Zamil Steel Erection Manual
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Transcript of Zamil Steel Erection Manual
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Contents
1. Understanding the Engineering Documents ............................. 4 1.1 Anchor Bolt Setting Plan 1.2 Cross Section 1.3 Roof Framing Plan 1.4 Roof Sheeting Layout 1.5 Sidewall & Endwall Sheeting & Framing 1.6 Other Drawings 1.7 Bill of Materials (BOM)
2. Preparation for Erection ....................................................................... 11 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Pre-Erection Checks 2.3 Receiving Materials at Site 2.4 Unloading Containers (for Overseas Shipments)
3. Erection of the Framing ........................................................................ 14 3.1 Preparation of the First Bay 3.2 Main Frames 3.3 Mezzanine Floors 3.4 Crane Beams
4. Sheeting & Trimming .............................................................................. 19 4.1 Sheeting Preparation 4.2 Sheeting the Walls 4.3 Sheeting the Roof 4.4 Miscellaneous Trimming 4.5 Fascia
5. Care & Handling of Sheeting ............................................................. 25 5.1 Handling & Installation of Sheeting 5.1.1 Unloading 5.1.2 Storage 5.1.3 Handling 5.1.4 Cutting & Fixing 5.1.5 Completion & Inspection 5.1.6 Paint Repair 5.2 Water Test Procedures for Roong 5.3 General Tips
6. Maintenance Procedure ....................................................................... 29 6.1 Maintenance for Longer Life 6.2 Safety Notes 6.3 Exterior Maintenance Procedure 6.4 Maintenance of Accessories 6.5 Record of Maintenance
7. Safety Precautions ................................................................................... 32
8. Quality Control .......................................................................................... 33
9. Basic Erection Equipment .................................................................... 34
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9.1 Main Erection Equipment ............................................................... 35 Mobile Crane Forklift Telescopic Handler Scissor Lift Lifting Beam Slings
9.2 Electrical Equipment & Tools ......................................................... 37 Generator Screw Gun Nibbler Grinder Hammer Drill Hole Cutter Impact Wrench Electric Shear Heavy Duty Drill with Reamer Reciprocating Saw Drill 10 mm Powder Actuated Tool Pop Rivet Puller
9.3 Measuring & Surveying Equipment ........................................... 42 Plumb Bo Theodolite Automatic Level Spirit Level Measuring Tape & Square
9.4 Safety Equipment .............................................................................. 43 Welding Hood Goggles Gloves Safety Harness & Fall Arrest Safety Boots Hard Hat First Aid Box Cones & Ribbons Portable Fire Extinguisher Ear Protection
9.5 Other Equipment ............................................................................... 44 Welding Machine Oxy - Acetylene Cutting Outt
10. Attachments .................................................................................................45
Glossary ........................................................................................................... 55
Commonly Used Abbreviations ............................................................. 58
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Guy WiresClamps, Shackles & ClipsRatchet PullerLight Duty ScaffoldingLadders
Aviation Snips (Left & Right Cut)Vise GripsTorque Wrench (With Sockets)Ratchet Spanne (With 19 mm Sockets)Staple ApplicatorUtility KnifeHacksawMastic GunSpud WrenchDrift PinMiscellaneous ToolsTool Belt & Bolt Bag Chalk Line
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Introduction
The primary goal of Zamil Steel is the satisfaction of our customers. We design, detail and fabricate our buildings using sound principles of engineering, and fabricate every component with the utmost attention to quality and detail. When work at the factory is nished, only one nal operation remains, erection. The importance of following a specic method of erection cannot be underestimated, and the purpose of this manual is to facilitate and ensure Quality Erection, thereby creating the nest possible steel structure.
For purpose discussed here, erection refers to the assembling of the various component parts that make up the pre-engineered steel building. The erection process entails much more than merely installing the fabricated steel for the building. It actually begins with the foundation and building anchorage and continues to cleaning the job site upon completion.
The methods and procedures suggested by this Erection Guide represent basic, safe erection practices. They can, and should, be modified when necessary to adapt to special conditions or circumstances.
Before beginning erection work, familiarize yourself with the building details and the sequence of erection. This will enable you to plan your work efciently and avoid unnecessary delays during construction.
Zamil Steels policy of continuous product improvement may necessitate changes in materials, design specications, and procedures without prior notice.
Important notice: Zamil Steel recommends that the erection work, be caried out by a Zamil Steel certied builder. However, Zamil Steel accepts no responsibility for erection quality, leakage, defects or collapse due to negligence or failure to follow proper erection procedures.
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Understanding the Engineering Documents
1Zam
il Steel Pre-Engineered Buildings I Erection Manual
1.1 Anchor Bolt Setting Plan
1.2 Cross-Section
1.3 Roof Framing Plan
1.4 Roof Sheeting Layout
1.5 Sidewall & End wall Sheeting & Framing
1.6 Other Drawings
1.7 Bill of Materials (BOM)
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1. Understanding the Engineering Documents
Prior to beginning the erection work, it is essential to have a clear understanding of the Engineering Documents, especially the Erection Drawings and Bill of Materials.
Erection Drawings to be used at site should be labeled Issued for Construction and represent the latest project revision. Approval Drawings should never be used at the erection site.
1.1 Anchor Bolt Setting Plan
This drawing shows the layout of all anchor bolts, it is normally presented on one sheet, but for relatively large buildings, this layout may be represented on two or more sheets. Erection drawings are not made to scale, so do not attempt to scale any dimensions. All dimensions appear in millimeters unless otherwise noted on the drawings.
The Anchor Bolt layout also includes an anchor bolt schedule, in table form, showing the, quantities and sizes of the anchor bolts required.
The key plan species out-to-out the dimensions, bay spacing dimensions, bolt setting details and critical dimensions for the span. Critical distances on the drawing should be respected at all times. The details specify whether grout is required under the columns. The grout thickness will be shown on the drawings, as well as the bolt projection.
Adherence to anchor bolt setting tolerance is important; deviation shall not exceed 6mm.
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CROSS SECTION
CROSS SECTION
1.2 Cross-Section
The cross-section drawing indicates columns and rafter references, connection details, bolt schedules, ange brace schedules and other information as applicable, such as strut tubes and ange brace details.
When reviewed in conjunction with the Bill of Materials it is possible to determine the weight of individual members, or a combination of assembled members. This data is essential during the planning of erection, and needed in order to determine the capacity of the erection crane to be used.
The cross section drawing may be typical throughout in standard buildings but for more complex jobs, there may be several cross sections, identied by grid numbers.
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ROOF FRAMING PLAN
ROOF FRAMING PLAN
1. Understanding the Engineering Documents
1.3 Roof Framing Plan
The roof framing plan illustrates the purlins, bracing and related miscellaneous details. Part numbers are indicated on this drawing for purlins, bracing, sag rods (where applicable), strut tubes etc.
The drawings should be studied very carefully, otherwise it is possible to overlook critical details such as nested purlins, strut purlins, strut clips, and purlins/girts at expanstion joints.
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ROOF SHEETING LAYOUT
ROOF SHEETING PLAN
1.4 Roof Sheeting Layout
The roof sheeting plan displays all the panels including their length and part numbers. It also shows the sky light distribution and downspout positions.
Standard details of panel lap, fasteners, trims and insulation are also included. It is very important to note the starting dimension of the sheeting from the steel line.
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SIDWALL SHEETING
SIDWALL FRAMING AND SHEETING ELEVATION
1.5 Sidewall & Endwall Sheeting & Framing
Depending upon the drawing and erection requirements, sidewall framing and sheeting may be represented on one drawing or more.
The framing elevation shows the position and part numbers of girts, eave struts, bracing and sag rods.
The sheeting elevations show the panel positions with length and part numbers. Wall lights eave trims, gutters and downspouts are also shown along with part numbers. Related standard details are included which indicate the number, size and position of fasteners. Additional trimming details are also included in the drawing. For side walls, it is important to check the starting dimension of the sheeting from the steel line.
End-walls are detailed in a similar manner.
1. Understanding the Engineering Documents
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1.6 Other Drawings
Other drawings may include crane beam layouts and details; Mezzanine layouts and details; and accessories such as Sliding Doors, Roll-up doors, Staircase Cage Ladders, Personnel doors, Windows, Louvers and Ventilators.
1.7 Bill of Materials (BOM)
The BOM supplied with the Erection Drawings is the Customer BOM.
The BOM begins with a cover sheet indicating the job number, building number and phase, customer name, location, and building size. The cover sheet also shows the number of phases in the building, any revisions, and special notes.
The second page indicates the various sub-areas of the phases. On the next page, the detailed BOM list of the items included in each phase begins.
The sub total of weight and the total number of items is shown at the end of each sub-area. The last page indicates the total BOM quantity and weight.
The BOM is a reference to the items shown on the Erection Drawings and can be used to verify that all items have been received at the site. It is also used to identify frame weights for crane capacities.
The BOM has 9 columns indicating 1 - Line number2 - Part number3 - Quantity4 - Revision number5 - Description of part6 - Colour7 - Length of item8 - Weight of item9 - Total weight of line item
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Preparation for Erection
22.1 Introduction
2.2 Pre-Erection Checks
2.3 Receiving Materials at Site
2.4 Unloading Containers(for Overseas Shipments)
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2.1 Introduction
Erection of Pre-Engineered steel buildings is a straightforward operation, provided some basic principles are followed and common sense used.
The light weight of built-up and cold formed members used in pre-engineered steel buildings require less crane capacity but will need more temporary bracing during the erection stages. Due to the synergic design, temporary bracing should be left in place until the braced bay components are completely erected, aligned and tightened.
A clear understanding of the sequence of erection is necessary together with careful planning. The erection drawings and bills of material provided by Zamil Steel should be studied before commencement. Familiarize yourself with the various components and their weights, evaluate the site conditions, and decide where to start, bearing in mind the stability of the building during erection thence a braced bay must be erected rst.
The major components comprise of, rigid frame columns and rafters, eave struts, purlins, girts, ange braces, end-wall columns and bracing systems which may be cables, rods, angles or portals.
2.2 Pre-Erection Checks
Make sure that the building foot print, in addition to 10m wide strip around it, is clear of obstructions, level and compacted. Check the anchor bolt settings for compliance with the details provided on the Anchor Bolt Setting Plan. The allowable tolerances are given in the General Notes on the drawing.
Check the foundation levels. In buildings that require grout, shim packs are placed in the centre of the bolt pattern. Buildings without crane systems generally do not require grout, but variances inconcrete levels may necessitate the use of shims if the concrete is outside the stated tolerances. Due to design requirements on certain buildings, double nuts may be used.
A comprehensive survey report should be made and documented. A site take-over report from the client will assure site accessibility and level for cranes and trucks to maneuver freely.
The following dimentions must be controlled:
A - Steel Line to outer bolt rowB - Diagonal distance between bolt groupsC - Distance from axis center line to bolt rowC - Distance between boltsD - Distance between frame axis E - Destance between Steel Lines Levels of
foundations Anchor Bolt protrusion
Anchor bolts in concrete foundations
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2.3 Receiving Materials at Site
Receiving and unloading of materials should take place as near as possible to the place of erection. The lay-down area should be clean and leveled. A suitable forklift or telescopic handler is ideal for unloading, but a mobile crane is equally suitable. In either case, care needs to be exercised in handling the various components and bundles, to minimize damage to paint. Protect cold-formed members such as purlins, girts, and channels from weather, by storing the bundles with an inclination to permit water drainage in case of rain or condensation. It is advisable to lightly cover with a tarpaulin. Bundles of sheets should be stored in the same way, keeping the bundles clear of the ground. Check materials against the Packing List and immediately report shortage or excess material to Zamil Steel representative.
2.4 Unloading Containers (for Overseas Shipments)
Good Preparation will make container unloading a straight forward operation. If possible select a rm, level, asphalt, concrete or compacted area. Unloading will be considerably easier if a small step is made so that the inside base of the container is level with the external ground.
Unload the container from the trailer using a mobile crane and four leg slings or chains of the correct capacity. Set the container on the ground, and level it, open the doors before nal positioning.
Sliding tracks are provided in the container for withdrawing the skid. Pull out the tracks, lay them on the leveled ground, and align them with the inside tracks. Secure the tracks by nails or steel pins, the tracks must be continuous from the container to end of the runway, (Length of Container).
Attach chains to the front of the skid in the container, and then attach to the pulling vehicle. Take up the strain on the chains, and steadily pull the skid from the container. When the materials are clear of the container, remove the skids from the container oor.
Unloading from trailer
Unloading to lay-down area
Stacking on wooden planks
Unloading containers
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Erection of the Framing
3Zam
il Steel Pre-Engineered Buildings I Erection Manual
3.1 Preparation of the First Bay
3.2 Main Frames
3.3 Mezzanine Floors
3.4 Crane Beams
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Step 2
Step 3
3.1 Preparation of the First Bay
Prepare all materials for the rst bay erection with permanent bracing, (braced bay). Identify the rafter sections required by part number, assemble the rafter sections as near as possible to their intened positions. The splice connections are made with high strength bolts; the sizes are shown on the drawing cross section, identied as S1, S2, and S3 etc. Tighten the splice bolts and check for correct torque value using a calibrated torque wrench, or by turn of nut method. Attach eave strut clips using high strength bolts. Fix ange braces to the rafter using machine bolts, the ange brace positions and part numbers are shown on the drawing cross section. Flange braces are tted on one side of the rafter only. For uniformity it is preferable to maintain the same side throughout the building.
Attach temporary guy wires to the rafter, manila or nylon ropes are not recommended for temporary guying, they can stretch and break. They are also unsuitable for aligning purpoes.
Prepare the mobile crane and Forklift for erection.
3.2 Main Frames
Erect the rst four columns at the braced bay. Verify the part number and orientation, and position over the anchor bolts. Adjust the columns for plumb by tightening or loosening the anchor bolt nuts (Step 1).
Fix the wall girts to the columns for additional stability. Girts are attached to the columns by mild steel (MS) bolts.
Position the crane for lifting the assembled rafter sections. Make sure that the ridge connection is torque-tightened (Step 2). Check that slings, chain and shackles are in good condition and of adequate capacity for the weight to be lifted. The chains or slings should be long enough to provide sufcient spread, at an angle of not less than 45 degrees. The spread of the slings is normally calculated by dividing the member length by four, which will give the distance of the lifting point from each end. This formula may require some minor adjustment depending on the weight
3. Erection of the Framing
3.1 First frame of braced bay 3.2 Second frame of braced bay3 1 First frame of braced bay 3 2 Second frame of braced bay 3.3 Roof purlins
Step 1
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Step 4
Step 5
distribution and conguration of the rafter. Refer to image 3.1.
Flange clamps are a safe lifting device which also minimizes damage to paint. When using clamps, install temporary bolts in the purlins holes, or use G clamps to prevent the clamps from sliding. If clamps are not available, conventional slings may be used, in which case timber or other protection should be used on the anges to prevent slipping and damage.
Commence lifting the rafter (Step 3). Previously attached hand ropes will help to guide the rafter to its position. Carefully lower the rafter to the column cap plates, and position it using spud wrenches. Spud wrenches are an invaluable tool for aligning members and holding in position whilst bolting up.
Install the high strength bolts, nuts and washers in the knee connection. The bolt is normally
placed from the top, with the nut and washer on the underside. Hand-tighten the bolts. Ratchet pullers are attached to the guy wires, which are then connected to suitable stable objects, such as anchor bolts. The rafter is now aligned by means of the guy wires and ratchet pullers. Once all guy wires are in place it is safe to release the crane (Step 4).
Erect the second rafter and hold in place with the crane, at the same time position the purlins and bolt-up using mild steel bolts (Step 5). Connect the previously attached ange braces to the purlins with mild steel bolts (Step 6). The eave strut should also be installed at this stage, but unlike the purlins the eave strut requires high strength bolts. Refer to image 3.2.
3.4 Roof bracing 3.5 Erect next bay 3.6 Erect remaining bays
Step 6
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3. Erection of the Framing
Complete the purlin installation and then install the diagonal bracing. Before tightening the diagonal bracing, ensure that the lip of the hillside washer is correctly seated in the web slot. Adjust the tension of the bracing; at the same time adjust the rafter alignment. The bracing shall be just tight enough to eliminate visual sagging. In case of portal bracing, it must also be erected before proueding in the other bay. For high endwalls use temporary bracing during erection. Refer to image 3.3 on the previous page.
The completed braced bay should now be aligned. A theodolite should be used for plumbing, if available, or for buildings of low eave height, a spirit level or plumb-bob may sufce (Step 7). A tolerance of 1:300 is allowable in low rise buildings. Refer to image 3.4.
After completing the rst bay alignment the high strength bolts at the knee connection shall be fully tightened. Time spent on correct alignment of the rst bay will reap benets as work proceeds with the remaining bays.
The remaining bays are erected following the same procedure (Step 8). All components shall be installed as work progresses, including crane beams. Refer to image 3.5.
Multi-span frames provide a degree of exibility in erection in that partial spans may be erected if site conditions dictate. Refer to image 3.6.
When the main frames are all completed, the end-wall framing is erected. Pre-assembly of columns and girts on the ground saves time and is more efcient. End-wall posts are connected to the purlins by post spanners using high strength bolts.
The complete frame should be checked for plumb and alignment. Adjustments can be made by tightening or loosening bracing, or by ratchet puller, to pull a misaligned frame into plumb. After completion of all checking, bolt tightening can commence. Air or electric impact wrenches may be used and checked with a torque wrench, or they can be tightened manually using the Turn of Nut Method (preferred).
The Turn of Nut Method is achieved by bringing all the bolts in the pattern to a snug tight position, using a normal spud wrench. Match mark the nuts against the connection plate, and then apply a further one third turn to all the nuts.
Prior to sheeting, framed opening members for sliding doors shall be installed; this includes door jambs, brackets and header.
PLUMBING THE BRACED BAY
Step 8
Step 7
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3.3 Mezzanine Floors
When mezzanine oors are provided, they are erected with the main frames, generally priorto sheeting.
The mezzanine beams are first installed by connecting to the columns with clips and highstrength bolts as indicated on the drawing details.
The joists are then placed between the beams and connected as shown on erection drawings. An edge angle is then screwed at the perimeter of the mezzanine area, prior to laying and screwing the decking panels.
The decking panels are attached by self drilling fasteners without washers. Openings for stairsand penetrations are framed before xing the concrete reinforcement.
It is important to advise the concreting crew about placement of concrete, particularly if a pump is to be used. The concrete should be evenly spread; concentrated piles of wet concrete could cause deformation in joists or decking, which could lead to collapse. It is, sometimes advisable to use temporary shoring at mid spans inorder to assure straightness of nished concrete.
3.4 Crane Beams
Special care should be taken in buildings with crane runways, the column supporting runway beams should be erected on shims provided, or double nuts in addition to grouting under the base plates.
Alignment of crane beams i s very important, the centerlines of the crane beam webs should matche with the centerlines of the crane wheels, and the maximum allowabletolerance is 10mm.
Alignment is achieved by setting each end of the beam to the correct dimension as shown on the drawing, and stretching a line from end to end, alternately, a theodolite can be used if available.
The crane beam brackets have slotted holes to assist in ease of alignment, if the building has been carefully plumbed, adjustment will be minimal. During alignment install the T brackets and shim plates, and install the angle braces from column to beam. Once nal alignment is conrmed, fully tighten all high strength bolts.
3.5 Important
No loads should be supported from the purlins unless the building has been designed for those additional loads. In such cases, the loads can be supported from the purlins after the roof sheets have been installed and fully screwed.
The following sketches show correct and incorrect methods of support from rafters and purlins.
Rafters
Purlins
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Sheeting & Trimming
44.1 Sheeting Preparation
4.2 Sheeting the Walls
4.3 Sheeting the Roof
4.4 Miscellaneous Trimming
4.5 Fascia19
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4.1 Sheeting Preparation
Touch-up any damaged paint on the main frame prior to sheeting.
The base angle is xed to the concrete slab by means of masonry nails. Power actuated tools are preferred for xing. The xings for the base angle are provided by the erection contractor, to ensure compatibility of nails and xing tools.
The base angle should be set at the wall grit line (steel line) which is 200mm from the column ange in the case of by-pass girts.
There is a tendency for wall girts to sag under their own dead load, especially in bays over 7.5 meters. Girts are temporarily supported in a horizontal line with vertical timber props from oor to girt, girt to girt, and girt to eave strut. The props remain in place until the wall panels are screwed. They can then be removed and relocated to the next bay. The girts will remain straight and horizontal once the panels are installed. In bays over 8.5 meters sag rods are provided and once adjusted there is no requirement for temporary timber props.
Before commencing with sheeting check the details on the drawings. A starting position will be given in relation to the steel line. Mark the starting position, and then mark out the gauge cover width of the sheets along the concrete notch. This will provide a check against creep or bunching of the panels. An important point in order for the corner trims to t as detailed. Insulation is more convenient to handle if unrolled on the ground and pre-cut to the required lengths. A full length piece is used from eave to oor, with an allowance at top and bottom for folding over.
Tools Preparation on roof
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A chalk line is essential for marking the girt position and thus maintaining a straight screw line. All screws are self drilling and require an electric screw-gun with a speed of 2000 to 2500 RPM. Depth sensitive or torque regulated screw-guns should be used to control the screw tightness. The EPDM washer should be compressed 1 mm wider than the steel washer when correctly tightened.
4.2 Sheeting the Walls
The rst drop of insulation is xed using double face tape on the eave strut and the base angle; this is used to hold the insulation in place. The insulation must be kept vertical, and pulled taught. Remove the bres from the allowance at top and bottom and fold the white facing before placing the wall panel. Place the panel in the pre-marked position, plumb it and screw.
The second drop of insulation is xed to the double faced tape and then the side tabs are stapled to the rst drop at 300mm centres, folded and stapled again in-between the previous staples, thus providing a closed joint and vapour barrier. Then, the second panel is installed in the same manner and so on.
End-wall panels are pre-cut in the factory. The panels are stepped, the steps being covered by the gable trim. (Field cutting may be necessary on steep slopes).
The preferred procedure is to complete all wall sheeting before starting the roof, as the eave trim covers the top of the wall panel and ts under the roof panel. Outside foam closures are placed between the wall panel and the eave trim to provide a dust free junction.
If there is no wall insulation, foam closures are used between the panel and eave strut / base angle.
Chalk Line
Wall Insulation
Multi-level Man-basket
4. Sheeting & Trimming
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4.3 Sheeting the Roof
Prepare the roof panels by segregating them by their length shown on the roof sheeting plan. The sequence of roong is from eave to ridge on both slopes nishing with the ridge panel.
To commence, it is advisable to temporarily x one run of panels accross the building to walk on. The insulation can then be unrolled beside the walkway.
Double faced tape is applied to the eave struts, or an intermediate purlin if the roll does not cover the full width of the building. The insulation is lifted into place and is retained in place by the double faced tape. Before placing the roof panel, the insulation end should be folded over to be concealed at the eave. It is necessary to scrape away the bres on the folded portion. The inside foam closure is placed on the fold at the eave strut, and the panel is then positioned.
Adjust the line of the panel for squareness to avoid saw-toothing at the eave line. Use a nylon line projected from the eave strut by 65mm to give the correct distance and line.
Screw the panel and move progressively panel by panel up to the ridge. After completing several runs of panel, the temporary walkway can be lifted, insulated, and sheeted.
Panel end-laps require bead mastic. The bead mastic should be carefully unrolled from the release paper, and placed over the panel corrugations. Do not stretch the bead, otherwise it may break when the panel is placed over it Ensure that the panel end-laps are as per drawing details.
Make sure that the panel ribs are kept in a straight line from eave to ridge. Use a chalk line tomark the purlin location and maintain a straight line of screws, thus avoiding mis-drilling and possible leakage. End-laps have additional screws as detailed on the drawing.
Proceed with the next run of insulation, stepling the side tabs together, before placing the next run of panels. When both slopes of the roof panel have been xed, the ridge panel or ridge cap is laid, connecting both slopes. If a ridge cap is used then outside foam closures are used to ll the panel prole, if a ridge panel is used as with TypeS panel, it nests without foam closures. Bead mastic
Double face tapes
Sheeting the roof
Direction of sheeting installation
Sheeting the roof
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4.4 Miscellaneous Trimming
Upon completion of the roong, gable trims are installed. Outside foam closures are used against the end-wall panel. The stitch screws securing the gable trim also keep the foam closures in place.
Eave gutters are spliced using two runs of owable mastic and pop-rivets at 25 mm centres. The gutter is then hung by means of gutter straps which are screwed through the roof panel with suitable screws.
Down spout connections are cut with aviation snips in locations shown on the roof plan. The down spouts are assembled in straight sections and a shoe, the complete unit is then attached to the gutter by pop rivets and to the wall panel by straps and rivets.
Personnel doors are supplied in knock-down form and are generally eld-located. The frame is assembled and installed. The wall panels are carefully cut using an electric nibbler, nal cutting and tting of head trim should be done with aviation snips. The galvanized threshold support is tted and screwed to the concrete before the frame is connected to the girt by clips, and anchored to the oor with expansion bolts. Check that the frame is plumb and square before nal xing. Head trim, jamb trims and the door leaf are now tted.
4. Sheeting & Trimming
As work proceeds, it is important to keep the roof area clean, a soft brush should always be readily available to sweep off drill swarf, metal lings or grinding dust, which will cause light surface corrosion if not removed.
Stitch screws are xed at panel side-laps at 500mm centres, or as detailed.
Note: Roof panels are generally xed inthe valley of the panels, unlessnoted otherwise.
Fixing TrimsFixing Eave Trim
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Where interior liner panel is detailed, a base angle is xed to the oor as for the external panels. It shall be positioned 200 mm away from the exterior base angle. The liner panels are pre cut to length, but may require cutting vertically at columns, depending on the bay width. Closure trims are tted at columns, and a head trim along the top of the panel. Trims are xed with 4.8 x 20 stitch screws, the panels with 5.5 x 25 self drilling screws. Sliding doors leafs are assembled on the oor. The framing members are connected by mild steel bolts and clips. The sheeting is xed before hanging the door. The trolley trucks are located in the top member of the door leafs. The adjusting nuts on the trolley trucks should be set equally, nal adjustments can be made after hanging the doors.
Once the doors are hung and positioned over the bottom door guide, the stoppers, the landles and the door hood are installed. Note that there are two types of hood trim. One ts behind the sheeting in the door opening, and the other ts in front of the sheeting on each side of the opening. Complete details are on the drawing. Bottom running doors are also available.
4.5 Fascia
Fascia posts are bolted to brackets. Fascia girts are then attached to the posts. The girts consist of C and Z sections, which must be correctly aligned and levelled before commencing sheeting the fascia. Use temporary props if necessary. Preparethe sheeting by installing the sill trim on the bottom girt.
Check the starting dimension from the corner of the framing. Set up the rst panel. Clamp it with vice grips when adjusted to its correct position. Mark the girt line with a chalk line and then screw the panel to the girt.
Continue installing panels on each elevation until sheeting is completed. The back-up panels are installed next; they are attached to the top girt, and overlap the valley gutter at the base. The external corner trims are installed using 4.8 x 20 stitch screws. The Cap ashing can now be installed using 4.8 x 20 stitch screws. Make sure that the ashing slopes into the building as shown on the drawing. The overlapping joints of the ashing should be sealed with owable mastic.
The soft panel edge trim is tted to the wall panel, make sure that it is level with the sill trim, and is levelled around the building. Starting the soft in the correct place is important, if the soft panel and wall/fascia sheets are the same type, the ribs should be aligned. Align the ribs, and x the panels as shown in the detail. Corner panels should be mitred equally.
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Care & Handling of Sheeting
55.1 Handling & Installation
of Sheeting
5.1.1 Unloading
5.1.2 Storage
5.1.3 Handling
5.1.4 Cutting & Fixing
5.1.5 Completion & Inspection
5.1.6 Paint Repair
5.2 Water Test Proceduresfor Roong
5.3 General Tips
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5.1 Handling & Installation of Sheeting
It is important to use correct sized drill bits and screws for secure fastening of panels. During xing, the panel should be correctly aligned and temporarily clamped to ensure the holes are drilled correctly.
Drilling of holes produces very hot metal chips (swarf), which should be brushed off the panel. This should be done immediately, if possible, and the work area should be swept with a soft broom at the end of each day work.
Care should be taken in walking on roof panels. Workers on the roof should use soft footwear. Metal studs or heel tips will cause damage to the painted panels.
It is important to walk in the correct place on roof panels. Always step in the valley of the panel, which is in contact with the purlin. Standing on the high corrugations may result in deformation of the panel.
For achieving a quality job, use a screwgun with a depth locator or torque adjuster, this will ensure correct xing of fasteners.
When drilling use a rubber or leather thimble on the drill bit to prevent the chuck of the drill damaging the panel paint when the drill goes through the material.
5.1.1 Unloading
Sheets are packed in bundles, and may be unloaded by a suitable forklift truck or crane. Care must be taken not to break the back of the sheets when unloading. If chains or cable slings are used for unloading, good protection must be provided for the corners of the bundle.
Note: Long panels may be difcult to handle by lifting the bundle from beneath.
Step in the valleys of the panel
Stand away from high corrugations
Brushing metal chips
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5.1.2 Storage
Packs of sheets should be stored in a safe area of the site. They should be stored clear of the ground and elevated at one end to allow for water drainage should they become wet. Preferably, the bundles should be loosely covered with a tarpaulin; this will afford additional protection but allow air circulation.
5.1.3 Handling
Care should be taken when handling sheets. Erectors should use clean gloves to avoid dirty marks, oil or grease stains on sheets. When handling individual panels from the stack, each panel should be lifted clear, not dragged along, which cause scratches.
5.1.4 Cutting & Fixing
Only proper tools should be used for cutting proled sheets. An electric nibbler should be used for cutting across the ribs, an electric shear for cutting longitudinally, and aviation snips for small detail work. Never use a grinding desk for cutting sheets
5. Care and Handling of Sheeting
Storage
Storage and handling
Handling individual panels
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5.1.5 Completion & Inspection
On completion, the sheeted area should be inspected. Any ferrous objects such as pop-rivet stalks, bolts, nails, screws etc. left on the roong should be removed.
Any accidental scratches or minor damage should be touched-up with the appropriate paint. The area should be left clean.
5.1.6 Paint Repair
For minor scratches, a small brush can be used to apply touch-up paint of matching color to the damaged area.
If damage has affected the galvanized coating, then the damaged area should be coated with special primer followed by a special polyurethane nish coat.
5.2 Water Test Procedures for Roong
There is really no better way of water testing a roof than actual rainfall, as to simulate even fall or wind blown rain is impossible.
If medium to heavy rain has fallen after completion of roong, and no leakage is visible then the roof should be considered tested and satisfactory.
If the roong has been completed during a dry season, and testing is required, then the following test can be carried out:
A 25 to 30mm diameter hose will be required with sufcient mains pressure, or a tank and electric pump. Two tests can be done.
1. The hose should be positioned on the ridge, or highest point of the roof. The water should then cascade down each slope, down each valley between panel ribs. The hose should not be deliberately directed at the panel end-laps and side-laps.
2. The second and longer test can be carried out if desired by attaching a rotary garden sprinkler to the hose and allow the whole roof to be systematically watered. This is the nearest method of stimulating rainfall as the sprinkler system causes the water to bounce, thus nding any weakness in lap conditions.
5.3 General Tips
1. Erection shall start from a braced bay and the bracing shall be xed before proceeding to the other bays.
2. Purlins and girts shall be immediately xed to each erected bay to maintain the building stability during erection
3. Always check the starting position of roof panels.
4. Panels should be plumbed and held in place by Vice Grips before screwing.
5. The panel gauge should be marked on the sheeting notch.
6. A line should be used to maintain a straight sheeting line at the eave.
7. A chalk line should be used to ensure the screws are installed in a straight line, and avoid mis-drilling.
8. Roof sheets should be undamaged.
9. Bead mastic must be carefully placed over the corrugations at end laps.
10. Insulation should be neatly folded at the base angle and eave. It can never be neatly cut off afterwards.
11. Pre-drilling is required when using stainless steelfastner.
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Maintenance Procedure
66.1 Maintenance for Longer Life
6.2 Safety Notes
6.3 Exterior MaintenanceProcedure
6.4 Maintenance of Accessories
6.5 Record of Maintenance29
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6.1 Maintenance for Longer Life
Now that your Zamil Steel Building is complete, we recommend that you follow our simple maintenance recommendations. By doing so you will substantially enhance the life of your investment.
The frequency of maintenance is dependent upon the environmental zone in which the building is located. The table below contains the recommended maintenance frequencies for different building locations.
Building Location MaintenanceFrequency
Within 5 km of the sea Every 3 months
High pollution industrial area Every 3 months
Medium pollution industrial area Every 4 months
Areas of high humidity Every 4 months
Low pollution industrial area Every 6 months
Dry desert regions Every 6 months
6.2 Safety Notes
t &YFSDJTF FYUSFNF DBVUJPO XIFO XPSLJOH POroofs.
t 6TF QSPGFTTJPOBM NBJOUFOBODF TUBGG GPSmaintenance works.
t &OTVSF UIBU BDDFTT MBEEFST SFBDI BU MFBTU POFmeter above the step off poing.
t 4FDVSFMBEEFSTUPUIFCVJMEJOHBOEFOTVSFUIBUthey are on a rm base.
t %POPUTUFQPOTLZMJHIUTt 8IFOXBMLJOHPOUIFSPPGTUFQJOUIFWBMMFZT
of the panel, not on the ribs.t 8IFOFWFSQPTTJCMFXBMLPOUIFQVSMJOMJOFJF
screws line.t 1SPUFDUBSFBTPGSPPGTVCKFDUUPGSFRVFOUBDDFTT
by temporary or permanent walkways.t 8IFO NBJOUBJOJOH PWFSIFBE DSBOF SVOXBZT
immobilize the crane before commencement of work.
6.3 Exterior Maintenance Procedure
t 1SFWFOUJWF NBJOUFOBODF TIBMM DPNNFODFimmediately after a project is erected or modied.
t %FCSJT BOE TNBMM JUFNT TVDI BT TDSFXT QPQrivets, drill bits or any ferrous object shall be removed by sweeping with a soft nylon brush. Large items such as sheet metal cut-offs shall be removed by hand to avoid damaging the surface of the roof panels. Such debris shall be removed after any trade (e.g., electricians, plumbers, air conditioning technicians, steel erectors, etc.) has worked on the roof.
t4BOEBOEEVTUSFUBJOTBMUBOENPJTUVSFXIJDIwill eventually breakdown the paint and zinc layers, resulting in corrosion of the base metal. Sand and dust shall be removed by washing with clean potable water and a soft nylon brush, working from the highest point to the lowest, followed by a nal rinse using a hose and clean potable water.
t 5IFNPTU WVMOFSBCMFBSFBTPG UIFCVJMEJOHBSFgutters, roof sheets, sheltered areas under eaves or canopies and upper portions of walls or roof extensions.
t 'PSCVJMEJOHTMPDBUFEJOIJHIQPMMVUJPOJOEVTUSJBMareas, or close to marine environments, water alone may not be sufcient to remove saline deposits that have become encrusted on the panels.
In such cases, a mild detergent shall be added to the initial washing water. Panels shall be washed with the mild detergent solution and a soft nylon brush. A nal rinse with clean potable water should follow. Oil, grease, tar, wax or similar substances can be removed with mineral spirits followed by a detergent solution and a clean potable water rinse.
t %P OPU VTF DBVTUJD PS BCSBTJWF DMFBOFST UIFZmay damage the paint and zinc layers.
t (SPVOE MFWFM TIBMM CF NBJOUBJOFE BU MFBTU150mm below the base of the wall panel. accoumulations of wind blown sand shall be removed. Plants and shrubs surrounding the building shall not touch the wall panel; They may scratch the painted panels.
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t &BWF HVUUFST BOE WBMMFZ HVUUFST TIBMM CFthoroughly cleaned with a mild detergent solution and a soft nylon brush, followed by a rinse of clean potable water. Downspouts shall be clear of blockage and the downspout discharge shall have adequate drainage area.
t .JOPS EBNBHF UP TIFFUJOH PS USJNT TIBMM CFrepaired as follows: - Lightly abrade the affected area- If base metal is exposed, apply one coat of
zinc chromate primer- Apply one coat of matching touch-up paint
t &RVJQNFOUXIJDIJTMPDBUFEUISPVHIPSBEKBDFOUto roof or wall panels may cause moisture build up on or near the panel. The following conditions shall be avoided:- Water run-off from air conditioning units- Open water storage tanks adjacent to panels - Steam outlets- Acid storage- Copper pipes fastened to steel panels
6.4 Maintenance of Accessories
t #VJMEJOHTXJUI$SBOFT- Every 6 months check that all bracing is tight- Check that all high strenght bolts in the crane
beams and the main frame connections are tight
t 1FSTPOOFM%PPST- Lubricate hinges and lockset- Remove dirt and girt from the threshould- Ensure that the door cannor swing back and
strike the wall panels, as this will sprain the hinges and damage the panel
t 4MJEJOH%PPS- Regularly clean the bottom guide to recove
sand and stones
t 3PMMVQ%PPST- Clean and lubricate the chain and reduction
drive gears
t 1PXFS7FOUT- Clean fan blades to remove build-up of dust
and dirt
6.5 Record of Maintenance
A Periodic Maintenance Log Book shall be kept. All maintenance dates shall be recorded and signed by the maintenance staff.
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7Safety Precautions
For safety reasons there are precautions that need to be taken during erection.
Make daily check on all lifting equipment.
Make daily checks on all lifting slings, check forfraying and kinking.
Check that all access equipment is in good condition, including scaffolding and ladders.
Check weather conditions, strong winds are dangerous during erection and sheeting.
Check for overhead electric lines before moving in with a crane.
Check that all erectors have the correct personal safety equipment, hard hats, boots, safety harness etc.
Check electric cables for hand tools, discard frayed or split cables.
Ensure that there are sufcient guy wires on site for temporary bracing.
Ensure that erection always starts at a braced bay.
Ensure that permanent bracing and ange stays are installed as work proceeds.
Ensure that high strength bolts are used where indicated.
Ensure that high strength bolts are correctly tightened.
Maintain a clean and tidy site, thus avoiding material loss or accidents.
Tie down sheeting once the bundle is opened.
Sweep roof sheeting at the end of each day work, drill swarf will corrode the panels if not removed.
When walking on the roof, step in the valley of the panels, not the ribs.
If when waking on the roof step on the purlinlines
Use the correct tools for the job, wrong tools will damage materials and produce poor quality.
Do not step on the skylights while working on the roof
Finally, acquire contractors all Risk Insurance;
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19
7.20
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8Quality Control
Erection Quality Plan
The safety and Quality of Erection should be ensured by engaging experienced and qualiedEngineers, Supervisors and Technicians on the job.
The Quality Control should be effective at various stages of erection starting from receipt inspection till the nal handing over. To ensure this, Standard Inspection and Testing Program (ITP) / Quality plan (or) a project specic Inspection and Testing Program - ITP / Quality Plan shall be followed.
The Quality Plan as a minimum should contain the following:
a. ITP - Inspection and Testing Program (Attachment I, 2 pages)
b. Erection Inspection Check list - EICL (Attachment II, 3 pages)
c. Method Statement
d. Procedures and Inspection Forms referred in the ITP
e. Bolt Tightening Procedure(Attachment III, 3 pages)
f. Paint Touch up Procedure
g. Site Organization chart including a dedicated qualied person for QC and Safety
Erection shall not start without:t 5IFTVCNJTTJPOPGUIF2VBMJUZ1MBOt *EFOUJGZJOHBEFEJDBUFE2VBMJUZBOE
Safety Persont $POEVDUJOHB1SF*OTQFDUJPO.FFUJOH1*.
See the Sample Quality Plan as attached.
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99.1 Main Erection Equipment
9.2 Electrical Equipment& Tools
9.3 Measuring & Surveying Equipment
9.4 Safety Equipment
9.5 Other Equipment
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9. Basic Erection Equipment
9.1 Main Erection Equipment
Mobile Crane
Mobile Cranes are ideal for erecting pre-engineered steel buildings. The required capacity of the crane varies. The capacity must be calculated considering the heaviest member (or assemblies of members), the building conguration and the site conditions.
Forklift
Forklift are ideal for unloading tralers, for meterial handling on site, and in certain cases, for the erection of the main frames. Buildings up to 6m eave height can be erected by rough terrain forklifts with a 3-stage mast and a capacity of at least 3 MT. By attaching a man platform, forklifts can be used for xing wall sheeting, eave gutters, trims, etc.
Telescopic Handler
Telescopic handlers are even more versatile than forklifts. They can be used for many different operations of a construction site. Having a wide range of accessories, they can be used for building erection and other general construction work.
With a man platform attachment, telescopic handlers are suitable for xing wall sheeting and other external building accessories.
Scissor Lift
Scissor lifts are suitable for use on level, paved areas for xing roof liner panels. They are also very useful for other purposes such as electromechanical works.
Lifting Beam
A purpose-made lifting beam (spreader bar) of 6 or 12 m long is required for lifting long span rafters and frame assemblies.
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Slings
Purpose-made slings, used alone or in combination with lifting beams, are used for lifting building components or assemblies. One, two or four leg slings are available, with hooks or eyes, and for different load capacities. They are available as a chain, wire or polyester. The sizes and types of slings required shall be determined by the weights of the components and assemblies to be lifted.
Guy Wires
Guy wires are steel wire ropes of 8 to 10 mm in diameter and different lengths (length depends on building height). They are used to provide temporary bracing for the building normally used in combination with ratchet pullers. As a rule of thumb, the minimum length guy wire should be at least 1.5 times the building height. The guy wire should be attached to the rarter before it is lifted into place and then tied-off to a xed object to provide temporary bracing during erection. The degree of bracing depends on the size of the building and local weather conditions. Guy wires are also used to achieve correct alignment of the building.
Important Note: Nylon ropes shall not be used for temporary bracing.
Clamps
Clamps are used for attaching guy wires to rafters or holding components (such as sheeting) in place prior to xing.
Shackles
Shackles are used for connecting slings and / or guy wires. Note: Shackles shall have the safe working load (S.W.L) clearly stamped on them.
Clips
Clips are used for making eyes in guy wires or for adjusting their lengths.
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Ratchet Puller
Ratchet & Tirfor pullers are used for tensioning the guy wires that are used in temporary bracing and aligment of the building. Various capacities of ratchet pullers are avialable.Normally one ton capacity pullers are adequate for bracing and aligning most pre-engineered buildings. Heavy duty pullers, Tirfors, are available when extra capacity is required.
Light Duty Scaffolding
Access towers are mobile work platforms, useful for sheeting walls and installing wall accessories and trims.
Ladders
Extension ladders are used to access roofs. mezzanines, catwalks, etc. Step ladders are free standing ladders used for minor xing and trimmings.
9.2. Electrical Equipment & Tools
Generator
When a main electrical supply is not available, generators are required for the power tools 5 KVA generators are suitable for most electric hand tools.
Screw Gun
Electric screw guns are necessary for installing self drilling fastners in roofs. In order to avoid over-tightening of the screws, screw guns should have either torque or depth controls. The recommened speed is 0 to 2000 RPM (revolutions per minute).
9. Basic Erection Equipment
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Nibbler
Electric nibblers are required to cut openings in proled sheets. Cutting with nibblers guaranees controlled maneuverability and excellent cutting quality, preventing meterial distrotion and eliminating the risk of corrosion at the cut edges.
Grinder
In pre-engineered building erection, grinders are used for cutting mild steel angles such as base and gable angles.
Note: Sheeting shall not be cut with angle grinders. Angle grinders produce rough and unsightly cuts, which will very quickly corrode.
Hammer Drill
Hammer drills are mainly used for the installation of expansion bolts.
Hole Cutter
In pre-engineered buildings, all holes are prepunched. Should circumstance dictate changes, then the hole cutter is the ideal tool for making the required site modications.
Impact Wrench
The impact wrench is used for tightening high strength nuts and bolts of the main frames. Both pneumatic and electric models are available. Pneumatic models are heavy duty wrenches and are suibable for the large diameter bolts. An air compressor is required when using a pneumatic model.
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Electric Shear
Electrical shears produce a clean cut in at sheet. They are not suitable for cutting over corrugations of panels.
Heavy Duty Drill with Reamer
A heavy duty slow speed drill with a tapered reamer is used for enlarging holes in steel members, if needed. The recommended speed of the drill is 0 to 500 RPM (revolutions per minute).
Reciprocating Saw
A reciprocating saw is ideal for cutting insulated roof and wall sandwich panels (Zamil Steel Tempcon panels).
Drill 10 mm
A 10 mm drill, with a speed of 0 to 2400 RPM (reolutions per minute), is required for pre-drilling holes for pop rivets and any other bolts that require eld drilled holes.
Powder Actuated Tool
Powder actuated tools are used for xing base angles to oor slabs or tie beams. They can also be used to x steel decking panels to mazzanine joists.
Pop Rivet Puller
Pop rivet pullers are used for xing pop rivets in trims and gutter joints.
9. Basic Erection Equipment
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Aviation Snips
(Left & Right Cut) Aviation snips are used for cutting trims and small openings in sheet panels. This method of cutting produces a very clean cut, which will not rust. They provide a ne control for intricate cuts.
Vice Grips
Vice grips have many uses as a third hand and are essential to clamp sheets and trims while xing the screws or rivets.
Torque Wrench
(With Sockets) Zamil Steel recommends that high strength bolts are tightened by the turn-of-nut method (see Chapter 3 of Zamil Steel Erection Guide). If the torque requires checking, a torque wrench (with different sockets sizes) should be used on which the torque value is preset perior to checking.
Ratchet Spanner
(With 19 mm Socket) For quick tightening of purlin and girt bolts and other machine bolts.
Staple Applicator
They are used for stapling tabs on berglass insulation.
Utility Knife
Utility Knives are used for cutting berglass insulation
Hacksaw
Hacksaws are used for cutting light gauge metal.
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Mastic Gun
Mastic guns are required for the application of the owable mastic, which is commonly used for sealing gutter joints and overlapping ashing.
Spud Wrench
Spud wrenches are used during erection to align holes in two steel members and to tighten the bolts. Various sizes of spud wrenches are required that would suit the bolt sizes.
Drift Pin
Drift pins are used to align holes in two steel members. They can be hammered if additional force is needed.
Miscellaneous Tools
Hammers Wood saws Screwdrivers Comination spanner sets Sweeping brooms
Tool Belt & Bolt Bag
A tool belt & bolt bag provides a safe and convenient way of carrying tools and bolts.
Chalk Line
Chalk lines are used for marking staight lines on the panel along the position of purlins and girts. The marked line identies the position of the screws.
9. Basic Erection Equipment
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9.3. Measuring & Surveying Equipment
Plumb Bob
Plumb bobs are used for plumbing vertical members up to a height of 6 m.
Theodolite
Theodolites are used in setting out the building foundations and anchor bolts. They are also used for checking the vertical alignment of columns and the alignment of crane beams.
Automatic Level
Automatic levels are used to check the elevation of anchor bolts, the nished oor level and the base plates of columns.
Spirit Level
Spirit levels are used for leveling individual components and for plumbing.
Measuring Tape & Square
Measuring tapes are used for miscellaneous checking, setting out and general easuring. A right angle square is used for setting out 90* angles.
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9.4. Safety equipment
Welding Hood
Welding hoods shall be used during welding.
Goggles
Goggles shall be used whilst cutting or grinding.
Gloves
Gloves shall be worn when handling steel components. Clean gloves should be worn while handling sheets.
Safety Harness & Fall Arrest
Safety harnesses shall be worn when working over 2 meters above the ground levels.
Safety Boots
Protective footwear shall be worn at all times while on working site to avoid toe, sole or ankle injuries.
Hard Hat
Personal head protection shall be used be on site at all times.
9. Basic Erection Equipment
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First Aid Box
First aid boxes should be on site at all times under a qualied rst aid person. All contents shall be maintained and expiry dates checked periodically.
Cones and Ribbons
Cone and warning ribbons are used to indicate danger areas on sites.
Portable Fire Extinguisher
Fire extinguishers shall be installed on vehicles and in areas where welding or burning works are executed.
Ear Protection
Ear protection shall be used where noise is higher than 85 dB.
9.5. Other Equipment
Welding Machine
Electric welding machines are used for light duty welding such as tack welding of light guage steel members.
Oxy-acetylene Cutting Outt
Oxy-acetylene is used for cutting steel members.
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Attachments1010.1 Inspection and Testing Program (ITP-Standard Jobs)
10.2 Erection Inspection List (EICL)
10.3 Tightening and Inspection of High Strength Bolts
10.4 Anchor Bolt Installation Guide45
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Attachment I
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10. Attachments
Attachment I
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Attachment II
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10. Attachments
Attachment II
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Attachment II
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10. Attachments
Attachment III
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Attachment III (Continuation)
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10. Attachments
Attachment III (Continuation)
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Anchor Bolt Installation Guide Prior to pouring of concrete, anchor bolts may in the manner shows below.
Anchor Bolts whenever not supplied by Zamil should be of the sizes shown on Zamils Anchor Bolt Erection drawing and of a quality to resist column reactions given.
Material should conform to ASTM A 36M (or Equivalent) (36 KSI=2500 kg/am2 Min, yeld) of equivalent, unless otherwise specied. Embedment lengths are base on a minimum concrete compressive strength of 3 KSI = 200 kg/cm2 at 28 days. Anchor bolts shall be accurately set as shown on Anchor Bolt plan with a tolerance of 2mm within a set.
Note: 1. All reinforcing steel for foundation walls and footings, tie rods, plywood template, mesh or any materials used specically for concrete application shall be designed by professional foundation engineer and supplied by others.
2. Foundation contractor shall ll all voids in concrete slab perimeter wall prior to erection of building. Placed ll shall be properly compacted in layers and controlled moisture.
Attachment IV
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Accessories : Additions to the basic building, such as doors, windows, louvers, ventilators etc.
Anchor Bolts : Hooked bolts cast in concrete foundations for anchorage of structural members.
Base Angle : Countinuous angle xed to oor slab or grade beam for attachment of all panels.
Base Plate : The plate of a column or beam which rests on the supporting surface.
Beam : Horizontal Structural Member.
Brace Rods : Rods placed diagonally in roof and walls for transferring wind loads to foundations and stabilizing the building.
Bridge Crane : Overhead travelling crane supported on beams and rails.
Built-up Member : (B.U.) Structural member formed by welding together web and ange plates.
Caulking : Sealant used in making watertight joints.
Clear Span : Building without internal columns.
Closure : (Foam Closure) Proled foam material used inside or outside proled roof or wall panels to form weathertight seal.
Cold Formed : Various steel shapes manufactured by roll-forming or pressing.
Column : Vertical structural member.
Crane Beam : Support for overhead travelling bridge crane.
Crain Rails : Rails welded or bolted to crane beams to form the track for bridge crane wheels.
Curb : Raised ashing around roof openings to form waterproof opening.
Damper : Bafe plate in a ventilator.
Dead Load : Weight of the structure.
D.S.D : Double slide door.
Eave : Top of the sidewall.
Eave Height : Height from top of eave strut to nished oor level.
Eave Strut : Structural member at the eave which supports roof and wall panels.
Expansion Joint : A break in the construction to allow for thermal expansion.
Flange Brace : An angle from the ange of columns or rafters to girts and purlins to provide lateral support and stability.
Girt : Secondary horizontal member to which wall panels are attached, usually cold formed Z.
Grout : Non-shrinking sand cement mixture used under base plates to obtain uniform bearing surface.
Glossary
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Haunch : Intersection of column and rafter.
Header : Horizontal member over and opening in a wall.
H.S.B. : High strength bolts.
Hot Rolled : Steel shapes formed while the steel is semi-molten.
Jack Beam : A beam used to support a rafter instead of a column.
Jamb : Vertical member at the side of a wall opening.
Joist : Horizontal members for supporting oor or roof decking.
Knee : See Haunch.
Liner Panel : Interior wall sheeting.
Live Load : Any variable temporary load on the structure.
Main Frame : Primary members which support secondary members.
Mastic : See Caulking - Sealant.
M.B : Machine Bolt.
Mazzanine : Intermediate oor between ground oor and rst oor or roof.
Mono-Slope : Single slope roof.
Multi-Span : Building with intermediate columns.
Parapet : Vertical wall extension above the eave line.
Partition : Internal wall.
Pitch : Slope of the roof.
Pop Rivet : Used for joining ashing and light guage metal trims.
Portal Frame : Column and beam bracing used in lieu of standard rod bracing to prvide clear access.
Post & Beam (P&B) : Light end wall framing.
Primer Paint : Factory applied paint to structural members providing protection during shipping and erection.
Purlin : Secondary horizontal member to which roof panels are attached usually cold formed Z.
Rafter : Primary member supported on columns.
Ridge : Peak of a gabled building.
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Glossary
Rigid Frame (R.F.) : Main frame of the building comprising columns and rafters
Sag Rod : Tie rods used to support anges of girts or purlins.
Sealant : See Mastic - Caulking.
Secondary Framing : Secondary members of framing such as girts, purlins, eave struts etc.
S.D.S. : Self drilling screw - used for attaching panels and trims to girts and purlins. Pre-drilling is not necessary.
S.T.S. : Self tapping screw. Same function as S.D.S. but needs pre-drilled holes.
Shims : Small steel plates used for levelling base plates or packing between structural members.
Sill : The bottom horizontal member of a door or windows opening.
Skylight : Translucent breglass panel used in the roof to transmit natural light.
S.S.D. : Single Slide Door.
Soft : Underside of canopy, fascia or roof extension.
Span : Distance from out to out of wall girts.
Splice Plate : Plate used to connect two members.
Stiffener : Plate welded to a member to prevent buckling.
Stitch Screw : Used to fasten side laps of panels.
Truss : Structural member made up of several individual parts welded or bolted together, the completed unit acting as a beam.
V.G. : Valley Gutter.
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Commonly Used Abbreviations
ASSY : Assembly
BT PLT : Bent Plate
BOTTM : Bottom
CC : Center to Center
CONC : Concrete
CL : Centre Line
DET : Detail
DRG : Drawing
DSD : Double Slide Door
EW : End Wall
EXPN : Expansion
FO : Framed Opening
FNB : Fin Neck Bolt
HSB : High Strength Bolt
INT : Internal/Interior
LG : Long
MB : Machine Bolt
NS/FS : Near Side / Far Side
OA : Overall
OC : On Centre
O/O : Out to Out
PL-PLT : Plate
P & B : Post and Beam
R.F. : Rigid Frame
RUD : Roll-Up Door
SHT : Sheet
SHTG : Sheeting
SDS : Self Drilling Screw
STS : Self Tapping Screw
SSD : Single Slide Door
STIFF : Stiffener
SW : Sidewall
TC : Tempcon
THK : Thick
TYP : Typical
TYP UN : Typical Unless Noted
ZS : Zamil Steel
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