Years of Crisis , 1919–1939

Years of Crisis, 1919–1939 QUIT

Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

Time LineTime Line

Visual SummaryVisual Summary

SECTION An Age of Uncertainty 1

SECTION A Global Depression 2

SECTION Fascism Rises in Europe 3

SECTION Aggressors on the March 4

31CHAPTER

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Chapter Overview

The 1920s see great changes in technology, science, and the arts. The Great Depression of the 1930s causes worldwide crises. Britain and France try to appease Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The United States isolates itself.

31CHAPTER Years of Crisis, 1919–1939

1919 Weimar Republic established in Germany.

1922 James Joyce writes Ulysses.

1929 U.S. stock market crashes; Great Depression begins.

1931 Japan seizes Manchuria.

1939 Germany and Soviet Union sign nonaggression pact.

31CHAPTER

Time Line

1919 1939

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Years of Crisis, 1919–1939

1927 Lindbergh crosses Atlantic in Spirit of St. Louis.

1933 Hitler named German chancellor.

1936 Spanish Civil War begins.

New ideas in science, the arts, and technology develop in the postwar period and change the way people look at the world and live their lives.

OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment

Key Idea

An Age of Uncertainty 1HOME

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

The postwar period was one of loss and uncertainty but also one of invention, creativity, and new ideas.

Postwar trends in physics, psychiatry, art, literature, communication, music, and transportation still affect our lives.

Overview

An Age of Uncertainty 1

AssessmentAssessment

• Albert Einstein

• theory of relativity

• Sigmund Freud

• existentialism

• Friedrich Nietzsche

• surrealism

• jazz

• Charles Lindbergh

TERMS & NAMES

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Field Contributors

Philosophy

Literature

Art

Architecture

Music

Sartre, Jaspers, Nieztsche

Kafka, Joyce

Klee, Kandinsky, Braque, Picasso, Dali

Wright, Gropius

Stravinsky, Schoenberg, Ellington, African-American musicians

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. For each category shown below, name at least two people you read about who contributed to that field.


Section 1 Assessment

continued . . .

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2. In your opinion, whose ideas had a bigger impact on the world—Einstein’s or Freud’s? Give reasons to support your position. THINK ABOUT

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1 Assessment

• the state of knowledge before their contributions • the field in which they worked • how life would be different without their contributions

ANSWERANSWER

Einstein—theory of relativity changed scientific thought, upset absolute laws of science; in contrast, Freud’s field was new, unscientific.

Freud—developed new theory of human mind; ushered in era of psychoanalysis; created new understanding of human behavior; Freud’s ideas had wider and more personal influence.

Possible Responses:

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An economic depression begins in the United States in 1929. It spreads throughout the world and lasts for a decade.


Key Idea

A Global Depression 2HOME

2

An economic depression in the United States spread throughout the world and lasted for a decade.

Many social and economic programs introduced worldwide to combat the Great Depression are still operating.

Overview


• coalition government

• Weimar Republic

• Great Depression

• Franklin D. Roosevelt

• New Deal


TERMS & NAMES

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A Global Depression

A Global Depression 2

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain the effects of the Great Depression in the United States.


continued . . .

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The Great Depression

Businesses failed.

Banks closed.Savings were lost.

Farms were foreclosed.

Unemployment rose.

2

2. The collapse of the American economy had a devastating effect on the world. List one cause for each of the following effects: American market for European goods dropped; unemployment rates soared; European banks and businesses closed. THINK ABOUT


• economic conditions in the United States • the interdependence of the economies of the world

ANSWERANSWER

continued . . .

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A Global Depression

• High U.S. tariffs

• Drop in world trade

• Demand for repayment of American loans and withdrawal of American investment money

Possible Responses:

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3. What actions did the United States, Britain, France, and the Scandinavian countries take to try to recover from the Great Depression? Give specific examples for each country. THINK ABOUT


• coalition governments in Britain and France

• traditional community cooperative actionin Scandinavia

ANSWERANSWER

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A Global Depression

• Roosevelt and the New Deal

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2

2 Assessment

United States—New Deal supported public works, financial aid to businesses and farms, money for welfare and relief programs; regulated stock market and banks

Britain—National Government passed tariffs; increased taxes; regulated currency; decreased interest rates

France—Popular Front enacted worker reforms

Scandinavia—public works projects; raised pensions, unemployment insurance, housing subsidies, welfare benefits

Possible Responses:

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A Global Depression

In response to political turmoil and economic crises, many countries in Europe, including Italy and Germany, turn to Fascist dictators.


Key Idea

Fascism Rises in Europe

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In response to political turmoil and economic crises, Italy and Germany turned to totalitarian dictators.

These dictators changed the course of history, and the world is still recovering from their abuse of power.

Overview


• fascism

• Benito Mussolini

• Adolf Hitler

• Nazism

• Mein Kampf

• lebensraum


3


TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare Mussolini and Hitler by using the four categories listed below.


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Hitler Mussolini

Method of taking power

Style of leadership

Handling of economic crisis

Goals

Appointed chancellor Appointed by king

Dictator Dictator

Revived economy Took control of economy

Sought to regain lost lands and take over more

Wanted Italy to return to its ancient greatness

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ANSWERANSWER

During periods of crisis, people often turn to doctrines or leaders who promise to take charge and solve the country's problems. These doctrines or leaders often offer simple solutions to complex problems and blame outsiders, or scapegoats, for the problems.

Possible Response:

2. Why did a movement like fascism and leaders like Mussolini and Hitler come to power during a period of crisis? THINK ABOUT

• what problems Italy and Germany faced • political traditions in each country • the state of the world at the time

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3. Refer to the History Makers features in this section. What biases in the speeches of Mussolini are mentioned? What techniques did he and Hitler use to appear powerful and capable to their listeners?

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3 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

Mussolini talked about Italy’s past glory and often used words like “war” and “power.” He and Hitler appeared powerful by standing high above the crowds, using dramatic body language and forceful voices to stir up patriotic, violent emotions in the crowd.

Possible Responses:

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Germany, Italy, and Japan conquer other countries. The League of Nations and the rest of the world do nothing to stop them, and the specter of another great war haunts Europe.


Key Idea

Aggressors on the March

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As Germany, Italy, and Japan conquered other countries, the rest of the world did nothing to stop them.

Many nations today take a more active and collective role in world affairs, as in the United Nations.

Overview


• appeasement

• Axis Powers

• Francisco Franco

• isolationism

• Third Reich

• Munich Conference


4


TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Trace the movement of Japan from democratic reform in the 1920s to military aggression in the 1930s by supplying the events following the dates shown below.


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1922 1930

1937

1936

19311928

Signs treaty agreeing to respect China’s borders

Signs Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war

Great Depression puts military in control

Invades Manchuria

Allies with Germany

Invades China

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ANSWERANSWER

2. Review Germany’s aggressive actions after Hitler defied the Versailles Treaty by rebuilding Germany’s armed forces. At what point do you think Hitler concluded that he could take any territory without being stopped? Why? THINK ABOUT

• Hitler’s goals • responses of the democracies to his statements and actions


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• the role of the League of Nations

• After Hitler renounced Versailles Treaty—nothing happened• After seizing Rhineland—Britain urged appeasement• After taking Austria—France and Britain ignored pledge to

protect Austria• After Munich Conference—Britain and France let

Germany take Sudetenland

Possible Responses:

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continued . . .

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4

4 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

Yes—world leadership costs in money and respect; global economy costs in jobs and social services; cannot solve other countries’ problems

No—power and prestige as a world leader; need to compete in a global economy; benefits from maintaining order

Possible Responses:

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End of Section 4

3. After World War I, many Americans became isolationists. Do you recommend that America practice isolationism today? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT

• the global economy • America’s domestic problems • the economic and political goals of other countries

• America’s role as world leader

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Years of Crisis , 1919–1939

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