YOUNG & HARDEN DISCOVERIES

By: Nafisa, Isabel and Vesa

Fermentation•Anaerobic cellular process

•Organic foods converted into simpler compounds

•ATP is produced•Seen in yeast

Buchner DiscoveriesFermentation does not require intact yeast cells

Caused by an enzyme called zymase.

Fermentation could occur in the presence of oxygen, a finding that disproved a theory held by Louis Pasteur.

Whenever zymase is present as well as sugar, fermentation will occur

Young and Harden• Heat Stable substances

were necessary as well as zymase (and cozymase)

• Added boiled yeast extract to unboiled yeast extract

Rate of alcoholic

fermentation increased

Young and Harden

•Developed an apparatus to collect and measure gases created during alcohol fermentation

•Used a volumetric measurement of CO2

Young and Harden

• Using this apparatus, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate was found

• Led to the description of fermentation in terms of molecular intermediates

Young and Harden

Can be summarized through these equations:1. 2C6H12O6 + 2Na2HPO4 = C6H10O4(PO4Na2)+2H2O + CO2 +2C2H6O;

2. C6H10O4(PO4Na2)2 + H2O = C6H12O6 + 2Na2HPO4

Cellular Respiration Equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36Energy (as ATP)

Cellular Respiration• Begins with glucose• Harden and Young were able to find the third molecule in

the process• Proved Pasteur’s theory that microorganisms caused

fermentation• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nIDGG0sYcg• After this reaction, an alcohol and CO2 is created

Cellular Respiration• By building on this information, the complete glycolytic pathway was found in 1940

References• “Alcoholic Fermentation.” Yobrew - Home brew wine, cider, beer, drinks, kits and recipes. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct, 2011.• http://www.yobrew.co.uk/fermentation.php

• “Cofactor Engineering.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 24 Oct, 2011.• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_Engineering

• “Eduard Buchner Wiki.” Jungle Key. N.p., 1 May, 2010. Web. 24 Oct, 2011.• http://www.junglekey.com/wiki/definition.php?terme=Eduard_Buchner

• Arthur Harden and William John Young. “The Enzymatic Formation of Polysaccharides by Yeast Preparations.” Biochem. J., Dec. 7 (1913): 630–0. Biochemical Department, Lister Institute, 17 Nov, 1913. Web. 24 Oct. 2011.

• http://www.biochemj.org/bj/007/0630/bj0070630_browse.htm#

• Nicole Kresge, Robert D. Simoni, and Robert L. Hill. “Otto Fritz Meyerhof and the Elucidation of the Glycolytic Pathway.” T he Journal of Biological Chemistry ,January 28 (2005 ): 280, e3. Web. 24 Oct, 2011.

• http://www.jbc.org/content/280/4/e3

• “Nobel Lectures: Chemistry 1922-1941.” Nobel Prize. Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1966. Web. 24 Oct, 2011.• http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1929/harden-bio.html

• Kazuna Tyo. “What Are the Symptoms of Heat Exhaustion?” Gadget Health News. N.p., 2011. Web. 24 Oct, 2011.• http://www.gadgethealth.com/what-are-the-symptoms-of-heat-exhaustion.html

• “William John Young.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 24 Oct, 2011.• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Young