Year 7 History

June 2018

Exam format

The History examination is 60 minutes, 50 marks in total and is divided into two sections.

Section 1: Essay question

• 30 marks (60%), 5 minutes planning/proof-reading and 30 minutes writing

• The essay question will be: How successful was either [King Henry VII (7th)] OR [Queen Mary I]?

30 marks. 35 minutes (5 minutes planning/proof-reading, and 30 minutes writing)

• NOTE: You must revise BOTH Henry VII and Mary I – as either will be tested on.

Section 2: Evidence

• 20 marks (40%), 5 minutes planning and 20 minutes writing

• Source A will be a visual source and Source B will be a written source, both focused on King Henry

VIII (8th) – causes and consequences of his Break from Rome

• Source A and Source B questions will be focused on source skills (VKT - View, Knowledge, Trust)

Key content to revise

TOPIC 1 - King Henry VII (7th) – successes and failures

• Power – establishing the Tudor dynasty, stopping rebels and rivals to his throne

• Money

TOPIC 2 - Queen Mary I – successes and failures

• Religious policy

• Stopping rebels and rival to her throne

• Determined and strong female monarch

TOPIC 3 - King Henry VIII (8th)

Causes of Henry VIII break from Rome (MR LP – Money, Religion, Love, Power)

• Power - Desire for a male heir to continue the Tudor Dynasty; desire to get a divorce

regardless of the Pope’s refusal; belief in the Divine Right of Kings (God gave King power to

rule); Reformation Parliament – Act of Supremacy 1534 – creation of a new separate Church of

England and made the monarch head (instead of the Pope in Rome)

• Love – for Anne Boleyn

• Religion – break from Roman Catholic Church to increase his own power as the Pope was

challenging him.

• Money – increase his money by taking it away from the Roman Catholic Church (after break

with Rome dissolves monasteries)

Consequences of Henry VIII’s break from Rome

• Creation of the new Church of England – under the Act of Supremacy of 1534 - separate

from Rome. Under Henry VIII, England is now Catholic (not Roman Catholic as the Pope is no

longer the head of the English Church)

• Dissolution (closing) of the Monasteries - 1534-36 – closed 800 monasteries, took Church’s

money, gained more power – removed 10,000 disloyal monks who supported the Pope

• Crushing of any rebels – e.g. Pilgrimage of the Grace in 1536 - religious protest viewed by Henry

VIII as a ‘rebellion’ in Yorkshire in the autumn of 1536 against Henry VIII's break with the Roman

Catholic Church and the Dissolution of the Monasteries

Year 7 History - Practice Exam 2018

Please read this information before the examination starts.

• This examination is 60 minutes long, 50 marks in total

• The paper is divided into two sections:

Section 1: Essay question - 30 marks (60%). 5 minutes planning/proof-reading, 30 minutes writing.

Section 2: Evidence questions on Source A and Source B - 20 marks (40%). 5 minutes

planning/proof-reading, 20 minutes writing.

• Handwriting and presentation are important

Essay Question 1: [ ] /30 marks

Evidence Question 2: [ ]/ 20 marks

TOTAL [ ] /50 marks PERCENTAGE [ ] % Attainment grade: WT WA WA*

Essay Question 1:

How successful was Queen Mary I? 30 marks in total

NOTE: You must revise BOTH Henry VII and Mary I – as either will be tested on in the exam.

Evidence Question 2 – 20 marks in total

Spend 5 minutes reading and thinking about the FOUR smaller questions below and two

sources. Label/annotate both sources, highlighting the key quotations in Source B.

a) What does Source a tell us about the dissolution of the monasteries? Use Source A

and your own knowledge. (5 minutes).

POSSIBLE STARTER SENTENCE: Source A tells us… I can see… I know that…

b) How far can we trust Source A? (5 minutes)

POSSIBLE STARTER SENTENCE: It is a…..It was made in… by….The purpose of it was…. It is (un)balanced

because… Explain the purpose/5W – who, where, when, what, why?

c) What does Source B tell us about the dissolution of the monasteries? Use Source B

and your own knowledge. (5 minutes)

d) How far can we trust Source B? (5 minutes)

Source A: A drawing by a 19th century artist. It represents King Henry VIII’s men

confronting monks in a monastery they are closing in 1536 (16th century) and taking their

treasures.

Source B: An adapted extract from a modern history book.

“After Henry had made himself Supreme Head of the Church, he decided to close down the monasteries.

A key reason for the so-called ‘dissolution’ of the monasteries was that for centuries, people had given land

and money to the monasteries, hoping that this would earn them a place in heaven. The Church owned

one quarter of all the land in England. Between 1536 and 1540, Henry closed nearly 800 monasteries,

took their wealth and became the richest king in Europe.”

Essay Question Mark Scheme

Dulwich

Prep

standard

Mark Evidence Explanation Judgement Structure

WA*

Developed

21-30 Precisely

selected

evidence

(facts/figures)

May have

included extra

research

beyond what is

taught in

lessons

Strong and

developed

explanation

(reasons)

Balanced argument

(looking at both

sides)

For the higher

mark, coherent and

convincing, clear

and logical

argument is present

throughout

Plan – has written a plan

of key ideas/points to help

organise answer before

answering

Clear overall

structure/framework of

argument – clearly

expressed and organised

ideas

WA

Good

11-20 Starting to

include key

facts/figures

Starting to

include key

reasons

why/arguments

using

connectives,

‘because’

Starting to form an

opinion/ argument

Focus - trying to

link back to the

question asked –

using words of the

question

Communication- trying to

express ideas clearly &

concisely

May have an unclear

overall structure

WT

Some

aspects

10 and

below

Some evidence

– may be

inaccurate or

irrelevant

Some reasons

– may offer

largely

unfocused

reasons

Some/little

judgement

Lacks structure and does

not always make sense

Evidence Mark Scheme

Dulwich

Prep

standard

Mark

ANALYSIS

key details

from source(s)

& knowledge

EVALUATION

5W test – how far can

you trust the

source(s)?

Judgement Structure

WA*

Developed

16-20 Analysis –

extracting key

quotations/details

from sources

Knowledge –

including key

facts to explain

the source key

quotes/details

May have

included relevant

extra research

knowledge

beyond what is

taught in lessons

Evaluation - explaining

5Ws (who, where, when,

what, why/purpose?)/

provenance

Judgement

- Reaches a

convincing

judgement

An answer at

the top of

this level will

also attempt

to explain

arguments

for and

against the

question

Plan shown.

Well-structured

Links sources to

their own

knowledge and

the question

Could attempt

to make links

between sources

(e.g. similarities

and differences)

WA

Good

11-15 Analysis -

starting to

extract key

quotations/details

from the sources

and explain the

meanings

Knowledge -

starting to

include key facts

to explain the

source key

quotes/details

Evaluation - starting to

explain 5Ws (who, where,

when, what,

why/purpose?)/provenance

Judgement

- starting to

form an

opinion/

argument

Focus -

trying to link

back to the

question

asked – using

words of

question

Communication-

trying to express

ideas clearly &

concisely

May have an

unclear overall

structure

WT

Some

aspects

10 and

below

Some key details

from the

source(s)

evidence – may

need explanation

with knowledge

Some points given about

the 5Ws – may need

explanation

Some/little

judgement

Lacks structure

and does not

always make

sense

Memorise key points about how credible/trustworthy/useful a source is. E.g.

• Historian – we expect most historians to tell the truth through careful research – to show

academic integrity/truth

• BUT a minority may deliberately make ‘fake’ history for various reasons -e.g. Historian David Irving

is a Nazi supporter

• Historian has used range of sources from the time and from other historians, checked by other

historians, more likely to be balanced

• Extract from a book is problematic as taken out of context – the rest of the book may have a

different message. We need to have the whole source/picture

• Message may be exaggerated for either good/bad reasons. E.g. a Chelsea supporter may inflate how

good their team is! A political cartoon aims to emphasise a point/satire/mock

• Memory – may be remembered differently after a long period of time/shock may distort memory

How successful was King Henry VII (7th)? 30 marks

Intro: Henry Tudor defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth (War of Roses in August 1485. From

being a ‘usurper’ (unfairly taking power) of the throne he was to establish the Tudor dynasty that ruled

until 1603 (118 years)

Plan arguments

1. Secured his position as King /stopped rivals and rebels

Married Elizabeth of York (united families). Dealt with opposition forcefully. Defeated Yorkist ‘pretenders’.

Lambert Simnel (Earl of Warwick) defeated at Stoke 1487. Perkin Warbeck (Richard, Duke of York)

captured at Exeter and executed 1498. No more plots!

2. Strong and determined leader- stopped powerful barons, built up his own army

Threat from powerful barons in civil war. Knew £ was key. Outlawed private armies (Act of Livery and

Maintenance) and formed his own army, set up Court of Star Chamber (heavy fines e.g. Earl of Oxford

£10,000, executions rare), forced loans and benevolences (‘Morton’s Fork’ – different things lead to the

same conclusion - i.e. rich could easily pay and likewise people who appeared poorer were apparently

saving so could also pay! Money collectors - Empson and Dudley – i.e. the king’s leeches) and ended Law

of Entail (Henry bought barons land at cheap prices)

3. Clever and successful foreign policy

Saw importance of strong foreign alliances-through marriage (His daughter Margaret=James IV of Scotland);

Arthur=Catherine of Aragon 1502 Prince Henry betrothed after death)

-through trade treaties (Medina del Campo-Spain; Magnus Intercursus-Netherlands)

Avoided costly wars-good in terms of lives, money and alliances. One exception: war with France over

Brittany (‘Big Bluff’) led to Treaty of Etaples 1492 (£149,000 payment and pension from Charles VIII)

4. Began the British Empire

Finally in 1496, Henry VII ordered an Italian explorer called John Cabot to find new land for England. In

1497, Cabot set sail from Bristol westwards across the Atlantic Ocean. A few months later he landed on

the coast of Newfoundland, in what we now call Canada. This brief visit was the start of the British

Empire. Cabot came home as there were no silks, spices or gold! Over time, English settlers would

migrate to Canada.

Overall judgement

Considered ‘cold, a ‘gangster king’ who used men to intimidate, accountant king (although won a battle),

scheming, didn’t trust people…BUT

1. Ruled peacefully and safely 2. Made England and the Tudors powerful friends abroad, 3. Brought England

into the modern Renaissance age and made her one of the ‘superpowers’ 4. Left a wealthy royal treasury

and a son to succeed him and a dynasty that would rule for over a century

Want some extra reading?

BBC History : http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/henry_vii/

History Learning Site; http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/henry_vii/

History Extra http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/henry_vii/

How successful was King Henry VII (7th)? 30 marks

1. Usurper – illegally stole crown

• Stole crown - from ‘true’ King Richard III

• Re-wrote history – myth made that he became king on 21st August 1485 and was already king

during the Battle of Bosworth on 22nd August

• Weak claim to throne – illegitimate (not right). This is one reason why he married Elizabeth of

York who had a stronger claim (her father was King Edward IV ruled 1461-83)

2. Strong stabiliser – established Tudor power & money

• Defeated Richard III Battle of Bosworth, 22nd August 1485 – re-wrote history to make Richard III a

villain

• United Houses of Lancaster/York: 1486 marriage to Elizabeth of York who had a strong claim to

throne & Tudor Rose – powerful symbol/emblem – still exists today e.g. England Rugby Shirt

• Defeated Yorkist pretender plots – 1487 - Simnel sent to work royal kitchens after defeat at the

Battle of Stoke (pretended to be Earl of Warwick – Richard III’s nephew) & 1491 - Warbeck

executed (pretended to be the missing younger prince in tower, Richard of York, costly 8 year

rebellion)

• Stopped barons having private armies which could be used against him through a fine of £10,000–

Act of Maintenance and Livery

• 24-year reign (1485-1509) established Tudor dynasty which ruled England until 1603 (Henry VII,

Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, Elizabeth I)

• His son, Henry VIII, succeeded without the slightest dispute or disorder.

• Helped to improve relations with Scotland, a separate country at the time (until 1603). He

arranged a marriage alliance (friendship) between his daughter, Margaret and King James IV of

Scotland in 1503. It was their descendants who ruled England and Scotland as the Stuart kings and

queens from 1603 (James I, Charles I, Charles II, James II, William III/Mary II, Anne).

• Helped to improve relations with Spain with the ‘Medina del Campo’ treaty (agreement) – marriage

alliance between Henry’s eldest son Arthur and Catherine of Aragon (daughter King Ferdinand and

Queen Isabella). When Arthur died soon afterwards, Catherine stayed in England married his

brother, the future King Henry VIII.

• ‘A king who loved wealth’. Carefully checked money account books and put a tax on wool

exports to the Netherlands

• Exploration - Henry VII commissioned (funded) John Cabot, an Italian navigator and explorer.

Cabot’s discovery of parts of Canada in 1497 is commonly held to have been the first European

exploration of the mainland of North America since the Vikings' visits in the eleventh century

Essay plan. How successful was Mary I? 30 marks

INTRODUCTION Plan arguments:

1) Religious policy

2) Strong & determined female leader

3) Stopped rivals & rebels - Wyatt’s Rebellion Jan 1554

MAIN

1) Religious Policy – Devout Roman Catholic, restored Pope, decorated Churches/statues, Latin

services, Heresy laws 1554 – ‘fair and legitimate’ - turn or burn 300 Protestant heretics – ‘saving souls’

BUT seen as too extreme/cruel – ‘Bloody Mary’ and Protestant martyrs – e.g. Cranmer, Latimer, Ridley,

Lady Jane Grey

2) Strong & determined female leader – first female Queen in a patriarchal (male-dominated) society

– powerful woman at the time, married Philip despite Parliament’s opposition, powerful English-Spanish

alliance – helped English navy; Marriage Treaty – limited Philip’s/Spain’s power with no claim to English

throne, BUT sad marriage/no heirs produced to keep her Roman Catholic changes – past child-bearing age

at 38!

3) Stopped rivals & rebels - Wyatt’s Rebellion Jan 1554 - executed enemies & rivals, e.g. Wyatt,

‘reluctantly’ executed Lady Jane Grey and Duke of Suffolk (Lady Jane Grey’s father), imprisoned Elizabeth

who was connected

OVERALL JUDGEMENT

E.g. unfairly misjudged and labelled ‘Bloody Mary’ – her father Henry VIII was more ruthless with 70,000

executed! Unlucky – if she had reigned for longer would the country have remained Roman Catholic? If

she had children? Or was she old, bitter and power-hungry wanted revenge against her Protestant rivals

and enemies?

Intro

Mary reigned 1553-1558 (daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon) succeeded Lady Jane Grey (9

day Queen and her Protestant brother Edward VI)

a ‘controversial figure’ in history.

Plan arguments

1. Religious Policy – devout Roman Catholic. Reversed Edward’s Protestant laws. Restored Pope,

cancelled Eng. Prayer Book, Latin services, imprisoned leading Protestant Bishops.

Brought back ‘heresy laws’. 300 Protestants burnt including Cranmer, Latimer and Ridley. Influence of

Cardinal Pole. ‘Saving souls’. Foxe’s Book of Martyrs reminded people of ‘Bloody Mary’

2. Strong and determined leader-first female Queen in patriarchal (male-dominated society). Married

Philip of Spain despite Parliament’s opposition (a Catholic and head of Spanish Empire). A marriage treaty

limited his powers. Created a strong English-Spanish alliance. England dragged into Spain’s war with France.

1558 Calais lost. Mary strengthened position of women rulers (Act of Regal Power) rebuilt the navy and

militia

3. Stopped rivals and rebels

Wyatt’s Rebellion Jan/Feb 1554 (against Spanish marriage OR in favour of Elizabeth. Mary’s strong ‘rank

traitors’ speech at Guildhall, 25,000 rose in support. Wyatt and Duke of Suffolk (Lady Jane’s father

executed), Lady Jane Grey executed (reluctantly) BUT several hundred rebels pardoned, Elizabeth arrest

Overall judgement

Is she unfairly labelled ‘Bloody Mary’? Was Henry VIII more ruthless (some chronicles say 70,000+

executed). Unlucky-ruled at wrong time (25 years earlier?) if she had reigned longer would England have

remained Roman Catholic (unhappy marriage no heirs) or too far down road to Protestantism already?

Want some extra reading?

History Extra

https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/mary-i-8-facts-about-her-life-death-and-legacy/

BBC History

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/mary_i_queen.shtml

Catholic Herald

http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2013/10/31/forget-her-bloody-reputation-mary-i-was-

loved-in-her-lifetime

How strong was Henry VII in 1485?

Extremely strong Strong Quite strong OK Quite weak Weak Extremely

weak

In August 1485, Henry Tudor (House of Lancaster, red rose), defeated King Richard III (House of York,

white rose) at the Battle of Bosworth. Parliament recognised that Henry was the rightful king of England,

and that his heirs would hold the throne forever. He was crowned King Henry VII, aged 28, at a splendid

coronation in London in October 1485 and, the following January, he married Elizabeth of York. She was

the niece of his enemy, the dead King Richard III. Everything might seem to be set fair for a long and

trouble-free reign. So why did Henry keep looking over his shoulder in fear?

The basic problem was that Henry VII was a usurper, which means he was a person who seizes something

without having any legal right to it. He had overthrown a reigning king and, if he could do that to Richard

III, someone else could do the same to him. How many people were thinking that, if a small-scale battle in

which a king was killed could win a throne and a kingdom, they would have a go, too? Henry was afraid

that his throne could be threatened by anyone powerful enough to challenge him.

Henry’s position was weak as:

• People saw him as a foreigner. As a boy and young man he had spent many years in Brittany and

probably spoke French better than he did English. He hardly knew England or the governing nobles

• He was a usurper and had taken the throne violently, with French help. He had no formal training

to be a king!

• Powerful rivals to his throne! Henry was not accepted as king by some barons, even though he

had won the Battle of Bosworth. Plenty of great men thought he was not the rightful king.

However, in many ways Henry’s position was quite strong:

• Richard III had been killed and his naked body slung across the back of a horse for everyone on the

battlefield to see. There could be no doubt that the former King was dead.

• Richard III left no sons who could claim the throne

• Richard’s reputation was low. In particular, most people believed that Richard III had killed his

missing nephews, the so-called ‘Princes in the Tower’ who were the boy-king Edward V and his

brother Richard of York, in order to become king. In the 15th century, as now, this was seen as a

terrible crime and he had lost supporters

• did have some royal blood in his veins (his mother was the great-great-granddaughter of King

Edward III)

Challenges and threats were made to Henry’s throne by his rivals such as the ‘pretenders’ Lambert Simnel

and Perkin Warbeck. How successfully did he deal with and solve these issues?

How much of a threat were ‘The Pretenders’ to Henry VII’s throne?

Pretender 1 - Lambert Simnel KEY WORDS: 1487, Yorkist plot, Lambert Simnel,

pretending, Earl of Warwick, Yorkist leader, Battle of Stoke, Royal kitchen

• In 1487, a Yorkist plot put forward Lambert Simnel pretending he was the Earl of

Warwick

• He was a ten-year old boy, the humble son of a tradesman

• The plot was organised by a Yorkist leader, John de la Pole with the help of Irish barons and

2,000 Germans helped paid for an army to help Simnel dethrone Henry

• Henry immediately took the real Earl of Warwick out of the Tower and paraded him around the

streets of London

• There was little support for Simnel’s army and it was crushed at the Battle of Stoke on 16th June

1487

• The Yorkist leader was killed except Simnel who was captured. Henry realised that Simnel was just

a pawn and he was made to work in the royal kitchen for the rest of his life

Pretender 2 - Perkin Warbeck KEY WORDS: 1490, Yorkist plot, Perkin Warbeck,

pretending, Richard Duke of York, younger of the two princes, kept/murdered in the Tower,

prisoner, escaped, invaded again, executed

• Four years later, in 1491, there was another Yorkist plot to put forward another pretender – this

time it was Perkin Warbeck pretending to be Richard, Duke of York, the younger of the

two princes, kept/murdered in the Tower of London

• He was a twelve-year old poor boy from France and the Warbeck rebellion lasted for 8 years.

• Warbeck had arranged to marry the cousin of James IV, King of Scotland. James had arrange for

Warbeck to receive a pension of £1,200 a year. This gave Warbeck legitimacy; James would be

unlikely to marry his cousin to someone not thought to have a claim

• An invasion in 1495 failed and Warbeck was captured and held as a prisoner in the Royal household

• Henry discovered that a number of his so-called supporters had been involved in the plot, including

Sir William Stanley. They were all executed as traitors

• Warbeck remained a prisoner until he escaped in 1498

• Warbeck had received help from France, James IV of Scotland, Maximilian I of Austria as well as

powerful figures in England and Ireland

• He invaded again in 1499, when Henry decided enough was enough, he had Warbeck executed

• Warbeck cost Henry VII over £13,000 (the equivalent to £6.4 million in current values)

How successful was Queen Mary I?

Bloody Mary? Cruel? Ruthless? Devoted Roman Catholic? Determined? Powerful woman at the time?

Short-lived restorer of Pope? Unlucky? Power-hungry? Baby crazy?

SUCCESS arguments FAILURE arguments

First official female Queen of England

Made herself the first female Tudor Queen of England

in October 1553, ending Lady Jane Grey’s 9-day Queen

reign. A powerful female figure in a patriarchal (male-

dominated) society who continued the Tudor dynasty.

People rejoiced.

Turn or burn

Turn or burn religious policy - burnt 300 Protestants

including Protestant Archbishop Cranmer and other

bishops Latimer & Ridley.

Heresy Laws - 1554

Revived the Heresy Laws making it fair/legal to burn

Protestant heretics at the stake in 1554

‘Bloody Mary’ – too extreme

Public burnings were too extreme and unpopular. This

made people hate Roman Catholicism. People started

to call her 'Bloody Mary'. When she died in 1558,

people rejoiced.

Wyatt’s Rebellion – failed

Although it was a serious threat to Mary’s power, it

failed and about a hundred rebels were executed,

including Wyatt and Lady Jane Grey who was believed

to have been connected to it.

Wyatt’s Rebellion – serious threat

Despite the Marriage Treaty which limited Philip of

Spain’s power over England, in January 1554, Sir

Thomas Wyatt led a revolt to seize power in London,

stop the marriage of Mary to Roman Catholic Philip of

Spain and ultimately to replace Mary with Protestant

Elizabeth. It was a serious threat to Mary’s rule.

Wyatt’s Rebellion – strong leader

The Wyatt Revolt showed that Mary could be a strong

and decisive leader – a true Tudor. She stopped the

rebellion, executed the rebel leaders, Wyatt and Grey’s

father, executed Lady Jane Grey and put her half-sister

Elizabeth in prison in the Tower of London.

Wyatt’s Rebellion – family disloyalty

Princess Elizabeth, her Protestant half-sister, was also

suspected of involvement in the plot, but no evidence

could be found and Elizabeth and Wyatt (under

torture) both denied her involvement. After the

rebellion, Princess Elizabeth was imprisoned in the

Tower as she was seen as a threat to Mary’s power.

Devout Roman Catholic

Devout Roman Catholic who passionately believed in

restoring the ‘true’ Roman Catholic faith as part of her

religious duty.

Mary believed by burning Protestant heretics she was

saving their immortal souls from hell

Protestant martyrs

Mary’s victims died as Protestant martyrs and heroes -

e.g. Cranmer, Lady Jane Grey.

She believed the Roman Catholic faith was the true

faith

This is shown in Protestant John Foxe’s ‘Book of

martyrs’ made during Elizabeth’s reign), which gave

Mary a cruel image.

Powerful English-Spanish Catholic marriage

alliance

Married Philip of Spain in July 1554 despite opposition

from Parliament who feared that Philip of Spain would

interfere with England an even take over!

She had wanted a Catholic man from a powerful

Catholic ally country who would not interfere with her

being Queen of England and give her Catholic babies!

This was a powerful alliance between England and

Catholic Spain. She was 38 and her child-bearing years

nearly over so she wanted a Catholic heir(s).

Lady Jane Grey Protestant martyr

Lady Jane Grey was executed under the orders of Mary

I and died a Protestant martyr and hero. This made

Mary look cruel and Lady Jane as ‘innocent’.

Marriage Treaty – limited Philip of Spain’s

power

Marriage Treaty meant that Philip of Spain was called

King but had no power, no claim to English throne, and

could not fill the English court with Spanish nobles.

This limited Philip’s power and Spain’s power over

England.

Personal & religious revenge

She wanted personal revenge towards anyone who had

challenged her power and religious revenge against

Protestants. Mary particularly hated Protestant

Archbishop Cranmer as he helped her father Henry VIII

divorce her mother, Catherine of Aragon

Reluctantly executed Lady Jane

Eventually executed Lady Jane Grey due to her

connection to Wyatt’s Rebellion. She had waited

around 6 months and was reluctant to execute her -

this was a necessary evil as Lady Jane Grey, when alive,

would always be a threat and rival to her throne.

Sad marriage with no babies

Unhappy, loveless marriage (age difference 26/38 and

language barriers). Phantom pregnancies produced no

heir. Her Roman Catholic changes would be undone

by her Protestant half-sister, Elizabeth I, who was next

in line.

Got rid of enemies

Removed key Protestants who were a threat to her

power and religious policy – Protestant Archbishop

Cranmer and Bishops Latimer and Ridley. Executed

other political enemies – e.g. John Dudley (Duke of

Northumberland), Lady Jane, Grey’s father, the Duke of Suffolk and Grey’s husband, Guildford Dudley.

Was Mary more motivated by religion or political

power?

Short reign

Not enough time to make her religious changes

permanent. Unlucky – she had a short 5-year reign

due to stomach cancer, dying in Nov 1558. If she had

reigned for longer and secured an heir, would England

be Roman Catholic today?

Restored Pope

Restored the Pope as head of Church of England,

brought back Catholic Latin church services & Bible,

luxurious colourful stained glass windows/paintings.

Her father, Catholic Henry VIII had separated from the

Pope and made the monarch Supreme Head of a new

Church of England.

Anti-pope (papal) feeling

Anti-papal feeling meant some people did not like the

Pope being brought back as Head of the Church of

England.

The Papal legate (leader) called Reginald Pole who was

the Pope’s official, officially forgave England for its sin of

becoming Protestant under Edward VI and from

breaking from Rome under Henry VIII in 1534.

Brought back decorated churches, Mass & Latin

services

Reversed Edward VI’s Protestant changes. Her half-

brother, Edward VI, the first Protestant king had made

Churches simple. Mary brought back decorated

Churches, statues/Mass/Latin services

Lack of support from people who had become rich

through her father’s dissolution of the monasteries

(1536-40)

1.How successful was Henry VII (1485-1509)? (POWER, MONEY)

United the country

• In 1485, Henry knew that a country divided by the

Wars of the Roses was not stable. He therefore took

steps to unite the two sides

• Before his victory, he had promised to marry Elizabeth,

a daughter of Edward IV (her brothers were the

murdered ‘Princes in the Tower’ – Edward V and

Richard of York; their uncle was Richard III)

• In this way, the red and white roses would be united.

Three months after his coronation Henry kept his

promise and married the Yorkist princess.

• The Tudor Rose was a powerful symbol of this unity

and peace between Lancaster (red) & York (white).

• This was done both to unite the houses of Lancaster

and York, and to satisfy anyone who felt that the

throne should have passed to Elizabeth on the death of

her uncle, Richard III

Legitimised his claim to the

throne

• Henry VII’s claim to the throne was the best of any

Lancastrian but weaker than several Yorkists. He

always claimed that God had given him victory. He

wrote in his will: ‘The crown which it pleased God to

give us...’

The stabiliser and securer • Henry Tudor – the stablisier – he stablised and secured

the Tudor Dynasty for his son (and his subsequent

grandchildren)

• Legacy – lasting effects

• Twenty-four-year reign (1485-1509) established the

Tudor dynasty which ruled England until 1603 (Henry

VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, Elizabeth I)

• Henry Tudor founded a royal line which has lasted until

the present day; every monarch of Britain is descended

from the Lancastrian victor of Bosworth Field, 22nd

August 1485

• His son, Henry VIII, succeeded without the slightest

dispute or disorder

Controlled the barons

• Henry needed a nobility that was strong enough to

support him, but not strong enough to turn against him

• Barons held private armies which under the old feudal

system the king could call upon if he needed

protection. However, the barons could also use these

armies against him

• Through the Act of Livery and Maintenance, Henry VII

banned private armies with a fine of £10,000

Stopped the two pretender

rebellions – Simnel & Warbeck

• Pretender 1 Lambert Simnel – 12-year old boy

was crowned King of England in Dublin as Irish barons

who supported the Yorkists claimed that Simnel was

Edward IV’s nephew, the Earl of Warwick

• In fact, Simnel was the son of an Oxford tradesman.

The real Earl of Warwick was a prisoner in the Tower.

It was a crisis as a Yorkist army fought a fierce battle in

Stoke in 1487. But Henry managed to win, he

pardoned the boy and sent him to work in the royal

kitchens. The real Earl of Warwick was eventually put

to death

• Pretender 2 - Perkin Warbeck – Warbeck was

said to look like one of the missing Princes in the

Tower – Richard of York

• Edward IV’s sister, Margaret, ‘recognised’ him and

declared he was her nephew. She hated Henry and the

Lancastrians. Warbeck was in fact the son of a tax

officer in Belgium who had spent some time in Ireland

with the Yorkist lords

• The King of Scotland, James IV, allowed Warbeck to

marry his cousin, believing he was the real Prince and

helped him to lead an unsuccessful invasion of England

in 1496. Warbeck was imprisoned for two years and

then eventually put to death.

Money maker

• France had supported the second pretender Perkin

Warbeck which led Henry to invade France. Henry later

signed the Peace of Etaples in Étaples (northern France)

with French King Charles VIII in 1492

• By this treaty, France agreed to expel Warbeck and pay

England an indemnity (compensation) of £159,000

• ‘A king who loved wealth’. Henry kept a careful eye on

royal income; one set of account books for 1504-8 still

exist and show that he read and signed every page

• Henry was allowed by Parliament to tax certain goods

coming into the country. At that time, this raised about

£39,000 a year – not enough to run the country

• Customs duties on wool exports to the Netherlands

and fees paid to him on the death of a lord or the

marriage of his children, made the final amount about

£110,000

• Henry devised some rather unusual taxes – he made his

richer subjects loan him money, or give him money out

of their love for him. He was respected but not loved

Made links with nearby/far

countries

• SCOTLAND - Helped to improve relations with

Scotland, a separate country at the time (until 1603).

In 1503 King James IV of Scotland married Henry’s

daughter, Margaret. It was their descendants who ruled England and Scotland as the Stuart kings and

queens from 1603 (James I, Charles I, Charles II, James

II, William III/Mary II, Anne)

• SPAIN - The treaty of Medina del Campo also arranged

the marriage of Henry’s eldest son, Arthur, to King

Ferdinand and Queen Isabella’s daughter, Catherine of

Aragon. When Arthur died soon afterwards,

Catherine stayed in England and was engaged to his

brother, the future King Henry VIII

• Henry VII commissioned John Cabot, an

Italian navigator and explorer. Cabot’s discovery of

parts of Canada in 1497 is commonly held to have been

the first European exploration of the mainland of

North America since the Vikings' visits in the eleventh

century

2. Causes of Henry VIII break from Rome (MR LP – Money, Religion, Love, Power)

The King’s Great

Matter – desire for

a male heir

• Desire for a male heir to continue the Tudor Dynasty in a patriarchal

(male-dominated) society

• But the only surviving child from his marriage to his first wife, Catherine

of Aragon (married her in 1509), was a girl, Mary (born in 1516)

• First wife, Catherine of Aragon, unable to provide a male heir

• Desire to get a divorce regardless of the Pope’s refusal as he had fallen

in love with Anne Boleyn

• Henry believed that he was being punished by God for marrying his

brother’s widow. He convinced himself that his marriage was invalid

and Wolsey was instructed to seek an annulment from the Pope

• In 1529, the Pope sent Cardinal Campeggio to England to preside over a

court to debate the issue

• The court failed to reach a decision

• Henry blamed Wolsey for his failure to secure the annulment

• He was charged with treason, but died in 1530 before he could be

brought to trial

• Henry appointed Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury.

Cranmer held many Protestant views and was known to support an

annulment

• Cranmer secretly married Henry and Anne Boleyn in January 1533 and

annulled the marriage to Catherine

• The Pope excommunicated Henry (expelled from the Church). But

Henry now believed that he, and not the Pope, should be in charge of

the Church in England

• In September 1533, Anne gave birth to Henry’s child. To the King’s

huge disappointment, it was another girl – Elizabeth

Divine Right of

Kings

• God-given power. Belief that God gave the King power to rule – his

power should be respected as it was God-given

• Break from Roman Catholic Church to increase his own power as the

Pope was challenging his power

Love for Anne

Boleyn

• Although she was Protestant, Henry was infatuated with Anne Boleyn as

revealed in surviving love letter correspondence – she was intelligent,

strong-willed, young, beautiful

• Anne had given Henry a daughter – Elizabeth, but she was the only one

of their children who survived

• Henry became convinced that he was being punished

• He had also fallen in love with another courtier, Jane Seymour, and

wanted to be rid of his wife

• Cromwell accused Anne of treason, adultery and incest – charges that

are now believed to be untrue

• She was tried, found guilty and executed in May 1536

Wanted Church

money

• Increased his money by taking it away from the Roman Catholic Church

(after break with Rome dissolved monasteries)

• Roman Catholic Church owned a quarter of the wealth in England

Catholic no longer

Roman Catholic

• Henry did NOT intend for a religious Protestant reformation – still a

devout Catholic but no longer wanted to be a Roman Catholic – he did

not want the Pope to be the head of the Church of England – he wanted

to be head

• In 1521, Henry had written a book attacking Martin Luther (1517, 95

Theses) and was rewarded by the Pope with the title ‘Defender of the

Faith – ‘Fidei Defensor’ – monarchs still have this title today FD on coins

– BUT since 1688 all monarchs have to be Protestant – what would

Henry VIII think?!

3.Consequences of Henry VIII’s break from Rome

Used parliament laws

to increase the power

of the monarchy

• What became known as the Reformation Parliament, passed laws

which helped Henry increased his power over the Church

• Thomas Cromwell was Henry’s chief advisor (after Wolsey) and

was a Protestant (like Cranmer)

• Cromwell used his influence to pass several laws

• The Act in Restraint of Annates (1532) – stopped the English

Church making payments to the Pope

• The Statute in Restraint of Appeals (1533) – declared that England

was ruled by a king who had ‘whole and entire authority’ within it

• Therefore, any excommunication from Rome of English people was

invalid and the English were forbidden from appealing to the Pope

• The Act of Succession (1533) – declared that the marriage of Henry

VIII and Catherine of Aragon had been invalid and that Princess

Mary was therefore illegitimate. The Act stated that the throne

would pass to the children of Henry and Anne Boleyn instead

• The Act of Supremacy (1534) – declared that Henry was the head

of the English Church, not the Pope

• The Treason Act (1534) – stated that anyone who argued against

Henry’s position as head of the English Church would face a charge

of treason (going against the King/Country). E.g. Sir Thomas More,

Henry’s former Lord Chancellor (leader) was executed in 1535

• The First Fruits and Tenths Act (1534) – allowed Henry to take the

first year’s earning from all bishop and church offices. Thereafter he

would take one-tenth of any further earnings

Created Church of

England – monarch

head

• Creation of the Church of England – separate from Rome. Now

England was no longer Roman Catholic – but Catholic

• Legacy – lasting impact today - all monarchs in England are still head

of the Church of England

Dissolution of the

monasteries

• With the help of Thomas Cromwell and Parliament Acts, over four

years, Henry VIII dissolved (closed) 800 of England's monasteries

(where monks live and serve God) between 1536 and 1540 for the

following key reasons:

• MONEY – he wanted to steal the monasteries’ extreme wealth and

land as they owned over a quarter of England/Wales; he also

needed more money as the ‘break with Rome’ provoked the

Catholic countries of Spain and France to declare war on England,

which was encouraged by the Pope. Henry now needed money to

defend England

• POWER – get rid of disloyal monks who still supported the Pope’s

papal power and confirm Henry as Head of the Church of England

and land was valuable and gave Henry power

• RELIGION – to remove corrupt (bad) monks behaving badly –

drinking, gambling and being too rich

• PLEASED LANDOWNERS – they bought the land and buildings of

the monastery for their own uses. By getting rich this way, they

also committed themselves to Henry as Supreme Head of the

Church of England

• HOMELESS - These monasteries had been home to more than

10,000 monks. Many former monasteries were sold off to

landowners. Others were taken over and became churches, such as

Durham Cathedral. Many were left to ruin, such as Tintern Abbey

• EXECUTED - A few monks who resisted were executed, but those

who surrendered were paid or pensioned off

The Pilgrimage of

Grace – Henry crushed

any rebels!

• Movement became known as the Pilgrimage of the Grace in 1536 -

religious protest viewed by Henry VIII as a ‘rebellion’ in Yorkshire

in the autumn of 1536 against Henry VIII's break with the Roman

Catholic Church and the Dissolution of the Monasteries

• The opposition to the Dissolution of the monasteries came from

local people who took up arms against Cromwell’s men

• Peasant ‘pilgrims’ led by Robert Aske – a lawyer

• 30,000 peasants protested in the North (Yorkshire, Lincoln)

• ‘Pilgrims’ carried on the ‘pilgrimage’ banners with the wounds of

Christ

• As they marched, they claimed that they did not intend to attack

the King but to free him from the influences of advisors like

Cromwell

• Pilgrims captured York

• Lord Darcy surrendered Pontefract Castle

• Henry offered the pilgrims a free pardon but had no intention of

keeping these promises and the ringleaders were executed including

200 rebels

Anti-Protestant laws • Despite his treatment of the Church, although no longer a Roman

Catholic – but still a devout Catholic and was anti-Protestant

• He did not want the country to become Protestant

• Henry passed the Six Articles (1539) which made it illegal to have

Protestant beliefs – E.g, anyone who did not have Catholic belief of

transubstantiation that wine/bread turns into blood/flesh Jesus

Christ (Protestants believe Communion is symbolic) would be

burned to death. Ordinary people forbidden to read Bible. About

500 Protestants arrested, some burned to death

• Henry produced the King’s Book, which prohibited many kinds of

people from reading the new English Bible

• NOTE: These laws replaced the Ten Articles (1536) which

Cromwell had previously passed to make the country more

Protestant – e.g. Bible in English, priests could marry, pilgrimages

and relics banned

4.What were the religious changes in Tudor England?

Henry VIII to Edward VI

Mary I

Martin Luther and the rise of

Protestantism

• The Church played an important role in everybody’s

life during the sixteenth century. But some people

started to question the way it was run

• A common practice was the selling of indulgences

and the charging of money to visitors who wanted to

pray over relics of certain saints

• The Church had gained great wealth through these

practices. People began to resent the fact that this

money was spent on supporting the lifestyles of

churchmen rather than being given to the poor and

needy

• Church services were conducted in Latin, which

generally only priests could read. Some people

started to argue that the Bible should be translated

into English for ordinary people to read (if they were

lucky enough to be literate – most were not) or to

listen to in church services

• 16th century - In 1517, a German monk named Martin

Luther nailed a list of 95 points (theses) for reform to

the door of a church in Wittenberg, Germany

• Luther’s ideas became a movement known as

Protestantism. Protestants protested and criticised

practices such as the selling of indulgences & the

worship of relics, & argued for translations of the

Bible

• Indulgences - Church sold indulgences to help

themselves/lost loved ones’ souls get into heaven

faster

• Criticism against indulgences - should not have to pay

your way into heaven – faith alone enough

• Biggest criticism – buyers believed they would have

less time in PURGATORY – where soul went after

death to be cleansed of sins. This misled believers

• Bible should be in English, simple churches – closer

to God & stop distractions from God, priests less

important

• A key argument was over the issue of

TRANSUBSTANTIATION – Catholics believed the

bread and wine actually transformed into Jesus

Christ’s flesh and blood

• Protestants believe communion is SYMBOLIC/to

commemorate - bead/wine during Holy Communion

to be SYMBOLIC of the blood and flesh of Jesus

Christ Henry VIII began as a strong supporter of

Catholic views. He wrote a book attacking Luther

and was rewarded by the Pope in 1521 with the title

Defender of the Faith

• Protestants – protesting against the Roman Catholic

Church

Catholic Henry VIII • Henry was still a devout Catholic; anti-Martin Luther

and was pro-Pope (title FD in 1521) but became anti-

Pope Clement VII who challenged his Divine Right of

Kings’ power to get an annulment from Catherine

• Six Articles (1539) ensured Catholic England

remained Catholic, not Protestant

• FAILURE - Therefore, Henry VIII’s break from Rome

in 1534 began a period of religious uncertainty and

instability where Christians were divided over those

who still supported the Pope as the head (Roman

Catholics), moderate Catholics who supported the

monarch as the head of the Church of England, and

those who were moderate and extreme Protestant,

who wanted religious freedom to practise their

simpler version of Christianity. Still conflict today

between Catholics/Protestants – e.g. Ireland, 1960s

‘Troubles’ and today still divided

• SUCCESS – increased power of monarch as Head of

Church of England – lasting legacy today

Protestant Edward VI

• Boy king (9 years old on throne, 1547) – too young

to rule on his own – regent ruled country for him

• Edward’s first regent was his Protestant uncle,

Edward Seymour (Duke of Somerset)

• Duke of Somerset influenced religious revolution in

England. Latin Mass abolished (ended) and new

prayer book published in English (more accessible).

Stained-glass windows smashed, statues of saints

smashed and pictures on church walls whitewashed –

simplicity to avoid distractions and bring people

closer to God

• Many people hated changes and new services – e.g.

1549 people of Devon and Cornwall rebel against

new prayer book change – rebels defeated and priest

leaders hanged from their own steeples – ruthless

response

• Duke of Somerset replaced by Duke of

Northumberland – even more fiercely Protestant –

Catholic bishops sent to Tower

• Edward died from TB (tuberculosis – lung disease) 15

years old

Protestant Lady Jane Grey - Nine-

Day Queen – 1553

• Lady Jane Grey was queen of England for nine days in

1553

• She was named heir by Edward VI before he died to

maintain the Protestant religious reformation changes

enforced during Edward’s reign

• But she was overthrown by Edward's sister, Catholic

Mary. Later, Mary had Jane executed

• Jane was only 16 years old

• Lady Jane Grey was the granddaughter of King Henry

VIII's sister Mary

Plans for the Succession

• Jane's father was made duke of Suffolk in 1551. This

meant that Jane spent a lot of time at the royal court.

Her father and Edward’s second regent advisor, the

duke of Northumberland decided that Jane should

marry Northumberland's son, Lord Guildford Dudley

– an arranged marriage

• Northumberland also persuaded the dying King

Edward VI that Jane should be his successor and not

his half sisters, Mary and Elizabeth. This way

Northumberland and Suffolk would be parents to the

king and queen of England. They would be the most

powerful men in the country.

The “Nine Days Queen”

• On July 10, 1553, Lady Jane Grey was proclaimed

queen. Before he died, however, Henry VIII had said

that if Edward died without having any children, the

throne should pass first to Mary and then to her

sister Elizabeth. An Act of Parliament had confirmed

this line of succession

• Mary was the rightful queen and she had a great deal

of support in the country. She and her supporters

marched to London to seize the throne.

Northumberland and Suffolk knew their position was

weak, and Mary had little trouble overthrowing Jane

• Mary sent Jane, Guildford Dudley, and the duke of

Suffolk to the Tower of London. They later pleaded

guilty to treason and were sentenced to death. Lady

Jane and her husband were beheaded 6 months later

on February 12, 1554. Jane's father was executed 11

days later.

Roman Catholic Mary I- BLOODY

MARY – turn or burn

• And then everything changed - Edward died in 1553, and Mary (Henry's elder daughter) became queen

• Extreme Roman Catholic Mary I (Henry’s elder

Roman Catholic daughter –mother Catherine of

Aragon)– continues the ‘Mid Tudor Crisis’ – with

extreme turn to Roman Catholicism again

• The Catholic bishops came out of the Tower;

Protestant ministers went in

• She was advised by Reginald Pole, an English Cardinal

who came to England from Rome

• In 1554 Queen and Parliament knelt before him and

begged to be reunited with Rome

• In the same near, Mary married the son of the King of

Spain, Prince Philip. Spain was a Catholic country.

• Re-instated Pope as head of Church of England,

brought back Catholic Latin church services & Bible,

luxurious colourful stained glass windows/paintings

etc., marries son of the King of Spain, Prince Philip

(Spain was a Catholic country) – Catholic marriage

alliance, Protestants given a choice ‘Turn or Burn’ –

300 Protestants chose to be burned – victims saw

themselves as heroes/martyrs

• Mary offered the Protestants a choice: 'Turn or

Burn'. About 300 Protestants chose to be

burned. But times had changed in England. Many of

Mary's victims, ordinary people, died like heroes. The

burnings did not turn people back to Rome, they made

people hate Roman Catholicism. Mary became more

and more unpopular. People started to call her

'Bloody Mary'. When she died in 1558, people

rejoiced.

• Mary’s brutality and changes made people hate

Roman Catholicism – Mary became more unpopular

– nicknamed ‘Bloody Mary’ – remembered as cruel

REVISION AND EXAM TIPS

1. BE CLEAR ON THE EXAM

You must read through this revision booklet carefully and be clear on: the exam format, key content to

revise, the exam mark scheme for the evidence and essay sections, and the practice exam questions

2. PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS

You must complete practice exam questions, ideally in exam conditions which means without notes and

with a timer (e.g. place your watch beside your paper as you are writing)

3. HIGHLIGHT & PLAN EXAM ANSWERS

Always highlight/circle key words in the question and sources. You must spend 3-5 minutes doing a quick

bullet-point plan for each exam question answer. NOTE: Show your plan on your answer paper – the

examiner wants to see your thinking and this will lead to a better structured answer and ultimately a

higher mark).

4. PEEL PARAGRAPS:

5. SUMMARISE NOTES INTO KEY WORDS/BITESIZE CHUNKS

You must summarise/condense your notes into bitesize chunks of key points. Write them as bullet-points

on, e.g. revision cards, Power Point slides, mind-maps, spider diagrams. REMEMBER – you are not

expected to know and remember everything. Use the key content below to help you select the key

points.

6. MEMORY TECHNIQUES

You could use memory techniques to help you remember the key points – e.g. visuals/images and

mnemonics. E.g. MR LP – Money, Religion, Love, Power = Key causes of Henry VIII’s break from

Rome

7. CREATIVE REVISION

You could create bitesize chunk summary voice recordings, videos, songs, raps, poems, posters, ‘living’

timelines (on wallpaper rolls, toilet paper?!), laminate notes and put them in the shower - or other creative

revision techniques

8. REVISION TIMETABLE

Create a revision timetable to help you organise the subjects and topics you need to cover (there are lots

of templates online). Also include breaks and fun time. It is normally advised to have breaks after every

30-40 minute revision session. Keep hydrated.