Yasunaka Cho Portfolio 2
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Transcript of Yasunaka Cho Portfolio 2
Yasu
naka
Cho
Por
tfolio
Downtown Mahasarakham Future Development PlanMahasarakham, Thailand, June 2012
With Ico and Yuwadee
Large amount of green space
Several natural water bodies
Few factories
Few impervious surfaces
Existing biodiversity
Rich in minerals
A nearby national park
Endemic species
Good soil conditions
Convenient location to explore Southeast Asia
Constructed ponds and canals
Road communication
32#ssapyb・
Educational institutions
Land use diversity
Cultural and religious sites
Relatively low built environment
Regular topography
Diverse development suitability
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Socio-economics
Environmental
Physical Context
Few regulations on landuse
Centralized political power
Lack of civic discipline
Low income farmersLack of administrative collaboration
Few leisure attractions
Lack of interaction with nature
Lack of skilled workers
shift from production to service economy
Lack of regulation on commercial activities
Lack of solid waste management
Too many motorcycles
High fuel consumption
Lack of natural places
Pollution (air, water, solid waste)
Low land productivity
Lack of water management
Pesticides used in farming
River erosion for construction
Shortage of emergency organizationsLack of collaboration between political jurisdictions
Lack of crosswalks
Shortage of public transportation
Lack of parking spaces
Sprawing
Lack of respect for public realm
Lack of transit signals
Lack of public spaces
Road conditions
THREATS
Increase of informal development
Reduction of city beauty
Risk of political corruption
Inconsistent development
Decrease of the number of farmers
Less attractive places
Increase living cost
Risk of auto accidents
Lower growth rates
Monopoly
Lack of cohesions
Ecosystem degradation
Elevated CO2 emission
Increase in the number of mosquitoes
・health issues
・loss of soil quality
Limited food security
Lack of correlation in regional management
Increase in private transportation means
Creation of community malfunction
Increase of accidents rate
Emerge congestion
Possibility of transit chaos
Decrease of vehicle quality
CRITERIA/ELEMENTS OPPORTUNITIES
Increase of economic activities
Formalize existing commercial activities
Attract additional youth
Consume local food
Evolve into mature economy
Large working population
Social capital
Increase of learning community
Opportunity of new developing model
Possibility for diverse water management
Use of relative healthy soil
Chance of forest recovery
Improve local ecosystem
Create of new green public spaces
Attract nature-interested tourism
Develop regional strategy
Improve built landscape Develop alternative transportation
Improve production dynamics
Reduce city inner transit
Keep youth population
Attract new population
Increase knowledge production
Maximize tourism potential
Encourage smart growth
Take advantage of diverse development suitability
High economic dynamic
Young population
Medium to high income students
Many local private businesses
Education center of Isan
Agricultural activities
Strong service sector
People's welcoming attitude
Culinary culture
Strong existing social bonds
Cultural activities
ASEAN2015
23
2040
23
208
213
2367
4km0 2
Mueang Maha Sarakham
Kantarawichai
A.D.1057
A.D.1865
A.D.1912
A.D.1947
A.D.1968
A.D.1989
A.D.1999
A.D.2007
No Data
Legend
Mueang and Mahasarakham Districts have developed rapidly, especially with regard to the speed of economic and population growth. Due to the fast development speed, the region cannot deal with its environmental and transportation issues. Urban sprawl has generally been viewed as an undesirable pattern of growth, which results in longer commute times, higher cost of infrastructure to be built and paid by governments to support the new development of suburbs, increases in greenhouse gases due to the rising number of people driving cars back and forth between their homes and workplaces, underground and surface water degradation as runoff water passes through parking lots and roads, reduction of farmland and forest lands (Daniels, 2001).
Concentrating residences in the core of cities would bolster the city center’s economy as there would be more demand for commodities and more people would be employed. In turn, the crime rate would also decrease. As Henry (2011) writes, “A more efficient business climate can result from employment centers located in close proximity rather than in scattered sites. The health of central city downtowns is intertwined with that of the region as a whole.”(Hen-ry, 2011) The development would create more jobs in the city center, elevate the standard of living of people in the city, and provide more housing opportunities.
References
Daniels, Tom. Smart Growth: A New American Approach to Regional Planning. Planning Practice & Research, Vol. 16, Nos. 3/4, pp. 271–279, 2001.
Henry, Yahya Aribra. "5 Reasons Why Infill Development is needed Now." Last modified December 20, 2011. Accessed July 12, 2012. http://aribra.com/5-reasons-why-infill-development-is-needed-now.
4km0 2
23
2040
23
208
213
2367
4km0 2
pathsPrimary
Secondary
Terciary
landmarks
temples
nodes
edges
districts
Legend
Mueang Maha Sarakham
Kantarawichai
23
2040
23
208
213
2367
4km0 2
pathsPrimary
Secondary
Terciary
landmarks
temples
nodes
edges
districts
Legend
Mueang Maha Sarakham
Kantarawichai
4km0 2
pathsPrimary
Secondary
Terciary
landmarks
temples
nodes
edges
districts
Legend
Mueang Maha Sarakham
Kantarawichai
23
2040
23
208
213
2367
4km0 2
pathsPrimary
Secondary
Terciary
landmarks
temples
nodes
edges
districts
Legend
Mueang Maha Sarakham
Kantarawichai
Paths
Temples, Landmarks, and Nodes
Districts
Edges
THE IMAGE OF THE CITY ANALYSIS
1993 2003 201193,3
12
96,4
08
153,
274
2021Mueang Maha Sarakham Population
228,
378 MORE personal vehicles
MORE traffic jamsMORE sprawls
Scenario 1:
Existing Direction Pattern
heavy tra�clight tra�c
MSU
Image of existing direction pattern
Scenario 2: Alternative Direction Pattern
60% of MSU studentscommute in motorcycles:
about 25,267 units
Image of alternative direction pattern
heavy tra�clight tra�c
BRT lane
BRT stops
MSU
BRT capacity, which can range
from 50 up to 200
GIS Analysis for Community RevitalizationCincinnati, USA, April 2012
This project aims to find the five most appropriate vacant
buildings for artist communities. They are required to be within 5
-10 minutes walk-distance from dense residential areas.
First of all, I used the clip tool to create maps of vacant buildings
and their surrounding residential areas (Figure1). Then, I created
the Kernel density by including all residences in all Cincinnati
neighborhoods (Figure2). Next, among a couple of places that
are much denser than other areas, I intentionally chose Clifton
Heights, University Heights, and Fairview (CUF), the nearest
neighborhoods to downtown Cincinnati (Figure3). After this
operation, I used the median center tool to figure out what is the
center of the CUF residences (Figure4). Finally, I used the
Kernel density and the buffer and buffer to find the closest
cluster from the median center in CUF (Figure5 and 6).
The analysis shows the best 13 vacant buildings in CUF for the
new art communities. Source: CAGIS and OKI
01GIS ANALYSIS
Figure 1. Residential Areas in Cincinnati
Figure 2. Kernel Density of Residential Areas
PROJECT01
ANALYSIS02
RESULT03
02GIS ANALYSIS
Figure 3. CUF Neighborhood
Figure 4. Median Center in CUF
Figure 5. 1 to 10 Minutes-walk Distances
Figure 6. 13 Best Places for the Project
Housing Project in the Yokohama ChinatownYokohama, Japan, March 2011
THEME01Background
After a series of wars in the 20th century, people might have seen a hope towards peace in the new era. However, we have still met a lot of con�icts while trying to achieve peace in the 21th century. The con�icts can be a result of the di�-culties of understanding other groups with di�erent nationalities, ethnicities, and languages.
How can architecture be a device to change this condition?
Proposal
This proposal is a cooperative housing project in the Yokohama Chinatown. Even though Japanese and Chinese occupy the same neighborhood, there is not a strong sense of community. A path penetrates from the basement to the top �oor of the building and connects each room. By walking through the path, people can feel its community, and understand each other better. If this housing can provide di�erent perspectives to the way people view reality, architecture has the potential to change society.
01DIPLOMA PROJECT
SITE02The target site is in Yokohama, Japan, where the port plays a key role to connect Japanese and Chinese through trade for more than 150 years. The Yokohama Chinatown, the largest Chinatown in Japan, is one of the most popular sightseeing places. Because of its unique history, the urban tissue of the area is special in terms of its buildings, infrastructure, and density.
buildings
base map
infrastructure
streets
02DIPLOMA PROJECT
CONCEPT0301. Underground Path 02. Large Windows 03. Aerial Path
a'
a
b'
b
c'
c
B1F Plan 1:600
ARCHITECTURE04
COMMON PLACE
INSTRUMENT STORERESTAURANT
PLAYROOM
SHOP
COMMON PLACE
PLAYROOM
PLAYROOM
SHOPSHOP
SHOP
SHOP
SHOP
SHOP
N
Site Plan & 1F Plan 1:60015m 90m60m30m0m
a'
a
b'
b
c'
c
03DIPLOMA PROJECT
N
15m 90m60m30m0m
2F Plan 1:600
5F Plan 1:600
3F Plan 1:600
4F Plan 1:600
a' a
b' b
c
c'
4,80
03,
600
6,30
06,
200
7,50
0
39,0
00
6,100 5,100 6,900 11,300
34,200
RESIDENTIAL
HOUSE
HOUSE
HOUSE
HOUSE
HOUSE
HOUSE
HOUSE
FASHION SCHOOL
COOKING SCHOOL
SHOP
HOUSE
FREE SPACE
b' b
c
c'
a' a
HOUSE
HOUSE
HOUSEHOUSE
SHOP
MUSIC STUDIO
SHOP
FLOWER SHOP
FREE SPACE
INTERIOR SHOP
FLOWER SHOP
b' b
c
c'
HOUSESHOPSHOP
STOREHOUSE
STOREHOUSE CAFE RESTAURANT
OPEN CAFE
b' b
c
c'
OBSERVATION DECK
04DIPLOMA PROJECT
HOUSEHOUSE
HOUSEHOUSEHOUSE
SHOP
OBSERVATION DECK
RESTAURANT SHOP
COOKING SCHOOL
RESTAURANTCOMMON PLACESHOP COMMON PLACE
COOKING SCHOOL HOUSE
MUSIC STUDIOHOUSE
RESTAURANT INSTRUMENT STORE
HOUSE
HOUSE
HOUSE
HOUSE
SHOP
SHOPSHOP
SHOPSHOP
SHOP
OBSERVATION DECK
SHOP
HOUSE
15m 90m60m30m0m
b-b’ Section 1:600
c-c’ Section 1:600a-a’ Section 1:600
05DIPLOMA PROJECT
Evaluation of the Baan Mankong Program Bangkok, Thailand, 2012-2013
01THESIS
1. Globalization
Globalization has taken place since the 1970s, at first gradually and now at a quickened pace. As capitalism grew and counties or nation-states were established, these sovereign or independent political units engaged in economic relations with one another. “Global-ization reflects (1) the geographic reorganization of industrial production and service provision; (2) the interpenetration of corpora-tions across national boundaries; (3) the worldwide diffusion and deliberate creation of markets being offered identical or nearly identical consumer goods; (4) the internal movement of populations within developing countries to large cities, and the immigration of people from developing countries to the United States, Canada, and Western Europe” (Kaplan, Wheeler & Holloway, 2008). Global-ization increases the speed and global scale of economic interactions, as well as increases the mobility of goods and people. The profound economic changes that characterize globalization have deepened economic and social polarization in both country and city levels. The emergence of so-called world cities, such as New York, London, and Tokyo, play key roles in the new concentrated finan-cial system.
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KO
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SY_
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GLOBAL CITIES
Global developments have had an increasing impact on contemporary cities, regions and territories from the societal, economical and geographical points of view. Since 1998 the impact of word cities into globalization has been extensively studied by the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Research
GaWC provides a geographic and economic-based overview
relevant in this discourse is its categorization of world tiers2, based upon their international
If the world is observed from the point of view of the connectivity of the world cities, a new image emerges, where each city is virtually oriented to other cities of the same level of inter-connectivity. National or continental maps give way to
each city appears utterly separated from its geographical surrounding and closer to other cities of same level. The
mutual connections, primarily in the global economic system.
The atlas shows the world cities according to the GaWC
emerges, where expected national and local boundaries are presented in their real disposition based upon their international connectedness.
α++ cities α+ cities β+ cities β cities β- cities
α++ city
α+ city
α city
α- city
connection with α group city
β+ city
β city
β- cityconnection with β group cityγ+ city
γ city
γ- city
Shape of connectivity amongst world cities of same tier and Proportional Global Network Connectivity (GNC) Scores 2010, according to GaWC
Map of Global Cities 2010. The map clearly shows areas of the world rather dense and others almost irrelevant in terms of world city connectivity
IN HARMONIOUS DEVELOPMENT
accordingto GaWC
©
2012
Figure1. Connectedness of Global Cities
Source: http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/visual/globalcities2010.pdf
THESIS
02THESIS
2. Urbanization
The United Nations (UN) has projected that 70% of all populations in the world will live in urban areas by 2050. This is a result of changing demographic, technological, and international relationships. The main reasons for urbanization are the rapid decline in death rates, rise in birth rates, and rural to urban migration. Rural to urban migration is a common trend a in many countries as impoverished rural residents migrate to the larger towns and cities in search of a more prosperous life. They are driven by the desire for employment and the prospect of access to public facilities and services that are often unavailable in rural regions (Knox & McCarthy, 2005). However, they have poured into cities out of desperation and hope, rather than being drawn by actual jobs and opportunities. Urbanization has the potential to be positive in terms of economic develop-ment, easier access to health centers, and educational facilities. However, rural immigrants typically cannot afford to live in the formal sector of urban areas due to land price. Typically, they end up living in the slums.
US246.2
Urban population in millions
81%Urban percentage
Mexico84.392
77%
Colombia34.373%
Brazil162.685%
Argentina35.690%
Ukraine30.968%
Russia103.673%
China559.2
Urban population in millions
42%Urban percentage
Turkey51.168%
India329.329%
Bangladesh38.226%
Philippines55.064%
Indonesia114.150%
S Korea39.081%
Japan84.766%
Egypt33.143%
S Africa28.660%
Canada26.3
Venezuela26.0
Poland23.9
Thailand21.5
Australia18.3
Netherlands13.3
Peru21.0
Saudi Arabia20.9
Iraq20.3 Vietnam
23.3
DR Congo20.2
Algeria22.0Morocco
19.4
Malaysia18.1
Burma16.5
Sudan16.3
Chile14.6
N Korea14.1
Ethiopia13.0
Uzbekistan10.1
Tanzania9.9
Romania11.6
Ghana11.3
Syria10.2
Belgium10.2
80%
94%
62%
33%
89%
81%
73%
81%
67%
27%
33%
65%60%
69%
32%
43%
88%
62%
16%
37%
25%
54%
49%
51%
97%
Nigeria68.650%
UK54.090%
France46.977%
Spain33.677%
Italy39.668%
Germany62.075%
Iran48.468%
Pakistan59.336%
Cameroon
AngolaEcuador
IvoryCoast
Kazakh-stan
Cuba
Afghan-istan
Sweden
Kenya
CzechRepublic
9.5
9.38.7
8.6
8.6
8.5
7.8
7.6
7.6
7.4
Mozam-bique
HongKong
Belarus
Tunisia
Hungary
Greece
Israel
Guate-mala
Portugal
Yemen
DominicanRepublic
Bolivia
Serbia &Mont
Switzer-land
Austria
Bulgaria
Mada-gascar
Libya
Senegal
Jordan
Zimbabwe
Nepal
Denmark
Mali
Azerbaijan
Singapore
ElSalvador
Zambia
Uganda
PuertoRico
Paraguay
UAE
Benin
Norway
NewZealand
Honduras
Haiti
Nicaragua
Guinea
Finland
Uruguay
Lebanon
Somalia
Sri Lanka
Cambodia
Slovakia
Costa Rica
Palestine
Kuwait
Togo
ChadBurkina
Ireland
Croatia
Congo
Niger
Sierra Leone
Malawi
Panama
Turkmenistan
Georgia
Lithuania
Liberia
Moldova
Rwanda
Kyrgyzstan
Oman
ArmeniaBosnia
Tajikistan
CAR
Melanesia
Latvia
Mongolia
Albania
Jamaica
Macedonia
Mauritania Laos
Gabon
Botswana
Slovenia
Eritrea
Estonia
Gambia
Burundi
Papua New Guinea
NamibiaMauritius
Guinea-Bissau
Lesotho E Timor
Bhutan
Swaziland
Trinidad & Tobago
The earth reaches a momentous milestone: by next year, for the first time in history, more than half its population will be living in cities. Those 3.3 billion people are expected to grow to 5 billion by 2030 — this unique map of the world shows where those people live now
At the beginning of the 20th century, the world's urban population was only 220 million, mainly in the west
By 2030, the towns and cities of the developing world will make up 80% of urban humanity
The new urban world
Urban growth, 2005—2010
Predominantly urban75% or over
Predominantly urban50—74%
Predominantly rural25—49% urban
Predominantly rural0—24% urban
Cities over 10 million people(greater urban area)
Key
Tokyo33.4
Osaka16.6
Seoul23.2
Manila15.4
Jakarta14.9
Dacca 13.8
Bombay21.3
Delhi21.1 Calcutta
15.5
Karachi14.8
Shanghai17.3
Canton14.5
Beijing12.7
Moscow13.4
Tehran12.1
Cairo15.9
Istanbul11.7
London12.0
Lagos10.0
MexicoCity22.1
New York21.8
Sao Paulo20.4
LA17.9
Rio deJaneiro
12.2
BuenosAires13.5 3,307,950,000
The world’s urban population — from a total of 6,615.9 million SOURCE: UNFPA GRAPHIC: PAUL SCRUTONAfrica Asia Oceania Europe0.1%
Eastern Europe-0.4%
Arab StatesLatin America& Caribbean North America
3.2%
2.4%
1.3%
2.8%
1.7%1.3%
Figure2. The new urban world
Source: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/jun/28/climatechange.conservation
46.1
42.8
39.3
35.734.3
32.7
Population in slums
Percentage of urban population living in slums
1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 2010
900,000
300,000
600,000
0
60
10
20
30
40
50
0Popu
laito
n in
slu
ms
(Mill
ions
)
Prop
ortio
n of
urb
an p
opul
atio
n in
slu
ms
(Per
cent
age)
03THESIS
3. Slum generation
The Millennium Development Goals, created by the United Nations, reported that the share of the urban population living in slums in the developing world has declined significantly over the past 10 years (see the Figure). However, in absolute terms, the number of slum dwellers in the developing world is actually growing, and will continue to rise in the near future. According to the United Nations (UN), the slum population of the world will grow to 2 billion in the next 20 years if no preventive measures are taken (UN-HABITAT, 2003). The UN has listed the Baan Mankong Program (BMP) in Thailand as one of the few unique and sustainable examples of participatory slum upgrading programs.
Figure3. Population living in urban slums and proportion of urban population living in slums, 1990-2010
04THESIS
4. Research questionsThis paper evaluates how successful the BMP is, and makes recommendations for the future of the slum upgrading program in Thai-land. In order to achieve these goals, the research questions are:
1) What are the gaps between the initial goals of BMP and the current situation? 2) Why have differences occurred between the plan and reality both in quality and quantity?3) How can a further slum upgrading program be developed from the BMP?
5. Methodology
Slum definition The problem with measuring slums begins with the lack of an agreed definition. As a result, enumeration of slums has not yet been incorporated within mainstream monitoring instruments, such as national population censuses, demographic and health surveys, and global surveys. The UN itself has developed indicators and thresholds for defining slums for evaluate slum. This research uses the UN slum indicator to evaluate the physical condition of slums in the analyses portion.
Case study methodThis paper uses the single (embedded) case study method as the research methodology for analyzing both the macro level analyses of how many projects have been implemented in a certain periods, and the micro level analyses of how a target community improves through the program.
05THESIS
Table. Indicators and thresholds for defining slums
Source: UN-HABITAT, 2003
06THESIS
6. Baan Mankong Program
Baan Monkong Program (BMP) is one of two slum upgrading programs under the Thai government’s policy to provide One Million Housing Units within 5 years between 2003 and 2007. Baan Mankong has set a goal of improving housing, in terms of living and tenure security for 300,000 households in 2,000 poor communities in 200 Thai cities within five years.
BMP channels government funds, in the form of infrastructure subsidies and soft housing loans, directly to poor communi-ties. The main difference from conventional programs of delivering housing units to individual poor families is that the BMP encourages existing slum communities to form co-ops to develop their housing in a collective way. This method is designed to discourage speculators from buying off individual housing units from the poor and selling them out to higher income groups (CODI, “History,” 2011). Each community can choose one of five types of upgrading, which can be chosen by the community to fit their best practices.
07THESIS
7. ResultsDuring the expected target period from January 2003 to March 2008, the BMP’s 512 projects involving 1,010 communities were approved. These communities were located in 226 cities in 76 different provinces, and affected 53, 976 families (CODI Monthly Report, March 2008). The program, which has upgraded 1546 communities and 90,000 households by January 2011, is still progressing towards reaching its initial target.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
project
t_project
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
unit
t_unit
Figure5. Number of projects implemented through the BMP
Figure7. Number of units implemented through the BMP
Figure6. Number of communties implemented through the BMP
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
community
t_community
08THESIS
8. Conclusion
Quantity The CODI initially expected to construct 150 housing units by 2003, 1,500 units by 2004, and 300,000 units by the end of 2007. However, they have only achieved about a third of that goal, which is 90,813 housing units, by January 2011. There were significant differences of speed of implementation in each year. Additionally, although the project is still in progress, its speed of implementation has slowed down since then.
The Primary reason of failure to achieve the ambitious goal is due to its financial system. First of all, the government has strong influences on the program. Its finances were strongly affected by the global economy including the world financial crises in 2008. In addition, the unstable government political situation strongly changed the situation. Mr. Thaksin emphasized on the support to the poor, however Ms. Yingluck, the current prime minister, focuses less on them. Secondly, the financial model of the BMP was no longer sustainable after 2008 when the program was suppose to have achieved their initial goals. The reason for this is because the financial model, theoretically, takes 15 years to be able to collect all loans from the recipients. CODI had a budget to implement the program for the first five years from 2003 to 2007, but the organization was forced to slow down the project without a government injection, as they could not collect all the loans within five years. Therefore, they could not allocate the same amount of money to other communities for implementing the projects.
Quality The newly built living environment created through the BMP showed sufficient improvements. Klong Toey Block 7-12, a community this focused on in this research, has improved significantly in terms of the living conditions that the UN slum indicators specify. Access to water, access to sanitation, building structure, and overcrowding were all addressed. Housing units in the community have access to water and sanitation and built durable structures with sufficient materials. However, the location and land tenure could have been improved more. Although this is not a hazardous place as the UN slum indicator mentions, the site of the community located next to a slum were just across a small path. Although the community has got tenure of its land, they have to move out after the leases are over.
The mental condition of the residents is indicative of the preferences they have toward their housings and the financial situation they are facing. According a CODI’s survey many residents show affection towards the new houses. Despite of the high popularity of their housing, more than 35 percent of the residents complained about the size of the land. Therefore, there is room to improve the size of land through more flexible approaches of distribution that are based on needs. Since many residences borrow loans from CODI and other financial institutions, they have to return their loans periodically. Approximately, 35 percent of them have problem of returning their loans. The budget system of the program is suitable for low-income residents who need a little bit more financial supports to build their houses. It is not suitable for the lowest-income residents who need a larger amount of money for building their houses.
09THESIS
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