughter-from-hebrew.html

Building the LandBuilding the Land Moses Montefiore: Quarters outside the Moses Montefiore: Quarters outside the

walls of Jerusalem: 1860 walls of Jerusalem: 1860 Alliance Israélite Universelle founds Alliance Israélite Universelle founds

Agricultural School 1870Agricultural School 1870 Baron Edmund de RothschildBaron Edmund de Rothschild 1908—Arab nationalist movement—1908—Arab nationalist movement—

reaction to Young Turks and deposition of reaction to Young Turks and deposition of Abdul Hamid; Sharif Hussein appointed Abdul Hamid; Sharif Hussein appointed Amir of MeccaAmir of Mecca

1909—Tel Aviv founded, First Kibbutz 1909—Tel Aviv founded, First Kibbutz started at Degania.started at Degania.

WritingsWritings

Moses Hess Moses Hess Rome and Jerusalem Rome and Jerusalem 18621862

Leon Pinsker Leon Pinsker Autoemancipation Autoemancipation 18821882

Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (1858-1922)—Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (1858-1922)—moved to Palestine in 1881moved to Palestine in 1881

Theodore Herzl (1860-Theodore Herzl (1860-1904)1904)

http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Herzl.html

              Jewish State Jewish State JudenstaatJudenstaat 1896 1896 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/

jsource/Zionism/herzlex.htmljsource/Zionism/herzlex.html First Zionist Congress 1897First Zionist Congress 1897 Old New Land Old New Land Altneuland Altneuland 19021902

Cultural, Labor, Religious Cultural, Labor, Religious ZionismZionism

Asher Ginzberg (Asher Ginzberg (Ahad Ha-AmAhad Ha-Am) Cultural ) Cultural Zionism.Zionism.

A.D. GordonA.D. Gordon: power of labor (Labor Zionism): power of labor (Labor Zionism) Socialist movement emerged, with Histadrut Socialist movement emerged, with Histadrut

labor union, Labor Party (“Mapai”).  labor union, Labor Party (“Mapai”).  Mizrahi movement: Religious Zionism. Mizrahi movement: Religious Zionism. R. Abraham I. KookR. Abraham I. Kook—Chief Rabbi of —Chief Rabbi of

Palestine: Secularists are participating in Palestine: Secularists are participating in God’s Work. God’s Work. 

1916-19181916-1918

Arab Revolt under Lawrence of Arab Revolt under Lawrence of Arabia with Sherif Hussein of Arabia with Sherif Hussein of Mecca.Mecca.

Balfour Declaration (Nov. 2 1917). (Nov. 2 1917). Allenby enters Jerusalem (Dec.)Allenby enters Jerusalem (Dec.) ““Hava Nagila” Hava Nagila” Jewish Legion. Jewish Legion.

British MandateBritish Mandate Herbert Samuel—First Commissioner Herbert Samuel—First Commissioner Arab opposition: British redefine area in which Jewish Arab opposition: British redefine area in which Jewish

National Home is to be applied. National Home is to be applied. Mandate appoints Hajj Amin al-Husseini as Mufti of Mandate appoints Hajj Amin al-Husseini as Mufti of

JerusalemJerusalem Growth of “Revisionist” movement of Jabotinsky and Begin.Growth of “Revisionist” movement of Jabotinsky and Begin. 1925—“Aliyah  4”—refugees from anti-Semitism in Poland 1925—“Aliyah  4”—refugees from anti-Semitism in Poland

and elsewhere and elsewhere 1929—Arab attacks in Jerusalem, Safed, Hebron1929—Arab attacks in Jerusalem, Safed, Hebron 1936—Mufti forms Arab Higher Committee, with Axis 1936—Mufti forms Arab Higher Committee, with Axis

support, begins anti-Jewish propaganda campaign. Arab support, begins anti-Jewish propaganda campaign. Arab attacks in 1936 killed a few Jews; British tried to work attacks in 1936 killed a few Jews; British tried to work both sides, with a pro-Arab policy in some ways but also both sides, with a pro-Arab policy in some ways but also providing Orde Wingate to train Haganah. providing Orde Wingate to train Haganah.

1937, Peel Commission responds to 1936 riots: 1937, Peel Commission responds to 1936 riots: recommends partitionrecommends partition

1939 White Paper: does not adopt partition. Closes off 1939 White Paper: does not adopt partition. Closes off Jewish immigration. Jewish immigration.

Partition PlansPartition Plans

Left: Peel Left: Peel Commission Commission 1937/8, 1937/8, three three sectorssectors

Right: UN Right: UN 1947, seven 1947, seven sectorssectors

Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of IndependenceMay 14 1948May 14 1948

http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/israel.htmavalon/mideast/israel.htm

1948-19561948-1956 1947-1948  Fighting with Arab Irregular forces1947-1948  Fighting with Arab Irregular forces 1948           Israel Independence, Arab states 1948           Israel Independence, Arab states

attackattack 1949           January: General elections. 1st 1949           January: General elections. 1st

Knesset takes office on Tu Bishevat.Knesset takes office on Tu Bishevat. Map:http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/Map:http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/

middle_east_and_asia/israel_pol_1972.jpg middle_east_and_asia/israel_pol_1972.jpg Law of returnLaw of return DP resettlementDP resettlement Feda’iyeenFeda’iyeen Arab Boycott: primary, secondary and tertiary. Arab Boycott: primary, secondary and tertiary. Desecration of Jewish sites in JordanDesecration of Jewish sites in Jordan Al-Kiyana al-SahiyuniyyaAl-Kiyana al-Sahiyuniyya Gamal Abd al-NasserGamal Abd al-Nasser October 29, 1956: Sinai CampaignOctober 29, 1956: Sinai Campaign

1956-19751956-1975 1959           Relations with West Germany1959           Relations with West Germany 1960           Eichman trial (hanged in 1962)1960           Eichman trial (hanged in 1962) PLO: formed in Jordan 1964, charter adopted in 1968. PLO: formed in Jordan 1964, charter adopted in 1968. Al-Fath Al-Fath

“The Conquest” most important group.“The Conquest” most important group. June 1967           Six Day WarJune 1967           Six Day War Sept. 1970: Black September (PLO Ousted from Jordan 1970-71).Sept. 1970: Black September (PLO Ousted from Jordan 1970-71). 1972           War of Attrition1972           War of Attrition 1972           Munich Olympics. 1972           Munich Olympics. 1973           Yom Kippur War1973           Yom Kippur War Entebbe raidEntebbe raid ““Myths and facts” Myths and facts”

http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths/mf7.html http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths/mf7.html UN Resolution 242 UN Resolution 242

http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/UN/unres242.html http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/UN/unres242.html Three Noes: Three Noes:

http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/three_noes.html http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/three_noes.html   

1975-19891975-1989 1975           UN Resolution on Zionism1975           UN Resolution on Zionism 1977           Likud wins elections1977           Likud wins elections November 1977      Sadat visits IsraelNovember 1977      Sadat visits Israel 1978           Camp David1978           Camp David 1981           Sadat assassinated by member of 1981           Sadat assassinated by member of

Takfir wa-Jihad movementTakfir wa-Jihad movement 1982-1985  Lebanon Campaign: Lebanese Civil 1982-1985  Lebanon Campaign: Lebanese Civil

War War PLO, Syria, Maronites (Christians), Druzes, PLO, Syria, Maronites (Christians), Druzes,

Shi’is, Sunnis. Shi’is, Sunnis. PLO sent to Tunis. PLO sent to Tunis. 1980s         Hezbullah1980s         Hezbullah 1987           Intifada starts in Gaza. 1987           Intifada starts in Gaza. 1988           King Hussein relinquishes claims on 1988           King Hussein relinquishes claims on

Jerusalem, Arafat talks about readiness to accept Jerusalem, Arafat talks about readiness to accept the existence of Israel the existence of Israel

1989           Fall of Soviet Union 1989           Fall of Soviet Union

1989-20001989-2000

1991           Gulf War, Madrid conference, 1991           Gulf War, Madrid conference, 1993           “Oslo Accords” –Handshake 1993           “Oslo Accords” –Handshake

on Sept. 13.on Sept. 13. 1994           Purim massacre by Baruch 1994           Purim massacre by Baruch

GoldsteinGoldstein 1995           Nov. 4 Rabin Assassinated 1995           Nov. 4 Rabin Assassinated 1996           Netanyahu Elected1996           Netanyahu Elected 2000           Clinton/Barak/Arafat at Camp 2000           Clinton/Barak/Arafat at Camp

DavidDavid

Separation BarrierSeparation Barrier

Map of fence: Map of fence: http://www.seamzone.mod.gov.il/Paghttp://www.seamzone.mod.gov.il/Pages/ENG/map_eng.htmes/ENG/map_eng.htm