Zampelas A, Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Zampelas A, Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C, Stefanadis C. Chrysohoou C, Stefanadis C. Associations between coffee consumption Associations between coffee consumption and inflammatory markers in healthy and inflammatory markers in healthy persons: the ATTICA study.persons: the ATTICA study.Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:862-7.Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:862-7.

De Bacquer D, Clays E, Delanghe J, De Backer G. De Bacquer D, Clays E, Delanghe J, De Backer G. Epidemiological evidence for an association Epidemiological evidence for an association between habitual tea consumption and between habitual tea consumption and markers of chronic inflammation.markers of chronic inflammation. Atherosclerosis. 2006;189:428-35.Atherosclerosis. 2006;189:428-35.

BackgroundBackground

Inflammation is important to the Inflammation is important to the development of cardiovascular disease development of cardiovascular disease (CVD)(CVD).. The effect of coffee The effect of coffee consumption on the cardiovascular consumption on the cardiovascular system is conflicting. system is conflicting.

Tea consumption has been inversely Tea consumption has been inversely related to the risk ofrelated to the risk of CVDCVD. . In vitro and In vitro and animal model studies suggest an anti-animal model studies suggest an anti-oxidative and/or anti-inflammatory roleoxidative and/or anti-inflammatory role of teaof tea. .

Background Background - Acute phase response- Acute phase response

Mononuclearcell

Stromalcell

Systemic inflammatory response

Local response

Site of injury

Tissue oedema

Pain

Acute phase proteins (APPs)production

Haematologicalchanges

Fever

InappetiteDepression

↑ Cortisol

Redness

NO

IL-1

TNF TNF

IL-6

TNF

IL-1

IL-1IFNγ

Liver

Coffee drinkingCoffee drinking

Design:Design: 1514 men and 1528 women. 1514 men and 1528 women. NoNo history of CVD. history of CVD. Blood consentrations of APPs.Blood consentrations of APPs.

Results:Results: Coffee drinkers (>200 ml/d) vs. Coffee drinkers (>200 ml/d) vs. nondrin.nondrin. C-reactive protein (CRP)C-reactive protein (CRP) higherhigher ( (p<p<0.05)0.05) serum amyloid-A (SAA) serum amyloid-A (SAA) higherhigher ( (p<p<0.05) 0.05) The findings were significant after control The findings were significant after control of of

age, sex, smoking, body massage, sex, smoking, body mass index, index, physical activity status, and other covariatesphysical activity status, and other covariates

Conclusions:Conclusions: A relation exists between A relation exists between moderate-to-high coffee consumption and moderate-to-high coffee consumption and increased inflammation process. This relation increased inflammation process. This relation could explain, the effect of increased coffee could explain, the effect of increased coffee intake on the intake on the CVDCVD

Tea drinkingTea drinking Design:Design: 1031 healthy men in a larger cross- 1031 healthy men in a larger cross-

sectional study. Blood sectional study. Blood APPs concentrations.APPs concentrations. Results:Results: Tea drinkers were less obese, smoked Tea drinkers were less obese, smoked

less and drank less alcohol and coffee.less and drank less alcohol and coffee. CRP, SAA and haptoglobin were significantly CRP, SAA and haptoglobin were significantly

negatively negatively associated with tea consumption.associated with tea consumption. Multivariate analysis did confirm the Multivariate analysis did confirm the

independence of the observed beneficial role independence of the observed beneficial role of tea drinking.of tea drinking.

Coffee drinking unrelated to inflammation.Coffee drinking unrelated to inflammation. Conclusion:Conclusion: Tea drinking might be of interest in Tea drinking might be of interest in

reducing the inflammatory process underlying reducing the inflammatory process underlying cardiovascular disease. cardiovascular disease.

Casual diagramCasual diagram

CoffeeCoffee

TeaTea

APP Conc.

APP Conc.

CVDrisk

CVDrisk

Inflammatory

stimulus

CVD riskfactors – confounderse.g. BMI, sex, smoking etc. -

+

Bovine respiratory Bovine respiratory disease complex - BRDdisease complex - BRD

BRD is a multifactorial disease complex, BRD is a multifactorial disease complex, caused by a variety of etiological agents caused by a variety of etiological agents which acts synergistically (viruses, which acts synergistically (viruses, bacteria, mycoplasmas).bacteria, mycoplasmas).

Environmental and husbandry factors asEnvironmental and husbandry factors aswell as impaired resistance of calves towell as impaired resistance of calves toinfections are involved as predisposing infections are involved as predisposing factors factors

APPs in cattleAPPs in cattle

Serum amyloid A (SAA)

Haptoglobin

AGP

Albumin

Material and methodsMaterial and methods

Serum samples (40 rearing units, 10 Serum samples (40 rearing units, 10 calves from unit = 400 calves)calves from unit = 400 calves) – SAA – SAA conc., viral antibodis.conc., viral antibodis.

1. sampling (acute 1. sampling (acute BRDBRD)) 2. sampling (after 3-4 week, more chronic 2. sampling (after 3-4 week, more chronic BRDBRD))

Clinical inves., Clinical inves., ttracheobronchial lavageracheobronchial lavage, , wweighteight gain between samplingsgain between samplings

Linear mixed models (unit and sampling Linear mixed models (unit and sampling time as time as randomrandom factors), SAA log. factors), SAA log. transformation, age and clinical status of transformation, age and clinical status of calves controlled in modelscalves controlled in models

SAA association to weightSAA association to weight gain gain (2. sampling)(2. sampling)

factorfactor nn coef.coef. pp-value-valueweight-gain (kg) (kg) 384384 -0.404-0.404 0.0170.017

Mean weight gain between to samplings 0.806 (+/- 0.336) kg

Farm factors Farm factors effect toeffect to SAA SAA concentrationsconcentrations duringduring BRD BRD

((11. . samplingsampling))

factorfactor n (unit)n (unit) coef.coef. pp-value-valuedraw 0.0 m/sdraw 0.0 m/s 2525

0.1-0.9 m/s0.1-0.9 m/s 1212 0.2970.297 0.0190.019

>0.9 m/s>0.9 m/s 33 0.4760.476 0.0230.023

BAV pos.BAV pos. 2020 0.3710.371 0.0020.002

BCV pos.BCV pos. 1919 0.2190.219 0.0520.052

automatic feedingautomatic feeding 1616 0.1960.196 0.0920.092

separating sick separating sick calvescalves

66 -0.552-0.552 0.0000.000

useuse of floor covers of floor covers 22 -0.632-0.632 0.0170.017

Farm factors Farm factors effect toeffect to SAA SAA concentrationsconcentrations duringduring BRD BRD

(2. (2. samplingsampling))

factorfactor n n (unit)(unit)

coef.coef. p-p-valuevalue

autautomaticomatic feedingfeeding

1616 0.4460.446 0.0120.012

PIPIVV-3 pos.-3 pos. 2121 0.3340.334 0.0540.054

BRSV BRSV PCRPCR pos. pos. 11 0.5110.511 0.0420.042

Farm factors Farm factors effect toeffect to SAA SAA concentrationsconcentrations duringduring BRD BRD

((both samplingsboth samplings))

factorfactor n n (unit)(unit)

coef.coef. pp-value-value

autautomaticomatic feedingfeeding

1616 0.2960.296 0.0090.009

separating sick separating sick calvescalves 66 -0.429-0.429 0.0060.006

BAV pos.BAV pos. 2020 0.2150.215 0.0590.059

PIV-3 pos.PIV-3 pos. 2121 0.2190.219 0.0480.048

Casual diagramCasual diagram

SAAConc.

Farmfactors

Confounderse.g. Age of calves,clinical disease,season etc. Respiratory

infections

Effect of BRDto production