ZASTITA BILJA - Izbis. 33 (3).pdfZastita bilja, Vol. 33(3), br. 161: 221-257 (1982), Beograd 2SS ....

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INSTITUT ZA ZASTITU BIUA - BEOGRAD INSTITUTE FOR PLANT PROTECTION - BEOGRAD

ZASTITA BILJA (PLANT PROTECTION)

VOL 33(3) BROJ 161 1982 GOD bull

bull

ZaStita bilja Vol 33(3) Br 161 (str 217-362) Beograd 1982

Za~tita bilja Vol 33(3) br 161 217-362 (1982) Beograd

CONTENTS Scien tific papers

M Maksimovic B Milivojevic R Pekic Pests of the oak acorn in the seedling stand od Kupinska greda - 255 - 257

M U~~uplic V Lazarev Further experiments on use of some chemicals in protection of conifer seedlings against damping~ff - - - - - - - 267- 268

A Marie M Markovic S MaJirevic S Fayzalla V Dorogov G Forgie The effect of sunflower protection against gray spot of stem (Phoshymopsis sp - Diaporthe sp) with some combinations of fungicidesapplied by ariplane on seed and oil yield during 1981 - - - 278- 279

A Marie S Fayzalla S Ma Sirevic The effect of fungicides against sunflower parasites (Alternaria hemiddot lianthi Phoma macdoualdi Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Phomopsis sp) on artificial media and microtrials in field - - middot- - - 290- 291

M Mimovic N Straser S Dratic Possibilities of controlling Phomopsis sp and other pathogens in sunflower-------------- 299

B Boric A contribution to the study of the influence of temperature on the germination ot spores of Pleospora herbarum (Pers ex Fr) Rabenh 310-311

M Draganic Reaction of local maize varieties to root rot (Gibberella zeae Schw Petch) in conditions of artificial inoculation on nutritive agar (Substrate) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 316

s Kmjaic B Ilic Effect of constant and variable temperatures on flour moth (Ploshydia interpunctella Hb) - - - - - - - - - - - 323- 324

K Dobrivoievic Host plants and female fecundity of Hypogymna morio L in reshylation to the kind of food - - - - - - - - - 331-332

K Dulic M Jnjac Regulation of the population numbers of the apple leaf miner (Leucoptera scitella Zell) by the methods of integral control - 341 -342

Professional papers

M Arsenijevic Bacteriosis of bean and string bean 355-356

Zastita bilja Vol 33(3) br 161 221-257 (1982) Beograd 2SS

PESTS OF THE OAK ACORN IN THE SEEDLING STAND OF KUPlNSKA GREDA

M Makslmovlt B Mllivojevi~ and R Peklc

Summary

In middotthe forests of oak-trees Quercus robur L in the basin of the middotriver Save are set apart the seedling stands On account of considerable damashyges the yield of acorns for seeding purposes ibulls dhninished In 1978-1981 were carried out the investigations of different species of harmful animiddot mats and of possibiHties for reducing the damages

For this purpose was chosen the seedling stand of Kupinska greda with an area of 26192 ha witbin the structure of the economic wtit of 2237 ha on the territory of the Forest Estate Sremska Mitrovka The age of oak-trees in the seedling stand is from 130 to 400 years

There were set 30 experimental plots of 1 sq m eachdisposed i-n thre sections Every 10--15 days were collected the acorns and their remains and analyzed

The blooming of oak-trees developed each year in a different i-ntenshysity The middotunfertilized germs of aoorns and the youngest acorns fell off mostly middotin the period from the middle Qf June to the end of July and to some extent also to November (Fig 1) There fell off 354--681 pc of germs on an average nnd 858 pc at the most The situation of the section and microecological conditions determined the differences in the course of falling-off (Fig 2)

The growth of the acobullrn evolved from June to August The length and the weight of a ripe acorn varied from year to year middot

middot In the course of its growth the acorn serves as food to many anishymals of higher orders and to the insects and in the years when the yield is poor i1 is consumed almost entirely before the acorns are ripe (Tab 1)

It is possible to prognosticate the yield for the purpose of collecting the acorns one month before the beg1nning otf the gathering taking as the basis the quantity of healthy and dpened acorns which had fallen off

Diseases of the acorn - Young acorns damaged by the suppleshymentary feeding and oviposition of B glandium and by other animals are attacked by the fungi and they middotIOt for the most part from the thiltrd decade of July to the second decade of August (F-ig 3) and in some meashysure to the end of the vegetation period reducing the yie1d by 72-240 pc

Damages caused by animals of higher orders - By these investishygations have not been established ~ndividual species of higher animals among which are rodents squirrels big game birds and others The rOshydents and other animals feed on the trunks from July to the end of Octoshyber (Fig 4A and 4B) The total of damages on the arorn yield varies from 221-616 pc on an average The youngest acorns pabullrticipate in this quantity with 56 to 143 pc Aconns gnawn partly with teeth were found from the end of June to the third decade of September (Fig 5)

256 Za~tita bilja Vol 33(3) br 161 221-257 (1982) Beogtad

Dam~ges cause~ by tnsects- The most numerous 4nsect spelties was Balanums glandmm followed by Cydia splendana C amplana and Cynips quercus calicis By this investigation have not been comprised the ~nsect species which are small in numbers

Balaninus glandium reduces the acorn yield by 375 pc a1 the most The dmago swarms fmiddotrom the middle od May to September md iln late years middotto the third decade of September In the young acorn have been observed 1-4 larvae (Tab 3) The intraspecific competition acts as the reductive factltgtr The development of larvae takes place from June to the end of September The attacked acorns fall off before the middotripe ones and the larval development evolves partly in the faHen-off acorn

The acorns were collected in three series to wit on Aug 8 on Aug 24 et on Sept 20 1981 and the results have shomiddotwn that the acltgtrns were of different growth (Tab 2) According to the course of emergence of 131middot vae from acorns (Fig 6) the duration of the larval develltijgtment can be determined at about 43 t-o 49 days at the most From the acorns of the first series (gathered on Aug 8) 70 pc of larvae emerged In the course of this test was also proved (Fig 10) that B glandium was the most nushymerous insect speciemiddots

The rot of aoorns diminishes (Fig 10) with the growth of the acorns The acorns containing larvae those with exit holes and healthy ripe

acorns needed different time to fall off (Fig7) The end of September iltS the most favourable time for gathering

seed acorns The exit holes a-re gently oval (225 X 168 and 23 X 3 mm at the

most) and 75 pc of them are situated under the cup 107 pc middoton the edge of the cup 107 pc on the acorn and 36 pc on the top of the acorn Larvae hibernate in the ground almost equally distributed up to the depth of about 25 em (Tab 4) From the middle of July on they were not found any more iJn the ground The new generatiOn has been observed in the ground in the second half of August

The generation is annual Cydia splendana and C amplana have a very similar course Of deshy

velopment and bullthey reduce the acorn yield in this perwd by 61 pc at the most The moths swarm from the end of May - beginning of June to August and to the first decade of September at the longest The developshyment of caterpillars evolves parallel with that of the larvae of B glanmiddot dium (Fig 8) The development is conc1uded in August and September In the course of the growth the caterpillars for lack of food middotleave the arorn in search of it After the development is conculded the exit holes arc oval (172 X 104 and 20 X 15 mm at the most) 368 pc of them are situated under the cup 211 pc on the edge of the curp 368 pc ltgtn the acorn and 53 pc middoton the top of the acorn The caterpilllars hibernate in the litter (dead leaves) or at a little depth in the ground They s-pin a soshytid parchmentlike flattened ovamiddotl cocoon (Fig 5) in which they hibershynate Chrysalidation takes place froan April to JuJy generation annual

Cynips quercus calicis is a regular pest of the acorn and reduces its yield by 23-134 pc The galls fall off (Fig 9) from the third decade of June to November

257 Zatita bilja Vol 33(3) br 161 221-257 (1982) Beograd

The total pa-rticipation of all the enumerated insects in the middotremiddot duction of the acorn yjeld varied from 25 to 558 pc (Tab 6) which rcshypresents a considerable damage

The control of the jnsects has been carri-ed out in a little orientation experiment lby a middotsingle trcabulltment of 05 ha from the ground For this purpose was used the insecticide Acothion 035 pc (Phen~trothion) The attack of B glandium and Cydia spp was reduced by 504 pc and that of C quercus calicis by 662 pc The yield of heaJthy ripe a-corn was inshycreased by 611 middotpc

It lis necessary to investigate the s~ngle treatment on the entire area of the seedHng stand in the optimum perLod of the swarming of insects

267 Za~tita bilja Vol 33(3) br 161 259-268 (1982) Beograd

middotPrema usmenim informacijarna drugih naih 1straiivaca nerna podataka o ~tetnom dejstvu Benomyla 50 na klijavost siemena cetinara Medutim slozenost i medusobna uslovljenost broinih dru~ih faktora vjerovatno uticu -na razlike u efikasnosti u poiedinim godinama istrashyfivanja sto jos jednom pOkazuje da ptirn_jena fungicida U zastiti ponika nije rutinski zadatak

Moze se pak zakl_juciti da u zastiti ponika bora naibolie rezultate pruZa Ortocid 83 a u zastiti ponika smrce Ortocid 83 i Benomyl 50

Nasumiddot pamju privlace i rezultati o primjeni Agrostemina koii ie za neke poljoprivredne kulture ima osobinu bioregulatora Iako su laborashytorijski ogledi o uticaju ovog preparata na kli_javost middotnekih vrsta cetinara hili vrlo- neujednaceni mi smo ga ipak koristili u ogledima u polju Nemamo komentara o negativnom middotuticaju ovog sredstva na razvoi pet vrsta cetinara jer tone omogucavaju _jednogodgn_ja istra~ivanja ali pada u oCi da je bro_j biljaka kod svih ispitivanih vrsta bio na_jveci na kontrolshynim poljima zasijanim suhirn siemenom (bez Prethodnog potapania u vodu) Sto se tice polja zasijanih smreom i razlika izmedu broja biliaka pri prvom i drugom brojanju to je pojava koja ie specificna za ovu vrstu u nekim rasadnicima koiu ios uvijek istrdujemo Dosadasnia zapafanja pokazuju da se ova poiava redukciie broia biliaka ne moze staviti u vezu sa prestankom primjene hemijske zastite biliaka

LITERATURA

Usc up 1i c M Lazare v V (1980) Proucavanje efikasnosti nekih fungicida u zastiti ponika eetinara od fuzarioze Zas tita bilja 31 (2) 152

Us~up I i c M Lazare v V (1981) Efikasnost Basamida i drugih fungicida u zastiti ponika bijelog bora i smree od fuzarioze Zastita bilja 32 (2) 156

Xan o p o u 1o s S (1980) Oontrol of damping off and root rot diseases of conishyfers in forest nurseries of Greece by means of soil fumigants and soil disinmiddot fectants Radovi Instituta za sumarstvo Atina

(Primljeno 15 tu 1~21

FURTHER EXPERIMENTS ON USE OF SOME CHEMICALS IN PROTECTION OF CONIFER SEEDLINGS AGAINST DAMPING-OFF

M UJtuplf~ and V Lazarev Faculty forestry Sarajevo

Summary

Experiments on chemical control of damping-off and root-rot disshyeases in forest nurseries (mostly caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht) have been continued since 1975 Each year some new chemicals were introduced alone or in combination with the others For this expeshy

268 ZaStita bilja Vol 33(3) br 161 259-268 (1982) Beograd

riments we used for first time chemicals Agrostemin and Welpar former is said to be stimulativ to plants growth and latter as the selective herbicide

In protecting scots pine seed1ings the best results gave Basamide 20 grbullm2 + Ortocide 83 4 grm2 (table 1) Satisfactorily results were obteined with other chemicals except combination of Basamide 20 gr m2

and Benomyl SO 2 gr m2 which caused a damage on plants This effect might be influenced by some uncontrolled factors

In protecting spruce seedlings the best were Basamide 20 gr1m2

+ Ortocide 83 4 gr m2 and Basamide 20 grm2 + Benomyl-50 2 grmr Agrostemin gave uncertain results The laboratory tests show that

in some cases it stimulates seed germination of tested conifers and in other a depression was noted In field experiments (as shown in table 2) effect of Agrostemin was negative probably because of lack of any fungicidial treatment

With regard to Velpar promissing results were obteined only in weed control in beds of scots and austrian pine seedlings Its selectivity was noticable even on seedlings of a few weeks of age


ciju i neutraU~u destruktivno dejstvo middotparazita zbog ~ega veCina zarafemiddot nih biljaka ostaje vitalna do kraja vegetacije Biljke u netreliranim usemiddot vima su prevremeno uginjavale u mleenoj zrelosti suncokreta

4 Prvi simptorni zaraze od Phomopsis sp redovno su se javljali pocetkom cvetanja suncokreta bez obzira na vreme setve useva To poshykazuje da je u prirodi prisutna redovno dovoljna kolicina inokuluma zbog cega je neophodna za~tita kako ranih tako i postrnih useva

LITERATURA

Marie A Markovic Mbull Fa yzalla S Ma~irevic S (1~81) Uticaj vreshymena i broja prskan_ja suncokrda raznim fungicidima na mtenzitet napadll nekih bolesti i prinos zrna tokom 1980 godine Zbomik radova gta jug sav o pest sv 2 Beograd

(Primljeno 20 12 1981)

THE EFFECT OF SUNFLOWER PROTECTION AGAINST GRA) SPOT OF STEM (PHOMOPSTS SP - DIAPORTHE SP) WITH SOME COMBINATIONS OF

FUNGICIDES APPLIED BY ARIPLANE ON SEED AND OIL YIELD DURING 1981

A Marlt M Markovl~ S Malfrevif S Fayzalla V Dorosov and G Forst~

Faculty of Agriculture Novi Sad

Summary

The epyphitotic occurrence of Phomopsis sp - Diaporthe middot sp a new parasite of sunflower caused great damages in Vojvodina (Yugoslamiddot via during 1980 The seed yield has been decreased more than 50 on many fields where heavy infestation of plants by the parasite was obsershyv~d All sunflower genotypes which are grown in the country are very susceptible to the parasite The application of some fungicides (benlashyte + cineb enovit + cineb) in micro and macro trials that year gave proshymissing results in controling of the disease (Mar i c et al 1981)

The aim of the investigation during 1981 was to verify the effect of fungicides appJication by airplane in the control of Phornopsis sp on sunflower Six sunflower fields in different localities sown at different time and plant popul~tion has been sprayed one to three times with some combinations of fungicides using airplane (70-140 lit per ha) for spraying First spraying of crops was carried out in the beginning of floshywering stage and the others were repeated every 20 days

The fungicide application had a slight influence on the number of infected plants by Phomopsis but the fungistatic effect of some fungimiddot cides localised infection and inhibited the destructiveness of the paramiddot


site Therefore most of the treated plants retained vital until the end of vegetation All untreated plants died in the milk stage of sunflower deshyvelopment The yield of seed increased on five of six treated fields in comparison with untreated plots The best result has been obtained on a field with a lower plant population and with airplane spraying in two oposite directions (140 lit per ha) It seems that the quality of fungicide deposition on lower parts of plants where infection take place have deshycisive effect on the protective effect of plants The yield of seed was significantly increased on treated plot of that field 1373 kg over of unshytreated plot

In a separate trial has been found that the domestic bybrides beshycome susceptible to Phomopsis sp at the budding stage and therefore the first spraying of sunflower must be carried out before that time

290 Zastita bilja Vol 33(3) br 161 281-291 (1982) Beograd

tom baycorom i brestanom Phomopsis sp je ispoljio veeu osetljivost prema fungicidima

2 Sa jednim tretiranjem postmog suncokreta u fazi cvetanja zadomiddot voljavajuci rezultati su dohijeni jedino u suzbijanju Phomopsis sp primiddot rnenom nizih doza nekih fungicida (benlate enovit benlate+cineb enomiddot vit+cineb) Dvobatnim prskanjem stmcokleta sa istim koUcinama namiddot vedenih i drugih preparata (benlate+dacnil rovral+cineb sumilex+cimiddot neb) napad Phomopsisa je znacajno smanjen a u prilienoj meri reducimiddot rana je i zaraza od A helian thi i S sclerotiorum Najholji efekti u suzbimiddot janju navedenih parazita ostvareni su jednokratnim prskanjem suncokremiddot ta povecanim dozama nekih kombmacija fungicida 3 Cetvorokratnim prskanjem veeeg broja inbred linija i hibrida

erovitom i cincbom (1+5 kg po hektaru) u uslovima jakog napada S sclerotiorum i osrednjih zaraza middotod Ph macdonaldi znacajno je smanjeshyna zaraza od ovih paorazita ~ povecan prinos SIUncoktreta Ispitivani genoshytipovi su razlicito reagovadi na suzbijanje navedenih parazita hemijskim sredstvima

LITERATURA

Mar it A Is I am U i M a~ ire vi c S (1980) Stetnost mrke (Alternaria he lianthij i erne pegavosti (Phoma macdanaldi) suncokreta i mogucnosti njihoshyvog suzbilanja hemijskim sredstvima Zbornik radova I Jugosl savetovanja o pesticid1ma Kupari Sv 1 1979

Marie Abull Markovic M Fayzalla S i Mairevic S (1981) Uticaj vreshymena i broja prskanja suncokreta raznim fungicidima na intenzitet napada nekih bolesti i prinos zma tokom 1980 godine Zbornik radova I jug saveto vanja o primem peslicida sv 2 Porec 1980


THE EFFEtl OF fUNGICIDES AGAINST SUNFLOWER PARASITES (ALTERNARIA HELIANTHJ PHOMA MACDONALD SCLEROTINIA

SCLEROTORUM PHOMOPSIS SP) ON ARTIFICIAL MEDIA AND MICROTRIALS IN FIELD

A Marie S FayzaUa and S MaAlrevlc Faculty of Agriculture Novi Sad

Summary

Most of the tested fungicides at 100 ppm concentration were fungimiddot toxic to A helianthi Ph macdonaldi and Phornopsis sp on artificial meshydia The best fungitoxic effect has been found on media with benlate enovit and baycor

291 Za~tita bilja Vol 33(3) hr 161 281-291 (1982) Beograd

The efficiency of two different -doses of some fungicides against sunflower parasites has been tested in field trial on a late sown crop (after wheat) A heavy attack of A helianthi on stem and S sclerotiorum on head and a moderate one of Phomopsis spp occurred on sunflower plants in the trial One spraying of sunflower at flowering stage using ~ower doses of some fungicides (benlate enovit benla-tc + cincb enovit + + cineb) gave satisfactory results olllly Cllgainst PhomopSis spp By two treatments with the same dosages of these and other fungicides (benshylate+deconil rovral+cineb sumilex+cineb) the occurrence -of A heshyliantlti and S scierotiorum has been also significantly reduced However the best control of the mentioned parasites was achieved with one treatmiddot ment using higher doses of fungicides

The reaction of different sunflower genotypes (19 inbred lines 9 hybrids) to chemical control of parasites has been studied in a separate field trial Four sprayings (enovit+cineb 1+6 kg per ha) of plants beginshyning at flowering stage were carr-ied out in 20 days intervals An extremiddot mely heavy attack of S sclerotiorum and a moderate infection of Ph macdot1aldi appeared on most of the tested sunflower genotypes The i-nshyfluence of chemical applicati-on was negligilble on the root infectioo caushysed by S sclerotiorum The applied fungicides significantly redu-ced Scleshyrotinia white rot on stem and head and the infectioo caused by Ph macshydonaldi Jnduced the increase in yield of all tested middotsunflower genotypes The effect of control cti5ease and increase in yield depended on genotype and its reaction to the parasites


A~ i m o v i c M (1979) Pojava i intenzitet napada bolesti na proizvodnim parooshyJama pod suncokretom u Vojvodini 1978 godine Glasnik za~tite bilja br 11 Zagreb

A~ i m o v i c M (1980) Occurence of some sunflower diseases in Bulgari Romania Hungary and Yugoslavia Information Bulletin of the FAO Research Netshywork on Sunflower Hclia N-3 Bucarest

Aci m o vic M i S t ra se r N (1982) Phomopsis sp - novi parazit suncokreta (rad u stampi Za~tita bilja Beograd


POSSIBILITIES OF CONTROLLING PHOMOPSIS SP AND OTHER PATHOGENS IN SUN FLOWER

M A~ovlc and Nada Straser Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad

s Dralle Agricultural Research Department Kikinda

Surnrna ry

A small-plot trial was established in field in 1981 to evaluate possishybilities of controlling Phomopsis sp and other parasitic fungi in sunflower by fungicides Following conclusiorrs were drawn on middotthe basis of oneshyyear results

1 Two sprayings with different fungicides were performed with a portable sprayer to control Phomopsis sp rund other para-sitic fungi shyone at the beginning of budding another at the beginning of flowering

2 Eleven fungicides were tested Aliette Antracol Benlate Curshyzate Euparen Folpet Mikal Ridomil Ridomil plus in the doses of 3 kg h a Rovral 15 kgha and sumilex 1 kg ha

3 Benlate was most efficient in controlling Phomopsis sp and other parasitic fungi reducing the intensity of attack by the agents of spot Alternaria helianthi Septoria helianthi and Phoma oleracea var helianthi-tu berosi and the agents of wilt Sclerotium bataticola Fusashyrium and Verticillium spp

4 The test plots protected by Benlate brought significantly hi-gher sunflower yields than those protected by the other fungicides and the control


Me Don a l d W C (1958) The Pseudoplea - Stemp~ylium complex on Alfalfa Phytopathology 487 365 - 396

M irk ova Emili j a (1970) Tilmnokafyavite petna - opasna bolest Baklata i Lyntscrnata Rastit Zasc 181 25 - 27 Kostinbrod Sofija

M i y a he K (1889) On the fife - history of Macrosporium parasiticum Thlim Ann Bot 39 1 - 26 (Cit prema Neergaard-u)

N e l s o n R R (1955) Studies on Stemphylium leafs pot of Alfalfa Phytopathoshylogy 457 352 - 356

N e e r g a a r d P (1945) Danish species of Alternaria and Stemphylium Copenmiddot hagen

Per iS i c M S to jano vic D (1967) Prilog proucavanju biologije Stempbymiddot hum botryosum Wall - Pleospora herbarum (Pers) Rabenh - prouzroshykovaca mrke pegavosti liSca Jucerke Zastita bilja 93 - 95 37 - 44 Beograd

Rein m u t h E (1941) Die Blattschiittekrakheit der Luzerne Ang Bot 23 62 shy68 (Cit prema Neergaard-u)

S tape 1 Chr 1945) Bladpletsvampen (Stemphylium botryosum) (in) Holme H~nsen Stapel a Steenbjerg Undersgelser af Lucernemarker paa Lolland - Falter Pp 80 Nykobing (Cit prema Neergaard-u) middot

Vie n not-Bourg in G (1949) Les champignons parasites des plantes cultimiddot vees Tome I - II Paris

(Primljeno S 04 lIIZJ

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE GERMINATION OF SPORES OF

PLEOSPORA HERBARUM Pers ex Fr) Rabenh

BBorl~

Institute for plant protection Beograd

Summary

The investigation of the influence of temperature on the germina tion of spores of Pleospora herbarum (Pers ex Fr) Ra~benh (Stemphyshylium botr-yosum WaJlr) the number and length of germ tubes was carmiddot ried out by means of the suspension of conddia or ascospores in distishylled water The spores were exposed to the temperatures of 1 smiddot 10~ tsbull 20 2sbull 30bull 35bull and 4obullc and after 1 2 3 5 10 and 24 hours from the putting to germinate there was established the percentage of middotgershymination the number and growth of germ tubes

The germination of conidia and ascospores is possible withip a wide temperature range - from tbull to 35middotc The optimum temperature is about 2smiddotc the minimum one below lC and the maximum temperashyture middotis between 35bull and 40C The sUJboptimal temperature is 3ltfC for the conidia and 20C for the ascospores

Except the temperature in the minimum and maximum zones at all the other temperatures a short time is needed for conidia and ascoshyspores to germinate at a high percentage A comparat~vely high percenshytage middotis achieved even when the germination lasts but l hour and within


a wide temperature range The ascospores however germinate at a considerably higher percentage than the conidia and this is more marshyked if the temperature is lower and the germination period shorter At the temperature of smiddotc the percentage of the germination of conidia ami of ascospores is approximately the same only after the germination period of 10 hours at the temperature of tobullc after 5 at the temperashytures of tsbull 2ltr and 30C after 3 and at 2sbullc after a period gennination gtf 2 hours

The results obtained show that the temperature os an important factor of the outer env1ronment has not a decisive role in the germinashytion of spores as the high percentage of germination is achieved regarshydles of the temperature oscillation even df it occurs within wide Hmits and when the period of favourable temperature conditions for the gershymination is of short duration It means that the infective potential is high both at lower and higher temperatures

The optimum temperature for the growth of germ tubes with coshynidia and ascospores is about 2smiddotc which is at the same time also the temperature at which they germinate and with the greatest number of germ tubes

A great variation in the number and growth of germ tubes at the same temperature and in the same investigation period show that conishydia and ascospores though of the same age are not at the same time also of the same physiological maturity and not even aU the cells on the same conidium res ascospore

The maximum number of germ tubes on a conidium at the optishymum temperature was 18 and on an ascospore 12

Germinating of conidia and ascospores with numerous genn tushybes both on higher and lower temperatures is an important characteshyristic of this fungus which makes the realization of infections easier increasing to a considerable degree its infective potential


REACTION OF LOCAL MAIZE VARIETIES TO ROOT ROT (GIBBERELLA ZEAE SCHW PETCH) IN CONDITIONS OF

ARTIFICIAL INOCULATION ON NUTRITIVE AGAR (SUBSTRATE)

M Draganic Maize Research Institute Beograd-- Zemun Polje

Summary

The testing of the resistance of maize to root rot (Gibberella zeae) was carried out with 197 varieties in laboratory conditions according to the method of Messiaen Lafon et Malot (1959)

According to results of our investigations of the 197 varieties none was identified as a very resistant variety In the group of resistant varieties there was only one variety with the entry nwnber M 1086 Medium resistant were only two varieties M 331 and M 1096 In the group of medium susceptible four varieties were identbullfied M 327 M 631 M 1019 and M 1097 Most varieties were identified as sucepshytible and very susceptible Our results led to the conclusion that meshydium resistant varieties can be used as sources of resistance in tile development of resistant hybrids Our aim is to develop hybrids with a horizontal resistance due to the existence of many pathogens and even isolates of differer aggressivity within a single species such as Gibberella zeae


I broj izasectlih imaga bio je naimanii u seriiama gde su irruiga eksposhynirana niiim temperaturama (-4bullC) Pri delomiddotvanju od 1 casa izaslo 1e 6 imaga a pri du~em izlaganju od 5 casova ni_je doslo do pojave ima~a

Na duiinu zivota imaga delovale su pronienljive temperature tako da je njihov Zivot dufe tra_jao middot

LITERATURA

G I rich G K (1965) Effect of temperature on the devclopnient of stored grain insect middotpests Bull of middotGrain Technology Vol 3 middot

I 1 i c B i K r nj a i ~ S (1981) Delovanje fizickih faktora sredine na razviee zitnog moljca (Sitotroga cerealella) Za~tita bilja Vol 32 (4) middot br 158 Beograd middot middot

Ma k s i m ov i ~ M (1958) ~ksperirrientalna istrazivanja -o dejstvu temperaturena individualno razvice i populacionu dinamiku gubara (L1paris dispar L) Moshynogr Biol inst Srbije-knjiga 3middot middot middot middot

Sh e 1fo r middotd V E (1927) An middotexperimental investigation of the relations of the codling moth to weather and climate Bull Ill Nat Hist Survey 10

(Primlitmo 31bull U7 JniJ

EFFECT OF CONSTANT AND VARIABLE TEMPERATURES ON FLOUR MOTH (PLODA INTERPUNCTELLA Hb)

Smlljka Krnjal~ and B Illc Faculty of Agriculture Beograd-Zemun

Summary

In this paper are presented the results of laboratory investigations of the effect produced by different constant (17 21 and 2s-C) and variable temperatures (periodical exposure to 0 and --4bull C in different duration at a relative humidity of 50 pc on fecundity embryonal and total development number of progeny and the duration of life of imagos of coppery flour moth P interpunctella)

These results allow to conclude - that in rearing P interpunctella at constant temperatures of

IT 21 and 28C the lenght of embryonal develQpment is reduced with the increase of temperature from 126 days (at 1TC) to 39 (at 28~ The increase of temperature gives rise also to the reduction of duration of the total development and it is the shortest at the examined highest temperature of 2s-c when it lasted 69 days From the above quoted three constant temperatures at which this moth developed the temperashyture of 21C has the most favourable for the hatching of larvae at this temperature 70 pc of eggs were hatched At this same temperature was also obtained the greatest number of imagos (55 pc)

middot324 Za~tita bilja Vol 33(3) br 161 317-324 (1982) Beograd

- When the eggs of coppery flour moth were exposed once or twice to the temperatures of ltr and ~middotc in different duration the length of embryonal developtnent increased with exposed eggs -in relation to the non-exposed ones The variable low temperatures produced also an efshyfect on the total duration of development in that sense that it was chiefly prolonged The least number of hatched larvae (44 pc) was obtained when the eggs had been exposed to the effect of the temperature of ~middotc Variable low temperatures considerably reduced the number of obtaiined imagos in relation to the check particularly with the popushylations reared at 11middotc

-Variable temperatures of 0 and ~middotc to which the imagos reared at the temperature of 21C had been exposed once in the duratshyions of 1 and 5 hours had an unfavourable effect on feoundity and particularly the temperature of ~middotc in duration of 5 hours when 14 eggs only were laid The eJ~QPosure temperature of ~middotc in duration of 5 hours thwarted the hatching of larvae so that the imagos did not apshypear at all When the exposure to the temperature of ~middotc lasted 1 hour the larvae and imagos were hatched but in a considerably less number than in the check The effect of variable temperatures lengthened the duration of life of imagos

331 Zasecttita bilja Vol 33(3) br 161 325--332 (1982) Beograd

3 Najveca ostvarena plodnost ispoljena je ako su gusenice hranjeshyne travom Poa pratensis (2051 jaje) a najmanja kod me~anih trava iz familije Poaceae (1471) Kod ostalih prose~no iznosi Dactylis glomerata (171 1) Phleum pratense (1632) i Lolium pe1middottmne (1565)

U ogledu gde su gusenice hranjene travama iz razlicitih familija najmiddot eCi prosecni fertilitet je kod Caret divulsa (2207) a najmanji kod Loshylium perenne (1565) i ]uncus conglomeratus (1824) Prosecni fertilitet po jajnom leglu u me~anih trava jedne familije (Poaceae) imosi (147 1) a lltod mebnih trava iz 3 familije (Poaceae Cyperaceae Juncaceae) je (2172)

Na osnovu analize varijanse vidi se da razlike izmedu vrsta trava po stoje ali one nisu znaeajne Ove razlike nisu nastale kao rczultat dejstva ispitivanih vrsta trava vee su nastale slueajno

LITERATURA

Do b r i v o j e vic K (1981) Potencijalna i realizovana plodnost livadskog gubara (Hypogymna morro L) pratena u middotvge razliCitih lokaliteta SR Srbije Arhiv za poljoprivredne nauke Vol 42 sv 147 Beograd

Do b r i v o j e vic K (1980) Zivotni ciklus i ekologija livadskog gubara (Hypogymshyna tttorio L) Arhiv za poljoprivredne nauke Vol 41 sv 141 strana 91-144 Beograd

fPrlmteKo 2 Of 1981)

HOST PLANTS AND FEMALE FECUNDITY OF HYPOGYMNA MORIO L IN RELATION TO THE KIND OF FOOD

K Dobrtvojevlt Faculty of Agriculture Beograd- Zemun

Summary

As part of investigations of the woolly moth (Hypogymna morio L) host plants were registrated and female fecundity was followed in relashytion to the kind of food Grasses were collected and identified in localimiddot tics of distribution area of this species in nature Caterpillars of (Hyposhygymna morio L) are narrow polyphagous They are feeding on grasses of 3 families Poaceae Cyperaceae and Jutlcaceae Within the family Poamiddot ceae caterpillars of woolly moth are not feeding on grasses Arrhenatheshyrun elatius L Setaria germanica L and Pan icum miliaceum L In the open caterpilars of H ypogymna morio L prefere grasses on the family Cyperaceae and Juncaceae in comparison to the grasses of family Poaceae

Hypogymna morio L achieves its largest fecundity when caterpilmiddot1ars feed on the grass Poa pratensis 2051 eggs) and its lowest in middotthe


case of mixed grasses from the family Poaceae (1471 With other grasshyses of this family fertility is in cases of Dyctylis glomerata (1711) Pleum pratense (1633 and Lolium perenne (1565)

In the experiment where caterpillars werw fed with grasses of difeshyrent families the largest average fertility was found in Carex diwlsa (2207) and the lovest in Lolium perenne (1765) and Juncus conglornerashytus (1824) Average fertility per egg cluster in mixed grasses of one fashymily (Poaceae) is 1471 and in mixed grasses of three families (Poaceae Cyperaceae and Juncaceae) is 2172

From the analysis of variance we can see that there are differences between grass species bat these are not significant These dofferences are not the result of the influence of investigated gras species but the result ol random

Zasecttita bilja Vol 33(3) br 161 33~342 (1982) Beograd 34l

REGUIATION OF THE POPULATION NUMBERS OF THE APPLE LEAP MINER (LEUCOPTERA SCITELLA ZELL) BY THE METHODS

OF INTEGRAL CONTROL

Kata Dull~

Agr Comp raquoPe~carabull Subotica

Marko Jnjac lnstitut for Plant Protection Beograd

Summary

In the course of introducing the integral control in the orchards of the Agriculture Company bullPe~caralaquo in Subotica in 1981 there had to be defined the approach to the regulation of population density of leaf miners in the first place of L scitella

The development of L scitella was followed on the obiect bullBruklaquo 30 ha large situated in the vicinity of private orchards The trees are funned as modified oblique palmettes 20 years old and 5-6 m high sorts Jonathan Golden and Red Delicious

Following methods were used 1 Emergence cages For this purpose were used boxes into which

were put the cocoons Thise boxes had the opening closed with a glass vial

2 Beating method 3 Survay of 100 leaves under binocular 4 Visual survay

The apple orchard was inspected every 15-17 days folowing the path fixed beforehand

By means of rotomilling leaves were introduced into the sandy soil in autumn and thereby was reduced the danger of a mass occurshyrence of the miners L blaucardella and L corylifoliella By this measshyure also numerous cocoons of L scitella which were hiding in the fallen leaves or some other places suitable for the chrysalidation (Fig 1) were also introduced into the sandy soil However most of the cocoons of L scitella were to be found in the cracks on the trees

For the control of L scitella in the course of vegetation period we used Dimilin WP 25 in cone 005 pc (Producer Duphar Netherlands) with 200 I waterha

In the programme for the control of caterpillars of Tortricidac P heparana and A orana were used the insecticides Cymbush 10 (cvpemiddot methrin) in cone 005 pc and Gusathion WP 25 (azinfos methyl) in cone 02deg41 pc

The first flight of adults L scitella began on April 6 and lasted 51 days On 100 leaves of the spring generation were observed 130 mines and 56 eggs (Tab 1)


Dimilin was applied on April 10 ie in the beginning of oviposimiddot tion In most cases was observed the hatching of caterpillars and the growth of mines but only up to 2 mm in diameter when the caterpilmiddot Iars died on the occasion of the first moulting (Fig 2) By inspecting the leaves at the height of 15 m and on rhe top we found middotthat Dimilin acted on 8991 pc to 99 pc of caterpillars in miner

The second flight of moths began on June 22 and lasted 34 days In the course of June and July for the control of P heparana and A orana were used the insecticides Cyrnbush 10 and Gusathion which acted also on L scitella so that the numbers were low only 4 mines on 100 leaves (Tab 1)

The third flight of moths began on July 27 and lasted 34 days On account of the moths flying in frrun neighbounlng private orchards the density of tbils generation reached the number of 52 mines on 100 leaves The number of mines would have been even greater had not the number of eggs remained unhatched At this density of the population of L scitella in some places where the attack was stronger there was observed a small number of cocoons on the fruits Therefore was proposed the reduction of the economic threshold 50 mines on 100 leaves


STRUCNI PRILOG

Dragoljub Auticmiddot igtoljoprivredni fakultet Beograd- Zemun

OOSADASNJA PROUCAVANJA BILJNIH VIRUSA U JUGOSLAVIJI

Prve zabeleske o biljnim virusima u Jugoslaviji poticu od pre pedeset godina a se zato biljna virusologija u ovoj zemlji moze smatrati mladom naucnom discishypHnom Njen razvoj u proteklom periodu odlikovao se razlicitirn stepenom ~to je1avisilo od op~teg napretka ove nauke u svetu ali najvge od uslova razvoja nauCshynih istraiivanja u Jugoslaviji Razrnatranje i ocenjivanje dosaddnjeg razvoja virushysolo~kih istraiivanja je te~ko zbog nedovoljnih podataka i vrednovanja tog razvoja u kame smo prisutni kao savremenici Zato cemo se u na~em kracem izlaganju ograniciti na prikazivanje samo nekih podataka koji nam se cine karakteristicnim ra pojedine periode istrazivanja biljnih virusa

P~etnl period (1925-1940)

U ovom periodu zabeldene su prve viroze biljaka u Jugosaviji Te zabeleske sc odnose na viroze krornpira duvana i ~ljiva U tom razdoblju S uti c (1925) jeopisao uvijenost lisca krompira u Sloveniji Ivan i c (1929) je proucavao izazivaca mozaika krompira u Srbiji a Prot i c (1931) je zabeleiio mozaik na hercegovaCshylom duvanu Iz to~ doba poticu i prvi podaci o sarki sljive o kojoj su saopstili nasi poznati fitopatoloz1 J o s if o vic (1937) i Po beg a j 1o (1939 1940)

Otkrica prvih viroza pokazala su njihovu stetnost u proizvodnji biljaka i po~bu d~ se u Jugoslaviji slicno drugim zemljama pristupi njihovom detaljnomproucavanJu

Potetni period eksperlmentalnlh tstraBvanja (1946-IM)

U ovom periodu javlja se generacija specijalizovanih virusologa koji su bili osposobljeni za naucni i eksperimentalni virusolo~ki rad Oni su uveli naucne eksshyperimentalne metode u virosoloska istrazivanja i doprineli obrazovanju novih amptrucnih i naucnih radnika iz ove oblasti U desetak virusologa iz ovog perioda spashyclaju Panjan M (1946) Nikolic V (1949) Lusin V (1953) Jordovic M (1954) Milicic D (1954) Mickovski J (1955) Sutic D (1958) Deleshyvic B (1958) Hocevar J (1958) i Saric A (1960)

Period razvijenJh eksperlmentalnlh latrallvanja (196G-1970)

U ovom periodu javlja se skoro dva puta veei broj specijalizovanih virusologa nego u proteklom periodu U ovoj generaciji nalazi se veCi broj virusologa koji su svoja naucna zvanja ma~strature i doktorate stekli iz ove naucne oblasti To jepenod u kome se obavlJaju obimna istraZivanja osavremenjavaju i usavdavaju metode istrazivackog rada ZahvaljujuCi stvorenim kadrovskim i materijalnim usloshyima rada u ovorn razdoblju je otkriven i opisan najveci broj viroza biljaka cime

355

i


Mikroskopiraojem svih ovih organa pasulja moguee je konstatovati prishysustvo parazita Njegovu identifikaciju medutim najbolje je utvrditi izolacijom i dokazivanjem karakteristicnih odgajiva~kih i serolo~kih osobina

Kolonije su iuckaste boje a bakterije stapicaste grampozitivne asporogene s prisustvom 1-3 bocne iii polarne cilije

Zaklj u~ak

Usled sve ce~ce pojave i pojave jakog intenziteta bakterioze pasulja i borashynije se ubrajaju u ekonomski znacajne bolesti povrea U mnogim zemljama one predstavljaju osnovni faktor koji utice na smaatjenje prinosa Neke su od njih j na listi karantinskih parazita

Zbog svega toga brza dijagnoza bolesti koje bakterije njihovi prouzrokovaci izazivaju ima svoje puno opravdanje

U navedenoj ~emi (tab 1) date su osnovne zajednicke karakteristike i razlike bakterija Pseudomonas phaseolicola Ps syringae Xanthomonas phaseoli f sp phaseoli X phaseoli f sp fuscans i Corynebacterium flaccumfactens Uzimajuci sve te osobine u obzir mBljenja smo da se u rutinskom radu mofe sa dosta veroshyvatnoce odmah posle izvrsene izolacije i provere patogenosti na raznim test biljkama doci do podataka i saznamja o kojoj se vrsti bakterije radi kada su ove bolesti pasulja i boranije u pitanju

Tako bismo bakterije Ps phaseolicola i Ps syringae razlikovali na osnovu odsustva iii pojave mrkih pega na inokulisanim zelenim plodovima tresnje viSnjekruske i limuna (tab 1) bez obzira sto obe ove bakterije obrazuju kolonije bele boje na hranljivoj podlozi i ~to one obe prouzrokuju hipersenzibilnu reakciju na listu duvana tatule (Datura stramonium) i pomocnice (Solanum nigrum) (st 6 i 1)

Bakterije iute boje kolonija razlikovali bismo prema tome da li boju podshyloge menjaju u mrku (X phaseoli f sp fuscans) iii ne odnosno da li se uz ovu osobinu po Gramu boje negativno (X phaseoli f sp_ phaseoli) ili su te bakterije zute boje kolonija grampozitivne (C flaccumfaciens)

Razume se da dodatna primena seroloskih metoda i kori~cenje bakteriofaga pruia pouzdanije rezultate i daje sigurniji sud o konacnoj identifikaciji bakterijao kojim- je u ovome radu ret middot


BACTERIOSIS OF BEAN AND STRING BEAN

M Arsenljevl~ Faculty of Agriculture Novi Sad

Summary

On account of the increasing frequency of their occurrence and of their high intensity the bacterioses of bean and string bean are considered as econoshymically important diseases of vegetables In many countries they are the fundashymental factor which exerts an influence on the reduction of the yield Some of them figure on the list of quarantine parasites

Because of all that a prompt diagnosis of diseases which are caused by these bacteria is fully justified

In the annexed scheme (Tab 1) are given the fundamental common charashycteristics of and differences between the bacteria Pseudomonas phaseolicola Ps syrtngae Xanthomonas phaseoli f sp phaseoli X phaseoli f sp fuscana and

356 Zdtita bilja Vol 33(3) br 161 347-356 (1982) Beograd

Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens Taking all these properties into consideration I am of the opinion that in the routine work can be obtained with a sufficient probability immediately after having isolated and checked the pathogeneitv on different test plants the data and knowledge about the species of bacteria which cause these diseases of bean and string bean

Thus we should distinguish the bacteria of Ps phaseolicola and Ps syringae by the absence or the occurrence of dark brown sports on anoculated unripe fruits of cherries sour cherries pears and lemons (Tab 1) regardless of the fact that both these bacteria species form white colonies an culture media and that both of them cause hypersensitive reaction on the leaves of tobacco jimsonweed (Daturastramonium) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) (Fig 6 and 7)

We should distinguish the bacteria whose colonies are of yellow colour according to whether they change the colour of culture media into brown (X phaseoli f sp fuscana) or not or whether they in addition to the above mentmiddot ioned property are stained negatively according to Grams method (X phaseoli f sp phaseoli) or these bacteria with yellow coloured colonies are gram-positive(C flaccumfaciens)

It goes without saying that the additional application of serologic methods and the use of bacteriophages offer more re~iable results and give a more accurate judgment as to the definitive identification of bacteria which are dealt with in the present paper

l


CONTENTS Scien tific papers

M Maksimovic B Milivojevic R Pekic Pests of the oak acorn in the seedling stand od Kupinska greda - 255 - 257

M U~~uplic V Lazarev Further experiments on use of some chemicals in protection of conifer seedlings against damping~ff - - - - - - - 267- 268

A Marie M Markovic S MaJirevic S Fayzalla V Dorogov G Forgie The effect of sunflower protection against gray spot of stem (Phoshymopsis sp - Diaporthe sp) with some combinations of fungicidesapplied by ariplane on seed and oil yield during 1981 - - - 278- 279

A Marie S Fayzalla S Ma Sirevic The effect of fungicides against sunflower parasites (Alternaria hemiddot lianthi Phoma macdoualdi Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Phomopsis sp) on artificial media and microtrials in field - - middot- - - 290- 291

M Mimovic N Straser S Dratic Possibilities of controlling Phomopsis sp and other pathogens in sunflower-------------- 299

B Boric A contribution to the study of the influence of temperature on the germination ot spores of Pleospora herbarum (Pers ex Fr) Rabenh 310-311

M Draganic Reaction of local maize varieties to root rot (Gibberella zeae Schw Petch) in conditions of artificial inoculation on nutritive agar (Substrate) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 316

s Kmjaic B Ilic Effect of constant and variable temperatures on flour moth (Ploshydia interpunctella Hb) - - - - - - - - - - - 323- 324

K Dobrivoievic Host plants and female fecundity of Hypogymna morio L in reshylation to the kind of food - - - - - - - - - 331-332

K Dulic M Jnjac Regulation of the population numbers of the apple leaf miner (Leucoptera scitella Zell) by the methods of integral control - 341 -342

Professional papers

M Arsenijevic Bacteriosis of bean and string bean 355-356




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ZASTITA BILJA - Izbis. 33 (3).pdfZastita bilja, Vol. 33(3), br. 161: 221-257 (1982), Beograd 2SS ....

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Transcript of ZASTITA BILJA - Izbis. 33 (3).pdfZastita bilja, Vol. 33(3), br. 161: 221-257 (1982), Beograd 2SS ....