You are a teenager living in the You are a teenager living in the present time Singapore.present time Singapore.

You belong to the minority of the You belong to the minority of the society whose family surname is society whose family surname is “Len” while the rest of the “Len” while the rest of the Singaporeans’ surname is “Bow”.Singaporeans’ surname is “Bow”.

Imagine…Imagine…

As the minority of the society, As the minority of the society, you are you are NOTNOT allowed to: allowed to:

• Take on jobs in the government sectors and your Take on jobs in the government sectors and your monthly salary cannot be above S$300.monthly salary cannot be above S$300.

• Owe a house/flat and you can only rent them from the Owe a house/flat and you can only rent them from the government.government.

• Vote in the elections.Vote in the elections.• Study in certain schools.Study in certain schools.

How do you How do you feelfeel about the situation? about the situation?

How would you How would you reactreact to the situation? to the situation?

What do you think will happen to What do you think will happen to Singapore if this happens?Singapore if this happens?

Pause & Ponder…Pause & Ponder…

DIVIDEDIVIDEDD

CO

UN

TR

IEC

OU

NTR

IESS

History of IrelandHistory of Ireland

• Before the 12th century, Northern Ireland & the Republic of Ireland were ONE country called Ireland

• People were Irish, mostly Catholics

• In the 12th century, Ireland was conquered by England

• English landlords brought in the Protestants and the English and settled in the northern parts of Ireland

• Pushed out many local Irish Catholics farmers.

History of IrelandHistory of Ireland

• Irish Catholics who stayed behind were given less fertile land

• Northern part of Ireland became mainly made up of Protestants

What do you think would happen to the Irish Catholics who stayed behind?

What do you think happened to the population composition in Northern Ireland?

History of IrelandHistory of Ireland

Catholic King James II Protestant King

William of Orange

History of IrelandHistory of Ireland

• When the Catholic King James II ascended the throne, the Protestants became fearful

• They were afraid that their land and power would be given back to the Catholics

• He tried to defeat the local Protestants but was defeated by Protestant King William of Orange in 1690

What were the Protestants fearful of?

History of IrelandHistory of Ireland

Penal Laws set by the Protestants• No Catholic can buy land• No Catholic shall be

allowed to vote• No Catholic can join

the army• No Catholic can receive

higher education

• They wanted complete control of Ireland

Why did the Protestants want to implement the Penal Laws?

History of IrelandHistory of Ireland

• The Catholic Irish fought against the Protestant Scottish and English for years

History of IrelandHistory of Ireland

• In 1800, Ireland became part of UK

• Riots between Catholics & Protestants was so bad that by 1900s, the British govt lose control of Southern part of Ireland

2020thth CENTURY CENTURY

• 1921 : Ireland divided into two separate parts

• Based on majority religion of each part

IRISH FREE STATE

Northern part:

NORTHERN IRELANDNORTHERN IRELAND • PROTESTANT government• remained part of UK

Southern part:

IRISH FREE STATEIRISH FREE STATE• CATHOLICCATHOLIC government • Independent countryIndependent country

2020thth CENTURY CENTURY

• Both had own Parliaments• But continued to recognise English

monarchy and laws regarding foreign affairs

• They were continued to be treated unfairly by the predominantlyProtestant government

Why do you think happened to the Catholics in Northern Ireland?

IRISH FREE STATE

2020thth CENTURY CENTURY

1949 : Irish Free State cut ties with Britain• Became the REPUBLIC OF IRELAND REPUBLIC OF IRELAND from from

Irish Free StateIrish Free State

PEOPLE IN N.I. TODAY PEOPLE IN N.I. TODAY

As of 2001:

• 1 million Protestants– Mostly of English and Scottish origin

• 700,000 Catholics– Mostly descendants of local Irish

inhabitants

THE N.I. GOVERNMENTTHE N.I. GOVERNMENT

• Before 1972– Own Parliament at Stormont Castle near

Belfast

• Since 1972– Ruled directly by the British Parliament in

London– N.I. Government in charge of finance,

commerce, health and education– Britain in charge of foreign affairs and

defence– Majority of ministers in N.I. Are Protestants

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Belfast_panorama_from_queens_tower.jpg

•Why did the conflict occur?Lack of common identity/history

Catholics vs ProtestantsReligious differences

Catholics vs ProtestantsDifferent political beliefs

Irish (Independent) vs British (Part of UK)

THINK & SHARETHINK & SHARE

CAUSES OF CONFLICTCAUSES OF CONFLICT

1. Divided Loyalties2. Unequal Allocation of Housing3. Unequal Employment

Opportunities4. Lack of Voting Rights5. Lack of Opportunities for

Social Interaction (Education System & Separate Residential Areas)

• Regard themselves Regard themselves as as BritishBritish

• Want to remain as Want to remain as part of part of UKUK

• Afraid of that the Afraid of that the Catholic Catholic government government (Republic of Ireland) (Republic of Ireland) may not be tolerant may not be tolerant of Protestant beliefsof Protestant beliefs

1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES

ProtestantsProtestants CatholicsCatholics• See themselves as See themselves as

IrishIrish• Want to be united Want to be united

with with IrelandIreland• Still resentful Still resentful

against British for against British for conquering Ireland conquering Ireland because many because many Catholics were Catholics were then killed or then killed or treated harshlytreated harshly

• The N.I. government gives out public The N.I. government gives out public houses (government-subsidized) to the houses (government-subsidized) to the peoplepeople

• City Councils deal with allocation of the City Councils deal with allocation of the public housespublic houses

– comprise largely of Protestantscomprise largely of Protestants

• Catholics are often delayed in getting Catholics are often delayed in getting public housing (priority given to public housing (priority given to Protestants)Protestants)

• In some towns, more houses will be given In some towns, more houses will be given to Protestants than the Catholicsto Protestants than the Catholics

2. HOUSING2. HOUSING

• 1968 : 71% of local houses in 1968 : 71% of local houses in Dungannon given to Protestants but Dungannon given to Protestants but 53% of the people there were 53% of the people there were CatholicsCatholics

• In one case, a house had been In one case, a house had been allocated to a single Protestant allocated to a single Protestant woman rather than a Catholic family woman rather than a Catholic family with childrenwith children

2. HOUSING2. HOUSING

• Competition for jobs

• Difficult for Catholics to find jobs especially government jobs

• Even though Catholics are as qualified as the Protestants

3. EMPLOYMENT3. EMPLOYMENT

• 1971 : Population survey• Catholics males 2 ½ times more

likely to be jobless than Protestants males

• No. of Catholic engineers and civil servants – not proportionate to their numbers in N.I.

• Fewer Catholics in senior positions in public and private sectors

3. EMPLOYMENT3. EMPLOYMENT

• Before 1968• Only those with houses & businesses

were allowed to vote• Each household – 2 votes• Companies entitled to more votes

depending on size• Many companies owned by richer

Protestants – thus had more votes• Voting districts often drawn to include a

larger proportion of Protestants

4. VOTING4. VOTING

To make things fairer for the Catholics• Since 1968 : Everyone is entitled to

one vote• Must be a British citizen and

above 18 years old• Had to be born in N.I. • Or lived in UK for 7 years

• Voting districts redrawn to ensure fairness

4. VOTING4. VOTING

• Voting rights no longer a problem today

• But conflicts persist because other issues such as housing and employment which were not addressed

5. VOTING5. VOTING

• Public schools that cater for Public schools that cater for Protestants onlyProtestants onlyFULLY FUNDED BY GOVERNMENTFULLY FUNDED BY GOVERNMENT

V.S.V.S.• Private schools that cater for Private schools that cater for

Catholics onlyCatholics only

PARTLY FUNDED BY GOVERNMENTPARTLY FUNDED BY GOVERNMENT

EDUCATION SYSTEMEDUCATION SYSTEM

5. LACK OF OPPORTUNITIES 5. LACK OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR SOCIAL INTERACTIONFOR SOCIAL INTERACTION

PROTESTANT PROTESTANT CHILDRENCHILDREN

• Taught British history

• Play British sports – rugby, hockey, cricket

• Very loyal to Britain• Sing British national

anthem

CATHOLIC CATHOLIC CHILDRENCHILDREN

• Taught Irish history• Play Irish sports –

hurling• Taught Irish

language and culture

• Regard Britain as a foreign country

5. LACK OF OPPORTUNITIES 5. LACK OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR SOCIAL INTERACTIONFOR SOCIAL INTERACTION

Some efforts to resolve the Some efforts to resolve the problem of lack of problem of lack of communicationcommunication

• Integrated schools Integrated schools – For both Protestants & CatholicsFor both Protestants & Catholics

• Set up by private individualsSet up by private individuals• Not as popularNot as popular

5. LACK OF OPPORTUNITIES 5. LACK OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR SOCIAL INTERACTIONFOR SOCIAL INTERACTION

Separate Residential AreasSeparate Residential Areas

• Since 17Since 17thth century, the Protestants and century, the Protestants and Catholics have been living in separate Catholics have been living in separate residential areasresidential areas

Result : Result : • Protestant and Catholic children Protestant and Catholic children

rarely get to meet and know each otherrarely get to meet and know each other• Generations grow up to distrust each otherGenerations grow up to distrust each other• Makes them hostile to each otherMakes them hostile to each other

5. LACK OF OPPORTUNITIES 5. LACK OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR SOCIAL INTERACTIONFOR SOCIAL INTERACTION

RecapRecap

1.1. Ireland is divided into two countries Ireland is divided into two countries known as _________ & __________.known as _________ & __________.

2.2. Northern Ireland is controlled by a Northern Ireland is controlled by a ________ government.________ government.

3.3. Protestants support the _______ while the Protestants support the _______ while the Catholics support the ________.Catholics support the ________.

4.4. Name the 4 causes of conflict in Northern Name the 4 causes of conflict in Northern Ireland.Ireland.

SRI LANKASRI LANKA

Racial DifferencesSinhalese vs Tamils

Conflicts overConflicts overCitizenship rightsGovernment Jobs

University AdmissionResettlement of

Population

NORTHERN IRELANDNORTHERN IRELAND

Religious DifferencesProtestants vs Catholics

Conflicts overConflicts overDivided Loyalties

HousingEmployment

Voting The Education SystemSeparate Residential

Areas