Continuous an a ccidental beam losses Protection of the accelerator from beam losses
Yearly beam losses in past and future operation
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Transcript of Yearly beam losses in past and future operation
Yearly beam losses in past and future operation
Mike LamontBelen Maria Salvachua Ferrando
Very much an invitation to do some more work!
4-June-12 LHC Annual Doses 2
Loss Mechanisms
• Transverse– Beam gas– Collisions – Halo productions:
• Nonlinearities, long range beam-beam, electron cloud, IBS
• Longitudinal– Touschek, RF noise, IBS
Particles can be:• Scattered directly out of aperture• Particle pushed to large betatron or momentum amplitude
– lost on physical or dynamic aperture• Emittance growth
– slow push to large betatron or momentum amplitudes
Many, many moons ago – attempted to cross product loss mechanisms against the nominal cycle
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Nominal cycle
0
14000
-3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000
Time [s]
MB
cur
rent
0
1
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B [T
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RAMP DOWNSTART RAMP
PHYSICS
PREPAREPHYSICS
BEAM DUMP
PREINJECTIONPLATEAU
INJECTION
T0 Tinj
SQUEEZE
PHYSICS
Ramp down 18 MinsPre-I njection Plateau 15 Mins
I njection 15 MinsRamp 28 Mins
Squeeze 5 MinsPrepare Physics 10 Mins
Physics 10 - 20 Hrs
I t2
I et
I t
LHC Annual Doses 44-June-12
RADWG-RADMON LHC Beam Loss Rates 5
Nominal cycle – WHEN• Injection
– Losses at injection: injection oscillations, RF capture– Big beams, lower dynamic aperture, full buckets, un-captured beam, long range beam-
beam, crossing angles, persistent current decay– Won’t be pretty. 10 hours lifetime will be good.
• Start ramp– Un-captured beam: lost immediately (~5% total)– Snapback: chromaticity, tunes all over the place
• Ramp– Things should calm down, assume 10 hour lifetime
• Squeeze– Tunes, chromaticity, collimator, TCDQ adjustments – expect some lifetime dips
• Collide– Beam finding, background optimisation
• Physics– Collisions, beam-gas, halo production– Synchrotron radiation damping will help against IBS, noise
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Operational Cycle
Phase Loss Destination
Injection 2% transverse IR7 collimators, TDI
1% longitudinal IR3 collimators
Injection plateau 20 minutes - 10 hour lifetime IR7 collimators mainly
Start ramp – out of bucket flash
5% beam IR3 collimators
Start ramp - snapback 1 minute – 1 hour lifetime IR7 collimators
Ramp 20 minutes – 10 hr lifetime Ring, collimators
Squeeze 10 minutes – 1 hour lifetime2*10 s dips to 0.2 hr lifetime
IR7 collimators
Physics Detailed above Ring, insertions, IR3, IR7
Some old, rather pessimistic assumptions
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Process Lifetime [hr] Emittance Growth [h] Destination
Residual gas - inelastic 129 - Ring Residual gas - elastic 459 - Ring/IR/Coll
Touschek 1250 - IR3 Collisions - inelastic 108* - Low IR/DS
Collisions – SD I 2697* - DS Collisions – SD II 674* - IR3 Collision - elastic 310 44 IR7
IBS transverse - 80 - IBS longitudinal - 61 -
Noise/beam-beam - 55 - SR - long - -13 -
SR - transverse - -26 -
Physics
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Lifetime evolution in physics
yxgas
t
N
tb
yxgasgas eeNtN
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211
1112
1211
0
Attempt to combined the various lifetime effects and proportion the losses to their destination
y = 3E+14e-0.0267x
R2 = 0.9956
1.5E+14
2.0E+14
2.5E+14
3.0E+14
3.5E+14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time [hours]
Tota
l no.
parti
cles
Nominal single beam lifetime, fitting to exponential ≈ 37 hoursLuminosity lifetime~ 18 hours
LHC Annual Doses 9
Losses before physics
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LHC Annual Doses 10
Losses in physics
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beam loss in various locations, per fill for differing fill lengths. Nominal physics – one beam.
RADWG-RADMON LHC Beam Loss Rates 11
Old operations assumptions
• 200 days physics per year.
• 60% operational efficiency – Machine available for beam
• Fill lengths– Assume between 8 and 20 hours.
• Turnaround– Time between consecutive physics coasts – Absolute minimum turnaround time between physics coasts: ≈ 90 minutes. – Varied between three and ten hours.
New operational assumptions – not so much different
RADWG-RADMON LHC Beam Loss Rates 12
Totals Per Year
Fill Length [hours] 8 12 15 20TOTAL DUMPED - ONE BEAM 6.6 E+16 3.8 E+16 3.0 E+16 1.8 E+16
TOTAL INTO 2 IRS - ONE BEAM 5.0 E+15 4.4 E+15 4.4 E+15 3.5 E+15
TOTAL MAIN RING - BOTH BEAMS 6.5 E+15 5.7 E+15 5.6 E+15 4.4 E+15
TOTAL IR7 – BOTH BEAMS 3.7 E+16 2.8 E+16 2.6 E+16 1.9 E+16
TOTAL IR3 – BOTH BEAMS 5.9 E+15 5.3 E+15 5.1 E+15 2.0 E+15
Fill Length [hours] 8 12 15 20TOTAL DUMPED - ONE BEAM 8.8 E+16 5.0 E+16 3.9 E+16 2.3 E+16
TOTAL INTO 2 IRS – ONE BEAM 1.2 E+16 9.8 E+15 9.6 E+15 7.5 E+15
TOTAL MAIN RING - BOTH BEAMS 9.5 E+15 8.0 E+15 7.7 E+15 6.0 E+15
TOTAL IR7 – BOTH BEAMS 6.0 E+16 4.5 E+16 4.1 E+16 3.0 E+16
TOTAL IR3 – BOTH BEAMS 9.9 E+15 8.6 E+15 8.2 E+15 3.0 E+15
NOMINAL
ULTIMATE
7 TeV equivalent
LHC Annual Doses 13
IN REALITYAnalysis: Belen Maria Salvachua Ferrando
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LHC Annual Doses 14
Experience• We know have vast experience of ramping,
squeezing, colliding and stable beaming high intensity beams
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Spacing No bunches Bunch intensity
Beam intensity
June 2012 50 ns 1380 1.5e11 2.07e14
Design 25 ns 2808 1.15e11 3.23e14
LHC Annual Doses 15
Take a recent fill• 2663
– Peak luminosity: 6.52e33 cm-2s-1
– Stable beams: 11 hours 20 minutes– Beam current: ~2.1e14 – Average bunch intensity: ~1.5e11
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LHC Annual Doses 164-June-12
Injection - bct
Ramp
Squeeze
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Injection – TCP losses B1
Injection – TCP losses B3
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Ramp – TCP3 losses B1
Ramp – TCP7 losses B1
Ramp – TCP7 losses B2
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Squeeze – TCP7 losses B2
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Adjust – TCP7 losses B2
Stable beams – TCP7 losses B1
Stable beams – TCP7 losses B2
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Stable beams – QXA losses B1
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LHC Annual Doses 244-June-12
LHC Annual Doses 25
SO CAN ACCURATELY DETERMINE HOW MUCH IS LOST AND WHEN…
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Total Integral: 180.02 Gy/sTotal time during RAMP 792.0 secBeam1: Total proton lost 1.15e+12Beam2: Total proton lost 2.17e+12
Total Integral: 263.8 Gy/sTotal time during SQUEEZE 1038.0 secBeam1: Total proton lost 0.78e12Beam2: Total proton lost 2.27e+12
Total Integral: 220.6 Gy/sTotal time during ADJUST 467.0 secBeam1: Total proton lost 1.07e+12Beam2: Total proton lost 1.67e+12
Total Integral: 1005849.1 Gy/sTotal time during STABLE 40839.0 secBeam1: Total proton lost 0.49e+14Beam2: Total proton lost 0.55e+14
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LHC Annual Doses 274-June-12
Vast majority in IR7 with some at injection protection
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• IR3 – out of bucket flash at start of ramp• Gentle “scraping” in IR7 at top of ramp as collimators move to tight• Clearly can change if we have problems…
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• IR7!
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• IR7!• Plus start of collisions…
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protonsdebris
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• Luminosity debris• Transverse emittance blow-up• Longitudinal losses• Minimal beam-gas
Lumi Beam-gas Coll Total
~87 ~300 ~500 ~60
IR1&5 Ring IR7
Fully quantifiable (with a little effort)
Single beam lifetimes [hours]
LHC Annual Doses 33
2663 loss summary
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B1 B2 2004 estimate
Injection 3.1%
Ramp start .1% .15% 6.5%
Ramp top .2% .8%
Ramp total .58% 1.1% 3%
Squeeze .35% 1.1% 10%
Adjust .56% .84%
Stable beams 24% 27% 28%
Relatively straightforward to establish:• When• Where• How muchMine the past to predict the future…
LHC Annual Doses 34
Annual Number of Lost Protons at TCPs andPrediction for 2012
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LHC Annual Doses 35
Detailed Look into Losses at TCPs DuringStable Beams in 2011 (BLM vs BCT)
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LHC Annual Doses 36
NB: not yet approved
10 year plan
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LS1
HL-LHC
PHYSICS AT 6.5/7 TeV
LS2
“ULTIMATE” PHYSICS
LS3
LHC Annual Doses 37
2012 – canonical (long) year
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DaysMachine check-out 2Commissioning with beam 21Machine development 22Technical stops 20Scrubbing (25 ns) 3Technical stop recovery 6Initial intensity ramp-up ~21Proton running ~126Special runs ~8Ion setup 4Ion run 24
~150 days
LHC Annual Doses 38
Efficiency
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2012
LHC Annual Doses 39
Potential performance LS1 to LS2
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Beta*[cm]
IbSPS
EmitSPS
[um]
Peak Lumi[cm-2s-1]
~Pile-up
Int. Lumi[fb-1]
25 ns 50 1.2e11 2.8 1.2e34 28 32 25 ns
low emit 50 1.2e11 1.4 2.2e34 46 57
50 ns level 50 1.7e11 2.1
1.7e34level
0.9e34
76level40
40 – 50*
• 150 days proton physics• 5% beam loss, 10% emittance blow-up in LHC• 10 sigma separation• 70 mb visible cross-section• * different operational model - caveat
All numbers approximate!
LHC Annual Doses 40
Performance estimate LS2+• 7 TeV • 150 days of proton physics• Hübner Factor = 0.2 for 25 ns• Different OP model for 50 ns levelled
Beta*[cm]
Ib(SPS)
Emit(SPS)um
Peak Lumi[cm-2s-1] Pile-up
Int. Lumi[fb-1]
25 ns 50 1.6e11 2.3 2.5e34 56 ~65
50 ns 50 2.7e11 2.72.8e34level
0.9e34
125level
40~50
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Neglecting low emittance optionAll numbers approximate!
LHC Annual Doses 41
Projection
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• 25 ns• Low emittance option viable between LS1 & LS2• Usual warnings apply
LHC Annual Doses 42
Conclusions• Old estimates presented• The LHC is a lot cleaner than expected
(fortunately!)• Good handle on when, where and how much• Reasonable understanding of the mechanisms• Given past experience of losses and availability
should be possible to make realistic predictions for future operations based on appropriate scaling with total beam current and luminosity.
4-June-12