Zero Impact 2

8/3/2019 Zero Impact 2

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Sign of Trouble


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Four Cyclops

Transport Industry Comfort(HVAC) Habitats


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HVACAir conditioning by refrigeration is an energy hungrytechnology that is promoted as the only effective solutionfor meeting comfort standards for air temperature andhumidity.Actually, these standards were set for a temperate climatebut they are routinely applied to our country, which is in thetropical zone, with disastrous results for both our economyand ecology.

By contrast, our heritage buildings such as the Taj Mahalat Agra, the Gol Gumbaj at Bijapur and countless othersremain thermally comfortable throughout the year withoutusing any energy.This heritage is my inspiration.


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The Problem

Air conditioning systems use refrigeration to pump heat out of conditioned space to achieve thermal comfort.Pumping requires energy. To cool a small room, even an

efficient air conditioner would use one kilowatt of electricity.

To supply this unit, the power plant would have to burn four kWequivalent units of primary energy such as oil or coal etc., dueto inefficiencies and losses.Six more primary units are used in drilling, pumping andtransporting fuel to the power station.Thus ten units of primary energy are used for running an air conditioner using one kW. Each kW equivalent unit of primaryenergy would emit approximately one half kg of CO2 into theatmosphere.


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A Garden Path to Disaster.Actually refrigeration was invented, not for human comfort, butto replace ice that had to be harvested from frozen lakes andwas used mainly for food preservationIts use for air conditioning might have been sustainable in theshort mild summers of USA in the past, but its use in Indiatoday is neither economically nor ecologically viable

In the year 2007 the HVAC industry in India alone had added6000 megawatts of demand for power If this is ten percent of the total installed capacity, then theindustry is emitting 30,000 tons of CO2every hour.

One does not need much imagination to realize what the globalwarming caused by such demands can do, and is doing, to our environment.


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Cooling India-A whole new ball game

In USA/EuropeIn severe winters, the mainworry is how to keep theheat INBuildings are insulated:

Have low thermal mass.Comfort is maintained bycirculating hot/cold air.Mild summers mean lowercooling load and higher

efficiency.Energy is cheap andreliable.

In India In sweltering summers, the

worry is how to keep theheat OUT

Buildings are bare and have

high thermal mass. This adds to the cooling load High ambient causes low

efficiency. One gets less cooling at a

much higher energy cost. Energy is costly and

unreliable


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A whole new ball game

Ever since we left the caves, buildings have been our bastionsagainst the elements.Every culture has evolved its architecture to suit the localenvironment.US/European buildings have to be heated to guard the

occupants against the biting cold outside.Thus they are tightly insulated to prevent cold drafts and heatloss.This meant less backbreaking work of chopping and haulingwood to keep the home fires burning.

HOWEVER IN INDIA THERMAL COMFORT MEANT AVOIDINGHEAT STRESS


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What is the Solution?Our heritage buildings ! They remain comfortable withoutany mechanical cooling system, earth tunnels or wind towersOur master builders of yore have been using a three pronged

technique to achieve thermal comfort using no energy:I. Create barriersII. Build massive structures and use them as thermal

capacitors.

III.Drain out the stored heat.The barriers were trees, verandahs, hollow walls, stonescreens etc. Mass was created by thick walls and highceilings. Drain for the stored heat was provided by water bodies in contact with the plinth and by special plasters that

promoted radiation to the sky.None of these require any energy at all. Still all our heritagebuildings remain within a comfortable temperature rangethroughout the year. They have zero global warming potentialand zero carbon emissions.


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A whole new ball game

A thin wall willfast become

hotter than the

human skin

A thick wall will

remain coolermuch longer


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Classic Examples!

The Gol Gumbaz At Bijapur- Mass And Sky Radiation

Size 205 feet square

Walls 10 feet thick

Wall Height 110 ft.

Total Height 200 ft.

Dome diameter Outside 144 feetInside 125 feet

Uninterrupted Area 18337Sq.Ft


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Classic Examples!

The two storied Lotus Mahalwhich is designed in such away when the atmospherictemperature goes up thewater in the tank starts

circulating in the hollowplace inside the wallkeeping the room cool. Thecirculated water goes back to the overhead tank, gets

cooled & again startscirculating.

Lotus Mahal At Hampi


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Classic Examples!


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Isnt this what the whole world is lookingdesperately for?

Yes and No!

Yes to the technique and no to the technology.

The old technology is obsolete because:

1. Barriers- While trees, verandas etc are still used in ruraland semi urban locations, they are not feasible in highdensity cities.2. Massive structures as thermal capacitors- Too

expensive. Thick walls also reduce the saleable carpet areafrom the built up area.3. Flowing water or open water bodies as heat sinks- Costof land and decreasing supply of water prevents its generaluse .


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BUT WE CAN USEMODERN TECHNOLOGY TO ACHIEVE THE SAME

RESULT


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Initial Version of Natural Cooling System

HeritageTechnique

Real mass

Real river

ModernTechnology

Virtual Mass , being awelded grid of iron pipesfilled with water andconnected to:

Virtual River, being a

cooling tower, circulatingcool water through thegrid


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Initial Natural Cooling System

Water Filled Pipe Grids Connected To HeatRejection Units


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Initial Natural Cooling System

-Water in the grids was under vacuum so it boiled at 24Deg. C. The vapour was led to a cooling unit without pumping,

using thermal forces only.

-It was cooled by a heat exchanger located within thecooling unit and condensed into liquid.

-A small pump circulated evaporatively cooled waterthrough the other side of the heat exchanger.

-The cooling unit also had an economizer, a fan andcontrols. .

-The next few slides show an actual installation at Jaipur.


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The Kabra Home at Jaipur


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The Pipe Grid On Roof Slab


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Finished Roof And Heat Rejection Unit


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COMPARISON OF PEAK VALUES AT ROOF ( TEMPERATURES IN

DEGREES CELCIUS)

ROOF LOAD REDUCTION

TOP SIDE

UNDER SIDE

DIFFERENCE

SURFACETEMPERATURE

ROOM DESIGN DIFF

KABRAHOUSE

54.6 29.3 25.3 29.3 24 05.3

NEIGHBOURS

HOUSE 52.8 45.2 17.6 45.2 24 21.2

EFFECT ON COOLING LOAD IF AIR CONDITIONED REDUCTION 15.9 PERCENT 75

ANLYSIS OF READINGS

NOTE: SINCE BODY TEMPERATURE IS 34 C, THE WHOLE KABRA HOUSE IS ASCOMFORTABLE AS A HERITAGE BUILDING


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The Latest Version

Welded steel pipes were replaced by toughcorrugated polypropylene plastic tubing.

A water tank and a radiator replaced the HeatRejection Unit.

Instead of boiling water under vacuum, asmall pump simply circulated the waterthrough the pipes and a radiator.

The full system is described in the next slides.


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A Zero Environmental Impact ThermalComfort System

An innovative, very simple thermal comfort system that has noimpact on the environment, costs little to implement and has

zero running cost Based On Indian Heritage And Modern Technology

Test report Pilot Project At Our Premises

Updated on 2 nd June 2011Submitted by

Surendra H. Shah Member ISHRAE Mumbai Chapter

Cell - 09322229441,Office: 022- 40040316. Email:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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A Zero Environmental Impact Thermal Comfort System

Introduction Air conditioning is an energy and resource hungry

technology that has become a major contributor

to global warming. This is an attempt to use thetechniques of our ancestors that provide thermalcomfort using no mechanical systems to reduceor even eliminate the need for air conditioning.

In the West, due to insulated buildings, only air istreated, while our ancestral wisdom aims to keepthe structure cool.


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How Our Ancestors Did It Our ancestors used massive structures to absorb solar

heat with negligible temperature rise and a water bodyor sky radiation to drain out the collected heat.

A structure that is several degrees cooler than the bodysurface (which is at about 35 Deg, C), will providethermal comfort without any artificial cooling, as isevident from our heritage buildings.

It is not practical to create massive buildings anymoreand water is going to become very scarce. So we haveemulated their technique, but have replaced theirtechnology with a modern one.


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Modern Solution We still use the technique of keeping the structure cool by draining

out the heat, but using modern technology. The following arephotographs of various stages of erection and charts based on thecollected data .

Step 2Cover the pipe loop with a 50 mmscreed. Do water proofing over it

Step 1Lay 25mm dia. Corrugated polypropylene

pipe in a continuous loop over the bare slab


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Heat pipe

SkyRadiator

1000 liter tank

CooledSlab

Step 3Connect thesubmersible

pump in the tankto the loop, heatpipe and back to

the tank.Connect

sensors to datalogger & power

up

ASchematicDiagram of the System


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Results

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

9 : 0

1 : 4 4

1 0 : 1

6 : 4 4

1 1 : 2

6 : 4 4

1 2 : 5

1 : 4 5

1 4 : 1

1 : 4 5

1 5 : 2

1 : 4 5

1 6 : 3

6 : 4 5

1 7 : 4

6 : 4 5

1 9 : 0

1 : 4 5

2 0 : 2

1 : 4 5

2 1 : 3

6 : 4 5

2 2 : 4

6 : 4 6

0 : 1

6 : 4 6

1 : 2

6 : 4 6

2 : 4

1 : 4 6

4 : 0

1 : 4 6

5 : 2

1 : 4 6

6 : 4

1 : 4 6

8 : 0

1 : 4 6

Amb temp in sunl it Amb temp in shade

0

5

10

15

2025

30

35

40

45

9 : 0

1 : 4

4

1 0 : 1

6 : 4

4

1 1 : 2

6 : 4

4

1 2 : 5

1 : 4

5

1 4 : 1

1 : 4

5

1 5 : 2

1 : 4

5

1 6 : 3

6 : 4

5

1 7 : 4

6 : 4

5

1 9 : 0

1 : 4

5

2 0 : 2

1 : 4

5

2 1 : 3

6 : 4

5

2 2 : 4

6 : 4

6

0 : 1

6 : 4

6

1 : 2

6 : 4

6

2 : 4

1 : 4

6

4 : 0

1 : 4

6

5 : 2

1 : 4

6

6 : 4

1 : 4

6

8 : 0

1 : 4

6

Slab top temp Slab bottom temp

A data logger recordedseveral temperatures asshown in these charts.This chart shows theambient temperatures insun & shade for one day

This chart shows top andbottom temperatures withthe cooling system off


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Results

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

9 : 0

1 : 4

4

1 0 : 1

6 : 4

4

1 1 : 2

6 : 4

4

1 2 : 5

1 : 4

5

1 4 : 1

1 : 4

5

1 5 : 2

1 : 4

5

1 6 : 3

6 : 4

5

1 7 : 4

6 : 4

5

1 9 : 0

1 : 4

5

2 0 : 2

1 : 4

5

2 1 : 3

6 : 4

5

2 2 : 4

6 : 4

6

0 : 1

6 : 4

6

1 : 2

6 : 4

6

2 : 4

1 : 4

6

4 : 0

1 : 4

6

5 : 2

1 : 4

6

6 : 4

1 : 4

6

8 : 0

1 : 4

6

Slab top t emp Slab bot tom t emp

This chart shows the tankwater temperature, slab toptemperature, slab bottomtemperature, and ambienttemperatures in sunlightfor one day after the heatpipe fan was switched on.

This chart showstemperatures with

water flowing, but theheat pipe fan turnedoff.

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

40

9

: 3 5 : 2

9

1 0

: 2 5 : 2

9

1 1

: 1 5 : 2

9

1 2

: 1 0 : 2

9

1 3

: 1 0 : 2

9

1 4

: 0 0 : 3

0

1 4

: 5 5 : 3

0

1 5

: 4 5 : 3

0

1 6

: 2 8 : 5

8

1 7

: 2 3 : 5

8

1 8

: 1 8 : 5

8

1 9

: 0 8 : 5

8

1 9

: 5 8 : 5

8

2 0

: 5 3 : 5

8

2 1

: 5 3 : 5

9

2 2

: 4 8 : 5

9

2 3

: 3 8 : 5

9

0

: 2 8 : 5

9

1

: 2 8 : 5

9

2

: 1 8 : 5

9

3

: 0 8 : 5

9

4

: 1 8 : 5

9

5

: 0 8 : 5

9

6

: 0 8 : 5

9

6

: 5 8 : 5

9

7

: 5 3 : 5

9

8

: 4 3 : 5

9

Tank water temp Slab1 top temp Slab 1 bot tom temp Amb temp in sunl it


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Conclusions

The charts show conclusively that it is possible, by using the wisdom of our ancestors, to maintain the bottom of a bare sunlit concrete slab around 30 Deg.C without any refrigeration or evaporative cooling system.

When standing under the slab, one feels quite comfortable The only components being a plastic pipe, a radiator and a pump in a water tank,

the system is quite simple and inexpensive The total power used by the pump and fan is 70 watts. A small solar PV panel will

reduce the running cost to zero, as there is no water cost.


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Thank You!

This is an ongoing project that we are planningto run for one year. It is an open source databank that we intend to update often and postresults on our websitewww.panasiaengineers.com

Everyone is welcome to access the site and use

the information freely with the disclaimer that thisis a report of our activity and not a monograph. --==0O0==--
http://www.panasiaengineers.com/http://www.panasiaengineers.com/

Zero Impact 2

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