WHII.14

YAY!!! We are FREE!

After World War II.... DRAMATIC political changes began to take place

across the world

Colonialism was questioned

Countries began to question the practice

Many leaders argued no country should control another nation

Questioned high cost and commitment

After World War II.... DRAMATIC political changes began to take place

across the world

Besides that… the countries under harsh control were fed up!

Independence in India British policies and India’s demand for self-rule led to

the rise of the Indian independence movement, resulting in the creation of new states in the Indian

sub-continent

The Republic of India, a democratic nation, developed after the country gained independence.

Independence in India Regional setting for the Indian independence

movement

Indian sub-continent

British India

India

Pakistan (formerly West Pakistan)

Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan)

Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon)

Rule in India Britain ruled India

Almost two centuries (1700s-1900s with East India Trading Company)

Indian resistance began to intensify in 1939

Were forced to fight in WWII

Involvement in WWII Sparked Nationalist movements

Mohandas Gandhi launched a non-violent campaign of non-cooperation with the British

Gandhi and Non-Violence Important proponent for India’s independence

Mohandas Gandhi

Proponent of non-violence and passive resistance

Practiced and suggested civil disobedience

Gandhi and Non-Violence Important proponent for India’s independence

Mohandas Gandhi

Proponent of non-violence and passive resistance

Practiced and suggested civil disobedience

Civil Disobedience

Refusal to obey laws or pay taxes as a peaceful political protest (must accept the

consequences)

Gandhi and Non-Violence Important proponent for India’s independence

Mohandas Gandhi

Proponent of non-violence and passive resistance

Practiced and suggested civil disobedience

Passive Resistance

Nonviolent opposition to the law

Gandhi and Non-Violence Important proponent for India’s independence

Mohandas Gandhi

When the British put a heavy tax on salt, Gandhi led the “Salt March”

He led several people on a walk to the sea to get salt from the saltwater free

Many times Gandhi was arrested and he went on hunger strikes as protest

Indian National Congress Indians struggled with the British and each other

Two religions: Hindus and Muslims

Both wanted their own country free from the British

The Indian National Congress (Congress Party) was India’s national political party

Most members were Hindus with a few Muslims

All-India Muslim League Indian Muslims created their own organization to

promote independence from Britain and a Hindu India

India Today Modern India

Republic of India

World’s largest democratic nation (2 billion)

Federal system, giving many powers to the states

Religious Issues

Political division along Hindu-Muslim lines — Pakistan (Muslim) / India (Hindu)

India Today

Indian Democracy Indian democracy

Jawaharlal Nehru, a close associate of Gandhi, supported western-style industrialization.

1950 Constitution sought to prohibit caste discrimination

Ethnic and religious differences caused problems in the development of India as a democratic nation.

New economic development has helped to ease financial problems of the nation.

African Independence The charter of the United Nations guaranteed colonial

populations the right to self-determination.

Independence movements in Africa challenged European imperialism.

African Independence The United Nations Charter gave Africa the right to

self-determination Peaceful and violent revolutions after World War II

Pride in African cultures and heritage

Resentment of imperial rule and economic exploitation

Loss of colonies by Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Portugal; influence of superpower rivalry during the Cold War

Who Wants Independence? Examples of independence movements and

subsequent development efforts

West Africa: Peaceful transition to self-determination

Algeria: War of Independence from France

Kenyan Independence Kenya (Britain): Violent struggle under leadership of

Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya=KENYAtta)

South Africa South Africa:

Black South Africans’ struggle against apartheid

Apartheid - system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994

The rights of the majority non-white inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and minority rule by whites was maintained

Fight for black independence Led by Nelson Mandela

First black president of the Republic of South Africa

…another African rights leader Stephen Biko

"black is beautiful“

"man, you are okay as you are, begin to look upon yourself as a human being“

…another African rights leader Protested the African government

and Apartheid in the 1970s

He was arrested by police, beaten and tortured, and died becoming a martyr for the Apartheid cause

Nelson Mandela said, "They had to kill him to prolong the life of apartheid."

The Mandate System The mandate system established after World War I was

phased out after World War II. With the end of the mandates, new states were created in the Middle East.

The Mandate System

Gave old areas that belonged to the Ottoman Empire and German to the other European powers

Idea that eventually they would give areas like the Middle East their independence

Resulted in Middle East conflicts created by religious differences

The Mandate System French mandates in the Middle East

Syria

Lebanon

British mandates in the Middle East

Jordan (originally Transjordan)

Palestine (a part became independent as the State of Israel)

Golda Meir Golda Meir

Prime Minister of Israel

After initial setbacks, led Israel to victory in Yom Kippur War

Sought support of United States

Gamal Abdul Nasser Gamal Abdul Nasser

President of Egypt from 1956-1970 at his death

Nationalized Suez Canal

Established relationship with Soviet Union

Built Aswan High Dam

1. The European Union—

• Political union in Europe consisting of many Europeans nations

• Many trade benefits (the Euro)

• What’s a Euro?

• Type of currency that you can spend anywhere in these nations!

2. United Nations—

• Mission: prevent/solve conflicts all over the world

3. International Monetary Fund—

• Gives loans to developing nations(roads, bridges, industry) in order to help them improve

1. European Union--trade benefits/economic and political union (Euro--currency)

Answers

2. United Nations--mission: prevent/solve conflicts

3. International Monetary Fund-- gives loans to developing nations(roads,

bridges, industry)

4. World Trade Organization--

4. World Trade Organization—

• Promotes free trade/trade agreements between countries

• 5. North American Free Trade Agreement–

• Free trade (no tariffs) between U.S., Mexico, and Canada.

6. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

• Military alliance--Former Warsaw Pact countries join in 1990s.

WHII.16

Margaret Thatcher Former British Prime Minister

Established free trade and less government regulation of business

Close relationship with the US and US foreign policy

Asserted the United Kingdom’s military power

Indira Gandhi Closer relationship between India and the Soviet

Union during the Cold War

Developed a nuclear program in India

Mikhail Gorbachev Glasnost and Perestroika

Fall of the Berlin Wall

Last president of the Soviet Union

Because now it is called???

Russia

Oversaw a peaceful transition to democracy

Deng Xiaoping Reformed Communist economy to a market economy

(CAPITALISM) which led to China’s very RAPID economic growth

So the economy is NOT communist

What about the government control??

STILL COMMUNIST today!