A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

January February March April May June July August September October November December

a accommodate accompany according achieve aggressive amateur ancient apparent appreciate attached available average awkward

b bargain bruise

c category cemetery committee communicate community competition conscience conscious controversy convenience correspond criticise curiosity

d definite desperate determined develop dictionary disastrous daughter

e embarrass environment equipment especially exaggerate excellent explanation equipped

f familiar foreign frequently faithfully

g government guarantee

h harass hindrance

i identity immediately individual interfere interrupt

j jealousy juice

k knowledge

l language leisure lightning

m marvellous mischievous muscle

n necessary neighbour nuisance

o occupy occur opportunity

p parliament persuade physical prejudice privilege profession programme pronunciation

q queue

r recognise recommend relevant restaurant rhyme rhythm receive

s sacrifice secretary shoulder signature sincerely soldier stomach sufficient suggest symbol system

t temperature thorough twelfth

u usually

v variety vegetable vehicle

w whether weather weigh

x xylophone

y yacht

z . CL ? ! ’ , ‘’ ‘’ : ; - …

0 zero 10 ten 1 one 20 twenty 2 two 30 thirty 3 three 40 forty 4 four 50 fifty 5 five 60 sixty 6 six 70 seventy 7 seven 80 eighty 8 eight 90 ninety 9 nine 100 hundred

Monday Tuesday

Wednesday Thursday

Friday Saturday Sunday

red yellow blue green orange purple pink grey black

Year5/6

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

January February March April May June July August September October November December

a accident actual address appear arrive animals around another

b bear believe baby bicycle breath breathe build busy business because

c couldn’t can’t calendar caught centre century certain circle complete consider continue cried

d didn’t don’t decide describe different difficult disappear

e everyone early earth eighth enough exercise experience experiment ex-treme

f famous favourite forward fruit friend found

g going grammar group guard guide

h heard haven’t heart height history

i I’ll I’ve imagine interest increase important island

j jealous jewellery journey

k know knowledge

l length learn library laughed

m material medicine mention minute magic

n natural naughty notice

o only occasion often opposite ordinary

p peculiar particular possess possible perhaps pressure probably promise purpose potatoes popular position

q quarter question

r recent right regular reign remember

s school should sentence separate special straight strength suppose surprise

t therefore though thought through that’s

u umbrella urgent

v various vigorous vein

w weight woman women wanted work why we’re

x

y yesterday you’re

z . CL ? ! , “ ” ‘

0 zero 10 ten 1 one 20 twenty 2 two 30 thirty 3 three 40 forty 4 four 50 fifty 5 five 60 sixty 6 six 70 seventy 7 seven 80 eighty 8 eight 90 ninety 9 nine 100 hundred

Monday Tuesday

Wednesday Thursday

Friday Saturday Sunday

red yellow blue green orange purple pink grey black

Year3/4

thumb

bomb

lamb ‘b’ is often silent after ‘m’ gnome

gnat

knife

These two letters are usually silent before ‘n’. knee

scissors muscle

fascinate scenario

c is silent when it comes after ‘s’

calf

Silent letter ‘l’ often follows the vowels ‘a’, ‘o’ and ‘u’.

should would could

yolk

t is often silent after ‘s’

listen

castle whistle

Christmas Wednesday

handsome

sandwich d is silent in some common

words

wrist

wrap

wrestle

Letter ‘w’ us often silent before ‘r’.

guitar

guess guard

guild

guest

U is often silent when it comes after ‘g’ and before a vowel.

Letter ‘h’ is silent in lots of places.

whale

cheetah

why/what/when?

vehicle

after ‘w’

between two vowels

at the end of a word after a vowel

Handy hint: -ent and –ence/-ency are usually used if there us a soft c, g or qu before it in the word.

The endings –ent and –ence/-ency

Exception to the rule: obedient/obedience

-ent -ence/ -ency

innocent decent

frequent confident

independent

innocence decency

frequency confidence

independence

Adding suffixes beginning with vowel letters to words

ending in –fer

Handy hint: the ‘r’ is doubled if the –fer is still stressed when the ending is added.

r is doubled r is not doubled

referring/referred/referral

preferring/preferred

transferring/transferred

reference/referee

preference transference

The endings -able/-ably and ible/ibly

Handy hint: -able/-ably are usually used if there is a related word ending in –ation. –ible/

ibly is usually used if a complete root word can’t be heard before it.

Exception to the rule: changeable and noticeable don’t have related words which end in –ation. In the case of sensible, the complete root word can be heard before the –ible ending.

-able/-ably -ible/-ibly

adorable/adorably applicable/applicably

considerable/considerably

possible/possibly horrible/horribly horrible/terribly

visible/visibly incredible/incredibly

Words containing the letter string ‘ough’.

Handy hint: ‘ough’ is one of the trickiest spellings in English. It can be used to spell a number of different

sounds.

uff

rough tough enough

or

ought bought thought fought brought

off

cough

oa

though

although dough

oo

through

ow

plough bough

uh

thorough borough

Words with the long /e/ sound spelled ‘ei’ after c.

Handy hint: the ‘i’ before ‘e’ except after ‘c’ rule applies to words where the sound is spelt ‘ei’.

Exception to the rule: protein, caf-feine,seize all have the ‘ei’ spelling but not

-ent

deceive conceive receive perceive ceiling

The endings -cious or –tious

Handy hint: if the root word ends in ‘ce’, the sound is usually spelt as -cious.

Exception to the rule: anxious

-cious -tious

vicious precious conscious delicious malicious suspicious

ambitious cautious fictitious infectious nutritious

The endings -cial or –tial

Handy hint: -cial is usually used after a vowel and –tial is usually used after a consonant.

Exception to the rule: initial, financial, commercial and provincial

-cial -tial

official special

artificial

partial confidential

essential

The endings –ant and –ance/-ancy

Handy hint: -ant and ance/-ancy are normally used if there is a related word ending in –ation.

Exception to the rule: You can have assistant, assistance but not assistation.

-ant

observant expectant hesitant tolerant

observance expectance hesitance tolerance

-ance/ -ancy

-ation

observation expectation hesitation toleration

Homophones and other words that are often

confused.

Handy hint: homophones are words which have the same or similar pronunciation but different

meaning.

aisle/isle aloud/allowed affect/effect

altar/alter ascent/assent cereal/serial

precede/proceed draft/draught

past/passed steal/steel wary/weary who’s/whose

morning/mourning led/lead

heard/herd guessed/guest

Simple Past

Describes events which happened at a specific

time and are now completed.

verb-ed (usually)

I kicked the ball.

Past Continuous

Describes events which happened in the past, over a period of time.

was/were + verb-ing

I was kicking the ball.

.

Past Perfect

Describes events in the past which happed before another

action took place.

had + past

I has kicked the ball.

Past Perfect Continuous Describes action that were in progress before some other

actions and continued until that time

had + been + verb-ing

I had been kicking the ball

before they went home.

Simple Present

Describes events which happen often.

infinitive verb

I kick the ball.

Present Continuous

Describes events which are currently taking place and haven’t

finished yet.

am/are/is + verb-ing

I am kicking the ball..

Present Perfect

Describes events which stared in the past and continued up until

now.

has/have + past tense

I have kicked the ball.

Present Perfect Continuous

Describes events which stared at some point in the past that may bot

be finished

has/have + been + verb-ing

I have been kicking the ball.

Simple Future

Describes events which will take place.

will/shall + verb

I will kick the ball.

Future Continuous

Describes events which will take place, over time.

will be/shall be + verb-ing

I will be kicking the ball.

Future Perfect

Describes events which will take place before another action will

take place.

will + have + past tense

I will have kicked the ball.

Future Present Continuous

Describes events which will have taken place for some time and not

yet be finished.

will have been + ing

I will have been kicking the ball .

Bullet Points

Bullet points are used to make lists and organise information.

Equipment

kettle teabags sugar spoon

milk

Parenthesis

Parenthesis is a word or phrase inserted as an explanation or afterthought into a

passage.

It is marked in writing by brackets, dashes, or commas.

I went to see my nan (in London) during the school holidays. New York – in America – is a vibrant and busy city. My t-shirt, the one with the star, was my favourite birthday present.

Cohesion

Cohesion makes a text easy to follow – all the meanings and parts fit together clearly.

Cohesive Devices: Coordinating Subordinating

Conjunctions Conjunctive

Adverbs

for nor

and yet

but so or

because after since

although

while rather

also instead however

likewise

meanwhile

nevertheless

Ambiguity

Ambiguity occurs when a sentence or passage could have more than one meaning.

‘Flying planes can be dangerous.’

‘John saw the man on the mountain with a telescope’

Synonym

A synonym is a word with the same or a similar meaning to another word.

old/elderly

talk/speak

happy/pleased

Active Voice

In the active voice, the subject of a verb performs the action. The object of

the sentence comes last.

Grandma posted the letter.

Sam ate the sandwich.

Antonym

A antonym is a word with the opposite meaning to another word.

hot/cold light/heavy light/dark

Passive Voice In the passive voice, a verb is ‘acting on’ the subject. The object of the sentence comes

first.

The sandwich was eaten by Sam.

The letter was posted by Grandma.

Relative Clauses

A relative clause adds extra information about a noun or clause.

That’s the boy who plays guitar in the band.

Tom broke the game, which made Annie

Subjunctive The subjunctive is a very formal use of a

verb.

The head teacher requests that you be present for interview at 9am.

If Zoe were a better singer, she could join the school choir.

Relative Pronoun

Relative pronouns add more information about a noun already mentioned.

My cousin, who lives in America, is coming to visit.

The park that I go to is near my school.

Relative Noun

Relative nouns are used to introduce relative clauses.

Examples of relative nouns include:

who which that whose whom

We flew to India, which is on another continent.

My best friend went to the same swimming club that I go to.

Pronoun

Pronouns take the place of a noun.

I bought a pet tortoise.

She played football

everyday.

Common Noun

Common nouns are the general names given to things, and are only capitalised

at the start of a sentence.

Sit at one of the tables please.

I hope that a bus comes along

Proper Noun

Proper nouns are the names of specific people, things and places. They always start with a capital letter.

I am going to Germany with Alice on Friday.

Noun Nouns are people, places or things.

My teacher wears a tie in school every day.

Verb

Verbs are doing or action words.

She ran to school.

They had a really good time talking to each other.

Adjective

Adjectives describe a noun.

The cheese was rather smelly!

The pancakes were hot and

delicious.

Fronted Adverbial

Adverbial clauses explain how, where or when something happened. They are like adverbs made up of more than one word. Fronted adverbial clauses appear at the start of a sentence.

Before the sun came up, he ate his breakfast.

As fast as he could, the boy ran for the train.

Adverb

Adverbs describe a verb.

She laughed loudly.

We are always told to eat healthily.

Modal Verbs Model verbs are always used with other

verbs. They are used to show how possible something is, or how likely it is

to happen.

could

should

can

would

might

may

shall

ought

must

Subordinate Clause

A subordinate clause adds to another clause. It cant be a sentence by itself.

“Here’s the book that I promised you.”

“When I grow up, I want to be a pilot.”

Embedded Clause An embedded clause is a subordinate clause that is used in the middle of a

sentence.

James, battling against the wind and rain, searched for his cat.

Adverbial

An adverbial is a word or phrase used to modify a verb or clause.

time

place

number

nearby

later

firstly

Subject

A subject is the person or thing ‘doing’ or ‘being’ something in a sentence.

The cat purred loudly.

Clara brushes her hair. My dad is really tall.

Determiners introduce a noun, placing it within a context. An article is one type of determiner which is used to show whether a noun is specific or general. The 3 articles are: the, an and a.

Determiner

I put the spoon down.

I peeled an apple with a peeler.

Preposition

Prepositions are where or when something is in relation to something

else.

He looked inside the box that was beside the door.

Object

An object is a noun, pronoun or noun phrase which comes straight after the verb.

I threw balls.

I saw you. I ate all the cakes in the kitchen.

Alternative Adjectives

Alternative Verbs

excited, happy determined sympathetic, caring

blissfully cheerfully gleefully repeatedly continually thoroughly softly gently patiently

eagerly enthusiastically jubilantly diligently intently relentlessly warmly considerately sensitively

chirpily jovially buoyantly staunchly tenaciously resolutely comfortingly consolingly soothingly

euphorically deliriously ecstatically unwaveringly persistently single-mindedly supportively fondly reassuringly

vivaciously exuberantly joyously cold, evil, arrogant tenderly kind-heartedly compassionately

angry, impatient frostily cold-heartedly stonily scornfully thoughtfully

fiercely furiously thunderously sneeringly tauntingly spitefully mercilessly scared, frightened, timid

savagely ferociously obnoxiously sinisterly grotesquely malevolently brutally hysterically briskly hastily

antagonistically offensively sternly cunningly deceitfully stealthily deviously suspiciously reluctantly uneasily

viciously irritably defiantly sad, miserable urgently tensely

indignantly heatedly brutally bleakly gloomily glumly woefully hesitantly frantically

nervous, shy, embarrassed gravely bleakly despondently dejectedly tired

anxiously cautiously warily hopelessly tragically despairingly mutely wearily drowsily sluggishly jadedly

apprehensively queasily tentatively desperately tearfully solemnly dispiritedly lethargically exhaustedly

Alternative Adverbs

SETTING DESCRIPTION

cave mountain forest beach water towns rooms

entrance to an enormous cave

huge, shimmering stalactites

stalagmites like giant spikes

glittering gallery of white crystals

entrance to the cave was like a ghostly, black hole

like a silent, screaming mouth

inky black maze of dangerous, slippery paths

wound underground

tunnels twisted and turned hung from the

roof floor covered in

stalagmites crystal spikes

rose from the gloom

hidden behind thick, tangled vines

low, dark tunnels glistened with

damp polished into

dangerous, slippery paths

lit only by the narrow beam of light from the torch

majestic mountains

magical world of shimmering snow

spectacular views

cascading waterfalls

lush, green meadows

streams like silver ribbons

black, deadly mountains

huge, hostile mountains

towering peaks savage summits bleak, perilous

peaks like the humps

of a gigantic dinosaur

like menacing, black daggers

haunting maze of glinting ice and rock

inky black maze of steep, rugged paths

shattered, jagged boulders and unstable rock-falls

steep, rocky slopes

sheer drop veil of mist ghostly blanket

of dark clouds rose to meet the

sky soared above

her towered above

the village framed by the

mountain’s majestic peaks

had a spectacular view

split, cracked and carved by the magic of nature

thundered towards the sky

pierced the sky slashed the land loomed ahead burst out of the

forest rose like a black

beacon erupted in sharp

points huddled tightly

together crushed them in

its stony mouth walls glistened

with damp polished into

dangerous, slippery slopes

shrouded in mist enveloped in

thick storm clouds

hostile peaks jumped out of the mist

edged their way to the top

scrambled up the sheer, rugged slopes

slithered down the bare slopes

like a crowd of vivid green umbrellas

like a green blanket

emerald green leaves

fiery scarlet autumn leaves

vivid green stems

beautiful, green cloaks

like fluttering, emerald ribbons

brightly coloured creepers like party streamers

blazing carpet of bluebells

clumps of snowdrops

clusters of purple blossoms

spikes of quivering, yellow petals

like a carpet of jewels

glistening icicles dark, tangled

maze of tunnels and secret paths

spidery knot of trees and bushes

thick, gnarled trunks

huge, thick limbs bleached

skeletons of dead trees

roots like enormous, wooden tentacles

writhing carpet of buzzing, crawling insects

eerie, greenish gloom

stretched as far as the eye could see

framed the deep blue sky

impossible to find a way through

swayed to the rhythm of the wind

danced on gusts of frosty air

tossed their branches

flung their leaves up to the sky

waved like hundreds of tiny hands

floated to the ground

branches spread and twisted together like a prehistoric beast

ivy choked the twisted tree

thorns knotted amongst the trees and bushes

twisted and grated against each other like rusty hinges

blocked the path strangled the

paths littered the

ground burst from the

ground grasped at her

ankles like bony fingers

pressed in on him on all sides

trapped her in its thorny grasp

long, narrow beach

small, sheltered cove

pebbly bay sugar white,

sandy beaches white pebble

beaches long arc of

powdery, white sand

huge, sandy dunes

lush, green forest

large umbrella palm trees

vivid blue sea sheer cliffs emerald jewel of

coral reefs and diamond dust beaches

stretched for miles

backed by huge, sandy dunes

surrounded by a lush, green forest

shaded by palm trees

sloped gently down to the sea

reached by scrambling down a steep, winding path

shimmered in the heat

tropical island rocky island

slopes pure, white

beaches purple heather beautiful coral

reef brilliant

turquoise lagoons

tropical, rainbow-coloured fish

wild and overgrown

eerie, lifeless island

barren and rocky pillars of rock at

the entrance to the bay

jigsaw of human and animal skeletons

relics of an ancient world

sinister view of volcanic peaks and a moon-like landscape

ablaze with purple heather

palm trees swayed in the breeze

circled by a shallow, blue lagoon

teeming with multi-coloured corals and tropical fish

guarded by steep, rocky cliffs

littered with bones

haunted by bats echo of pain and

death lingered

as clear and smooth as glass

like a long, snaking ribbon

like lines of sparkling silver

huge curtain of shimmering silver

glimmering like a lazy, grey snake

pearly white in the shadow of the moon

like thousands of tiny diamonds on the water

ripple of a stream tumbling down the hill

bulging blister of churning, grey water

eerie, green, underwater forest

deadly sound of roaring rapids

wound down the mountainside

danced down the slopes

rushed down the mountain like watery stairs

twisted and turned through the forest

meandered through the village

toppled over moss-covered rocks

gurgled over the pebbles

burbled as it hopped and danced down the rocks

whispered as it fell

shimmered in the flickering starlight

sparkled in the midday sun

choked with weeds

strangled by a spidery web of weeds

blasted into a white, swirling foam

sent huge clouds of spray hundreds of feet into the air

caught sight of the sea far below

sparkled like a rare jewel

blazed with all the colours of the rainbow

rippled softly in the breeze

wrinkled the surface of the water

rolled onto the beach

coiled around the rocks

flicked lazily at the rocks

surged into the harbour

threatened to bury it in a watery grave

deafening roar as the wave

thundered into sight

boom of the waves echoed through the air

busy, colourful city

bustling market town

sleepy little village

small, quaint town on the coast

sprawling concrete jungle

ruined ghost village

stinking, polluted place

cobbled squares and arcades

wide, tree-lined streets

leafy lanes warren of

narrow, twisting alleys

labyrinth of secret, underground tunnels and cellars

big, ugly factories

towering chimneys

houses with thatched roofs

vibrant, cosmopolitan atmosphere

an exciting mix of smells and sounds from around the world

haven from the noise and pollution of the city

houses built from cardboard

empty shells pile of stones

and shattered walls

boarded-up windows

empty, gaping window frames

crawling damp and mould

black veil of smoke

rotting rubbish and broken glass

plastic bags, crisp packets and empty drink bottles

lived in a run-down part of the town

spread out before him like a concrete jungle

surrounded by gentle hills and leafy lanes

huddled around the village green

overlooked the sea

nestled at the foot of the mountain

seemed an unlikely place for …

bustling with tourists

buzzing with pavement cafes and street musicians

alive with smells from the food stalls

sprayed with graffiti

lined with rotting rubbish

grime and pollution clung to the houses

smoke spewed from the factories

large, rectangular kitchen

small, square lounge

large, modern kitchen of glass and metal

wooden beams and a stone floor

roaring fire colourful rugs gleaming,

scrubbed and polished

warm, welcoming room

heart of the house

welcoming retreat

relaxing haven light and homely bright and airy sinister, evil

place dusty and bare place of shadows

and whispers dark and lifeless lights

shimmered with cobwebs

cloud of dust hung over everything

dark, green moss old, battered

furniture wallpaper was

torn and peeling dimly lit room buzzing strip

light ground thick

with rats carpet of

writhing hair bodies of dead

flies furnished with a

huge oak table and sideboard

painted cream tastefully

decorated bathed in

sunlight crackling fire

sealed the room against the rain outside

covered in cobwebs

encrusted with grime

smeared with dirt

covered with a layer of crawling damp and mould

curtains closed, dirty dishes piled high in the sink

spilled out of the bin

crumpled and scattered everywhere

trampled into the floor

lights flickered gloomy light

filtered through eyes watched

and ears listened in the shadows

CHARACTER DESCRIPTION

emotion expression eyes voice movement

happy

on top of the world bubbly like a fizzy drink buzzing with excitement glow of happiness sense of elation unbearable gurgle in his stomach shivered with eagerness body tingled with excitement hands shook with anticipation could hardly contain his excitement

beaming smile eager expression look of eager anticipation cheeks glowed gazed eagerly laughter shone in his face face lit up in a wide smile broke into a broad grin flashed her a warm smile flickered across his face

bright, twinkling eyes wide with excitement bright with interest and excitement gleam of humour in her eyes danced with laughter twinkled with amusement laughter shone in her eyes shone like beams from a torch burned with excitement sparkled with eagerness

big, hearty laugh loud, raucous laughter devilish roar of glee squeal of delight giggles bubbled at the back of

her throat blurted out a little laugh chortled at the look on her

face let out a peel of manic laughter words tumbled over each other

in a high-pitched gabble words came in excited gasps

walked with a bounce in her step

leapt in the air, screaming with excitement

hopped up and down on the spot

skipped along the pavement jigged around the room threw her arms around his

neck clenched his fist and punched

the air rubbed palms together with

excitement clapped hands and squealed

with delight pumped each other’s hands

frantically

caring

face turned soft and sympathetic

gave her a look of concern drew her eyebrows together mouth turned down at the

corners flashed a comforting smile

calm and comforting as soft as velvet beamed with warmth, like

candles in the dark

no more than a whisper silky and soft, like a feathery

whisper mild, patient voice words were gentle and

comforting whispered in his ear sighed gently made soothing noises trailed off to a low sigh

gentle squeeze gesture of support slid her arm around his

shoulder gave her a gentle squeeze stroked his hair tilted his head forwards held her to his stomach wrapped arms tightly around

him squeezed his arm in a gesture

of support

angry

spitting bundles of rage vicious flash of temper simmering fury left him breathless made his heart race hammered in his head swept through him like a tidal

wave burning with rage wrath exploded like a volcano poisoned the air around him

venomous stare murderous gaze malicious expression hostile demeanour jaw tightened nostrils flared like an angry

bull lips curled back in a reptilian

snarl sucked his lips into his mouth lips were drawn into a sneer twisted into a venomous snarl

hard and narrowed cold, staring eyes steely, menacing eyes piercing like razors slits of fury fierce little eyes in a skull-like

face full of hatred and anger bulging and fierce in his

twisted face glittered evilly burned with a cruel light

menacing tone like a vicious dog replied through clenched teeth demanded in a low, vicious tone boomed viciously snarled with frustration sighed bitterly muttered under her breath voice shook gasped for breath

rigid with fury frantic, jerky movements like an uncoiled spring feverish pace gripped knuckles until they

turned white bounded like an uncoiled spring hurtled headlong… barged through… thudded into… hurtled full pelt towards…

evil

smile as empty as a carcass like a grinning snake cold, sinister look cold, arrogant expression lips twisted briefly face split into a nasty, demonic

grin twisted in a malicious smirk stretched his mouth into a

grisly smile directed look of purest venom trained his steely gaze on her

cold, steely eyes small and hard as raisins buggy little eyes piercing like razors frosty and narrowed crafty look demon-haunted expression glinted evilly sparkled like frost – cold and

dangerous burned with a cruel light

tone was firm and chilly tone was chiselled with menace splinter of ice in her voice voice was low, cold and full of

menace stifled snort scornful giggle sneering shout screech like a seagull threatening, venomous hiss sharp words slashed the air

glided like a shadow moved stealthily silent and motionless like a predator scenting its

prey as silent as a shadow broadened shoulders leaned forward menacingly poised on the balls of his feet crouched on the edge advanced slowly

nervous

tongue was thick and fuzzy throat was dry blizzard of nerves and confusion heart pounded watched with bated breath trembled like a nervous rabbit butterflies fluttered in her

stomach felt as if the whole world was

watching insides shrivelled with

embarrassment mist descended on his mind

small nervous tic nervous twitch blood rushed to her cheeks blush spread from her neck to

her face drenched in sweat chewed nervously on her

tongue ran a tongue nervously over his

lips teeth gnashed against each

other cheeks bulged, as she held her

breath to slow her pulse

small nervous tic nervous glance eyes were downcast fixed to the floor blinked rapidly exchanged nervous looks flickered beneath her eye glanced rapidly around him eyes flicked from one to the

other looked round furtively

urgent whisper low, gasping gabble words came in gasps sank to a murmur stammered nervously took a deep breath words tumbled out in a rush spoke through clenched teeth opened his mouth as if to

speak, but closed it again

sweaty brow trembling lips hunched shoulders arms folded tightly across her

chest made jerky movements with his

hands clicked nails on table

sad

silent, shuddering sobs heart was swollen and bruised felt hollow and cold huge lump in the back of his

throat horrible sense of loneliness like a

dark fog sadness erupted inside him enveloped her like a dark cloud spread through his chest like a

dull ache wild grief was building inside her despair washed over him insides curled up and shrivelled hopelessness washed over him coldness settled inside him

wet and red from weeping swollen and blotchy quivering lips haunted expression lips trembled jaw wobbled jaw trembled as she spoke twisted in an unhappy smile pressed lips together bit her lip until she drew blood jammed her knuckles against

her teeth expression faltered as her chin

started to tremble contorted with pain and misery

cloudy and sad glassy eyes gloomy and downcast vacant expression as if in a trance shiny slug trails down her face wet and bloodshot from

weeping tears streamed from her eyes spilled out of her eyes blurred his vision scalded her cheeks as they

flowed filled with grief stared with glassy eyes screwed eyes shut to hold back

the tears stared as if in a trance stared unblinking at the ground

in front of him

quiet groan low, gurgling moan moan of despair stifled sob shuddering sobs quivering whisper husky with emotion full of sadness heartfelt sigh unshed tears in her voice sobbed softly choked with misery shook and cracked with grief swallowed hard before

speaking howled like a wounded dog sob welled up in her throat uncontrollable sobbing racked

her body

pressed palms into his eyes bit lip unhappily chewed fingernails bit her knuckles brushed tears away with a clumsy fist shook his head frantically head dropped onto his chest bent over with elbows on her

knees entire body was hunched over slumped like a puppet with its

strings cut rocked back and forth quietly swayed on his feet whole body was racked with

sobs moved with agonizing slowness

age height shape face eyes mouth teeth nose ears hands and fingers hair voice

young middle-

aged elderly aged

wizened short tiny elfin

average medium lanky bony

skinny weedy

scrawny spindly skeletal gaunt

emaciated haggard broad square burly

strong powerful muscular athletic dainty

graceful stooped hunched crooked upright slumped hunched

smooth shiny

glowing wrinkled jagged gnarled

ugly horrible

grotesque hideous angry

swollen festering peeling flaking blotchy scarred

scabbed burnt

blistered oozed

sprouted twisted

puckered disfigured scorched

singed seared

shrivelled

saucers slits

bulging gaping beady sunken

sapphires emeralds diamonds charcoal

slate velvet

piercing flinty

dangerous mysterious

lit shone

beamed danced

sparkled gleamed stared glared darted burned glinted stared drilled pierced bulged

chipped jutted

protruded pressed pursed fleshy flabby plump

wrinkled flaking

drooping stern

menacing sneering reptilian

fangs stumps

tomb-stones pearls rotting

crumbling sparkling polished stained chipped jutted thin

narrow wide

hooked broken crooked beak-like

bony skeletal

shovel-like long-

fingered wrinkled swollen lumpy black sharp dirty

blackened encrusted chipped burnt

twisted drummed grabbed grasped lunged

stubbly unshaven

bushy drooping

dark black

scruffy grimy

tangled grizzled unkempt

neat trim

sprouted poked curved

whisper murmur wheeze rattle

booming thunderous deafening piercing

theatrical quiet soft

gentle mild calm low

low-pitched deep high

squeaky

shrill high-pitched

harsh dry

rough hoarse husky croaky

scratchy throaty smooth sweet

musical chirpy bossy

whining smug

mocking

wheedling simpering

monotonous pleasant

silky creamy sweet syrupy echoed

vibrated drilled droned cracked croaked clicked gurgled rasped

Noun, which/where/who Noun, which/where/who sentences begin with a noun then a comma

followed by which or where or who.

Cakes, which taste fantastic, are not so good for your health. Mr. Tims, who is my favourite teacher, is leaving the school

soon.

O. (I.) sentences Outside. (Inside.) sentences O. (I.) sentences are made up of 2 related sentences. The first sentence tells the reader the character’s outward actions. The second (placed in brackets) shows the characters true INNER

feelings. He smiled and shook the man’s hand warmly. (Inside, however,

he was more angry than he had ever been.)

Short sentences Use short sentences to build tension in your writing.

I slowly crept nearer.

What was that? A dog yelped.

3 bad—(dash) question? 3 bad-(dash) question? sentences begin with 3 negative adjectives.

After the 3rd adjective there is a dash and then a question relating to the adjectives

Greed, jealousy, hatred – which of these was John’s worst trait?

Thirst, heatstroke, exhaustion—which would kill him first?

Some; others sentences

Some; others sentences begin with the word some and have a ; instead of a ‘but’ to separate the two parts.

Some people love football; others just can’t stand it.

Some evacuees had an awful time in World War Two; other evacuees enjoyed it.

De: De sentences (Description: Details) A De: De sentence has 2 parts.

The 1st part gives a description, the 2nd part gives further details. The 2 parts are separated by a colon ( : )

The vampire is a dreadful creature: it kills by sucking all the blood from its victims.

Snails are slow: they take hours to move the shortest of distances.

Irony Sentences Over the top sentences.

Our ‘luxury’ hotel turned out to be a farm outbuilding.

The ‘trip of our dreams’ was, in fact, our worst nightmare.

Ad, same ad This sentence has two identical adjectives, one repeated shortly

after the other. A comma must come after the first use of the adjective.

He was a fast runner, fast because he needed to be.

It was a silent town, silent because all the residents had fled.

The more, the more The more, the more sentences are in 2 parts. The first more should be followed by an emotion word and the second more should be followed

by a related emotion. The more upset she was, the more her tears flowed.

The more confident she became, the more talkative she seemed to be.

An ing, ed sentence

An ing, ed sentence always begins with a verb ending in ‘ing’. This is followed by the location of the action and then a comma.

Driving to town, he stopped to watch the UFO land.

Running near the beach, he halted as the ground gave way.

Imagine and 3 examples: These sentences begin with the word ‘Imagine’ and then describe 3

things about a place, time or person. After the 3rd description there is a : followed by a statement saying there is such a time, place,

person. Imagine a time when people were not afraid, when life was much simpler, when everyone helped each other: this is the story of

One word/phrase: definition One word/phrase: definition sentences begin with one word or

phrase followed by a : This is then followed by a definition of the word.

Monday: the longest day of the week!

World War Two: a time when many people lost their lives.

In a passive sentence the ‘thing’ that would normally be the object is turned into the subject by the use of the verb.

Passive sentences use an auxiliary verb followed by a past participle verb form.

Subjunctive form The subjunctive form is mostly used in formal language

(if you were the queen for example). It can be used to give advice of talk about unreal situations.

advise ask

command demand insist

propose recommend

request

noun/pronoun

verb that noun/

pronoun infinitive

verb

I insist

that

she write

she asks he join

we urge you reconsider

Sarah insists the team attend

Mr Jones recommended Sam attend

The infinitive verb must be in root form.

desire wish hope

dream

if noun/pronoun were situation

if

I

were

rich

we famous

he to attend the party

they going to book the holiday

This rule is much simpler. If you're asking for something in the future - which you hope or wish for - because it’s a dream you use were rather than was.

W T E B U S A H I

A WH I T E B U S

although as

after

wherever whenever

when whereas whether which

if in case in order

that

though till

that

even though even if

because before

until unless

since

could

couldn’t

doubtful

I think

may

maybe

might

might not

occasionally

perhaps

potentially

rarely

sometimes

unsure

apparently

frequently

likely

often

ought to

probably

regularly

scarcely

should

shouldn’t

usually

would

wouldn’t

absolutely

always

certainly

clearly

definitely

has to

have to

impossibly

invariably

is

never

obviously

shall

surely

will

will not

must

mustn’t

undoubtedly

unquestionably

A p

repos

itio

n is

a w

ord w

hic

h

indic

ates

pla

ce o

r dir

ect

ion.

A

pre

pos

itio

nal phra

se u

sual

ly

incl

udes

a pre

pos

itio

n

and a

nou

n or

a p

rono

un.

besi

de t

he r

iver

near

the t

own

in t

he w

ater

dur

ing

the n

ight

thro

ugh t

he w

inte

r th

is e

veni

ng

on t

he t

able

bet

wee

n th

e h

ouse

s un

dern

eat

h t

he w

ater

befo

re m

orni

ng

tow

ards

hom

e

Adve

rbials f

or C

ohesion

time,

place

, nu

mber,

exce

ption,

caus

e a

nd

eff

ect

, co

ntra

st o

r co

mpa

riso

n,

clarifica

tion

and

emph

asis

or a

ddition

Adve

rbia

ls a

re w

ord

s or

phra

ses

that

are

use

d t

o m

odif

y a

verb

or

clau

se. A

dve

rbia

ls m

ay b

e a

dve

rbs,

pre

posi

tion

ph

rase

s or

subord

inat

e c

laus

es.

Adve

rbia

ls c

an b

e u

sed

to

creat

e c

ohesi

on w

ithin

and

acr

oss

para

grap

hs.

time

in t

he b

egin

ning

on

ly y

est

erd

ay

unti

l th

en

to

begi

n w

ith

at f

irst

m

ean

while

sim

ulta

neou

sly

af

ter

that

st

raig

ht

away

place

near

this

loc

atio

n ar

ound

here

in

the c

ity

behin

d t

he c

loud

s beyo

nd t

he w

all

insi

de t

he c

ave

out

in t

he

coun

trys

ide

alon

g th

e lan

e

here

in

this

roo

m

over

the s

tree

t

number/

frequ

enc

y

firs

tly

seco

ndly

la

stly

once

tw

ice

occa

sion

ally

ra

rely

eve

ry s

o of

ten

ofte

n so

met

imes

exce

ption

desp

ite t

his

as

ide f

rom

desp

ite

excl

udin

g eve

n th

ough

ot

her

than

w

ith t

he e

xce

ptio

n of

ap

art

from

how

ever

besi

des

emph

asis/

addition

to c

lari

fy

mos

t im

port

antl

y esp

eci

ally

pr

imar

ily

furt

herm

ore

abov

e a

ll e

lse

as w

ell a

s in

addit

ion

to t

his

al

so

mor

eov

er

clarifica

tion

in f

act

in o

ther

wor

ds

to c

lari

fy

abov

e a

ll th

e m

ain

reas

on f

or

this

fo

r in

stan

ce

in e

ssenc

e

to s

umm

aris

e

to illus

trat

e t

his

in

con

clus

ion

cont

rast

/com

pariso

n

on t

he o

ther

han

d

alte

rnat

ively

si

milar

ly

neve

rthele

ss

in c

ontr

ast

rath

er

than

co

mpa

red w

ith

on t

he c

ontr

ary

in c

ompa

riso

n how

ever

caus

e a

nd e

ffect

as a

resu

lt

for

this

reas

on

subse

quen

tly

henc

e

as a

con

sequ

ence

due

to

there

fore

so

as

to

beca

use o

f th

is

cons

equ

ent

ly

A d

eter

min

er is

a w

ord w

hic

h

com

es b

efor

e a

noun

or

any

mod

ifie

rs, s

uch a

s ad

ject

ives

. T

hey

intr

oduc

e th

e no

un a

nd

give

the

read

er im

port

ant

info

rmat

ion

abou

t it

.

the

a an

my

these

her

our

your

fi

ve

som

e m

any

Adje

ctiv

es

are w

ords

whic

h

desc

rib

e a

nou

n. Y

ou c

an u

se

two

adje

ctiv

es

to d

esc

rib

e a

no

un b

ut t

hey

mus

t b

e

separ

ated b

y a

com

ma,

e.g

. th

e h

uge, hai

ry s

pid

er.

colo

urfu

l gi

gant

ic

min

iatu

re

pris

tine

dilap

idat

ed

anci

ent

ob

noxio

us

mis

chie

vous

cr

umpl

ed

ecs

tati

c m

uscu

lar

rect

angu

lar

The

noun

is

the t

hin

g,

pers

on o

r id

ea t

hat

the

expa

nded n

oun

phra

se is

abou

t.

sock

s bus

eng

ine

bot

tle

tele

visi

on

pond

cu

star

d

pape

r le

ttuc

e

cara

van

tong

ue

Lin

da

imag

inat

ion

Con

stru

cting

an

Expa

nded N

oun

Phra

se

A

nou

n is

a t

hin

g, p

ers

on o

r id

ea.

An

expa

nded n

oun

phra

se p

rovi

des

extr

a in

form

atio

n ab

out

the no

un.

You

ca

n us

e a

det

erm

iner,

ad

ject

ives

an

d a

prepo

siti

onal

ph

rase

w

ithin

yo

ur

expa

nded n

oun

phra

se t

o desc

ribe a

nd s

peci

fy d

eta

ils a

bou

t th

e n

oun.

Dete

rminer

Adje

ctives

Nou

n Pr

epos

itiona

l Ph

rase

ing - Smiling sweetly, she turned and walked away.

simile- Like the chocolates in the box, she vanished quickly.

preposition - On the top of the hill, the wolf stood and wwatched.

adverb - Hurriedly, he snatched the ticket.

conjunction - When he found his bone, the dog settled at the bbottom of the stairs.

ed - Pleased with what he had done, he stood back and

dialogue - ‘Who can that be?’ Kate asked herself, as she hheard a loud, slow knocking on the door.