Your Subtitle Goes HereSurgeon Brooks

Life Science Chapter 8 Genetic Changes

Mutations1. Mutation = any change

in genetic material. Example: Albinism - pigment

2. Mutations happen any time, randomly

3. Mutations are mostly harmful

4. Lethal mutations – cause death before or after birth

Albinism

Types of Mutations1. Gene Mutation = changes in

the sequence of basesA. Produces wrong code in RNAB. Sometimes no effect – eye color mutates in a skin cellC. Sometimes minor effect – moleD. Sometimes lethalE. Example of a screw falling into a clock!

Somatic & Germ mutations1. Somatic Mutation = mutation

in a body cell - cells that do not make gametes

2. Germ Mutation = occur in gametes or cells that form gametesA. Do not effect organism, but can effect offspringB. Most are recessiveC. After several generations, possible to get mutated trait

Chromosomal Changes1. Defined: mutation involving

the number of chromosomes.2. Small or large effect on

organism3. 2 set of chromosomes =

diploid4. Unusual number = ploidy

mutations5. Down’s syndrome = ploidy

mutation. They have three sets on the 21st chromosomes.

(47 instead of 46)

Down’s Syndrome

Seedless Watermelon Japan’s Square

watermelon?

Facets of Genetics: Human Disorders1. Carrier = has gene but does not

express the trait2. Queen Victoria & hemophilia

=bleeder’s disease, found in 1 in 10,000 males (sex-linked)

3. Duchene = type of muscular dystrophy (sex-linked)

4. Cystic Fibrosis = affects mucous and sweat glands (recessive)

5. Tay Sachs =lack enzyme that breaks down fatty substances (recessive)

6. Malignant hyperthermia – high fever under anestheia (dominant gene)

7. Achondroplasia = arms and legs do not grow properly

(dominant)

Tay Sachs Disease

Malignant HyperthermiaScientist experiment on a dog to help humans

Duchene’s Disease

Cystic Fibrosis

8B Applied Genetics1. Some produce unusual traits

that are beneficial2. We then will breed to preserve

the trait3. Example Ancon sheep & Mink

Mink

Ancon SheepYour subtopic goes here

Applied Genetics1. Selection – Jacob’s flock in OT

A. Selective breeding Breed selected traits

(plants – corn example, p.114)

B. Inbreeding is mating an organism with its close relatives – goal is for pure breed with desirable traits (Animal – chickens, Plant = self-pollination)

C. Many new breeds began from plants or animals that mutated

Cross Breeding1.Involves breeding individuals with

different traits to produce offspring different from both parents

2. Hybrid vigor = offspring stronger than parents.

3. Hybrids produce different offspring4. Takes many years to get hybrids to

produce offspring alike (ex: shorthorn cattle – good meat, Brahams cattle – like cold)

5. Sometimes with breed organisms from different groupsa) doesn’t work with animalsb) successful w/ plants (tangelos)

Tangerine + Grapefruit = Tangelo

The New Genetics1. Genetic engineering = use of

special techniques to control the genetic makeupWe…A. Isolate genes and transfer them to other cellsB. create super crops like frost resistant tomatoesC. could form a disease that could destroy many things

Tomatoes….

Human Genetic Engineering1. Human genetics – 2 views

A. We are made in the image of God, precious creation.B. We have the God-given ability to learn and direct our lives.

2. Not good or bad alone3. Is science qualified to answer

the moral questions that genetic engineering raises?

4. Would a genetically engineered human race solve our problems?

Facets of Genetics1. Human Genome Project =

map all human genes! We did it!

2. Identical twins = sperm + ovule = zygote. Zygote then divides and forms two identical individuals. (Clones)

3. Fraternal Twins = 2 sperm + 2 ovules = 2 zygotes. Born at the same time but genetically different. Can be 2 girls or 2 boys, or one of each!

Identical or Fraternal Twins

Identical Twins

Identical TwinsYour subtopic goes here

Fraternal Twins

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