Youth and social capital: the role of online social networks
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Youth and social capital: the role of online social networks
Ivana PaisUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
Milan, [email protected]
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Social network/capital in job search
• Granovetter (1973): “strength of weak ties”• Coleman (1990): “appropriable social
organisations” How social networks influence behaviours of
networkers and how these individuals can use networks to pursue their specific aims?
• Burt (1992): “structural holes”• Lin (2001): “social resources”
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However
• For youth strong social ties are more important as professional contact networks are not yet developed
• SC does benefit individual Jobseekers, but more so those who start with an advantage
• Inequalities are underlined and inefficiencies occur between offer and search
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Internet job search
• IJS is a very low-cost job search method (Kuhnand Skuterud 2004)
• Online jobsearch is 20% more likely to have a positive result regardless of age, education, sex and length of time spent (Carlino 2011)
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But
• Trade-off between quantity and quality of information (Fountain 2005, Marchal, Melletand Rieucau 2007)
• IJS gives 'added value' and does not replace traditional methods
• Digital divide (Fountain 2005; Kuhn and Skuterud 2004)
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From web 1.0 to web 2.0
Age difference is a factor in internet use but has the usefacilitated job search?
Web 1.0 shows no change
Has web 2.0 opened new horizons?
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Social network sites
• SNS are a web-based services that allow individuals to (1) construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, (2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system (Boyd and Ellison 2007)
• Social network sites as “intentional organisation” (Coleman)
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Business social networks: an age-levelling service?
• “With these tools age differences do not exist. When you meet someone in person, age is something that affects the relationship, with LinkedIn the first impression is not based on age and even when you meet off line, age continues to be irrelevant” (man, temporary manager, 71 years old)
• “I dress in a way that makes me appear older, I have grown a beard for that reason. Because otherwise you don’t work. Via internet you don’t need it” (man, entrepreneur, 22 years old)
• “Participants here tend to be more experienced, which is not linked to age, gender or ethnicity” (LinkedIn Q&A, man, consultant)
• “I can't say that I've even thought about it, so I'd say no. Social media is an equalizer in that respect; what matters is what you know, how you share, and the time you put into it” (LinkedIn Q&A, man, General Manager at Web Industries)
(Carini, Pais 2011)
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THE ITALIAN SITUATION
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Youth unemployment rates (15-24 ys)
Source: Eurostat 2011
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Unemployment rates Youth unemployment rates
EU27UKIT
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Neet
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
From 15 to 19 years
From 20 to 24 years
From 25 to 29 years
From 30 to 34 years
European Union (27 countries)United Kingdom
Italy
Source: Eurostat 2010
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University graduates
• Lower percentage of university graduates• Increase in numbers of unemployed• Drop in permanent jobs contracts• Lower salaries that don’t reflect cost of living
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Methods used for seeking work
0,010,020,030,040,050,060,070,080,090,0
European Union (27 countries)United Kingdom
Italy
Source: Eurostat 2011Q3
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Internet use and activities
0102030405060708090
frequently using the internet
participating in social
networks (facebook,
twitter, etc.)
participating in
professional networks (LinkedIn, Xing, etc.)
job search or sending
an application
European Union (27 countries)
United KingdomItaly
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Internet use in Italy by age
Source: Istat 2011
0102030405060708090
1006-
10
11-1
4
15-1
7
18-1
9
20-2
4
25-3
4
35-4
4
45-5
4
55-5
9
60-6
4
65-7
4
>=75
internet
social network (Facebook, Twitter…)online job search
professional network (LinkedIn, Xing..)
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“SOCIAL RECRUITING” IN ITALY
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Survey
• Online survey carried out by Adecco Italy between November 2011 and January 2012
• 503 head hunters• 9.100 job seekers
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Implications for practice and policy
• Social networks show great potential to buildweak ties no matter how little experience youhave
• For the moment this potential is unrealized• People need to learn ₺best use₺
– What platform is the best for my needs– How to maintain a certain level of privacy– Using the platform as a professional niche network