yuvi.A.P final project drugs

8/7/2019 yuvi.A.P final project drugs

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Table of contents

Page1. Definition of drugs 2

2. Useful drugs 2 -3

3. Harmful drugs 4 - 5

4. Antibodies 6 - 7

5. Heroine abuse & associated problems 8 - 9

6. Alcohol & associated problems 10 - 12

7. Tabacco smokes 13 18

8. Conclusion 18


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1.0 Definition of drugs

Figure 1.0 drugs

A drug is any chemical substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters

normal bodily function .Drugs are used in hospital to diagnose, cure, prevent the occurrence of

diseases and disorders, and prolong the life of patients with incurable conditions .Unfortunately

there are people who use it in an inconvenient way an takes it every day, they are called drug

addicts .Drugs can be classified into two ways useful drugs and harmful drugs.

2.0 Useful drugs

Drugs which are use in hospitals are called antibiotics. It is a drug used to treat infections

caused by bacteria and other micro-organisms. There are some antibiotics used in hospitals like

Penicillins, Tetracyclines, and Erythomycins.

Penicillines:

Penicillin, any one of a group of antibiotics derived from the fungus Penicillium or created by

using partially artificial processes. Penicillin acts both by killing bacteria and by inhibiting theirgrowth. It does not kill organisms in the resting stage but only those growing and reproducing.

Penicillin is effective against a wide range of disease-bearing microorganisms like syphilis. It is

use to treat different kinds of infections, such as skin infections, dental infections, ear infections,

respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections and other infections caused by bacteria.

Tetracyclines:

Tetracycline is an antibiotic drug used to treat various bacterial infections, including urinary tract

infections, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, trachoma (a chronic eye infection), and gonorrhea.

Tetracycline is also sometimes used to treat early stages of Lyme disease, acne, gum disease,

and certain gastrointestinal ulcers. It works by interfering with the invading bacterias ability toform essential proteins, thereby halting their growth. Tetracyclines has many disadvantages as

the patient may develop some side effects like diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, skin rash, itching,

light sensitivity, facial swelling, headache, blurred vision, chest pain, sore throat, difficulty

swallowing, or in infants, a bulging soft spot on the head. Children may develop discoloured

teeth with long-term use.


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Erythomycins:

Erythromycins are medicines that kill bacteria or prevent their growth. It is use to treat infections

caused by microorganisms. Physicians prescribe these drugs for many types of infections

caused by bacteria, including strep throat, sinus infections, pneumonia, ear infections, tonsillitis,

bronchitis, gonorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and urinary tract infections. Some

medicines in this group are also used to treat Legionnaires' disease and ulcers caused by

bacteria. These drugs will not work for colds, flu, and other infections caused by viruses.


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They may also experience nausea, weight loss and depression. In some cases, psychosis

occurs. Snorting cocaine damages the nasal passages.

Figure 3.0 Powder of cocaine

Hallucinogen:

Hallucinogen, any one of a large number of natural or synthetic psychoactive drugs that produce

marked distortions of the senses and changes in perception. Hallucinogens generally alter the

way time is perceived, making it appear to slow down. The effects of hallucinogens can last

several hours and vary considerably depending on the specific type of hallucinogen. Some ofthe typical effects of hallucinogens include:

y blurred vision;

y increased breathing rate;

y euphoria;

y sense of relaxation and feeling of well-being;

y hallucinations and distorted sensory processing, including visual, auditory, body, time

and space perception;

y disorganised thoughts, confusion and difficulty concentrating, thinking or maintaining

attention;

y anxiety, agitation, paranoia and feelings of panic;

y dizziness;

y impaired co-ordination;

y increased heart rate and blood pressure;

y nausea and vomiting;

y increased body temperature and sweating, which may alternate with chills and shivering;

and numbness

Figure4.0 Hallucinogen leaf


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4.0 Antibodies

Definition

They are specialized cells of the immune system which can recognize organisms that invadethe body (such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi). The antibodies are then able to set off a

complex chain of events designed to kill these foreign invaders.

Figure 5.0 antibodies

4.1 Treatment against bacterial infections

Medical authorities have long expected that the treatment, which uses monoclonal antibodies

(monospecific antibodies that are identical because they are produced by one type of immune

cell that are all clones of a single parent cell), would prove effective against infections that lead

to septic shock(serious medical condition caused by decreased tissue perfusion and oxygen

delivery as a result of infection, though the microbe may be systemic or localized to a particular

site). But the results released today by the Xoma Corporation of Berkeley. The infections arecaused by gram negative bacteria, which live in the digestive tract. Occasionally they leak into

the blood as a result of surgery, abdominal wounds or contamination of tubes inserted into

blood vessels. The bacteria release poisons that can lead to septic shock, a condition in which

blood pressure drops, breathing quickens and organs can fail. Doctors now treat such infections

with antibiotics to kill the bacteria. But that will not help if the bacteria have already released

their poisons into the bloodstream.

Xoma's treatment, which would be used in addition to antibiotics, uses monoclonal antibodies

that bind to the poisons and make them ineffective. The monoclonal antibodies, which Xoma

produces in mice, are variants of the proteins the body naturally uses to fight infections.

Figure 6.0 cell of monoclonal antibodies


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Examples of bacterial infectious diseases

y Lyme disease

y Cat Scratch Disease

y Cholera

y Typhus

y Tetanusy Tetanus

y Tuberculosis

y Urinary Tract Infections

Figure 7.0 cholera bacteria

Figure 8.0 Typhus bacteria

Figure 9.0 Tuberculosis bacteria


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5.0 Heroine

Heroin is a synthetic opiate drug that is highly addictive. It is made from morphine, a naturally

occurring substance extracted from the seed pod of the Asian opium poppy plant. Heroin

usually appears as a white or brown powder or as a black sticky substance, known as black tar

Figure 10.0 Brown heroine powder

5.1 Problems with heroine

Health

Short term effects

Heroin is a central nervous system depressant that relieves pain and induces sleep. It produces

a dreamlike state of warmth and well-being. It may also cause constricted pupils, nausea, and

respiratory depression, which in its extremes can result in death.The user will also feel like

his\her arms and legs heavy.

Long term effect

Heroin activates brain regions that produce euphoric sensations and brain regions that produce

physical dependencehence its notorious ability to produce both psychological and physical

addiction. Its addictiveness is characterized by persistent craving for the drug and the need for

larger and larger doses to get the same results.The symptoms of a person who is addict to

heroine are panic, nausea, muscle cramps, chills, and insomnia.The addict will also suffer from

other problems like listed below:

y Infection of the heart lining and valves.

y Liver disease.

y Kidney disease.

y Pulmonary complications

y Bacterial infections

y Infectious diseases, for example, HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B

and C


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social problems

Heroin affects the society in various ways like the future generations, a family, our friends and

etc. Lets take for a better and common example like a family.The effects of heroin on the family

are many. For example, a family will try to take care of each other, especially when one member

of the family has a serious problem such as heroin addiction. Believing they're to blame in someway, family members may become focused on making things better and keeping the family

functioning. Due to this fact, family members rarely address their own issues. Through

embarrassment and shame, families may decline invitations, stop inviting friends round, hobbies

are ignored and the family becomes gradually more isolated - they're unable to tell anyone

what's happening. The family members will feel anger, frustration, helplessness, confusion,

hopelessness, desperation, guilt and shame. The physical strength of each family members will

decrease and will lead to anxiety, depression, headaches, migraines, digestive disorders and

heart problems, often resulting in them having to take medication. It's not unusual to find

relatives admitting to occasionally having suicidal feelings.


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6.0 Alcohol

Pure alcohol is a colourless, tasteless liquid produced by fermentation, a process in which water

and yeast act on sugars from a grain, vegetable or fruit.

When discussed as a drug, "alcohol" becomes the collective term for a wide variety of alcoholic

beverages. Alcohol is a depressant, slowing the activity of the central nervous system. This

leads to reduced inhibitions, as well as a deterioration in coordination and reflexes.

Consumption of alcohol can lead to aggression, confusion, nausea, vomiting, unconsciousness

and risk taking behaviour. Alcohol's effects on co-ordination and reflexes make it a major factor

in accidents. Alcohol is believed to be involved in a third of serious car crashes and a third of

drownings. Alcohol is strongly linked to anti-social behaviour and violence, with an estimated

three-quarters of assaults related to alcohol use.

Figure 11.0 Alcoholic drinks


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Alcohol:

Short term effects

Sometimes people drink alcohol to have the short term effect like being relax, less tense and

being less aware of events around them.Here is a table showing the short term effect aftersomeone has taken up to 10 or more drinks.

# Drinks Consumed Effects Hours needed to metabolize

alcohol

1-2 relaxation; decreased inhibition and

judgment; decreased reaction time and

alertness

2 - 3

3-4 marked decrease in fine motor skills,

reaction time, and judgment; may be

clumsy; exaggerated behaviors

4 - 6

5-7 vision and perception affected; can be

verbally argumentative, emotionally

irrational; further impairments in

reaction time and judgment

6 - 10

8-10 staggering; slurred speech; blurred

vision; sensory and motor skills greatly

affected; nausea/vomiting

10 - 24

More than 10 stuporous; may be conscious but

unaware of surroundings; decreased

respiration; anesthesia.

More than 24


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Long term effect

Each year approximately 3000 people die as a result of excessive alcohol consumption and

around 65 000 people are hospitalised. Long-term excessive alcohol consumption is associated

with

y heart damage

y high blood pressure and stroke

y liver damage

y cancers of the digestive system

y other digestive system disorders (e.g. stomach ulcers)

y sexual impotence and reduced fertility

y increasing risk of breast cancer

y sleeping difficulties

y brain damage with mood and personality changes

y concentration and memory problems

6.1 Withdrawal

Withdrawal refers to the characteristic signs and symptoms that appear when a drug that

causes physical dependence is regularly used for a long time and then suddenly discontinued or

decreased in dosage

Someone who is dependent on alcohol will experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop

drinking or substantially reduce their intake. Symptoms usually commence 6-24 hours after the

last drink, last for about 5 days and include:

y tremor

y nausea

y anxiety

y depression

y sweating

y headache

y difficulty sleeping (may last several weeks)

Alcohol withdrawal can be very dangerous; people drinking more than 8 standard drinks a day

are advised to discuss a decision to stop drinking with a doctor as medical treatment may be

required to prevent complications


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7.0 Tobaco smoke

Tobacco smoking is the inhalation of smoke from burned dried or cured leaves of the tobacco

plant, most often in the form of a cigarette. People may smoke casually for pleasure, habitually

to satisfy an addiction to the nicotine present in tobacco and to the act of smoking, or in

response to social pressure. In some societies, people smoke for ritualistic purposes.

Tobacco smoke is a mixture of gases and small particles made up of water, tar and nicotine.

The tar is a messy mixture of hundreds of toxic chemicals, many of which are known to cause

cancer (for example, nitrosamines, benzpyrene).

Many of the gases in tobacco smoke are harmful. These include carbon monoxide, nitrogen

oxides, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, and other toxic irritants such as acrolein and

formaldehyde. Due to the high temperatures (over 800C or 1400F), the burning end of a

cigarette is like a miniature chemical factory. It churns out many more noxious chemicals than

are found in unlit tobacco or taken in by use of smokeless tobacco (for example, snuff, whichcontains no tar or gases). Altogether more than 4,000 chemical compounds have been

identified in tobacco smoke.

Figure 12.0 A cigarette

8.1 The effects of the three Main Components of Cigarettes

Nicotine:

This is the addictive component of tobacco. It is absorbed into the blood and affects the brainwithin 10 seconds. It causes smokers to feel good because of the neurotransmitters (chemicals

in the brain) that it releases. It also causes a surge of heart rate,blood pressure, and adrenaline

(which also feels good). Unfortunately, because of the nature of addiction, when the effects of

nicotine on the brain and body wear off, the smoker feels worse than before. This reinforces the

craving for another cigarette.


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Tar:

Tar itself contains many poisonous substances to the body. It is a thick, sticky substance, and

when inhaled it sticks to the tiny hairs on the lungs, the cilia. These normally protect the lungs

from dirt and infection, but when covered in tar they can't do their job. Tar also coats the walls of

the whole respiration system, narrowing the tubes that transport air (the bronchioles) andreducing elasticity of the lungs.

Carbon Monoxide:

Carbon monoxide is the poisonous chemical found in car exhaust fumes. It decreases the

amount of oxygen in the blood, which deprives all the organs of oxygen too. Because there's

less oxygen in the blood, it gets thicker and puts a strain on the heart to pump.

Health problems when smoking

Eyes:

Chemicals in tobacco cause damage to the macula (the most sensitive part of the retina, the

back of the eye).

Tiny blood vessels can burst through the macula, leading to irreversible damage.

Smoking causes morphological (The form and structure of an organism or one of its parts) and

functional changes to the lens and retina due to its atherosclerotic and thrombotic effects on the

ocular capillaries. Also, it enhances the generation of free radicals and decreases the levels of

antioxidants in the blood circulation, aqueous homour and ocular tissue. Eventually, continuoussmoking may perpetuate further damage and lead to permanent blindness.

Mouth, throat and oesophagus:

Smoking is a risk factor for all cancers associated with the larynx, oral cavity and oesophagus.

Over 90% of the patients with oral cancer (includes cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth and throat)

are smoker, and the risk for these cancers increases with the number of cigarettes smoked.

Heavy smokers have laryngeal cancer mortality risks 20 to 30 times greater than non-smokers.

The combined effect of tobacco and alcoholic drink imposes a much higher risk of oral and

pharyngeal cancers by 35-fold.

Figure 13.0 mouth and throat


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Heart and circulation:

Two immediate effects of smoking on heart and circulation are

y an increase in your heartbeat rate,

y a sharp rise in blood pressure.

These responses are caused by nicotine which acts on the nervous system, causing the heart

rate to rise and blood vessels to constrict. This narrowing of the blood vessels causes the blood

pressure rise and strain is put on the heart. The carbon monoxide in cigarettes depletes the

oxygen carrying capacity of a smoker's blood. This means that the heart has to pump harder to

get enough oxygen to the rest of the body.

Smoking can also affect the blood in the long term: increase in the blood cholesterol and

fibrinogen levels. Both these factors mean blood will clot more easily and this will increase the

risk of having a heart attack, caused by a blood clot forming in the heart. The heart and

circulation attacks caused by smoking include : Coronary heart disease (CHD), Aneurysm,

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD), stroke etc.

Lungs:

The tar content of cigarette smoke damages the cells in the airways of the lung, making the cilia

unable to sweep away the harmful substances. Eventually this damage can produce cells that

grow in an uncontrolled way leading to cancer of the lung or larynx. Moreover, harmful

substances from the smoke are detected by the protective cells of the body and these cells

move to the lung and try to defend it, but are destroyed by the cigarette smoke. The dead cells

release substances that damage the structure of the lung, which leads to chronic bronchitis and

emphysema. Tobacco accounts for more than 80% of the lung cancer cases. The observedrelationship between tobacco smoking and the incidence of lung cancers appears to depend on

factors such as: (i) the daily dose of tobacco; (ii) the duration of regular smoking and (iii) the

form in which tobacco is smoked (cigarettes, cigars, pipes).

Figure 15.0 The lungs of a smoker


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Brain:

Cigarette smoking has been linked to the buildup of fatty substances in the carotid artery, the

main neck artery supplying blood to the brain. Blockage of this artery may cut off the blood

supply to the brain cells, which results in stroke (cerebral thrombosis). Also, nicotine raises

blood pressure; carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen your blood can carry to thebrain; and cigarette smoke makes the blood thicker and more likely to clot. Smokers are more

likely to develop stroke than non-smokers, with the overall relative risk of stroke in smokers

being about 1.5times that of non-smokers.

Digestive system:

Smoking has been shown to have harmful effects on all parts of the digestive system,

contributing to such common disorders as heartburn and peptic ulcers. It also increases the risk

of Crohn's disease and possibly gallstones.

Risk of stomach cancer caused by smoking increases with duration of smoking and the number

of cigarettes smoked.

Liver and pancreas:

Nearly 50% of the bladder and kidney cancer in men are caused by smoking, with lower

contribution for women. Cigarette smoke can interact with chemical (especially aromatic

amines) in the work place to produce bladder and kidney cancer. Also, approximately 30% of all

deaths from pancreatic cancer are attributable to cigarette smoking.

Skin and hair:

Just 10 minutes of cigarette smoking decreases the body's and skin's oxygen supply for almost

an hour. Smoking robs the skin of collagen which keeps the skin elastic. Smokers get more and

deeper wrinkles all over their faces because nicotine constricts the tiny capillaries that nourish

the skin. Smokers in their 40s often have as many facial wrinkles as non-smokers in their 60s.

Smoking interferes with the healing process, it takes longer to heal and there is more scarring.

Smokers are also prone to premature thinning and graying of the hair. Men who smoke are

twice as likely to become bald as are men who do not smoke, and premature graying is 3 to 6

times more common in smokers.

Figure 16.0 On the right face of a smoker and on the left face a

non smoker


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Bone and muscle:

Smoking delays the healing of fractures, and in some smokers bone healing is indefinitely

delayed. Nicotine restricts blood flow to all tissue, especially in the newly forming tissues that

are involved in the bone repair. Moreover, tobacco smoke chemicals are poisons that also

inhibit the development of new tissue cells. The tissue of smokers does not get an adequateblood supply to promote healing, thus smokers are at a much higher risk of developing

osteoporosis. Male smokers are also affected because smoking negatively affects the

production of bone cells. Women with a smoking history have significantly lower bone density

and are much more likely to suffer fractures. Furthermore, their earlier menopause add to the

risk of osteoporosis. Studies show that women who use tobacco have a 50% higher risk of

osteoporosis than nonsmokers. Smokers also have poorer muscle strength, agility and balance.


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The internal body of a smoker

Figure 17.0 the internal body of a smoker

8.0 Conclusion

Drug abuse is a complex problem thought to result from a combination of psychological, and

environmental factors. It affects people from the early stage to old age. Addicts may suffer from

neglect or the effects of parental drug use. As they grow into childhood, they may demonstrate

antisocial behavior, and signs of malnutrition, poor self-esteem, depression, or attention deficit

disorder. This may lead an adolescent to use drugs, have unwanted pregnancies, and drop out

of school.

Oral health care professionals, have an ethical responsibility to inform patients of how drugabuse can damage their health. With increased knowledge of chemical dependency, one may

be able to identify and encourage a patient, co-worker, or family member to seek the support

needed to change substance abuse habits. The self-assessment checklist and list of resource

may provide insight and information helpful to someone who must take that difficult first step to

recovery.

yuvi.A.P final project drugs

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