Yellowstone National Park, 1988. Succession is the gradual change in a community involving species...
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![Page 1: Yellowstone National Park, 1988. Succession is the gradual change in a community involving species in one stage being replaced by different species in.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bcdf9e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Yellowstone National Park, 1988
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Succession is the gradual change in a community involving species in one stage being replaced by different species in the next stage.
•The time involved in succession is on a scale of tens, hundreds and even thousands of years.
•Causes:
• Abiotic factors
• Biotic factors
Succession is the gradual change in a community involving species in one stage being replaced by different species in the next stage.
•The time involved in succession is on a scale of tens, hundreds and even thousands of years.
•Causes:
• Abiotic factors
• Biotic factors
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Abiotic factors such as windstorms, droughts and fire can cause change in a community of plants and animals.
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Biotic Factors also change communities over time. Insect epidemics can kill trees. Overgrazing can selectively remove species of plants from a forest.
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0 5 yrs
The first species to colonize or grow in an area are called pioneer speciespioneer species. Only pioneer species are able to grow after a major disturbance in a community due to the lack of soil or nutrients. Examples: lichens and mosses
Animals begin to inhabit the area. Usually, insects appear first, then rodents and larger mammals are the last to appear.
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0 yrs 5 yrs 15 yrs
Opportunistic species take advantage of the work done by the pioneer species. Pioneers modify the environment in such a way that it becomes less suitable for their growth but more suitable for other species. Opportunists eventually replace pioneer species. Examples: grasses & weeds
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0 yrs 5 yrs 15 yrs 25 yrs
Over time, the decay of pioneer species, grasses and shrubs adds nutrients to the forest floor allowing more complex species to grow.
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0 yrs 5 yrs 15 yrs 25 yrs 50-80 yrs
The biodiversity of a community continues to increase as it ages. A variety of plants and animals will inhabit the area.
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0yrs 5yrs 15yrs 25yrs 50-80 yrs 150+
Succession takes hundreds of years before completion. Species replacement continues until the community is dominated by competitively superior species. Once the community reaches a stable state of maturity it is called a climax community.
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Timeline
0yrs 5yrs 15yrs 25yrs 50-80yrs 150+
Biodiversity
Pioneer species (lichens & mosses)
Grasses and Small shrubs
Larger shrubs and dwarf trees
Larger Trees
Climax community (Mature/stable ecosystem)
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Primary succession- a change in an environment where soil never existed before. Examples: recently formed lava flows or rocks exposed when glaciers melt. Lichens and mosses (Pioneer species) first grow on the rock then soil forms from decayed mosses.
Two Types of Succession
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Two Types of Two Types of SuccessionSuccession
Secondary succession- a change in an environment where soil already exists. Examples include areas destroyed by forest fire, clear-cutting, or insect epidemics.
Secondary succession also occurs on smaller scales. When one tree falls, sunlight reaches the forest floor. This brings many changes to this section of the rainforest.