YEARS PIONffiROS(AS): j 'rf...The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) brings large 1936...
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' • YEARS • - - PIONffiROS(AS): MIGRANT PIONEERS TO THE UNITED STATES (1898-1930s) A period of American expansionism and increased commercial interests that date back to the early 1800s, leads the United States to incorporate new territories and populations. The United States declares war against Spain and invades Cuba and Puerto Rico. This conflict is kno wn as the Spanish - American War or Spanish-Cuban-American War. _j 1898 The Treaty of Paris put s an end to the Spanish - Cuban -American War. Spain cedes I Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam to the United States and Cuba becomes a 1 8 99 'rf_ __ _Pu -e- rt _o_ R· _ , co _c_o_ ve _r- ed _b_y_A_m _e - ri- ca _n_ fi -ag_s_ ). _ [P_D_ ; G _E_N_J (I m age f ro m ear ly 20th ce ntu ry ci ga r b ox labe l) . [ PD;G EN] I A non - voting Resident Commissioner, Federico Degetau, a Puerto Rican lawyer I who favored statehood for the island, was the first to occupy this post and repre - -----------------------------------1· 1900 sent Puerto Rico in the U.S. Congress . Two years after the U.S. takeover and the initial military regime, the Foraker Act is enacted by the U.S. Congress to imple - ment a civil government in Puerto Rico. The new legislation stated that all Spanish subjects living on the island would become citizens of Puerto Rico, entitled to the protection of the United States, but not accorded the full constitutional rights shared by U.S. citizens residing in the states. Legal challenges related to citizenship, civil rights, immigration, and trade tariffs were made in later years, aimed at demanding equal treatment for Puerto Ricans. These Supreme Court decisions are known as the "insular cases:' The Club Puertorriqueno de San Francisco is established. Some Puerto Rican workers con- tracted to go to the Ha w aiian islands stayed in San Francisco and Los Angeles, and others con - tracted to work in Arizona farms also later settled in California. (P hoto of th e cover of th e Club's Co nstitution, 1912). [JC P] Puerto Rican tabaquero [cigar w orker] Bernardo Vega migrates to New York City 1900 Charles Allen, the U.S. appointed governor of Puerto Rico, promotes migration of Puerto Rican contract workers to Hawaii, another possession of the United States since 1898, and to a few neighboring Caribbean islands to work in the sugarcane fields. (P hotoof Pu e rt o Ri ca n fi eld wo rkers in H awa ii , c. 1 90 0 s). [ PD] 1904 L New U.S. immigration guidelines issued in 1902, changed the immigration status of all Puerto Ricans. Isabel Gonzalez, I I a young and pregnant Puerto Rican single mother, was detained at Ellis Island as an "alien" and potential "burden " to the state. The Gonzalez v. Williams insular case reached the Supreme Court. The Court decided that Puerto Ricans were not aliens and could travel to the United States without restrictions. The Court reaffirmed that Puerto Ricans were not 1912 U.S. citizens and should be regarded as " noncitizen nationals:' 1916 and becornes a leading community activist and journalist. Memoirs of Bernardo Vega (1977; 1983) is one of the most important sources for documenting the contributions of tabaqueros(as) and other workers to the forma- tive stages of the New York Puerto Rican community. Puerto Rican women 's rights advocate, labor organizer, and feminist writer Luisa Capetillo travels to New York and the next year to Tampa, Florida to organize tobacco workers. (P oster of Ca pe tillo byA nto ni oMa rt ore ll , 1 99 1 ). [E AB] ( Lith o print " Th e C ig ar Maker Han ds" by A rn o ld Ma rtin ez; ph oto of Be rn ardo Vega). [Co urtesy of Arnold Martin ez; JoCP] The United States joins European allies and enters World War I. As new American citizens , Puerto Rican men are drafted into the U.S. armed forces. 19 17 ----t """""' ,. -- .. , ..... ,..,._, .,..,. Deemed an excess population in a territory of widespread poverty, U.S. officials continue to promote labor migration from Puerto Rico to the United States. Laborers and other migrants helped established the early Puerto Rican communities in East Harlem and in Brooklyn's Navy Yard, Boro Hall, and Williamsburg areas. (P ostca rd of Br oo kl yn Bri dge, c. 1 930s) . [P OST] 1917 f- J 1917 '----------------., r--1 The Jones Act, enacted by Congress, grants U.S. citizenship to all Puerto Rican island resi - dents and migration to the United States increases at a faster pace. Conferral of U.S. citi - zenship, however, did not provide island Puerto Ricans the same rights enjoyed by state - side U.S. citizens. 1917 Joaquin Colon , a Puerto Rican of African descent, arrives in New York City w here he becomes a community activist, writes for community newspapers, and is among the founding members of the Puerto Rican Democratic Club, Inc. (1923). The club encouraged the community to vote and partici - pate in the U.S. political process. Erasmo Vando arrives in New York, after spending time as a construction contract worker in South Carolina. He was a theater actor, producer, writer, and community activist. He co - founded the Juventud Nacionalista Puertorriquena [Puerto Rican Nationalist Youth] (1919) and the Asociacion de Escritores y Periodistas Puer- torriquenos [Puerto Rican Writers and Journalists Association] (1939), and was involved in many other organizations. ( Ph otoof Va n do, 1 964). [E VPJ 1918 f---- 1918 Puerto Ricans began to settle in East Harlem in large numbers in the 1920s and 30s. The neighborhood came to be known as Spanish Harlem or El Barrio. They also begin to settle in the Lower East Side. (S pa ni shH ar lem, c. late1 9 40 s-ear ly 1 950s). [JAM] l Following in the footsteps of his older brother Joaqufn, Jesus Colon, migrates to New York as a stowaway in a steamship. He initially works as a w aiter, but contin- ues his education and later becomes a journalist, labor organizer, and commu- nity activist. He participated in the founding of several key Puerto Rican commu - nity organi z ations in New York from the 1920s-1970s (Le ft to rig ht: Joa qui nandJ es us Co l on photo, 191 8 ). [JCP ] Luis Munoz Marin moves to New York, after many y ears living in Washington, DC. He spent over a decade moving between Puerto Rico and the United States, and finall y settles on the island in 1931 to pursue a political career. Pura Belpre, a Puerto Rican of African descent, arrives in New York and is the first Puerto Rican librarian to be hired in the New York Public Library. She becomes a storyteller and writes children's books that recreate some Puerto Rican folkloric traditions. [PBPJ 191 l 1920 I The Alianza Obrera Puertorriquena [Puerto Rican Workers' Alli - ance] is founded in New York City by Bernardo Vega , Jesus Colon , Luis Munoz Marin, and other labor activists to encourage workers to unionize. (Le ft to right: Vega an d Co lonphoto, mi d- 1 94 0s) . [JCP] The Liga Puertorriquena [Puerto Rican League] is established in New York by members of the Puerto Rican professional elite. Among them wa s Nationalist writer Guillermo O'Neill. ( Ph oto of O 'Ne ill , seated holding ahat, w ith the cast of hi s pl ay Bajo una sola bandera, 1 934). [E mVP ] The Porto Rican Brotherhood of America is created in New York City to foster mutual aid and unity w ithin the community. (P hoto of Bro th e rh ood me mb ers at a r esta urant, 1928). [E VP] 1926 As the Puerto Rican population increases in Harlem, there is an outbreak of inter- ethnic clashes between old residents and newcomers. Known as the Harlem Riots, one reason for these clashes was the establishment of Hispanic- owned small businesses in a neighborhood previously controlled by Jewish and Italian merchants. The Liga Puertorriquena e Hispana [Puerto Rican and Hispanic League] is founded to deal with such conflicts and other challenges , and foster unity w ithin the community. (Ce ntro poster for a Voices of the Migration Co nf erence [1983] f eatu ring J es Us Co lOn, Pres ide nt of th e Broo kl yn Branchof th e Li ga). 1 1934 1 -1 1926 I 1927 I 1930 r- l EmeiiVelez Soto arrives in New York and works in a curtain factory . She collaborated in the founding of El Comite Femenino del Partido Nacionalista [Women's Committee of the Nationalist Party]. She married Erasmo Vando in 1942. Later on, she pursued a career in acting and politics. (W i ez de Va nd oat ara ll y). [ EmVPJ --- 1934 I Another Harlem Riot exposes segregation, discrimination, the racial tensions between Harlem 's 1- 1935 --- 1935 white residents and groups of color, and the city's neglect in providing relief to poor communities. The Club Caborrojeno is founded marking the beginning of island hometown clubs in New York. These clubs promoted social and political cohesion and net - works within the community. (P hoto of Lex ington Avenue in 1962, w here th e t own club Hij os de Patill as was located). [J AM] 1927 The Betances Democratic Club is established in Brooklyn by Puerto Rican community activists. Among them were Carlos Tapia and Antonia Denis, both of African descent. Several political clubs were organized in different Puerto Rican neighborhoods to encourage the community to v ote and participate in th e political process. (Men ca rry ing a portrait of Tapia at th e Pu erto Rican Day Para de, 1 96 1; ID ph oto of De ni s, 1930s). [JAM; AHM P] The Bureau of Employment and Identification is established in New York City by Puerto Rico's Department of Labor. This agency provided assistance to Puerto Rican migrant job seekers during the Great Depression years and issued identification cards to prove U.S. citizenship. 1935 Italian American Vito Marcantonio is elected to represent Harlem's 18th District at the U.S. Congress. The Congressman was a strong advocate for workers and unions, and supported the Puerto Rican community in many of its causes, including Puerto Rico's independence. {Ma rca ntonio on the left , shaking hands with Joa quin Co lOn, with Jes Us ColOn in the back- gro und ). [J oC P ] ,,.,.o.,. Puerto Rican lawyer Gilberto Concepcion de Gracia collaborated with Congress- I man Vito Marcantonio on Puerto Rican issues. He also represented Pedro Albizu --"T"I 1 9 3 6 1-r----+ The Hispanic Section of the International Workers' Order (IWO) is established under the leadership of Jesus Colon as a fraternal organization that provided mutual aid and life & health insurance benefits to w orkers. Campos and other Nationalists in their trials. In 1946, he founded the Partido lnde- pendentista Puertorriqueiio [Puerto Rican Independence Party]. Due to political repress ion and blacklisting of Nationalists and pro-independence advocates in Puerto Rico, many migrated to the United States between the 1930s-1960s. ( Ph otoof Co n ce pciondeGr ac i a, to th e right, sh ak i ng h an dswithM arca nto ni o; c. late1 93 0 s). [ACF GC F O] The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) brings large 1936 numbers of exiles to New York. Many Puerto Ricans and other Latinos denounced the fascist regime in Spain . (P hoto of co mmunity rally against f ascism in Spain, late 1 93Qs}. [JCP] Poster by Eona Acosta-Belen 1937 1936 ( Ph otoof I WO Hi sp an ic Sect ion Fi rst An ni ve rs ary P rogra m, 1 937). [JCP ] Gilberto Gerena Valentin, a labor and community organizer, and coalition builder, migrates to New York. In later years he was involved in founding major community organizations. 1937 Puerto Rican lawyer Oscar Garcia Rivera becomes the first Puerto Rican elected to the New York State Assembly. ( Ph etoof G arcia Ri ve ra ). [OGRP ] Poster Series Design 'by Jorge Fish Rodriguez Poster Content: The Puerto Rican Heritage Poster Series was developed by Dr. Edna Acosta - Belen , Distinguished Professor in the Departments of Latin American, Caribbean, and U.S. Latino Studies (lACS) and Women's Studies at the University at Albany, SUNY. Acknowledgments: We want to acknowledge the valuable assistance of the Centro Library and Archives and Centro Publications staff; of doctoral student Jacqueline Hayes at the Center for Latino , latin American, and Caribbean Studies (CELAC) and Dr. Hui-Shien Tsao at the Center for Social and Demographic Analysis (CSDA) , University at Albany , SUNY; and of Professors Virginia sanchez Korrol at Brooklyn College, Edwin Melendez and Edgardo Melendez at Hunter College, Carlos Rodriguez Fraticelli at the University of Puerto Rico-Rfo Piedras, and Christine E. Bose at the University at Albany , SUNY. Abbrevi ations for Archives of the Puerto Rican Dl aspora (also known as Centro Archives) Photo Sources: ACFGCFO (Alma ConcepciOn , FundaciOn Gilberta ConcepciOn de Gracia) i AHMP (Archivos HistOricos de Ia MigraciOn Puertorriqueila) ; APP (Antonia Pantoja Papers) ; BCSP (Blase Camacho Souza Papers) ; CSVP (Clemente Soto Velez and Amanda Velez Papers) ; EVP (Erasmo Vando Papers) ; EmVP (EmelfVelez de Vando Papers) ; FBP (F rank Bonilla Papers) ; Gen (Centro General Collection) ; GCDGP (Gilberta ConcepciOn de Gracia Papers) ; HMV (Records of HoMoVisiones) ; JAM (Justo A. Martf Photographic Collection) ; JCP (JesUs ColOn Papers) ; JoCP (Joaquin ColOn Papers) ; MCP (M<lximo ColOn Papers) ; OGRP (Oscar Garcfa Rivera Papers); OGPRUS (Office of the Government of Puerto Rico) ; OIPR (Office of Information for Puerto Rico) ; PBP (Pura Belpre Papers) ; PJHC (Pedro Juan Hernandez Collection , photographs by Eddie C. Ong) ; POST (Postcards and Stereocards Collection) ; RPP (Richie Perez Papers) ; PRLDEF (Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund) ; UBP (Records of United Bronx Parents, Inc.). Other Photo Sources: AP (Associated Press); AM (Artist Arnold Martinez) ; CPMP (Clinton Presidential Materials Project) ; EAB (Edna Acosta - Belen Personal Collection); EO-LP (EI Diario-La Prensa) ; ENOl (£/ Nuevo Dfa) ; FLMM (FundaciOn Luis Mui'ioz Marin); ICP (lnstituto de Cultura Puertorriqueiia); MOB (Museo del Barrio) ; NPRP (National Puerto Rican Parade); NYPL (New York Public Library) ; PO (Public Domain) ; PRCC (Juan Antonio Corretjer Puerto Rican Cultural Center) ; UPRPC (University of Puerto Rico Photographic Collection). •
Transcript of YEARS PIONffiROS(AS): j 'rf...The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) brings large 1936...
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YEARS • - -
PIONffiROS(AS): MIGRANT PIONEERS TO THE UNITED STATES (1898-1930s) A period of American expansionism and increased commercial interests that date back to the early 1800s, leads the United States to incorporate new territories and populations. The United States declares war against Spain and invades Cuba and Puerto Rico. This conflict is known as the SpanishAmerican War or Spanish-Cuban-American War.
_j 1898 The Treaty of Paris puts an end to the Spanish-Cuban-American War. Spain cedes I Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam to the United States and Cuba becomes a
1 8 99 'rf_ __ ;:_~_o~-~-~-~-L~n_F_~_r~a-~e-~-~-go_v_e_rn_o_r·s_p_a_l a-ce_i_n _Pu-e-rt_o_R·_,co_c_o_ve_r-ed_b_y_A_m_e-ri-ca_n_fi-ag_s_)._[P_D_; G_E_N_J
(Image from early 20th centu ry cigar box label). [PD; GEN] I A non-voting Resident Commissioner, Federico Degetau, a Puerto Rican lawyer
I
who favored statehood for the island, was the first to occupy this post and repre------------------------------------1· 1900 sent Puerto Rico in the U.S. Congress. Two years after the U.S. takeover and the initial military regime, the Foraker Act is enacted by the U.S. Congress to implement a civil government in Puerto Rico. The new legislation stated that all Spanish subjects living on the island would become citizens of Puerto Rico, entitled to the protection of the United States, but not accorded the full constitutional rights shared by U.S. citizens residing in the states. Legal challenges related to citizenship, civil rights, immigration, and trade tariffs were made in later years, aimed at demanding equal treatment for Puerto Ricans. These Supreme Court decisions are known as the "insular cases:'
The Club Puertorriqueno de San Francisco is established. Some Puerto Rican workers contracted to go to the Hawaiian islands stayed in San Francisco and Los Angeles, and others contracted to work in Arizona farms also later settled in California. (Photo of the cover of the Club's Constitution, 1912). [JCP]
Puerto Rican tabaquero [cigar worker] Bernardo Vega migrates to New York City
1900 Charles Allen, the U.S. appointed governor of Puerto Rico, promotes migration of Puerto Rican contract workers to Hawaii, another possession of the United States since 1898, and to a few neighboring Caribbean islands to work in the sugarcane fields. (Photo of Puerto Rican field workers in Hawaii, c. 1900s). [PD]
1904 L New U.S. immigration guidelines issued in 1902, changed the immigration status of all Puerto Ricans. Isabel Gonzalez,
I I a young and pregnant Puerto Rican single mother, was detained at Ellis Island as an "alien" and potential "burden" to
the state. The Gonzalez v. Williams insular case reached the Supreme Court. The Court decided that Puerto Ricans were not aliens and could travel to the United States without restrictions. The Court reaffirmed that Puerto Ricans were not
1912 U.S. citizens and should be regarded as "noncitizen nationals:'
~~ 1912 ~-----------------------------
1916 and becornes a leading community activist and journalist. Memoirs of Bernardo Vega
(1977; 1983) is one of the most important sources for documenting the contributions of tabaqueros(as) and other workers to the formative stages of the New York Puerto Rican community.
~ 1916 Puerto Rican women's rights advocate, labor organizer, and feminist writer Luisa Capetillo travels to New York and the next year to Tampa, Florida to organize tobacco workers.
(Poster of Capetillo by Antonio Martorell, 1991 ). [EAB]
(Litho print "The Cigar Maker Hands" by Arnold Martinez; photo of Bernardo Vega). [Courtesy of Arnold Martinez; JoCP]
The United States joins European allies and enters World War I. As new American citizens, Puerto Rican men are drafted into the U.S. armed forces. 191 7 ----t
"""""' ,. -- ·-·"~·~ ~ .. , ..... ,..,._, .,..,.
Deemed an excess population in a territory of widespread poverty, U.S. officials continue to promote labor migration from Puerto Rico to the United States. Laborers and other migrants helped established the early Puerto Rican communities in East Harlem and in Brooklyn's Navy Yard, Boro Hall, and Williamsburg areas. (Postcard of Brooklyn Bridge, c. 1 930s). [POST]
1917 f-
J 1917 '----------------., r--1 The Jones Act, enacted by Congress, grants U.S. citizenship to all Puerto Rican island resi
dents and migration to the United States increases at a faster pace. Conferral of U.S. citizenship, however, did not provide island Puerto Ricans the same rights enjoyed by stateside U.S. citizens.
1917
Joaquin Colon, a Puerto Rican of African descent, arrives in New York City where he becomes a community activist, writes for community newspapers, and is among the founding members of the Puerto Rican Democratic Club, Inc. (1923). The club encouraged the community to vote and participate in the U.S. political process.
Erasmo Vando arrives in New York, after spending time as a construction contract worker in South Carolina. He was a theater actor, producer, writer, and community activist. He co-founded the Juventud Nacionalista Puertorriquena [Puerto Rican Nationalist Youth] (1919) and the Asociacion de Escritores y Periodistas Puertorriquenos [Puerto Rican Writers and Journalists Association] (1939), and was involved in many other organizations. (Photo ofVando, 1964). [EVPJ
1918 f---- 1918
Puerto Ricans began to settle in East Harlem in large numbers in the 1920s and : .:.?."'"-"-'"'""~ 30s. The neighborhood came to be known as Spanish Harlem or El Barrio. They
.g~q~~ also begin to settle in the Lower East Side. (Spanish Harlem, c. late 1 940s-early 1950s). [JAM]
l -~ 1919
Following in the footsteps of his older brother Joaqufn, Jesus Colon, migrates to New York as a stowaway in a steamship. He initially works as a waiter, but continues his education and later becomes a journalist, labor organizer, and community activist. He participated in the founding of several key Puerto Rican community organizations in New York from the 1920s-1970s (Left to right: Joaquin and Jesus Colon photo, 191 8). [JCP]
Luis Munoz Marin moves to New York, after many years living in Washington, DC. He spent over a decade moving between Puerto Rico and the United States, and finally settles on the island in 1931 to pursue a political career.
Pura Belpre, a Puerto Rican of African descent, arrives in New York and is the first Puerto Rican librarian to be hired in the New York Public Library. She becomes a storyteller and writes children's books that recreate some Puerto Rican folkloric traditions. [PBPJ
191 9 j------L~(~Ph~o~to~o~f~M~u~no~z~M~a~ri~n ,~c~. 1~9~20~s~). ~[F~LM~M~l~------------------------------------
l 1920
I
The Alianza Obrera Puertorriquena [Puerto Rican Workers' Alliance] is founded in New York City by Bernardo Vega, Jesus Colon, Luis Munoz Marin, and other labor activists to encourage workers to unionize. (Left to right: Vega and Colon photo, mid-1 940s). [JCP]
1922~ The Liga Puertorriquena [Puerto Rican League] is established in New York by members of the Puerto Rican professional elite. Among them was Nationalist writer Guillermo O'Neill. (Photo of O'Neill, seated holding a hat, with the cast of his play Bajo una sola bandera, 1 934). [EmVP]
The Porto Rican Brotherhood of America is created in New York City to foster mutual aid and unity within the community. (Photo of Brotherhood members at a restaurant, 1928). [EVP]
1926 As the Puerto Rican population increases in Harlem, there is an outbreak of inter-ethnic clashes between old residents and newcomers. Known as the Harlem Riots, one reason for these clashes was the establishment of Hispanic-owned small businesses in a neighborhood previously controlled by Jewish and Italian merchants. The Liga Puertorriquena e Hispana [Puerto Rican and Hispanic League] is founded to deal with such conflicts and other challenges, and foster unity within the community. (Centro poster fo r a Voices of the Migra tion Conference [1983] featuring JesUs ColOn, President of the Brooklyn
Branch of the Liga).
11934 1
-1 1926
I 1927
I 1930 r-
l EmeiiVelez Soto arrives in New York and works in a curtain factory. She collaborated in the founding of El Comite Femenino del Partido Nacionalista [Women's Committee of the Nationalist Party]. She married Erasmo Vando in 1942. Later on, she pursued a career in acting and politics. (Wiez de Vando at a rally). [EmVPJ
--- 1934
I Another Harlem Riot exposes segregation, discrimination, the racial tensions between Harlem's 1-1935 --- 1935 white residents and groups of color, and the city's neglect in providing relief to poor communities. ~
The Club Caborrojeno is founded marking the beginning of island hometown clubs in New York. These clubs promoted social and political cohesion and networks within the community. (Photo of Lexington Avenue in 1962, w here the town club Hijos de Patillas was located). [JAM]
1927
The Betances Democratic Club is established in Brooklyn by Puerto Rican community activists. Among them were Carlos Tapia and Antonia Denis, both of African descent. Several political clubs were organized in different Puerto Rican neighborhoods to encourage the community to vote and participate in the political process. (Men ca rrying a portrait of Tapia at the Puerto Rican Day Parade, 1961; ID photo of Denis, 1930s). [JAM; AHMP]
The Bureau of Employment and Identification is established in New York City by Puerto Rico's Department of Labor. This agency provided assistance to Puerto Rican migrant job seekers during the Great Depression years and issued identification cards to prove U.S. citizenship.
1935 Italian American Vito Marcantonio is elected to represent Harlem's 18th District at the U.S. Congress. The Congressman was a strong advocate for workers and unions, and supported the Puerto Rican community in many of its causes, including Puerto Rico's independence. {Marcantonio on the left, shaking hands with Joaquin ColOn, with JesUs ColOn in the back
ground). [JoCP]
,,.,.o.,.
Puerto Rican lawyer Gilberto Concepcion de Gracia collaborated with Congress- I man Vito Marcantonio on Puerto Rican issues. He also represented Pedro Albizu --"T"I 1 9 3 6 1-r----+
The Hispanic Section of the International Workers' Order (IWO) is established under the leadership of Jesus Colon as a fraternal organization that provided mutual aid and life & health insurance benefits to workers. Campos and other Nationalists in their trials. In 1946, he founded the Partido lnde-
pendentista Puertorriqueiio [Puerto Rican Independence Party]. Due to political repression and blacklisting of Nationalists and pro-independence advocates in Puerto Rico, many migrated to the United States between the 1930s-1960s. (Photo of Concepcion de Gracia, to the right, shaking hands with Marcantonio; c. late 1 930s). [ACFGCFO]
The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) brings large 1936 numbers of exiles to New York. Many Puerto Ricans and other Latinos denounced the fascist regime in Spain. (Photo of community rally against fascism in Spain, late 193Qs}. [JCP]
Poster ConlEl~l by Eona Acosta-Belen
1937
1936 (Photo of IWO Hispanic Section Fi rst Anniversary Program, 1937). [JCP]
Gilberto Gerena Valentin, a labor and community organizer, and coalition builder, migrates to New York. In later years he was involved in founding major community organizations.
1937 Puerto Rican lawyer Oscar Garcia Rivera becomes the first Puerto Rican elected to the New York State Assembly. (Pheto of Garcia Ri vera). [OGRP]
Poster Series Design 'by Jorge Fish Rodriguez Poster Content: The Puerto Rican Heritage Poster Series was developed by Dr. Edna Acosta-Belen, Distinguished Professor in the Departments of Latin American, Caribbean, and U.S. Latino Studies (lACS) and Women's Studies at the University at Albany, SUNY.
Acknowledgments: We want to acknowledge the valuable assistance of the Centro Library and Archives and Centro Publications staff; of doctoral student Jacqueline Hayes at the Center for Latino, latin American, and Caribbean Studies (CELAC) and Dr. Hui-Shien Tsao at the Center for Social and Demographic Analysis (CSDA), University at Albany, SUNY; and of Professors Virginia sanchez Korrol at Brooklyn College, Edwin Melendez and Edgardo Melendez at Hunter College, Carlos Rodriguez Fraticelli at the University of Puerto Rico-Rfo Piedras, and Christine E. Bose at the University at Albany, SUNY.
Abbreviations for Archives of the Puerto Rican Dlaspora (also known as Centro Archives) Photo Sources: ACFGCFO (Alma ConcepciOn, FundaciOn Gilberta ConcepciOn de Gracia)i AHMP (Archivos HistOricos de Ia MigraciOn Puertorriqueila) ; APP (Antonia Pantoja Papers) ; BCSP (Blase Camacho Souza Papers) ; CSVP (Clemente Soto Velez and Amanda Velez Papers); EVP (Erasmo Vando Papers); EmVP (EmelfVelez de Vando Papers); FBP (Frank Bonilla Papers); Gen (Centro General Collection); GCDGP (Gilberta ConcepciOn de Gracia Papers) ; HMV (Records of HoMoVisiones); JAM (Justo A. Martf Photographic Collection); JCP (JesUs ColOn Papers) ; JoCP (Joaquin ColOn Papers); MCP (M<lximo ColOn Papers); OGRP (Oscar Garcfa Rivera Papers); OGPRUS (Office of the Government of Puerto Rico); OIPR (Office of Information for Puerto Rico) ; PBP (Pura Belpre Papers); PJHC (Pedro Juan Hernandez Collection , photographs by Eddie C. Ong); POST (Postcards and Stereocards Collection); RPP (Richie Perez Papers); PRLDEF (Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund) ; UBP (Records of United Bronx Parents, Inc.).
Other Photo Sources: AP (Associated Press); AM (Artist Arnold Martinez); CPMP (Clinton Presidential Materials Project); EAB (Edna Acosta-Belen Personal Collection); EO-LP (EI Diario-La Prensa); ENOl (£/ Nuevo Dfa); FLMM (FundaciOn Luis Mui'ioz Marin); ICP (lnstituto de Cultura Puertorriqueiia); MOB (Museo del Barrio); NPRP (National Puerto Rican Parade); NYPL (New York Public Library); PO (Public Domain); PRCC (Juan Antonio Corretjer Puerto Rican Cultural Center); UPRPC (University of Puerto Rico Photographic Collection).
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