CHILE AQUACULTURE SIEffects of Caligusrogercresseyi (Boxshall& Bravo2000) chalimus stage condition (dead, moribund, live)on the estimates of Cypermethrin BETAMAXefficacySandra L Marn1, Roberto Martin2& Rodrigo Lewis21Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile2Novartis Chile S.A., Aqua, Puerto Varas, ChileCorrespondence: S L Marn, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, P.O. Box 1327, Puerto Montt, Chile.E-mail: smarin@spm.uach.clAbstractTo maintain antiparasitics against caligids copepodsover time, accurate information is necessary to esti-mate efficacy. The objective of this study was toexperimentally evaluate cypermethrin BETAMAXefficacy on chalimus I and II combined of Caligusrogercresseyi (Boxshall& Bravo, 2000) using twoapproaches to estimate chalimus abundance:dead + moribund + live parasites, and only liveparasites. Forty-eight Oncorhynchusmykiss (Wall-baum) were distributed in four 100-L tanks (twocontrol and two treated) and exposed to 60 cope-podids per fish. Parasite abundance by developmen-tal stage and condition (dead, moribund, live) wasdetermined 7 days post infection. Treatment withcypermethrin was applied and after 48 h, fish wereeuthanized to estimate parasite abundance perdevelopmental stage and condition. Live, moribundand dead parasites were obsCHILE AQUACULTURE SIEffects of Caligusrogercresseyi (Boxshall& Bravo2000) chalimus stage condition (dead, moribund, live)on the estimates of Cypermethrin BETAMAXefficacySandra L Marn1, Roberto Martin2& Rodrigo Lewis21Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile2Novartis Chile S.A., Aqua, Puerto Varas, ChileCorrespondence: S L Marn, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, P.O. Box 1327, Puerto Montt, Chile.E-mail: smarin@spm.uach.clAbstractTo maintain antiparasitics against caligids copepodsover time, accurate information is necessary to esti-mate efficacy. The objective of this study was toexperimentally evaluate cypermethrin BETAMAXefficacy on chalimus I and II combined of Caligusrogercresseyi (Boxshall& Bravo, 2000) using twoapproaches to estimate chalimus abundance:dead + moribund + live parasites, and only liveparasites. Forty-eight Oncorhynchusmykiss (Wall-baum) were distributed in four 100-L tanks (twocontrol and two treated) and exposed to 60 cope-podids per fish. Parasite abundance by developmen-tal stage and condition (dead, moribund, live) wasdetermined 7 days post infection. Treatment withcypermethrin was applied and after 48 h, fish wereeuthanized to estimate parasite abundance perdevelopmental stage and condition. Live, moribundand dead parasites were obsmaintainantiparasitics against caligids copepodsover time, accurate information is necessary to esti-mate efficacy. The objective of this study was toexperimentally evaluate cypermethrin BETAMAXefficacy on chalimus I and II combined of Caligusrogercresseyi (Boxshall& Bravo, 2000) using twoapproaches to estimate chalimus abundance:dead + moribund + live parasites, and only liveparasites. Forty-eight Oncorhynchusmykiss (Wall-baum) were distributed in four 100-L tanks (twocontrol and two treated) and exposed to 60 cope-podids per fish. Parasite abundance by developmen-tal stage and condition (dead, moribund, live) wasdetermined 7 days post infection. Treatment withcypermethrin was applied anmaintainantiparasitics against caligids copepodsover time, accurate information is necessary to esti-mate efficacy. The objective of this study was toexperimentally evaluate cypermethrin BETAMAXefficacy on chalimus I and II combined of Caligusrogercresseyi (Boxshall& Bravo, 2000) using twoapproaches to estimate chalimus abundance:dead + moribund + live parasites, and only liveparasites. Forty-eight Oncorhynchusmykiss (Wall-baum) were distributed in four 100-L tanks (twocontrol and two treated) and exposed to 60 cope-podids per fish. Parasite abundance by developmen-tal stage and condition (dead, moribund, live) wasdetermined 7 days post infection. Treatment withcypermethrin was applied anmaintainantiparasitics against caligids copepodsover time, accurate information is necessary to esti-mate efficacy. The objective of this study was toexperimentally evaluate cypermethrin BETAMAXefficacy on chalimus I and II combined of Caligusrogercresseyi (Boxshall& Bravo, 2000) using twoapproaches to estimate chalimus abundance:dead + moribund + live parasites, and only liveparasites. Forty-eight Oncorhynchusmykiss (Wall-baum) were distributed in four 100-L tanks (twocontrol and two treated) and exposed to 60 cope-podids per fish. Parasite abundance by developmen-tal stage and condition (dead, moribund, live) wasdetermined 7 days post infection. Treatment withcypermethrin was applied anAbstractThe effect of salinity on survival, growth, haema-tological parameters and osmoregulation was eval-uated in tambaqui. This study addressed twoquestions. Firstly, tambaqui (33.9 3.4 g) rearedin freshwater were subjected to gradual increasesin salinity until 100% mortality. Two daily incre-ments of salinity were tested with three replicates:1 and 2 g L1day1, while control group waskept in freshwater. For 1 g L1day1, the firstmortality appeared from a salinity of 11 g L1andthe last dead fish was observed at a salinity of20 g L1, whereas for 2 g L1day1, the mortali-ties occurred only between 20 and 22 g L1. Themain sub-lethal effects observed were food intakestopped, erratic swimming behaviour, increasedmucus production and the dark pattern of pigmen-tation that appeared at 13 and 16 g L1for bothtreatments. Secondly, juveniles (57.4 6.3 g)were reared at 0, 5, 10 and 15 g L1, in triplicate,for 84 days. At the end of the experiment, theresults indicated that the survival, growth, haema-tological parameters and osmoregulatory of fishwere significantly affected by salinity. Survival wasunaffected by 10 g L1, whereas higher salinity(15 g L1) had a detrimental effect. Differences infinal weight, specific growth rates (SGR) and meandaily feed intake (MDFI) among treatments weresignificant. There were no significant trends in feedconversion rate (FCR) at salinities of 0, 5 and 10ppt. In these salinities, FCR ranged betweenAbstractThe effect of salinity on survival, growth, haema-tological parameters and osmoregulation was eval-uated in tambaqui. This study addressed twoquestions. Firstly, tambaqui (33.9 3.4 g) rearedin freshwater were subjected to gradual increasesin salinity until 100% mortality. Two daily incre-ments of salinity were tested with three replicates:1 and 2 g L1day1, while control group waskept in freshwater. For 1 g L1day1, the firstmortality appeared from a salinity of 11 g L1andthe last dead fish was observed at a salinity of20 g L1, whereas for 2 g L1day1, the mortali-ties occurred only between 20 and 22 g L1. Themain sub-lethal effects observed were food intakestopped, erratic swimming behaviour, increasedmucus production and the dark pattern of pigmen-tation that appeared at 13 and 16 g L1for bothtreatments. Secondly, juveniles (57.4 6.3 g)were reared at 0, 5, 10 and 15 g L1, in triplicate,for 84 days. At the end of the experiment, theresults indicated that the survival, growth, haema-tological parameters and osmoregulatory of fishwere significantly affected by salinity. Survival wasunaffected by 10 g L1, whereas higher salinity(15 g L1) had a detrimental effect. Differences infinal weight, specific growth rates (SGR) and meandaily feed intake (MDFI) among treatments weresignificant. There were no significant trends in feedconversion rate (FCR) at salinities of 0, 5 and 10ppt. In these salinities, FCR ranged betweenAbstractThe effect of salinity on survival, growth, haema-tological parameters and osmoregulation was eval-uated in tambaqui. This study addressed twoquestions. Firstly, tambaqui (33.9 3.4 g) rearedin freshwater were subjected to gradual increasesin salinity until 100% mortality. Two daily incre-ments of salinity were tested with three replicates:1 and 2 g L1day1, while control group waskept in freshwater. For 1 g L1day1, the firstmortality appeared from a salinity of 11 g L1andthe last dead fish was observed at a salinity of20 g L1, whereas for 2 g L1day1, the mortali-ties occurred only between 20 and 22 g L1. Themain sub-lethal effects observed were food intakestopped, erratic swimming behaviour, increasedmucus production and the dark pattern of pigmen-tation that appeared at 13 and 16 g L1for bothtreatments. Secondly, juveniles (57.4 6.3 g)were reared at 0, 5, 10 and 15 g L1, in triplicate,for 84 days. At the end of the experiment, theresults indicated that the survival, growth, haema-tological parameters and osmoregulatory of fishwere significantly affected by salinity. Survival wasunaffected by 10 g L1, whereas higher salinity(15 g L1) had a detrimental effect. Differences infinal weight, specific growth rates (SGR) and meandaily feed intake (MDFI) among treatments weresignificant. There were no significant trends in feedconversion rate (FCR) at salinities of 0, 5 and 10ppt. In these salinities, FCR ranged betweenAbstractThe effect of salinity on survival, growth, haema-tological parameters and osmoregulation was eval-uated in tambaqui. This study addressed twoquestions. Firstly, tambaqui (33.9 3.4 g) rearedin freshwater were subjected to gradual increasesin salinity until 100% mortality. Two daily incre-ments of salinity were tested with three replicates:1 and 2 g L1day1, while control group waskept in freshwater. For 1 g L1day1, the firstmortality appeared from a salinity of 11 g L1andthe last dead fish was observed at a salinity of20 g L1, whereas for 2 g L1day1, the mortali-ties occurred only between 20 and 22 g L1. Themain sub-lethal effects observed were food intakestopped, erratic swimming behaviour, increasedmucus production and the dark pattern of pigmen-tation that appeared at 13 and 16 g L1for bothtreatments. Secondly, juveniles (57.4 6.3 g)were reared at 0, 5, 10 and 15 g L1, in triplicate,for 84 days. At the end of the experiment, theresults indicated that the survival, growth, haema-tological parameters and osmoregulatory of fishwere significantly affected by salinity. Survival wasunaffected by 10 g L1, whereas higher salinity(15 g L1) had a detrimental effect. Differences infinal weight, specific growth rates (SGR) and meandaily feed intake (MDFI) among treatments weresignificant. There were no significant trends in feedconversion rate (FCR) at salinities of 0, 5 and 10ppt. In these salinities, FCR ranged between

2012100160Catacutan, Arljie Mhar MagbagBSABEn-IVAquaculture1. Tropical marine finfish aquaculture - broodstockSummaryOur feasibility study established the potential for a reef fish aquaculture industry to supply high-value, live fish to markets in South East Asia. The resulting research program established at the Northern Fisheries Centre, Cairns, comprises three major components: broodstock - development of reliable spawning techniques for reef fish larviculture - development of larval rearing techniques to produce healthy fingerlings live feeds - development of new live prey organisms to support the larval rearing of reef fish.Target species are coral trout (Plectropomusleopardus), gold-spot grouper (Epinepheluscoioides) and the giant Queensland groper (E. lanceolatus). Previously, flowery grouper (E. fuscoguttatus) and barramundi cod (Cromileptesaltivelis) were part of the tropical marine finfish program.DetailsFull titleTropical marine finfish aquaculture - broodstock

StatusOngoing

DatesStart date: January 1997

Project leaderRickard Knuckey, 07 4057 3709Richard.Knuckey@daf.qld.gov.au

AimsThe broodstock component has the following objectives: establish effective quarantine procedures and ongoing health management for captive grouper broodstock develop successful breeding techniques for grouper species by identifying and manipulating spawning cues including seasonal conditions for broodstock maturation sex ratio within captive conditions (number of males and females in each tank population) social interaction linked to spawning behaviour improve reproductive performance in captive broodstock by controlling environmental conditions to extend the spawning season and development of hormonal induction techniques define the nutritional requirements of grouper broodstock to improve egg and larval quality development of captive breed (F1) grouper broodstock.

BenefitsDevelopment of broodstock techniques for new species is an expensive, research-intensive process. Research and development from this component of the tropical marine finfish project is fast-tracking diversification in aquaculture.

Achievements Successful development of broodstock techniques, achieving predictability in spawning of flowery and gold-spot grouper. Captive spawning of common coral trout broodstock over successive seasons. Development of captive husbandry techniques for large grouper species, particularly Queensland groper, and maturation under captive conditions.

Project staffAdam ReynoldsJulian O'BrienRobin DeVriesBart Penny

FundingDAF Queenslandis the primary funding agency with support from the Queensland Aquaculture Industry Development Initiative and as a component of Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research project FIS/2002/077 'Improved hatchery and grow-out technology for marine finfish aquaculture in the Asia-Pacific region'.

Research locationsNorthern Fisheries Centre, Cairns

Contact detailsAdam Reynolds, +61 7 4057 3798

Last updated 22 April 20152. Tropical marine finfish aquaculture - live feeds SummaryOur feasibility study established the potential for a reef fish aquaculture industry to supply high-value, live fish to markets in South East Asia. The resulting research program established at the Northern Fisheries Centre, Cairns, comprises three major components: broodstock - development of reliable spawning techniques for reef fish larviculture - development of larval rearing techniques to produce healthy fingerlings live feeds - development of new live prey organisms to support the larval rearing of reef fish.Target species are coral trout (Plectropomusleopardus), gold-spot grouper (Epinepheluscoioides) and the giant Queensland groper (E. lanceolatus). Previously, flowery grouper (E. fuscoguttatus) and barramundi cod (Cromileptesaltivelis) were part of the tropical marine finfish (TMF) program.DetailsFull titleTropical marine finfish aquaculture - live feeds

StatusOngoing

DatesStart date: January 1997

Project leaderRichard Knuckey, 07 4057 3709Richard.Knuckey@daf.qld.gov.au

AimsThe live prey component has the following objectives: develop culture technology for copepod species.Copepod naupliihave been shown to be essential prey items during the firstfour days of feeding for snapper (Lutjanidae) larvae and improve the survival of grouper larvae. However, mass culture technology is poorly developed isolate a super-small strain rotifer ofBrachionusrotundiformis, as the current large-strain,B. plicatilis,is too big for grouper larvae refine enrichment diets and culture protocols for the live prey organisms fed to the larvae.

Benefits This component of the TMF project has a major extension role. This has involved training of industry personnel in the culture and maintenance of live-feeds, demonstration of new techniques and supply-industry sponsored workshops. This project maintains a live-feeds supply service to industry, providing microalgal and rotifer cultures.

Achievements A local SS-strain rotifer has been isolated and identified asB. rotundiformis. This rotifer has enabled successful larval rearing of a range of groupers and is being provided to a broad range of industry participants. The copepodParvocalanuscrassirostrishas been isolated and mass culture methods developed. We have demonstrated the major benefits to larval survival and growth through the inclusion of copepods within a grouper larval diet.

Project staffAnjanetteBerdingAngela HendersonGlenn Walters

FundingFunding is primarily from DAF Queensland with in-part support from Queensland Aquaculture Industry Development Initiative and as a component of Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research project FIS/2002/077 'Improved hatchery and grow-out technology for marine finfish aquaculture in the Asia-Pacific region'.

Research locationsNorthern Fisheries Centre, Cairns.

Contact detailsAquaculture industry requests for live feeds supply:Angela Henderson +61 7 4057 3773Non-industry requests for live feeds:AnjanetteBerding +61 7 4057 3774

Last updated 22 April 20153. Tropical marine finfish aquaculture - larviculture SummaryOur feasibility study established the potential for a reef fish aquaculture industry to supply high-value, live fish to markets in South-East Asia. The resulting research program established at the Northern Fisheries Centre, Cairns, comprises three major components: broodstock - development of reliable spawning techniques for reef fish larviculture - development of larval rearing techniques to produce healthy fingerlings live feeds - development of new live prey organisms to support the larval rearing of reef fish.Target species are coral trout (Plectropomusleopardus), gold-spot grouper (Epinepheluscoioides) and the giant Queensland groper (E. lanceolatus). Previously, flowery grouper (E. fuscoguttatus) and barramundi cod (Cromileptesaltivelis) were part of the tropical marine finfish (TMF) program.DetailsFull titleTropical marine finfish aquaculture - larviculture

StatusOngoing

DatesStart date: January 1997

Project leaderRichard Knuckey, 07 4057 3709Richard.Knuckey@daf.qld.gov.au

Aims

The larviculture component has the following objectives: develop culture technology for target grouper species. Grouper larvae have a small mouth gape at the first-feeding stage. This restricts the size of feed items that can be consumed and requires the provision of appropriate live-feeds to first-feeding stages of finfish larvae. Failure to provide the correct feed at the crucial first-feeding stage will result in failure of the whole larval run characterise the larval development of a range of grouper species define the dietary requirements for larval and post-larval stages of grouper enable industry to assess targeted groupers as possible new tropical aquaculture species.

BenefitsThe development of larval/nursery techniques for new species is an expensive, research-intensive process. Research and development from this component of the TMF project is fast-tracking diversification in aquaculture that is difficult and expensive for industry to undertake.

Achievements Successful larval rearing of flowery and gold-spot grouper and coral trout has been achieved. This is the first time within Australia for flowery grouper and coral trout. Larval tank design, operation and rearing protocols have been developed and refined for these species. Larval and post-larval diets have been evaluated. Fingerlings of gold-spot grouper are currently undergoing on-farm evaluation and final product has been marketed as live and chilled product into the Australian market.

Project staffAnjanetteBerdingMathew ReasonPaul Taverner

FundingFunding is primarily from the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries with in-part support from Queensland Aquaculture Industry Development Initiative.

Research locationsNorthern Fisheries Centre, Cairns

Contact detailsAnjanetteBerding 07 4057 3774

Last updated 22 April 20154. Genetic improvement of redclawAuthor/s: Project leader Clive Jones; co-investigators Cam McPhee, Ian Ruscoe and Scott ShanksResearch centre: WalkaminPublished: 2004Report summaryThe project was initiated as an assessment of selective breeding of redclaw (Cheraxquadricarinatus). It was continued through 1997 to 2000 as part of a broader selective breeding projectled by the Queensland University of Technology and involving a tilapia breeding program in Fiji. Two strains of redclaw (Flinders and Gilbert River) were crossed to create a synthetic 'Walkamin' strain and this was compared with a cross of two stocks drawn from two commercial redclawaquaculturists whose farming methods were recognised as best practice and who had been operating for at least several years.The specific objectives were to: assess the relative production superiority of the two synthetic strains improve growth rate through continued selective breeding transfer improved stock to industry extend information to industry on best practice methods of selective breeding.Achievements: The project successfully developed the Walkamin strain of redclaw.The selective breeding of the Walkamin strain has realised an increase in growth rate which adds 37% to the value of the crayfish harvest. Information concerning selective breeding practices has been successfully extended to industry via several publications.Last updated 18 May 2010

5. Development of polychaete-assisted sand filters for wastewater treatment and broodstock feedsSummaryDAF has been developing the polychaete-assisted sand filter (PASF) system at their Bribie Island Research Centre since this approach to broad-scale pond-water treatment first showed promise in 2005. The method uses shallow constructed sand beds to filter pond-water and simultaneously produce marine worms. The sand-worm filters can remove significant quantities of suspended solids, chlorophyll, nitrogen and phosphorus in one pass. Compared with settlement ponds they use a relatively low farm footprint and have the added advantage of producing a valuable marine worm by-product. The worms that are being grown are increasingly being used in shrimp maturation diets and for fishing bait.Federal funding through the National Landcare Programme is supporting a two-year research project with focus on 1) developing the method further and 2) detailed demonstration of PASF to industry. The aim is to see PASF taken up by industry to improve their environmental performance and create sustainable supplies of marine worms.DetailsFull titlePolybridge: Bridging a path for industrialisation of polychaete-assisted sand filters

IDCwth ID: INNOV-041

StatusIn progress

DatesStart date: March 2014End date: March 2016

Project leaderDr Paul J Palmer

AimsThe project seeks to operate a PASF system in conjunction with two semi-intensive shrimp ponds with 100% recirculation of water (two consecutive years). Each season the water qualities generated by each component of the closed system will be documented. The shrimp and worms will be harvested and sold to recover costs and generate appraisals for quality. Demonstration to industry and its regulators will build confidence in the methods and facilitate industrial uptake.

BenefitsThe PASF methodology offers several benefits to mariculture operators. These include opportunities to improve water qualities in farm discharge, remediate and recirculate wastewaters through integrated production systems, reduce nutrient wastage, increase profitability, and provide sustainable feed and bait supplies into the future.

MethodologyA ten-bed PASF system with total area of 540 m2 has been constructed at the Bribie Island Research Centre in south-east Queensland. Each year, two 1600 m2 shrimp ponds at the centre will be operated with medium to high stocking densities using the PASF beds to fully recirculate wastewaters with exchange rates of up to 10% per day. Sand bed depths in the PASF system will be investigated as a factor affecting water treatment efficacies and worm productivities. The operational system will be evaluated according to various business models and made available for extension activities to allow industry stakeholders to view and consider its potential use.

AchievementsThis is the third PASF project that has been conducted by DAF since its inception in 2005. Links to publications associated with the previous projects are provided below.That previous work has demonstrated that the PASF system can remove more suspended solids and nutrients from wastewater from broad-scale mariculture ponds than can the conventional use of settlement ponds. It also needs a smaller farm footprint and produces a valuable by-product.Nutritional studies have shown that the worms produced are very well suited to shrimp and fish broodstock diets. They are also very well received by recreational bait outlets.The project has successfully produced its first integrated crop of black tiger shrimp and marine worms with excellent production and feed conversion levels.

Project staffDr Paul J Palmer, Dr Sizhong Wang

FundingAustralian Government Department of Agriculture and FisheriesNational Landcare Programme, Innovation Grants

Collaborating agencies Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (Grantee) Prominent shrimp hatchery operators and bait retailers in Queensland (Collaborators)

Research locationsPumicestone Region

Contact detailsPaul J Palmer, Senior BiologistEmail:paul.palmer@daf.qld.gov.auTelephone: +61 7 3400 2050

Last updated 23 April 2015

6. Methods for monitoring abundance and habitat for northern Australian mud crabProject leader Tracy Hay; principal investigator Dr Neil Gribble; co-investigator Stephen BaileyResearch centre:Northern Fisheries Centre, CairnsPublished:2005

Report summaryA significant achievement of this project has been the completion of mapping of coastal wetland habitats using remote sensing techniques, which provided complete broad-scale coverage of mud crab habitats in the Northern Territory and Queensland. A major outcome of this work has been the incorporation of the mapping into a geographical information system (GIS) permitting a much wider application across a variety of natural resource management agencies and issues. The updated Queensland maps are now available electronically to the public via the Department'swebsiteCHRIS.The identification and quantification of northern Australian coastal wetland habitats will benefit a broad range of northern Australian inshore fisheries. Survey and analysis methodologies, based on mark-recapture techniques, have been developed to estimate mud crab density for two key habitat types in northern Australia. Density estimates foreach habitat type were extrapolatedacross adjacent regions in each state providing the first broad scale estimates of mud crab stock size.A direct and recent output from this work has been the use of preliminary biological and fishery data, to compare trends between years for Queensland and Northern Territory mud crab fisheries, during a recent fishery assessment. This fishery assessment was convened in July 2004, to investigate the reduction in commercial mud crab catch in the Northern Territory. Negotiations on adjustment to the Northern Territory management arrangements arein progress.Declines in catch and catch rate were observed in both the Northern Territory and Queensland Gulf of Carpentaria (GOC) surveys over the two years of this study. This suggests large-scale environmental drivers influence mud crab recruitment success, at least for the Gulf region. Estimated abundance for this region in the NT indicates a very high proportion of the legal-sized mud crab stock was removed in 2003.Last updated 13 November 2012

7. National strategy for the survival of released line-caught fishSummarySurvival rates of released line-caught tropical reef fish are being estimated by short-term field experiments and long-term tag-release-recapture methods to identify handling and release procedures that minimise post-release mortality.Two methods of assisting the released fish to overcome the buoyancy effects of swim-bladder expansion are being compared - shotline releasing and venting.DetailsFull titleNational strategy for increasing the survival of released line-caught fish: investigating survival of fish released in Australia's tropical and subtropical line fisheries

IDFRDC 2003/019

StatusCurrent

DatesStart date: August 2003End date: November 2007

Project leaderDr IW Brown, 07 3817 9580ian.brown@daf.qld.gov.au

Aims1. To examine the short-term survival of released fish following capture and release2. To investigatethe survival of released fish over a longer term (years rather than days) -More details

BenefitsResults of the research work are being extended to the recreational fishing community via the InfoFish Services Inc. National Strategy publicity program, Gently Does It. This will assist in optimising post-release survival of key tropical reef species including coral trout, redthroat emperor and red emperor, and contribute to the sustainablity of the state's extremely important reef handline fishery.

MethodologyShort term:Fish are captured from a range of depths and the degree of barotauma, and their general condition and the level of hook damage is assessed and recorded. Various barotrauma-relief procedures (including shot-lining and venting) are applied, and the fish tagged and released into a floating vertical meshsock, where they are observed by underwater video and scuba divers over three-daysLong term:Dependent upon a tag-release-recapture program being carried out by enthusiastic recreational Queensland anglers. Target species are tagged, using the same data-recording and experimental protocols as in the short-term experiments. Differences in recapture rates will be analysed over a 2-3 year period, determining which hook design and which barotrauma-relief procedure maximise the probability of post-release survival.

AchievementsTo date, research has indicated that to maximise survival of released coral reef fish, anglers should consider using smaller rather than larger hooks, and circle (preferably non-offset) rather than J-hooks.If a fish thats about to be released shows any signs of barotrauma, we recommend careful venting of the swim bladder using a clean hollow needle, or recompressing using a weighted releasing shotline. Neither technique significantly increases post-release mortality. For some key reef species the data already points to a longer term benefit, either from reduced surface predation or because soft-tissue damage is minimised.See the February 2007 project update

Research staffPrincipal investigator:Ian W Brown (Southern Fisheries Centre (SFC), Fisheries Queensland)Co-investigators:Wayne Sumpton and Ian Halliday (SFC); Gavin Begg and David Welch (Rainforest and Reef Research Centre (RRRC)); Bill Sawynok (Infofish Services Inc.)Project staff:Adam Butcher and Mark McLennan (SFC); Amos Mapleston (RRRC)

FundingFisheries Research and Development Corporation

Collaborating agenciesRainforest and Reef Research Centre (RRRC), Townsville- previously the Cooperative Research Centre for Reef Research (Reef CRC)

Research locationsFisheries Queensland Southern Fisheries Centre, Deception Bay Rainforest and Reef Research Centre, Townsville

Contact detailsDr IW BrownSouthern Fisheries CentreFisheries QueenslandPO Box 76Deception Bay Qld 4508Email:ian.brown@daf.qld.gov.au

Last updated 12 November 2012

Department of Agriculture and Fisherieshttps://www.daf.qld.gov.au/fisheries/research/research-projects

The per capita consumption of tilapia in the Philippines is estimated to be three kilograms per year, which is higher than that of milkfish (2.53 kilograms per year) or round scad (1.61 kilograms per year). "This higher level of consumption may partly be attributed to the relatively lower market price of tilapia compared to milkfish and round scad (popularly known as galunggong) and its wide availability," Pcaarrd claimed.March 2, 2014

http://archive.sunstar.com.ph/davao/business/2014/03/02/there-s-money-tilapia-growing-331021