ZEMAXOptical Design Program User's Guide July 1, 2005

ZEMAX Development Corporation support@zemax.com www.zemax.com

Important noticeZEMAX is a registered trademark of ZEMAX Development Corporation Copyright ZEMAX Development Corporation 1990-2005. All rights reserved. All other product names or trademarks are property of their respective owners. Information in this manual is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of the vendor. The software described in this manual is furnished under a license agreement and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the agreement. The material in this manual is copyrighted and may not be reproduced or electronically distributed without written permission from the copyright holder. ZEMAX Development Corporation (ZDC) provides this publication "as is" without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to the implied warranties or conditions of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. In no event shall ZDC be liable for any loss of profits, loss of business, loss of use or data, interruption of business, or for indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages of any kind, even if ZDC has been advised of the possibility of such damages arising from any defect or error in this publication or in the Software.

TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION Chapter 1About this document ............................................................................................................................... 31 What does ZEMAX do? .......................................................................................................................... 31 What doesn't ZEMAX do?....................................................................................................................... 31 Learning to use ZEMAX.......................................................................................................................... 32 System requirements .............................................................................................................................. 32 Multiple processor computers ..................................................................................................... 32 Installation procedure.............................................................................................................................. 32 Installing the key ......................................................................................................................... 32 Running ZEMAX ......................................................................................................................... 33 Policy on the key..................................................................................................................................... 33 Definition of support ................................................................................................................................ 33 Getting technical support ........................................................................................................................ 33 Policy on bug fixes .................................................................................................................................. 33

USER INTERFACE

Chapter 2

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 35 Types of windows ................................................................................................................................... 35 Main window operations ......................................................................................................................... 35 Editor windows operations ...................................................................................................................... 36 Graphic windows operations................................................................................................................... 36 Using the annotation feature ....................................................................................................... 38 Using pan and zoom ................................................................................................................... 39 Text windows operations ........................................................................................................................ 39 Dialog operations .................................................................................................................................... 39 Aborting long computations .................................................................................................................... 40 Summary of useful shortcuts .................................................................................................................. 40 Using the Windows clipboard.................................................................................................................. 42 ZEMAX file types by extension ............................................................................................................... 42

CONVENTIONS AND DEFINITIONS

Chapter 3

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 45 Active configuration................................................................................................................................. 45 Angular magnification ............................................................................................................................. 45 Apodization ............................................................................................................................................. 45 Back focal length..................................................................................................................................... 45 Cardinal planes ....................................................................................................................................... 45 Chief ray.................................................................................................................................................. 45 Coordinate axes...................................................................................................................................... 46 Diffraction limited .................................................................................................................................... 46 Edge thickness........................................................................................................................................ 46 Effective focal length............................................................................................................................... 47 Entrance pupil diameter .......................................................................................................................... 47 Entrance pupil position............................................................................................................................ 47 Exit pupil diameter .................................................................................................................................. 47 Exit pupil position .................................................................................................................................... 47 Extra data................................................................................................................................................ 47 Field angles and heights ......................................................................................................................... 47 Float by stop size .................................................................................................................................... 48

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Ghost reflections ..................................................................................................................................... 48 Glasses ................................................................................................................................................... 48 Hexapolar rings....................................................................................................................................... 48 Image space F/# ..................................................................................................................................... 48 Image space numerical aperture (NA) .................................................................................................... 48 Lens units................................................................................................................................................ 48 Marginal ray ............................................................................................................................................ 48 Maximum field......................................................................................................................................... 49 Non-paraxial systems ............................................................................................................................. 49 Non-sequential ray tracing ...................................................................................................................... 49 Normalized field coordinates................................................................................................................... 49 Radial field normalization ............................................................................................................ 49 Rectangular field normalization................................................................................................... 50 Normalized pupil coordinates.................................................................................................................. 51 Object space numerical aperture ............................................................................................................ 51 Parameter data ....................................................................................................................................... 51 Paraxial and parabasal rays ................................................................................................................... 51 Paraxial image height ............................................................................................................................. 52 Paraxial magnification............................................................................................................................. 52 Paraxial working F/# ............................................................................................................................... 52 Primary wavelength ................................................................................................................................ 52 Radii........................................................................................................................................................ 52 Real propagation..................................................................................................................................... 52 Sagittal and Tangential ........................................................................................................................... 53 Semi-diameters....................................................................................................................................... 53 Sequential ray tracing ............................................................................................................................. 53 Strehl ratio............................................................................................................................................... 53 Surface apertures ................................................................................................................................... 54 System aperture...................................................................................................................................... 54 Tangential ............................................................................................................................................... 54 Thicknesses ............................................................................................................................................ 54 Total internal reflection (TIR) .................................................................................................................. 54 Total track ............................................................................................................................................... 54 Units........................................................................................................................................................ 54 Vignetting factors .................................................................................................................................... 54 Virtual propagation.................................................................................................................................. 56 Wavelength data ..................................................................................................................................... 56 Working F/#............................................................................................................................................. 56

FILE MENU

Chapter 4

New......................................................................................................................................................... 59 Open ....................................................................................................................................................... 59 Save........................................................................................................................................................ 59 Save As................................................................................................................................................... 59 Use Session Files ................................................................................................................................... 59 Program Mode ........................................................................................................................................ 59 Insert Lens .............................................................................................................................................. 60 Preferences............................................................................................................................................. 60 Address ....................................................................................................................................... 60 Directories ................................................................................................................................... 61 Graphics...................................................................................................................................... 61 Miscellaneous ............................................................................................................................. 62 Editors ......................................................................................................................................... 63 Printing ........................................................................................................................................ 64

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Colors.......................................................................................................................................... 65 Buttons 1-16, Buttons 17-32, Buttons 33-48 ............................................................................... 65 Status Bar ................................................................................................................................... 66 Exit .......................................................................................................................................................... 66 Recently used files.................................................................................................................................. 66

EDITORS MENU

Chapter 5

Lens Data................................................................................................................................................ 67 Inserting and deleting surfaces ............................................................................................................... 67 The surface number display........................................................................................................ 67 Cutting, copying, and pasting surface data ................................................................................. 67 Entering surface comments ........................................................................................................ 68 Entering radii data ....................................................................................................................... 68 Entering thickness data............................................................................................................... 68 Entering glass data ..................................................................................................................... 68 Entering semi-diameter data ....................................................................................................... 68 Entering conic data ..................................................................................................................... 68 Entering parameter data ............................................................................................................. 68 The Surface Properties dialog box.............................................................................................. 68 Surface properties type tab ......................................................................................................... 69 Surface Type ................................................................................................................... 69 Surface DLL .................................................................................................................... 69 Surface Color .................................................................................................................. 69 Surface Opacity............................................................................................................... 69 Row Color........................................................................................................................ 69 Make Surface Stop.......................................................................................................... 69 Make Surface Global Coordinate Reference................................................................... 69 Surface Cannot Be Hyperhemispheric ............................................................................ 69 Ignore This Surface ......................................................................................................... 70 Surface properties draw tab ........................................................................................................ 70 Hide Rays To This Surface ............................................................................................. 70 Skip Rays To This Surface.............................................................................................. 70 Do Not Draw This Surface............................................................................................... 70 Do Not Draw Edges From This Surface .......................................................................... 70 Draw Edges As................................................................................................................ 70 Mirror Substrate and Thickness ...................................................................................... 71 Surface properties aperture tab .................................................................................................. 71 Aperture type and other aperture controls....................................................................... 71 Aperture type codes and parameters .............................................................................. 72 Aperture projection on non-plane surfaces ..................................................................... 72 Aperture decenters and pickups...................................................................................... 72 User defined apertures and obscurations ....................................................................... 72 The UDA file format......................................................................................................... 73 UDA Examples ................................................................................................................ 74 Surface properties scattering tab ................................................................................................ 75 Surface scattering settings .............................................................................................. 76 Surface tilt/decenter tab .............................................................................................................. 76 Surface physical optics tab ......................................................................................................... 77 Surface coating tab ..................................................................................................................... 77 Setting and removing solves ....................................................................................................... 77 Setting and removing variables................................................................................................... 77 Menu options............................................................................................................................... 77 Edit .............................................................................................................................................. 77 Solves ......................................................................................................................................... 78

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Options........................................................................................................................................ 78 Help............................................................................................................................................. 78 Merit Function ......................................................................................................................................... 79 Edit .............................................................................................................................................. 79 Tools ........................................................................................................................................... 79 Help............................................................................................................................................. 80 Multi-Configuration.................................................................................................................................. 80 Edit .............................................................................................................................................. 80 Solves ......................................................................................................................................... 80 Tools ........................................................................................................................................... 81 Help............................................................................................................................................. 81 Tolerance Data ....................................................................................................................................... 81 Edit .............................................................................................................................................. 81 Tools ........................................................................................................................................... 82 Help............................................................................................................................................. 82 Extra Data ............................................................................................................................................... 83 Edit .............................................................................................................................................. 83 Solves ......................................................................................................................................... 83 Tools ........................................................................................................................................... 83 Help............................................................................................................................................. 83 Non-Sequential Components.................................................................................................................. 83 Menu options............................................................................................................................... 83 Edit .............................................................................................................................................. 83 Solves ......................................................................................................................................... 84 Errors .......................................................................................................................................... 85 Detectors..................................................................................................................................... 85 Database..................................................................................................................................... 85 Help............................................................................................................................................. 85 Undo, Redo, and Recover ...................................................................................................................... 85 Undo: None ................................................................................................................................. 85 Undo: Memory 1 Step ................................................................................................................. 85 Undo: Disk Multi Step.................................................................................................................. 85

SYSTEM MENU

Chapter 6

Update .................................................................................................................................................... 87 Update All ............................................................................................................................................... 87 General ................................................................................................................................................... 87 Aperture ...................................................................................................................................... 87 Aperture Type.................................................................................................................. 87 Aperture Value ................................................................................................................ 88 Apodization Type............................................................................................................. 88 Uniform apodization ........................................................................................................ 88 Gaussian apodization...................................................................................................... 88 Cosine cubed apodization ............................................................................................... 88 User defined apodization................................................................................................. 89 Apodization Factor .......................................................................................................... 89 Telecentric Object Space ................................................................................................ 89 Iterate Solves When Updating......................................................................................... 89 Units ............................................................................................................................................ 89 Lens Units ....................................................................................................................... 89 Source Units.................................................................................................................... 89 Analysis Units.................................................................................................................. 89 Title/Notes ................................................................................................................................... 90 Lens Title......................................................................................................................... 90

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Notes ............................................................................................................................... 90 Glass Catalogs............................................................................................................................ 90 Ray Aiming.................................................................................................................................. 90 Ray Aiming ...................................................................................................................... 91 Use Ray Aiming Cache ................................................................................................... 91 Robust Ray Aiming (slow) ............................................................................................... 91 Pupil Shift: X, Y, and Z .................................................................................................... 92 Environment ................................................................................................................................ 92 Use Temperature, Pressure ............................................................................................ 92 Temperature in degrees C .............................................................................................. 92 Pressure in ATM.............................................................................................................. 92 Polarization ................................................................................................................................. 92 Unpolarized ..................................................................................................................... 93 Jx, Jy, X-Phase, Y-Phase................................................................................................ 93 Convert thin film phase to ray equivalent ........................................................................ 93 Files............................................................................................................................................. 93 Coating File ..................................................................................................................... 93 Scatter Profile.................................................................................................................. 93 ABg Data File .................................................................................................................. 93 GRADIUM Profile ............................................................................................................ 94 Miscellaneous ............................................................................................................................. 94 Reference OPD ............................................................................................................... 94 Paraxial Rays .................................................................................................................. 94 Semi Diameter Margin (lens units) .................................................................................. 95 Semi Diameter Margin % ................................................................................................ 95 Global Coordinate Reference Surface ............................................................................ 95 Method To Compute F/# ................................................................................................. 96 Fast Asphere Trace......................................................................................................... 96 Fast Semi-Diameters....................................................................................................... 96 Check GRIN Apertures.................................................................................................... 97 Turn Off Threading .......................................................................................................... 97 Dont Print Coordinate Break Data .................................................................................. 97 Non-Sequential ........................................................................................................................... 97 Maximum Intersections Per Ray ..................................................................................... 97 Maximum Segments Per Ray.......................................................................................... 97 Maximum Nested/Touching Objects ............................................................................... 98 Minimum Relative Ray Intensity ...................................................................................... 98 Minimum Absolute Ray Intensity ..................................................................................... 98 Glue Distance In Lens Units............................................................................................ 98 Missed Ray Draw Distance in Lens Units ....................................................................... 98 Retrace source rays upon file open................................................................................. 99 Fields ...................................................................................................................................................... 99 Vignetting factors ........................................................................................................................ 99 Saving and loading field data ...................................................................................................... 99 Wavelengths ........................................................................................................................................... 99 Saving and loading wavelength data ........................................................................................ 100 Next Configuration ................................................................................................................................ 100 Last Configuration................................................................................................................................. 100

ANALYSIS MENU

Chapter 7

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 101 Layout ................................................................................................................................................... 101 2D Layout.................................................................................................................................. 101 3D Layout.................................................................................................................................. 102

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The orientation indicator................................................................................................ 103 Ray errors...................................................................................................................... 103 Configuration data ......................................................................................................... 104 Raylist file format........................................................................................................... 104 Wireframe.................................................................................................................................. 104 Solid Model ............................................................................................................................... 105 Shaded Model ........................................................................................................................... 105 ZEMAX Element Drawing ......................................................................................................... 106 Special characters......................................................................................................... 107 ISO Element Drawing................................................................................................................ 107 Summary of ISO 10110 symbols and codes ................................................................. 108 Diameters and bevels.................................................................................................... 109 Tolerance data .............................................................................................................. 109 NSC 3D Layout ......................................................................................................................... 109 NSC Shaded Model .................................................................................................................. 110 Fans ...................................................................................................................................................... 110 Ray Aberration .......................................................................................................................... 110 Evaluating results at intermediate surfaces................................................................... 111 Optical Path............................................................................................................................... 112 Pupil Aberration......................................................................................................................... 112 Spot Diagrams ...................................................................................................................................... 113 Standard.................................................................................................................................... 113 Through Focus .......................................................................................................................... 115 Full Field.................................................................................................................................... 115 Matrix ........................................................................................................................................ 115 Configuration Matrix .................................................................................................................. 115 MTF....................................................................................................................................................... 116 FFT MTF ................................................................................................................................... 116 FFT Through Focus MTF .......................................................................................................... 117 FFT Surface MTF...................................................................................................................... 118 FFT MTF vs. Field..................................................................................................................... 118 Comment about vignetting factors................................................................................. 119 FFT MTF Map ........................................................................................................................... 119 Huygens MTF............................................................................................................................ 120 Huygens Through Focus MTF .................................................................................................. 121 Huygens Surface MTF .............................................................................................................. 121 Geometric MTF ......................................................................................................................... 121 Geometric Through Focus MTF ................................................................................................ 122 Geometric MTF vs. Field........................................................................................................... 123 Geometric MTF Map ................................................................................................................. 123 PSF ....................................................................................................................................................... 124 FFT PSF.................................................................................................................................... 124 Assumptions used in the FFT PSF calculation.............................................................. 125 Discussion of the FFT method and sampling issues..................................................... 125 FFT PSF Cross Section ............................................................................................................ 127 FFT Line/Edge Spread.............................................................................................................. 127 Huygens PSF ............................................................................................................................ 128 Huygens PSF Cross Section..................................................................................................... 129 Wavefront.............................................................................................................................................. 129 Wavefront Map.......................................................................................................................... 129 Interferogram............................................................................................................................. 130 Foucault Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 131 Surface.................................................................................................................................................. 132 Surface Sag .............................................................................................................................. 132

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The Contour Format String............................................................................................ 133 Surface Phase........................................................................................................................... 133 RMS ...................................................................................................................................................... 134 RMS vs. Field............................................................................................................................ 134 Comments about RMS wavefront computations ........................................................... 135 RMS vs. Wavelength................................................................................................................. 135 RMS vs. Focus.......................................................................................................................... 136 Encircled energy ................................................................................................................................... 137 Diffraction .................................................................................................................................. 137 Geometric.................................................................................................................................. 138 Geometric Line/Edge Spread.................................................................................................... 138 Extended Source....................................................................................................................... 139 Illumination............................................................................................................................................ 140 Relative Illumination .................................................................................................................. 140 Effective F/# .................................................................................................................. 141 Vignetting Plot ........................................................................................................................... 141 Illumination XY Scan ................................................................................................................. 142 Illumination 2D Surface ............................................................................................................. 143 Image Analysis...................................................................................................................................... 143 Geometric Image Analysis ........................................................................................................ 143 The IMA format.............................................................................................................. 145 The BIM format.............................................................................................................. 146 How rays are chosen for analysis ................................................................................. 146 Calculating efficiency of multi-mode fibers .................................................................... 147 Text output .................................................................................................................... 147 Geometric Bitmap Image Analysis ............................................................................................ 147 Diffraction Image Analysis......................................................................................................... 150 Comment about the coherent optical transfer function.................................................. 152 Extended Diffraction Image Analysis ........................................................................................ 152 IMA/BIM File Viewer.................................................................................................................. 154 Biocular Analysis................................................................................................................................... 155 Field of View.............................................................................................................................. 155 Dipvergence/Convergence........................................................................................................ 156 Miscellaneous ....................................................................................................................................... 157 Field Curvature/Distortion ......................................................................................................... 157 Grid Distortion ........................................................................................................................... 159 Footprint Diagram ..................................................................................................................... 161 Longitudinal Aberration ............................................................................................................. 162 Lateral Color.............................................................................................................................. 163 Y-Ybar Diagram ........................................................................................................................ 163 Chromatic Focal Shift................................................................................................................ 164 Dispersion Diagram................................................................................................................... 164 Glass Map ................................................................................................................................. 164 Internal Transmittance vs. Wavelength..................................................................................... 165 System Summary Graphic ........................................................................................................ 165 Conjugate Surface Analysis ...................................................................................................... 166 Aberration coefficients .......................................................................................................................... 167 Seidel Coefficients .................................................................................................................... 167 Zernike Fringe Coefficients ....................................................................................................... 168 Subaperture computations ............................................................................................ 170 Strehl ratio approximation ............................................................................................. 170 Zernike Standard Coefficients................................................................................................... 172 Zernike Annular Coefficients ..................................................................................................... 174 Calculations .......................................................................................................................................... 177

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Ray Trace.................................................................................................................................. 177 Fiber Coupling Efficiency .......................................................................................................... 178 YNI Contributions ...................................................................................................................... 180 Sag Table.................................................................................................................................. 180 Cardinal Points.......................................................................................................................... 181 Glass and Gradient Index ..................................................................................................................... 182 Dispersion Diagram................................................................................................................... 182 Glass Map ................................................................................................................................. 182 Internal Transmittance vs. Wavelength..................................................................................... 182 Grin Profile ................................................................................................................................ 183 Gradium Profile...................................................................................................................... 183 Universal Plot........................................................................................................................................ 184 New Universal Plot.................................................................................................................... 184 Polarization ........................................................................................................................................... 185 Polarization Ray Trace.............................................................................................................. 185 Polarization Pupil Map .............................................................................................................. 186 Transmission............................................................................................................................. 186 Phase Aberration ...................................................................................................................... 187 Transmission Fan...................................................................................................................... 187 Coatings................................................................................................................................................ 188 Reflection vs. Angle .................................................................................................................. 188 Transmission vs. Angle ............................................................................................................. 189 Absorption vs. Angle ................................................................................................................. 189 Diattenuation vs. Angle ............................................................................................................. 189 Phase vs. Angle ........................................................................................................................ 189 Retardance vs. Angle................................................................................................................ 189 Reflection vs. Wavelength......................................................................................................... 189 Transmission vs. Wavelength ................................................................................................... 190 Absorption vs. Wavelength ....................................................................................................... 190 Diattenuation vs. Wavelength ................................................................................................... 190 Phase vs. Wavelength .............................................................................................................. 190 Retardance vs. Wavelength ...................................................................................................... 191 Physical Optics ..................................................................................................................................... 191 Paraxial Gaussian Beam........................................................................................................... 191 Limitations of the analysis ............................................................................................. 191 Overview of Gaussian beams ....................................................................................... 191 Default beam parameters.............................................................................................. 192 Propagating the embedded beam ................................................................................. 192 The quality factor........................................................................................................... 193 Interactive analysis........................................................................................................ 193 Skew Gaussian Beam............................................................................................................... 193 Physical Optics Propagation ..................................................................................................... 194 Comments about beam projection ................................................................................ 196 Beam File Viewer ...................................................................................................................... 197

TOOLS MENU

Chapter 8

Optimization .......................................................................................................................................... 199 Optimization .............................................................................................................................. 199 Global Search ........................................................................................................................... 199 Hammer Optimization ............................................................................................................... 199 Merit Function Listing ................................................................................................................ 199 Remove All Variables................................................................................................................ 199 Glass Substitution Template ..................................................................................................... 199 Tolerancing ........................................................................................................................................... 200

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Tolerancing ............................................................................................................................... 200 Tolerance Listing....................................................................................................................... 200 Tolerance Summary.................................................................................................................. 200 Test Plates ............................................................................................................................................ 201 Test Plate Fitting ....................................................................................................................... 201 Test Plate Lists.......................................................................................................................... 202 Catalogs................................................................................................................................................ 202 Glass Catalogs.......................................................................................................................... 202 Glass Compare ......................................................................................................................... 203 Lens Catalogs ........................................................................................................................... 203 Coatings................................................................................................................................................ 206 Edit Coating File........................................................................................................................ 206 Reload Coating File................................................................................................................... 207 Add Coatings to All Surfaces .................................................................................................... 207 Coating Listing .......................................................................................................................... 207 Scattering.............................................................................................................................................. 207 ABg Scatter Data Catalogs ....................................................................................................... 207 Wavelength scaling of ABg data ................................................................................... 208 Scatter Function Viewer ............................................................................................................ 209 Apertures .............................................................................................................................................. 210 Convert Semi-Diameters to Circular Apertures......................................................................... 210 Convert Semi-Diameters to Floating Apertures ........................................................................ 210 Remove All Apertures ............................................................................................................... 210 Replace Vignetting With Apertures ........................................................................................... 211 Fold Mirrors........................................................................................................................................... 211 Add Fold Mirror ......................................................................................................................... 211 Limitations of reversing surfaces following the fold mirror............................................. 211 Delete Fold Mirror ..................................................................................................................... 212 Export Data ........................................................................................................................................... 212 Export IGES/SAT/STEP Solid................................................................................................... 212 Export IGES Line Work ............................................................................................................. 214 Export 2D DXF File ................................................................................................................... 216 Export 3D DXF File ................................................................................................................... 216 Miscellaneous ....................................................................................................................................... 217 Reverse Elements..................................................................................................................... 217 Tilt/Decenter Elements.............................................................................................................. 217 Scale Lens ................................................................................................................................ 217 Make Focal................................................................................................................................ 218 Quick Focus .............................................................................................................................. 218 Convert to NSC Group .............................................................................................................. 218 Replicate Object........................................................................................................................ 219 Ghost Focus Generator............................................................................................................. 220 Performance Test...................................................................................................................... 221 Lock/Unlock All Windows .......................................................................................................... 222 Create Polygon Object .............................................................................................................. 222 Slider ......................................................................................................................................... 222

REPORTS MENU

Chapter 9

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 225 Surface Data ......................................................................................................................................... 225 System Data ......................................................................................................................................... 225 Prescription Data .................................................................................................................................. 225 Comments on computing element volumes .............................................................................. 226 System Check....................................................................................................................................... 226

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Report Graphics 4/6.............................................................................................................................. 226

MACROS, EXTENSIONS, AND WINDOWS MENUS

Chapter 10

Edit/Run ZPL Macros............................................................................................................................ 229 Refresh Macro List................................................................................................................................ 229 Macro Names........................................................................................................................................ 229 Extensions ............................................................................................................................................ 229 Refresh Extensions List ........................................................................................................................ 230 Extension Names.................................................................................................................................. 230 Listing of open windows........................................................................................................................ 230

SURFACE TYPES

Chapter 11

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 231 Parameter data ..................................................................................................................................... 231 Extra data.............................................................................................................................................. 231 Summary of surface types .................................................................................................................... 231 User defined surfaces ............................................................................................................... 231 Surface types ............................................................................................................................ 232 ABCD .................................................................................................................................................... 234 Alternate Even ...................................................................................................................................... 234 Alternate Odd........................................................................................................................................ 235 Atmospheric Refraction......................................................................................................................... 235 Biconic .................................................................................................................................................. 235 Biconic Zernike ..................................................................................................................................... 236 Binary Optic 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 236 Binary optic coefficients sign conventions................................................................................. 238 Binary Optic 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 238 Binary optic coefficients sign conventions................................................................................. 239 Binary Optic 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 239 Binary optic coefficients sign conventions................................................................................. 241 Birefringent In and Birefringent Out ...................................................................................................... 241 Defining the index ..................................................................................................................... 242 Defining the crystal axis orientation .......................................................................................... 242 Determining which ray is traced ................................................................................................ 243 Accounting for phase rotation ................................................................................................... 243 Transmission and other properties of birefringent surfaces ...................................................... 243 Sample ZEMAX files ................................................................................................................. 243 Conjugate.............................................................................................................................................. 244 Coordinate Break .................................................................................................................................. 245 Cubic Spline.......................................................................................................................................... 246 Comments about spline surfaces.............................................................................................. 246 Cylinder Fresnel.................................................................................................................................... 246 Diffraction Grating ................................................................................................................................. 247 Elliptical Grating 1 ................................................................................................................................. 248 Elliptical Grating surface shape................................................................................................. 248 Elliptical Grating 2 ................................................................................................................................. 249 Even Asphere ....................................................................................................................................... 249 Extended Asphere ................................................................................................................................ 250 Extended Cubic Spline.......................................................................................................................... 251 Extended Fresnel.................................................................................................................................. 251 Extended Odd Asphere......................................................................................................................... 252 Extended Polynomial ............................................................................................................................ 253 Extended Toroidal Grating .................................................................................................................... 254

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Fresnel .................................................................................................................................................. 255 Generalized Fresnel.............................................................................................................................. 255 Gradient 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 256 Discussion on maximum step size for GRIN surfaces .............................................................. 256 Restrictions on surfaces following GRIN surfaces .................................................................... 257 Gradient 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 257 Gradient 3 ............................................................................................................................................. 257 Gradient 4 ............................................................................................................................................. 258 Gradient 5 ............................................................................................................................................. 258 Gradient 6 ............................................................................................................................................. 259 Gradient 7 ............................................................................................................................................. 260 GRADIUM ......................................................................................................................................... 261 GRADIUM profile file format...................................................................................................... 261 Gradient 9 ............................................................................................................................................. 263 Gradient 10 ........................................................................................................................................... 264 Grid Phase ............................................................................................................................................ 264 Using the shear distance........................................................................................................... 264 Phase coefficients sign conventions ......................................................................................... 265 Grid Sag................................................................................................................................................ 265 Importing grid data .................................................................................................................... 265 Bicubic spline vs. linear interpolation ........................................................................................ 266 Suggestions for using the Grid Sag surface.............................................................................. 266 Hologram 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 267 Hologram 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 268 Irregular................................................................................................................................................. 268 Jones Matrix.......................................................................................................................................... 269 Non-Sequential Components................................................................................................................ 269 Odd Asphere......................................................................................................................................... 269 Odd Cosine ........................................................................................................................................... 269 Optically Fabricated Hologram.............................................................................................................. 270 Defining the substrate shape .................................................................................................... 271 Defining the construction optics ................................................................................................ 271 Optimizing the construction and playback optics ...................................................................... 271 Selecting the hologram type...................................................................................................... 271 Paraxial ................................................................................................................................................. 272 Paraxial XY ........................................................................................................................................... 273 Periodic ................................................................................................................................................. 273 Polynomial ............................................................................................................................................ 274 Radial Grating ....................................................................................................................................... 274 Radial NURBS ...................................................................................................................................... 275 Retro Reflect ......................................................................................................................................... 276 Standard ............................................................................................................................................... 276 Modeling an ellipse with the standard surface .......................................................................... 276 Modeling an axicon with the standard surface .......................................................................... 276 Superconic ............................................................................................................................................ 277 Tilted ..................................................................................................................................................... 278 Toroidal ................................................................................................................................................. 278 Toroidal Grating .................................................................................................................................... 279 Toroidal Hologram ................................................................................................................................ 280 Toroidal NURBS ................................................................................................................................... 281 User Defined ......................................................................................................................................... 281 The UDS DLL............................................................................................................................ 282 Refractive and reflective UDS DLLs.......................................................................................... 283 Gradient index UDS DLLs......................................................................................................... 283

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Diffractive UDS DLLs ................................................................................................................ 283 Lenslet arrays using UDS DLLs ................................................................................................ 284 User defined surface apodization using DLLs........................................................................... 284 Polarization and coating data using DLLs................................................................................. 284 Error handling and UDS ............................................................................................................ 284 Sample DLLs............................................................................................................................. 284 Variable Line Space Grating ................................................................................................................. 289 Zernike Fringe Phase............................................................................................................................ 289 Zernike Fringe Phase coefficients sign conventions ................................................................. 290 Zernike Fringe Sag ............................................................................................................................... 290 Zernike Standard Phase ....................................................................................................................... 291 Zernike Standard Phase coefficients sign conventions............................................................. 292 Zernike Standard Sag ........................................................................................................................... 292 Zone Plate............................................................................................................................................. 293

NON-SEQUENTIAL COMPONENTS

Chapter 12

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 295 Paraxial data and ray tracing with NSC ................................................................................................ 295 Optimization with NSC .......................................................................................................................... 296 The two methods of using NSC ray tracing .......................................................................................... 296 NSC with ports .......................................................................................................................... 296 NSC without ports ..................................................................................................................... 296 Combining NSC with and without ports..................................................................................... 296 Overview of NSC ray tracing with ports ................................................................................................ 297 The entry port ................................................................................................................ 297 The exit port .................................................................................................................. 297 Getting rays in ............................................................................................................... 298 Tracing rays within the NSC.......................................................................................... 298 Getting rays out ............................................................................................................. 298 Overview of NSC ray tracing without ports ........................................................................................... 298 Getting rays in ............................................................................................................... 299 Tracing rays within the NSC.......................................................................................... 299 Detecting rays ............................................................................................................... 299 Launching rays for analysis........................................................................................... 299 NSC Objects ......................................................................................................................................... 299 Annular Aspheric Lens .............................................................................................................. 303 Annular Volume......................................................................................................................... 303 Annulus ..................................................................................................................................... 304 Aspheric Surface....................................................................................................................... 304 Aspheric Surface 2.................................................................................................................... 305 Axicon Surface .......................................................................................................................... 305 Biconic Lens.............................................................................................................................. 306 Biconic Surface ......................................................................................................................... 307 Making a hyperhemispheric surface.............................................................................. 308 Binary 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 308 Binary 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 309 Binary 2A................................................................................................................................... 309 Cone.......................................................................................................................................... 310 Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC)................................................................................ 311 Cylinder Pipe............................................................................................................................. 311 Cylinder Volume........................................................................................................................ 312 Cylinder 2 Pipe.......................................................................................................................... 312 Cylinder 2 Volume..................................................................................................................... 312 Diffraction Grating ..................................................................................................................... 313

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Ellipse........................................................................................................................................ 313 Elliptical Volume........................................................................................................................ 313 Even Asphere Lens................................................................................................................... 314