Yashadamrita malahara vicharchika rs009_gdg

“ THE PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF

YASHADAMRITA MALAHARA AND SINDHOORADI TAILA AND

COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON VICHARCHIKA (ECZEMA) ”

By

DR.SOBAGIN.M.V

B.A.M.S DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA,

BANGALORE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF “DOCTOR OF MEDICINE”

(AYURVEDA)

In

RASASHASTRA

GUIDE CO-GUIDE DR.M.C.PATIL DR. GIRISH.N.DANAPPAGOUDAR

M.D.(R.S) M.D(R.S) Prof. Head of the Department Lecturer. Department of Rasashastra. of Rasashastra.

DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA, POST GRADUATE STUDIES & RESEARCH

CENTER,

D.G.M. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE. GADAG –582103 FEBRUARY- 2006

J.S.V.V. SAMITE’S

Post Graduate cum Research Center, D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103

Department of Post Graduate Studies in RASASHASTRA

DECLARATION

I here by declare that this dissertation entitled “ THE PREPARATION, PHYSICO-

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF YASHADAMRITA MALAHARA AND SINDHOORADI

TAILA AND COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON VICHARCHIKA (ECZEMA ” is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of

Dr.M.C.Patil. Professor & HOD, Department of Post Graduate Studies in

Rasashastra, Post Graduate cum Research Center, D. G. M Ayurvedic Medical

College, Gadag –582103

Date:

Place: Gadag.

Dr. Sobagin.M.V P.G.Schalor, Dept. of Rasashastra, Post Graduate cum Research Center, D.G.M Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103

Department of Post graduate Studies in RASASHASTRA

Post Graduate cum Research Center, D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103

J.S.V.V. SAMITE’S



TAILA AND COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON VICHARCHIKA (ECZEMA ” is a bonafide and genuine research work done by Dr.Sobagin .M.V in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D) in

Rasashastra of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health sciences, Bangalore,

Karnataka.

Date:

Place: Gadag.

CERTIFICATE

Guide Dr.M.C.Patil. M.D.(RS) Head of the department Rasashastra, Post Graduate cum Research Center D.G.M. Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103

Department of Post graduate Studies in RASASHASTRA

D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College & Post Graduate cum Research Center Gadag –582103 Dist: Gadag

J.S.V.V. SAMITE’S



TAILA AND COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON VICHARCHIKA (ECZEMA ” is a bonafide and genuine research work done by Dr.Sobagin.M.V in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D) in

Rasashastra of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health sciences, Bangalore,

Karnataka.

Date:

Place: Gadag.

CERTIFICATE

Co-Guide Dr.Girish.N.Danappagoudar M.D.(RS). Lecturer Rasashastra Post Graduate cum Research Center D.G.M. Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103

ENDORSMENT BY THE HOD, PRINCIPAL / HEAD OF THE INSTITUTATION

J.S.V.V. SAMITE’S



TAILA AND COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON VICHARCHIKA (ECZEMA)

” is a bonafide and genuine research work done by Dr.Sobagin.M.V under the

guidence of Dr.M.C.Patil Professor, HOD Department of Post Graduate Studies

& Dr.Girish.N.Danappagoudar Lecturer, Department of Rasashastra, Post

Graduate Studies in D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College, Gadag.

Seal & Signature of the HOD. Date:

Place: Gadag.

ENDORSEMENT

Seal & Signature of the

Principal:

Date:

Place:

COPYRIGHT

I here by declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,

Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation in

print or electronic format for academic / research purpose.

Date:

Place: Gadag

Dr.Sobagin . M.V P.G.Schalor, Dept. of Rasashastra, Post Graduate cum Research Center, D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103

© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My father & mother is the only Inspiration. This work carries some sweat

memories to express & record about some distinguished personalities by whom I had

been inspired during the course of this thesis.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to my respected guide Prof.Dr.M.C.Patil.

MD(Ayu) Head of Dept. of RS, DGMAMC & PGSRC, Gadag. He has been very kind to

guide me in the preparation of thesis & for who extraordinary efforts, tremendous

encouragement & most valuable thought provoking critical suggestions, made me to

complete this work.

I am extremely greatful & obliged to my co-guide Dr.Girish .N

Danappagoudar.MD(Ayu). Lecturer in Rasashastra, PG studies & Research center

DGMAMC, Gadag, for patiently going through the draft of thesis & correcting with

precious remarks which have been very useful.

I am thankful to Dr.G.B.Patil principal, DGMAMC, PGSRC,Gadag,

for providing all necessary facilities for this research work.

I wish to convey thanks to my teacher Prof.Dr.R.K.Gachchinamath

HOD,Rasashastra dept,(UG) DGMAMC, Gadag, for being kind & affectionate through

his valuable suggestions & advises.

It gives me immense pleasure to express my gratitude to Dr. Dilipkumar

B. MD (Ayu). Asst. Prof. PGSRC for kind advise encouragement during the study.

I am greatful for the support and advise given by Dr. S.H.Doddamani

MD (Ayu). Asst. Prof. PGSRC. DGMAMC, Gadag, during my clinical trail and

encouraged me all the time during this work.

I acknowledge the valuable help given to me by Dr.Jagadish Mitti MD

(Ayu).Lecturer, Dr.Shashikant Nidagundi MD(Ayu) Lecturer, Dr.Mulkipatil M.D(Ayu)

for their support during my PG study.

I wish to convey thanks to all UG & PG lectures of DGMAMC, Gadag,

for their timely help & constant co-operation during my PG work.

I sincerely thank my beloved friend Dr. K.S.Santoji, and seniors Dr. P.

Koteshwar Rao, Dr. V.S.Hiremath, Dr. R.B.Paattanashetti, Dr.Jaggal for their deep co-

operation and involvement in the study.

I sincerely thank my beloved classments Dr. Ghanti, Dr.Pradeep,Dr.

Saswihalli.Dr.Hiremath, for their deep co-operation and involvement in the study.

I am also thankful to scholars of PG Dept. of Rasashastra & other P.G

Dept who have directly or indirectly helps my thesis work. & Expected their co-operation

& support during my PG work.

I am glad to express my heartiest thanks to Dr. Chandur,.Dr.Suresh,

Dr.D.N.Patil Medical pharma. J.T.College Gadag, having helped me in carrying out

analytical works, and for giving kind suggestions.

I wish to convey my thanks to beloved librarian, Sri. V.M.Mundinamani,

Asst. S.B.Sureban for providing many valuable references in the study. I am thankful to

Sri. B.S.Tippanagouda, Lab technician, who extended this co-operation in investigations.

I tender my sincere thanks to Nandakumar, statistician for his help in

statistical evaluation & results.

I wish to thank the physicians , House surgeons, Hospital staff, nurses &

non teaching staff for their timely assistance in completion of this work.

Let me express my thanks to all patients, those were on trial for their

consent for enrolling in this clinical study & obedience to advises.

I am highly indebted to my beloved parents, sisters & other family

members for their love & affection rendered through out my career.

I express my thanks to all the persons who have helped me directly &

indirectly with apologies for my ability to identify them individually.

Lastly I prey my deep homage & tribute to my grand parents for the

love & affection rendered through out my career.

Gadag February 2006 Dr: Sobagin.M.V

ABBREVIATION

1. R.T - Rasa Tarangini

2. R.R.S - Rasa ratna Samuchchaya

3. R.P.S - Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara.

4 A.P - Ayurveda Prakash

5. R.M - Rasamritam

6. R.J - Rasa Jala Nidhi

9. R.Chu - Rasendra Chudamani

10. K.N - Kaideva Nighantu

11. M.N - Madanapala Nighantu

12. R.N - Raja Nighantu

13. B.P - Bhava Prakasha Nighantu

14. D.N - Dhanvantari Nighantu

15. Ch.S - Charaka Samhita

16. S.S - Sushruta Samhita

17. A.S - Ashtanga Sangraha

18. A.H - Ashtanga Hridaya

19. B.S – Bela Samhita

20. H.S – Harita Samhita

21. K.S – Kashapa Samhita

22. Y.R - Yogaratnakar

23. B.T – Before treatment

24. A.T – After treatment

25. _ Not mentioned.

26. + Mentioned

LIST OF TABLES

Sl.N0. Topic Page. No.

1. Synonyms of Yashada 27

2. Shodhana media according to various authorities. 30

3. Pharmacological properties 32

4. Indication of Yashada bhasma 33

5. Synonyms of Girirsindhoora 38

6. Guna of Girirsindhoora 39

7. Indications of Sindhuura 40

8. Synonyms of Sasyaka 42

9. Shodhana dravya according to different authorities 43

10. Guna Karma and Rogaghnata 44

11. Showing Aharaja Nidanas According to different authorities 57

12. Showing Viharaja Nidanas According to different authorities 58

13. Showing Daiva Apacharaja According to different authorities 58

14. Showing Usage of Improperly Purified Rasoushadhi leading to Kushta utpatti 58

15. Showing Poorva Roopas common in Kushta According to Various authors 63

16. Showing the Roopas of Vicharchika according to various authors 65

17. Showing Sapeksha Nidana 66

18. Showing Ayurvedic tests of Yashada bhasma 87

19. Observation of patient based on Age 97

20. Observation of patient based on Sex 98

21. Observation of patient based on Education 99

22. Observation of patient based on Marital rates 99

23. Observation of patient based on Religion 100

24. Observation of patient based on Occupation 101

25. Observation of patient based on Economical Status 102

26. Observation of patient based on Vicharchika lakshanas 103

27. Showing grades of “Varna” before treatment in Group A & B 104

28. Showing grades of “Varna” after treatment in Group A & B 104

29. Showing grades of “Pidika” before treatment in Group A & B 104

30. Showing grades of “Pidika” after treatment in Group A & B 104

31. Showing grades of “Srava” before treatment in Group A & B 105

32. Showing grades of “Srava” after treatment in Group A & B 105

33. Showing grades of “Kandu” before treatment in Group A & B 105

34. Showing grades of “Kandu” after treatment in Group A & B 105

35. Showing grades of “Vedana ” before treatment in Group A & B 106

36. Showing grades of “Vedana ” after treatment in Group A & B 106

37. Assessment of Subjective parameters of Group-A 107

38. Assessment of Subjective parameters of Group-B 108

39. Assessment of Objective parameters of Group-A 109

40. Assessment of Objective parameters of Group-B 110

41. Statistical analysis of Subjective parameters (Group-A) 111

42. Statistical analysis of Objective parameters (Group-A) 111

43. Statistical analysis of Subjective parameters (Group-B) 112

44. Statistical analysis of Objective parameters (Group-B) 112

45. Statistical analysis of comparative study of Group –A & B (After Treatment) 113

46. Showing the Result of the study in Group-A 115

47. Showing the Result of the study in Group-B 116

48. Showing overall Result of the study 117

LIST OF GRAPHS Sl.N0. Topic Page. No.

1.Observation of patient based on Age 97

2.Observation of patient based on Sex 98

3.Observation of patient based on Religion 100

4.Observation of patient based on Occupation 101

5.Showing the Result of the study in Group-A 115

6.Showing the Result of the study in Group-B 116

7. Showing overall Result of the study 117

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

1. Raw drugs of the Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila

2. Patients photos with Trail drug.

ABSTRACT

Back ground:

Kushta, skin disease is very common pathological condition. Among this,

Vicharchika can be correlated to eczema, which is one type of the Kshudra Kushta as

explained in classics.

In modern science there are number of drugs for Vicharchika (Eczema), but a

successful remedy is yet to come out. Here Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila

are utilized to find out their comparative efficacy in the management of Vicharchika.

Objectives:

a. Preparation of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila.

b. Physico-chemical analysis of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila.

c. Comparative clinical of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila on

Vicharchika (Eczema)

METHODS:

Pharmaceutical study:

a. Yashada shodhana and marana according to Rasatarangini 19 chapter shloka no

b. Preparation of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila according to

Rasatarangini 19 chapter shloka no 146-147 and 21 chapter shloka no 162-163

Analytical study:

Yashadamrita malahara is subjected to physico chemical analysis i.e. , Fineness of

particle test, Flow rate, Ash value, Acid insoluble ash and for Sindhooradi taila Loss

on drying at 1100c, Boiling point, Specific gravity, Refractive index, Acid value,

Saponification value and including organoleptic character .

Clinical study:

30 patients of Vicharchika with confirmed diagnose are taken from the OPD section

of PGRCDGM Ayurvedic medical collage hospital Gadag.

Results:

Individually both groups showed highly significant in subjective as well as

objective parameters. Comparatively group B shows more significant than the group A.

Interpretation & Conclusion:

1. The dravyas which are mentioned in the classical procedure of shodhana definitely

induces the disease curing property

2. Modern physico-chemical analyses are proved that both yogas are slandered.

3. By clinical study and statistical value it is proved that Yashadamrita malahara is

choice remedy in sravi Vicharchika and Sindhooradi taila in rooksha Vicharchika.

Key words:

Vicharchika, Eczema, Yashada, Sasyaka, Girisindhoora, Shodhana, Marana, Malahara kalpana, Taila kalpana, Physico-chemical analysis, Subjective & Objective criteria, Study duration.

CONTENTS Page Number.

I. INTRODUCTION 1-2

II. OBJECTIVES 3

III. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1. PROCEDURE REVIEW 5-25

2. DRUG REVIEW 26-52

3. DISEASE REVIEW 53-73

IV. METHODOLOGY

1. PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY 74-86

2. ANALYTICAL STUDY 87-92

3. CLINICAL STUDY 93-95

V. OBSERVATION & RESULTS 96-117

VI. DISCUSSION 118-127

VII. CONCLUSION 128-129

VIII. SUMMARY 130-133

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANNEXURE – 1 MASTER CHART

ANNEXURE – 2 CASE SHEET

Introduction

INTRODUCTION Ayurveda is the most ancient system of medicine. Which is based on its

own fundamental principles theories or concepts. Which are deeply rooted into the oldest

scriptures of Hindu veda i.e. “Atharvanaveda”. It is an encyclopedia of ancient eternal

medical wisdom in spite of its antiquity. (3,000 years old) it is being practicing today all

over the world.

Rasashastra, one of the branch of Ayurveda, which is well, developed by

Nagarjuna the pioneer of Rasashastra. He practiced Ayurveda by using Rasadravya’s i.e

metals, minerals, gems etc, to achieve the aims of Rasashastra. i.e. Lohasiddhi and

Dehasiddhi. Now Rasashastra holds topmost place in Ayurveda due to its unique

preparation’s – Rasabhasma’s, Kharaliya rasayana, Pottali rasayana, Parpati rasayana,

Kupipakwa rasayana and their utility.

Metal and minerals are also used in Bhaishajya Kalpana such as Malahara and

Taila Kalpana, which are used for externally. Eg: Yashadamrita Malahara containing

metal like Yashada and Sindhooradi Taila containing minerals like Sindhoora and

Sasyaka. Both yogas are indicated in Kushta rogas.

Skin has been defined as the mirror of the body. It reflects the Physical, mental

and psychological state of the individual. Skin is not only covering of the body tissues

and organs, but being composed of epithelial, mesenchymal, glandular and

neuromuscular elements is part of the Curparate system. In addition to it being the largest

organ of the body. It is barrier protecting the underlying tissues from physical, chemical

and biological toxic agents. It also excretes some of the wastes of the body metabolism.

In present day the life style of the human being become change. So sometime he

knowingly or unknowingly expose to the certain influences, which causes the skin

disorders.

Kushta, skin disease is very common pathological condition. Among this,

Vicharchika can be correlated to eczema, which is one type of the Kshudra Kushta as

explained in classics.

1

Introduction

It is difficult to determine the true incidence of a disease like eczema. In USA in a

sample population survey of persons aged 1 to 74 years conducted from 1971-74, the

prevalence of eczema was 18.4 /1000 persons. A British study on Hospital attendance

from 1977-1981 showed that 27.5% of patients had atopic dermatitis, 8.2% nummular,

37% gravitational, 11.9% seborrhea and 9.2% exogenous eczemas. In oxford and

Glasgow it is revealed the fact that 26-9% and 33.5% cases respectively were suffering

from eczemas, 63% of them exogenous.

School surveys in India for skin disease in 1986-1990 demonstrated that 2.07%

had lichen simplex chronicus, 0.2% had seborrhea dermatitis and 3% had seborrhea

capotes and 2% dermatitis.

Vicharchika is skin disease which posses a great problem in the skin. This

dermatological problem is difficult to manage along with medicaments of various

prescriptions and methodologies have been tried out but a successful remedy is yet to

come out. Cases when treated by number of medicine have a high rate of relapse and

hypersensitivity in due course. Hence we find no satisfactory remedies for Vicharchika in

cotemporary medical service.

It is causing a peculiar dermatological manifestation, where the skin becomes

discolored causing Shyava varna, surface being exudates and Pidikayukta, these

prominent signs are associated with Kandu.

Eczema is non-contiguous inflammatory disease of the skin responses to

endogenous or exogenous stimuli characterized by erythema, edema, vascularisation,

oozing and crusting.

Ayurveda claims number of therapy for Vicharchika has been explained. But local

applications are more beneficial than the other process. Because they are quick

absorbable, they protect the skin from external irritants and from sunlight, promotes

percutaneous absorption of the incorporated drug, thus allowing an active

pharmacological effect on the skin.

2

Introduction

According to Rasatarangini as indicated the Yashadamrita Malahara and

Sindhoora taila especially in Vicharchika.

The present yogas are acts as a Kaphapittashamaka, Kandughna, Kushtaghna,

Vrunashodhaka and rapaka action. Keeping in the view of the above facts it was felt to

conduct a study to analysis the efficacy of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila

in the management of Vicharchika with a view to find out therapeutically efficacious,

safer and cost effective.

The present work ……

“PREPARATOION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDY OF YASHADAMRITA

MALAHARA AND SINDHOORADI TAILA AND COMPARATIVE STUDY ON

VICHARCHIKA ”

3

OBJECTIVES

1. Preparation of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila.

2. Physico-Chemical study of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila

3. Comparative clinical evaluation of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila on Vicharchika

Review of Literature. Malahara Kalpana

PROCEDURE REVIEW I. MALAHARA KALPANA

Malahara Kalpana is not explained in Samhita Period. Yogaratnakara adopted

the term ‘Malahara’ from word ‘Malaharam’ – a unani preparation.

As it mentioned in Ayurveda, the treatment is of two types.

1. Antaparimarjan

2. Bahiparimarjan

The later one called Bahiparimarjana means, the medicine intended for external

use only. Different forms of external applications are described for the convenience

of treatment of different diseases like Lepa Kalpana, Upanaha, Malaharakalpana etc.

In between Lepa Kalpana and Malaharakalpana there is no much difference

regarding usage. But preparation of method is different.

Differences.

Lepa Malahara

1. Herbal & mineral drugs are used 1. Metal and Minerals

2. Without Agni samskara 2. With Agni samskara

3. Should be prepared fleshy and used 3. Used up to 2 year

4. It’s reference in Samhita kala 4. After 14th A.D

Similarities:

1. Both are used externally

2. Indications are also same.

5


Preparation of malahara: -

Dividing into 3 processes.

1. Poorvakarma

2. Pradhana karma

3. Paschat karma

1. Poorva karma:

a. Collection of equipments

b. Collection of Raw drugs.

c. Shodhana of main drugs.

d. Marana of main drugs.

2. Pradhana karma:

a. Preparation of Sikta taila

b. Mixing of churna / bhasma into sikta taila

3. Paschat karma: -

a. Storage

c. Uses

1. Poorva karma: -

1. Collection of equipments like

a. Chullika

b. Vessel

c. Cloth

d. Spoon

2. Collection of raw drugs like

1. Sikta

2. Tila taila

3. Main drugs

3. Shodhana: Shodhana of main drug, which is taken for Malahara preparation.

In Yashadamrita Malahara – Yashada shodhana in Nirvapa in Taila, Takra,

Gomutra, Kanjike, Kulattha kwatha for 7 times.

4. Marana: If necessary. Eg: Yashada Marana as per classics.

6


2. Pradhana Karma:

1. Preparation of Sikta taila.

Sikta Taila is a mixture of bee’s wax and oil. It is soft, smooth ointment like

substance, used as an emollient or as a base in the preparation of different

ointments. Rasatarangini has described 2 methods of preparation of Sikta taila.

Method 11

One part of pure bees wax and 6 parts of Tila taila are mixed and melted over

mild fore. When the wax melts and becomes a homogenous liquid mix well and

stop heating. After cooling it becomes a soft butter like paste.

Method 22

Here, instead of 6 parts of oil, 5 parts of oil is said to be added to 1 part of bees

wax, rest of the procedure is similar to that of first method. If any physical

impurities are seen in the wax (after melting) it should be filtered through a cloth.

The first method is said to be followed during winter season and the second one

during summer season.

2. Mixing of fine powder into Sikta taila:

The base of the Malahara kalpana i.e. Sikta taila, to this, as per the formulation,

add the fine powder of various ingredients and mix well. The fine powder may be

of Tankana, Gandhaka, Kajjali, Mriddara shringa, Gairika, Girisindhoora,

Manashila, Haratala etc.

7


3. Paschat Karma:

1. Storage: Prepared malahara must be preserved in wide mouthed plastic or

glass container having tight fitting.

2. Uses: Vruna Shodhaka and Ropaka

Kushtaghna

Varnya etc.

Qualities of Sikta:3

Rasa – Madhura

Guna – Snigdha, Picchila

Karma – Sandhankar, Vrunaropaka

Indications – Bhagna, Visarpa, kandu, Kushta etc.

Self life – 1 year.

Tila taila:4

Nomenclature:-

Latin – Sesamum indicum.

Family – Pedaliaceae

English – Gingelly oil, Sesamum oil.

Sanskrit – Snehapala, Pavitra, Jahla etc.

Kannada – Yellu enni

Tamil – Nallannai

Hindi – Til Ka tail

Properties:

Rasa – Madhura, Tikta, Kashaya

Veerya – Ushna

Vipaka – Madhura

Guna – Sukshma, Vyavayi, Vishada, Guru, Sara, Vikasi,

Teekshna Himasparsha.

8


Actions:-

Vataghna, aggravates pitta, does not aggravate kapha, deepana,

pachana, balya, brimhana, balya, preenana, vrushya, lekhana, twachya, netrya,

krimighna. In combination with different drugs, it is said to cure all diseases.

Combination:

Saturated fatty acids.

Palmitic acid – 9.1%

Stearic acid – 4.3%

Aracidic acid – 0.8%

Unsaturated fatty acids.

Oleic acid – 45.4%

Linoleic acid – 40.4%

9


OINTMENTS IN MODERN VIEW 5

Ointments are semisolid preparations meant for external application to the

skin or mucous membrane. They usually contain medicament or medicaments

dissolved, subended or emulsified in an ointment base. They may contain a suitable

antimicrobial preservative. The ointments are mainly used as protective or emollient for

the skin.

The absorption of medicaments by the tissues from the ointments, applied to

the skin depends upon different factors as follows.

1. Properties of the drugs incorporated.

2. Properties of the base, used in the formulation.

3. Condition of the patient skin

4. Site of application

5. Duration of application

6. Degree of friction, exerted while applying the ointment.

Classification of Ointments:

I. According to their therapeutic properties based on penetration

1.Epidermic Ointments

These ointments are meant for action on epidermis and produce local

effect. They are not absorbed. These types of ointments are mainly used as

protective, antiseptics, local anti-infectices and parasiticides.

2. Endodermic ointments:

These ointments are meant for action on deeper layers of coetaneous tissues.

They are partially absorbed and act as emollients, stimulants and local irritants.

3. Daidermic ointments:

These ointments are meant for deep penetration and release the

medicaments that pass through the skin and produce systemic effects.

10


II. According to their therapeutic uses:

1. Antibiotic ointments

2. Antifungal

3. Anti-inflammatory etc.

Characteristics of an ideal ointment: -

1. It should be chemically and physically stable.

2. It should be smooth and free form grittiness.

3. It should melt or soften at body temperature and be easily applied.

4. The base should be non-irritating and should have no therapeutic action.

5. The medicament must be finely divided and uniform the distributed through the

base.

6. It should not retard healing of the wound.

Ointment bases:-

The ointment base is that substance or part of an ointment, which serves

as carries or vehicle for the medicament while selecting a suitable ointment base.

The factors such as the action desire nature of the medicament to be incorporated

and the stability of an ointment are to be considered.

There are no single ointment bases, which possess all the qualities of an

ideal ointment base. So it becomes necessary to use more than one ointment base in

the preparation of ointments.

Classification of ointment bases: -

1. Oleaginous bases

2. Absorption bases

3. Emulsion bases

4. Water soluble bases

11


1. Oleaginous bases:-

Their bases consist of water insoluble, hydrocarbons, vegetable oils,

animal fats and waxes. The constituents of hydrocarbon basis are, Soft paraffin

(petrolatum), Hard paraffin, and Liquid paraffin

2. Absorption bases: -

These bases are generally a hydrous substance, which have the property

of absorbing (emulsifying) considerable quantities of water but still retaining their

ointment like consistency.

The Absorption bases are two types:-

1. Non-emulsified bases

2. Water in oil emulsions

The non-emulsified bases absorb water and aqueous solutions producing

w/o emulsions.Eg:- Wool fat, Wool alcohol, Bees wax, Cholesterol

The water in oil emulsions is capable of absorbing more water and has

the property of non-emulsified bases. Eg: Hydrous wool fat (Canolin)

3. Emulsion bases:

These bases are semisolid or have a cream like consistency both o/w and

w/o emulsions are used as ointments base. The oil in water type of emulsions bases

is more popular because there can be easily remove form the skin or cloths by

washing with water. The w/o type of bases are greasy and sticky. The emulsifying

ointment is prepared from emulsifying wax, white soft paraffin and liquid

parathion.

4. Water soluble bases:-

These are commonly known as “Greaseless ointment bases”. The water-

soluble bases consist of water-soluble ingredients. Such as polyethylene glycol

polymers, which are popularly known, as “Carbo-waxes”. The carbo-waxes are

water soluble, non-volatile and inert substances.

12


Selection of Dermatological Vehicles:-

There are large numbers of ointment bases, which are available in the

market. These have already been discussed. But none of the above discuss ointment

base, fulfills all the requirements of an ideal ointment base, following one the

factors, which govern the selection of an ideal base for ointments –

A. Dermatological factors

B. Pharmaceutical factors

A. Dermatological factors:-

1. Absorption and Penetration:

Absorption means actually entry into blood stream. i.e. Systemic absorption

where as “Penetration” indicates passage through the skin i.e. cuetaneous absorption.

It is proved scientifically that animal fats and fixed oils penetrate more readily

through the skin in comparison to mineral oils (paraffin). The substances, which are

soluble both in oil and water, are most readily absorbed. The o/w emulsion bases

release the medicament more readily than oleaginous bases or w/o emulsion bases.

2. Effect on skin function:

Greasy bases may interfere with the skin function like heat radiation and sweet

excretion. More ever they are irritant to the skin. The water-soluble bases and o/w

emulsion bases provides a cooling effect rather than the heating effect. These bases

mix readily with skin secretions.

3. Miscibility with skin secretions and Serum.

Skin secretions are more rapidly miscible drug in more rapidly and completely

released to the skin. Due to this reason lesser proportions of the medicament is

needed when emulsion bases are used.

13


4. Compatibility with skin secretion:

Generally neutral ointment bases are preferable because they do not cause

discomfort in use and are compatible with majority of medicaments.

5. Freedom from irritant effect:

The ointment bases used should be non-irritant Greasy bases cause irritation and

may cause Edema. All bases used should be of high standard of purity.

6. Emollient properties:

Under normal conditions, continuous hydration occurs which keeps the skin

sufficiently moist. Dryness and brittleness of the skin cause discomfort to the skin.

Therefore the ointment bases used should possess emollient properties that should be

able to keep the skin moist.

Eg: Glycerin, propylene glycol.

Wool fat, lard and paraffin.

7. Ease of application and removal:

The ointment bases used should be easily applicable and at the same time they

should be easily removable. Stiff and sticky ointment bases are not suitable. Because

they may cause damage to the newly formed tissues of the skin. Due to this the

emulsion bases are preferable as they are softer and spread more readily over the area

to which they are applied. The emulsions particularly o/w type are easily removable

with water.

B. Pharmaceutical factors.

a. Stability:

Fats and oils of animal and vegetable sources are more liable to undergo

oxidation provided. They are preserved properly soft paraffin, liquid paraffin are

comparatively more.

14


b. Solvent properties: -

Suitable solvents should be selected for the proper dispersement of the

medicaments of an ointment.

c. Emulsifying properties:

Hydrocarbon bases can absorb only a small amount of aqueous

substances where as some animal fats like wool fat can take up about 50% of the

water. Therefore animal fats are used in the preparation of creams.

d. Consistency:

The ointments produced should be of suitable consistency. They should

neither be too hard nor too soft. They should withstand the climatic condition.

Preparation of Ointments:

Ointments are prepared by following methods:

1. Triturating method

2. Fusion

3. Chemical reaction

4. Emulsification

Triturating method:-

It is the most commonly used method for the preparation of ointments.

The method is used when the base is soft and the medicament is insoluble in the

base. The following procedure is used to get a uniform ointment.

a. Finally powder the solid medicaments

b. Weigh the required quality of an ointment base. Triturate the solid

medicaments with a small amount of the base on an ointment slab with

the help of stainless steel ointment spatula until a homogenous product is

formed.

c. Add remaining quantities of the base until the medicament is uniformly

mixed with it.

15


II. SNEHA KALPANA

Sneha Kalpana is well known since Samhita period. In Charaka Samhita

Kalpasthana 12th chapter, extraction of taila and taila paka including tests and standard

of taila paka are mentioned in detail. Sushruta and Ashtanga hridaya have explained

same as Charaka.

In Sharangadhara Samhita Madhyama Khanda the definition of preparation,

method of preparation, dose and various formulations have been described in detail.

The nomenclature of Sneha Kalpana is sum of words Sneha and Kalpana, where

Sneha means fat or fatty material and Kalpana stands for pharmaceutical process of

medicaments.

The substance, which is called Sneha Dravya, will have Guru, Sheeta, Sara,

Snigdha, Manda, Sukshma, Mrudhu, Drava gunas.

In Ayurveda Ghrita and Taila Kalpana are included is Sneha Kalpana.

Advantages of Sneha Kalpana:

1. To extract the fat Soluble active principles of plants and minerals.

2. To obtain extra benefits of specific Taila or Ghrita used.

3. To preserve the drug or drugs for longer time.

4. To enhance the absorption of drugs, when used topically in fatty medias.

16


Definition6:-

The medicaments prepared by using 1 part of Kalka dravya, 4 parts of

taila/ghrita and 16 parts of drava dravy as Snehakalpana.

According to Charaka:-

While preparing Sneha Kalpana, quantity of the water, sneha, aoushada dravya

and Kalka is not mentioned, in such conditions one part of the aoushada, 4 parts of

Sneha, 16 parts of water is advised.

According to Sushruta:

When there is no specifications of drava dravyas then water is advised, same

way if there is no specifications of Kalka and Kwatha in such conditions mentioned

dravadravya, Kalka, Kwatha can be prepared.

According to Vagbhata:

In Snehapaka preparation the quantity of water, Sneha, is not mentioned in

such condition 1 part of dravadravya, ¼ part of Sneha, 1/16 part of kalka is advised.

According to Navaparibhasha:-

Murchit Sneha 1 prasta or ½ prasta, 4 parts of water and ¼ part of Sneha Kalka is added. Give mandagni and do stirring continuously with dravi upto Siddi lakshanas are attained.

According to Vaidaka paribhasha pradeep.

¼ reduced Kwatha, ¼ of Kwatha Sneha, ¼ of Sneha Kwatha is advised for

Snehapaka.

According to Bhashajya ratnavali:

Before doing Snehapaka, Sneha murchana should be done. Mentioned

quantity of Kwatha and Swarasaare added, Paka should be done in Mandagni up to

Snehasiddhi lakshanas are seen.

17


Murchana7:-

Sneha Kalpanas are widely used in Ayurvedic practice both internally and

externally. Such SnehaKalpans should be subjected to a primary process known as

Murchana. It is a refining process of both Sneha (Oil and Ghee), before subjecting the

drug to Snehapaka. Better colour, odour, taste, results and efficacy of drug are expected

from Murchana. It increases solubility of active principles and absorbility to get

maximum property.

There is no reference to Murchana either in Laghutraya or in brihatraya.

Acharya Govinda das the author of Bhaishajya ratnavali is the first personto mention

about this.

The main aim of Snehamurchana is to remove the durgandha, amadosha and

ugrata etc bad characters of crude form of Sneha, by doing Murchana Samskara Sneha

dravya will appreciated with good smell and colour, apart from these becauses of

Murchana Sneha will get such capability to receive more principles while the

preparation

of Snehapaka and also veerya of the Sneha is enhanced, because of Murchana

Samskara, Sneha will get the active principles of Murchana dravyas too.

General Method of Preparation of Snehapaka:

In generally Snehapaka vidhi can be divided into 3 stages.

1. Poorva karma

2. Pradhana karma

3. Paschat karma.

1. Poorva karma:-

a. Collection of equipments:

Sneha patra, Darvi(stirrer), Sieve, Khalvayantra, Tula yantra, Koshti.

b. Collection of drugs:

18


Classically mentioned drugs, including mentioned Sneha and jala.

19


c. Preparation of Kalka:

The drugs from which Kalka is to be prepared if it is fresh or wet should be

washed well and ground into a paste in a khalva yantra. If it is dry, do Yavakuta

choorna of that and prepare paste by mardana with little quantity of water.

2. Pradhana Karma:

a. Systematic mixing of the ingredients:

It is ghritapaka, first Murchita ghrita has to be collected and melted

in a Snehapatra with gentle heat, then the pieces of kalka bolus are added little

by little into the Sneha, stirred continuously with dravi, this is followed because

to avoid over burning of the kalka and over the whole contents is maintained

over Mandagni.

In case of Taila, the kalka and drava dravya are mixed together the

Sneha is then added, boiled and stirred continuously. So that the kalka is not

allowed to adhere the vessel.

b. Heating pattern8:-

Always Taila paka should be prepared mrudu and madhyamagni only.

The preparation like taila, Ghrita and Guda should be completed

within a day to gain more potency by being prepared in more than a day. Time

taken for the completion of Snehapaka varies according to nature of dravyas.

Duration Dravadravya

1. 1 day Vrihi and Mamsa rasa

2. 2 days Dugdha

3. 3 days Swarasa

4. 5 days Takra and Aranal

20


c. Factors to be known while preparing Sneha Kashaya.

1. If decoction is drava dravya, then padavashta Kashaya should be prepared from

mrudu, madhyama and kathina dravyas by adding 4,8 and 16 parts of water

respectively. Regarding the proportion of Kalka, Sneha and dravadravyas there

is an identical opinion in Brihatrayas9-11.

2. When dravadravyas more than 5, then each drava dravya should be taken in the

same quantity as that of Sneha. If drava dravyas are less than 5 then the total

quantity of all the liquids should be 4 times to that of Sneha dravya12.

3. If dravadravyas are not mentioned in any of the Sneha preparations, then water

to be used to replace the drava. It should be 4 times the quantity of oil used13.

4. If Kalka dravya is not mentioned in any Sneha preparations, then it must be

prepared by using the dravya itself 14.

5. When flower is used as Kalka dravya, in any of the Sneha preparation then its

quantity should be 1/8th of that of oil 15.

d. Sneha Siddhi Lakshana16:-

When Snehapaka Completes, the following confirmation tests can be

observed.

a. Snehakalpa becomes wick like (Varti) when rolled between two fingers.

b. There should not be any sound when Sneha kalka is sprinkled over fire.

c. Foam is observed when taila paka completes. On the contrary it subsides in

ghee.

d. Specific colour, odour and taste of the ingredients become marked when

Snehapaka is over.

21


e. Types of Snehapaka17:-

Through Snehapakas are five in number; the most important once are

only three.

1. Mrudu

2. Madhyama

3. Khara

Remaining two are Ama and Dagdha paka

Mrudu paka Sneha will have Kalka with little quantity of moisture

Kalka of Madhyama paka Sneha will be soft, but avoid of moisture content.

Kharapaka Sneha will have slightly hard. Dagdhapaka Sneha will have hard and

brittle kalka. It causes burning sensation and is unfit for therapeutic use. Sneha with

Amapaka will not have any potency and heavy for digestion.

Paschat Karma:-

a. Collection:

In order to obtain optimum quantity of Sneha, the Kalka should be squeezed

(after the paka) at hot stage only Gandha paka dravyas should be added gently with

stirring, when the Sneha is in luke warm state.

b. Preservation:-

Ghrita can be preserved in glass or polythene containers and usually tailas are

preserved in glass or plastic bottles. Usually glass jars (wide mouth) are used for

packing purpose of Ghrita. Where as taila preservation narrow mouthed glass or

plastic bottles are used.

c. Expiry date18:

a. According to Sharangadara expiry date of Snehakalpana is mentioned as 4

months.

b. According to pharmacopia in Ayu, part-I

Ghrita and taila preparations, maintains the potency for about 16 months.

22


Precautions should be taken for the preparation of Snehakalpa19:

1. Sneha should be pure, clear and without sturry.

2. Taila patra should be wide mouthed, because during the process, taila may come

out if it is having narrow mouth. Depending upon the quantity of Sneha, the size

of the Sneha patra should be selected.

3. During Snehapaka maintain the intensity of fire through the operation in order

to get desirable grade of temperature.

4. Gentle boiling of Sneha is to be maintained continuously. Always Snehapaka

should be prepared in mridu and madhyamagni only.

5. If taila is hot suddenly kwatha should not be poured, if it is poured taila may

come out from the vessel. Hence while stirring only kwatha has to be added

slowly.

6. The mixture is stirred constantly and carefully to ensure that the kalka does not

stick to the bottom of the vessel resulting into a carbonization.

7. When all drava dravya have evaporated, the moisture in the kalka also becomes

to evaporate, at this stage; it has to be stirred more often and carefully to ensure

that the kalka does not stick to the bottom of the vessel. The kalka is taken out

from the ladle and tested from time to time to know the condition and stage of

the paka.

8. Sneha required preparing with Gomutra like kshara dravya combination Sneha

may produce excessive phena. Thus Sneha may come out of the Snehapatra

during pakavasta.

9. In particular Snehakalpana whatever the quantity of Sneha is prescribed that

much quantity of Sneha only is supposed to be taken. Increasing or decreasing

order should not alter the quantity.

10. If in particular formulation Sneha quantity is not mentioned then one seru

Sneha has to be taken and on the bases of Sneha quantity, the kalka, drava

dravya quantity also to estimated.

23


Liquid dosage form20:-

Liquid dosage forms commonly used in pharmacy are either monophasic or

biphasic.

Monophasic liquid dosage form refers to liquid preparation in which there is

only one phase. It is represented by true solution. A true solution is a clear

homogenous mixture. That is prepared by dissolving a solid, liquid or gas in a liquid.

Classification:-

Classification into 2 groups.

1. Liquids meant for internal administration, for eg, mixtures, syrups and elixirs.

2. Liquids meant for external administrations.

Eg: Gargles, mouth wastes, throat pains, douches, nasal drops, eye drops,

eardrops, liniments and lotions.

Monophasic Liquid dosage form

1.1.

Internal External

1.Mixture

2. Syrup Application on skin used in Mouth Instilled into body

3. Elixir 1. Liniment 1. Gargles 1. Douche

4. Linctus 2. Lotion 2. Mouth wash 2. Ear drop

3. Throat paint 3. Nasal drop

4. Nasal spray

24


Liquid to be applied to the skin:-

1. Liniments:

The liniments are liquid or semi-liquid preparations meant for

application to the skin. The liniments are usually applied to the skin with friction

and rubbing of the skin. The liniments may be alcoholic or oily solutions or

emulsions. In alcoholic liniment, alcohol helps in the penetration of medicament

into the skin and also increases its counter irritant and rubefacient action.

In oily liniments arachis oil is commonly used which spreads more

easily on the skin. Soap is also included as on the ingredient in some of the

liniments, which help, in easy application of liniment on the skin.

Generally, liniments contain medicaments possessing analgesic,

rubefacient, soothing and counter irritant or stimulating properties.

A liniment should not be applied to the broken skin because it may

cause excessive irritation.

Container: -The liniment should be dispensed in coloured fluted bottles in order to

distinguish it from preparations meant for internal use.

Labeling: - The label must state “for external use only” and shake the bottle well

before use. “The label should carry the warning. Not to be applied to open

wound or broken skin.”

Storage: - Liniment should be stored in tightly closed air tight containers in a cool place.

25


2. Lotions:-

Lotions are liquid preparations meant for external application without

friction. They are applied direct to the skin with the help of some absorbent

material, such as cotton wool or gauze soaked in it. Lotions may be used for local

action as cooling, soothing or protective purposes. They are generally applied for

antiseptic action. (Eg- Calamine lotion)

Alcohol is sometimes included in aqueous lotions for its cooling and

soothing effect Eg. -Salicylic acid lotion.

Where as the addition of glycerin in a lotion keeps the skin moist for

sufficient long time and does not allow the preparation to dry.

Bacterial and molds grow in certain lotions is no preservative is added

care must be taken to avoid contamination during preparation of the lotion.

Containers:- Lotion should be dispensed in coloured fluted bottles in order to

distinguish them from preparations meant for internal use.

Labeling:- The containers should be labeled “ For external use only”. Some times on

long standing lotion have a tendency to separate out. Therefore the

container must be labeled “Shake well before use”

Storage: - Lotion should be stored in well filled, well closed in an air tight container

in a cool place.

26

Review of Literature. Drug

DRUG REVIEW YASHADA:

Historical background:

Yashada as ancient Indian chemists knew a metal from the 15th A.D as

Madanapala the author of Madanapala Nighantu is the first scholar to mention it, as the

7th dhatu or metal in his text. Bhavamishra and others followed him in a later period.

Through it was used for making an alloy known as Pittala (Brass) for long as a separate

metallic element it was known much later. Before the 15th A.D it was used and known

by the name of Rasaka or Kharpara satwa that is quite evident from the synonyms

(Ritikrit, Ritihetu, Tamra, Ranjaka) attributed to Rasaka and Kharpara. As regards

Rasaka and Kharapara, the minerals of Yashada they were known even in the Samhita

period.

In Rasashastra period following Rasa-texts are explained Yashada,

1. Ayurveda prakasha

2. Rasajalanidhi

3. Rasatarangini

4. Rasamrita

5. Rasadarpana

Vernacular names:

Latin – Zincum

Sanskrit – Yashada

Hindi – Jasta

English – Zinc

Bengal – Dasta

Gujarat – Jasad

Tamil – Tulanagam

Malayalam – Nagam

Chinese - Tutenague

26


Synonyms of Yashada 21-26

Table No-1

Prapti Sthana:

Usually Yashada is not available in muktavasta (native form) but in the

form of mineral like Zinc blende (ZnS), Oxide (Zno), Carbonate (ZnCO3)

It is found in Canada, Russia, Australia, Peru, U.S.A, Mexico, China, Japan, Spain,

and Sweden. In India Bihar, Rajasthan, Madras, Punjab, Kashmir.

Description:

±dg®dPdaTdz§Sd £dd«T®da›da ¡d¯dQ±df±dI¶a |

¬ddîUµaŸdz£dy «d£dZ ±d§£dQd£d®ddye›deT±daªd®dZ || Ad.§d � 3/2�

According to ancient classics Yashada is one among the sapta dhatus and

belongs to pootiloha group. It melts quickly on heating and produces bad smell

(Loathsome) while being melted.

Sl.No Name M.N A.P R.T R.M R.D B.P.N

1 Yashada - + + - + -

2 Yasada - - + + - -

3 Jashada - - + - - -

4 Jasada + - + - + -

5 Ritihetu - + + + + -

6 Kharparaja - - + - + -

7 Rangasankamsh - + - - - -

8 Yashaka - - - - + -

9 Rangasadrasha + - - - - +

10 Ditihetu + - - - - +

11 Yashaja - - - - - +

12 Kharapara Satva - - - + - -

27


Bhoutika gunas of Yashada: -

Varna (colour) – Shweta

Sparsha (Touch) – Mrudu, snigdha

Apekshita gurutwa – 7.1

Melting point – 4290C

Boiling point – 9800C

Grahya Yashada Lakshana:-

According to Rasatarangini the Yashada, which is having following

characters, is best one. i.e. Yashada must be bright and shining on cutting, snigdha,

mrudu, nirmala, dhrutadrava (easily melting) and guru in nature.

CONCEPT OF SHODHANA AND MARANA

Invention of metal brought a great change in the life style of early man. As he

went on investing various metals, he understood their uses and utilized them for various

purposes. When observed medicinal values in metals he started using them as medicine.

During Samhita period metals were used only in the form of raja (churna) but

after the 8th century a scientific study of metals was carried out for their therapeutic

values. Till last century even in western medical sciences, metals were used for

therapeutic purposes but after observing some of their toxic effects, the usage of some

metals was ceased.

Rasavaidyas too had the knowledge of toxic effects of metals and minerals but

were using Rasoushadhies, which are free from adverse effects by virtue of unique

procedures (Shodhana and Marana) adopted by them in detoxifying the metals, these

procedures not only make a mineral or metal free from the toxic effects but also make

them to absorbable and therapeutically effective with a minimum dose for a maximum

and quick result. Hence Rasoushadhies are widely used by Ayurvedic physicians without

the fear of adverse effects.

A¬§d «ddÎddî§dSddye›d£®dd£dŠ AèŸdyT§d‚±da›d£ddZ | e´d§d‚«ddTdy›SdQdSd£®dd£dŠ Adz°d¥dªãdye¥dI¶TdyT±dZ || T.±dd.±da

28


While preparing medicine, Ayurvedic acharyas were of opinion that when a

medicine is administered in a particular disease it should only cure that disease but should

not cause any other diseases or adverse effect.

Keeping the above in consideration various Shodhana and Marana procedure are

explained in Rasashastra classics.

Merits: -

1. These procedures involve physico-chemical action in order to activate the

inorganic substances (may be from nireendriya state to sendriya state).

2. These procedures not only remove the toxic effects of a drug but also the various

herbs used to act on metals, so as to enhance the pharmacological action of a

drug.

Shodhana28: -

DeÔÝzTdz°d¥dzZ ±ddØa e¸¶Sd£dy §dy°d¦ddeQI¶a |

«d¬de®deŸJµ¦£d¤dy Sdd£dg ¯ddy¥d¦da £deQUµdyŸŸSd£dy || T.£d-2/52 µ

Shodhana is a process by which impurities are removed from a substance by

implementing prescribed methods like Mardana etc. This indicates by shodhana,

impurities and toxic qualities are removed from the drug and to induce certain

qualities, which are essential for further procedures.

Classification: - Shodhana has been divided into two.

1. Samanya shodhana

2. Vishesha shodhana.

Yashada has an explosive tendency, while pouring in shodhana dravya it may

cause injury, to avoid this, one special apparatus is designed and this is known as

Pithara yantra.

Pithara yantra: - It contains mainly one metal (loha) bhanda and is covered with iron or

mud lid having 2 cms hole at its center.

29


1.Samanya shodhana of Yashada29: -

The common procedure for group of dravya or metal is called Samany shodhana.

£dz¬dy £d¸y¶ ›d®dd«dgÎdy UµT¦dd¬dy Ig¶¬d£¤dŠ¡dy | ¸¶«dde¦d°dyŸSd£d§£da Q„d®dy Q„d®dy £dg ±d§£d¥dd || ±®dPdd‰eQ¬ddyUµ§dÎddPdda ¯dgeÔTy°dda §d‚¯d±Sd£dy || T.T.±d 5/13

In this Yashada is melted and poured in medias like Tila taila (Sesame oil), Takra

(Butter milk), Gomootra (Cow’s urine), Aranala/kanjika (Weak organic acid),

Kulaththa (Horse gram decoction), 7 times in each media.

2. Vishesha shodhana30-34: -

Generally samanya shodhana is planted to remove certain impurities but Vishesha

shodhana is a plan to induce certain therapeutic values in particular drug.

In rasagranthas explained vishesha shodhana by nirvapana in different shodhana

media mentioned below, each time fresh drava dravya is to be taken.

Shodhana media according to different authorities.

Sl.No Drug RT AP RJ RD RM Duration

1 Godugdha + - + + + 21 times

2 Kadalimula swarasa - - + - - 7 times

3 Sudhajala + - - - - 7 times

4 Nirgundi swarasa + - - - - 7 times

5 Snuhi dugdha + - - - - 7 times

6 Arka dugdha + - - - 7 times

Table No-2

30


Marana:

Marana means “Killing” and converting a metal into non-reversible and final

form i.e. bhasma.

Definition:

The process by which metals, minerals or any hard substance is subjected to

soaking, drying and ignition to convert bhasma is known as Marana. This Marana

process converts into fine state of smaller molecules and makes the light as to be

highly absorbable and assimilated after administration.

1. Marana is process by which metal looses its original state still retains its

originality.

2. Marana converts process drug into a biological acceptable form.

Marana of Yashada:

As the melting point of Yashada is low, it melts easily when subjected to puta

after shodhana. So does not reduce to bhasma. This is convenience can be rectified

adopt another procedure known as Jarana. By this molten metal is converted into a

powder form.

Pootiloha marana generally consists of following steps.

1. Jarana

2. Bhavana

3. Formation of Chakrika

4. Arranging the chakrikas in Sharava.

5. Sealing of Sharava

6. Puta (heatings)

But Rasatarangini has explained a different method for the Yashada marana in

4th method 35 .

In this method shodhita Yashada put into loha patra and subjected to Agni.

After melting the Yashada, stirred it carefully with loha shalaka till Yashada

completely converts into powder form. Then filtered through the cloth when cooling

31


and again remaining part of Yashada is subjected to Agni, repeat the process till

whole Yashada is converted completely into bhasma form.

In Rasamrita also explained, research work has been done on this metal and on

that basis this metal needs 7000C temperature maintained for 1 hour for its marana

and to make its bhasma completely free from the presence of free metal content.

Further 7 to 10 heating at the above-mentioned temperature range was found

necessary for its complete marana.

Pharmacological Properties36-41

Sl.No Name of classics Kashaya Tikta Katu Sheeta Sheeta veerya KP hara

1 R.T + + + + + +

2 A.P + + - + + +

3 R.J + + - + + +

4 R.M + + - + + +

5 B.N + + - + + +

6 M.N + + + + + +

Table No. 3

By observing the above table Yashada bhasma is having the following properties.

Rasa – Kashayatikta

Guna – Sheeta

Veerya – Sheeta

Doshaghnata – Kaphapittashamaka

32


Therapeutic Uses:

Yashada bhasma was chiefly used for external application in some disease. In

Rasagranthas and Nighantu Yashada bhasma is used in various disease listed as

below.

Indication of Yashada bhasma40-47.

Sl.No Disease RT AP RJ RM B.N M.N

1 Prameha + + + + + +

2 Pandu + + + + + +

3 Shwasa + + + + + +

4 Vruna and Vrunasrava + - - - - -

5 Rajasrara + - - - - -

6 Netraroga + + + + - -

Table No-4

Indication of yashadamrita Malahara48:

1. Vruna

2. Vicharchika

3. Agnidagda Vruna

33


MODERN DESCRIPTION OF ZINC 49:

Zinc is a metal, which resembles tin in many respects and is used for making

alloys. Now a day it is used mostly for coating for coating iron vessels to prevent them

from roasting. In addition it is also one of the constituents of dry cell batteries. Zinc

minerals are generally found associated with lead and Copper-minerals.

Occurrence:

Zinc is not found in native forms rather it is obtained almost from minerals. It is

usually found in native in the form of

1. Sulphide – ZnS (Zinc blends)

2. Oxide –ZnO (Zinc cite)

3. Carbonate –ZnCO 3 (Calamine)

4. Zinc Silicate – ZnSiO4

The major producers of Zinc are Canada, Russia, Australia, Peru, USA, Mexico,

China, Japan, China, Spain, and Sweden.

In India found in Rajasthan. A belt of Zinc covers an area of about 30 square

meters in the Zawar and Udaipur region of Rajasthan. It has also been located in certain

parts of Kashmir.

Extraction:

An extensive community followed by floatation is directed at separating Zinc

from lead, copper and as far as possible from Iron. The process involves the following

operations.

1. Concentration.

2. Roasting

3. Smelting and Distillation

4. Refining

34


Roasting to ZnO is essential for all-purpose. Further, the heating at high

temperature with Coal converts them into Zinc. The chemical reactions in the process are

as under.

2 ZnS+3O2 2 ZnO+2SO2

ZnCO3 ZnO+CO2

ZnO+C Zn+CO

Outline of extraction of Zinc metal.

Distillation

Properties:

1. Zinc is shiny, bluish, white brittle metal.

2. Zinc possesses a crystalline structure.

3. Zinc melts at 419.58 0C

4. It has specific gravity at about 7.15 gm/ cubic centimeter at 200C

5. Zinc may be rolled out into sheets or drawn into wire between 1000C and

1500C, but it reverts to a brittle condition and may be readily powdered under

the hammer.

6. It is unaffected by dry air, but becomes superficially tarnished in moist air.

7. It is highly acted upon by acids and alkalis.

8. It is soluble in dilute acids.

9. At high temperature it burns in air producing a greenish white flame.

Roasting Refining

Ore Zinc blende

Concentrated Ore Zinc Oxide

Crude Zinc Pure Zinc

35


ZINC OXIDE (Yashada bhasma)

It is prepared by burning Zinc in air or by igniting Zinc carbonate. The white

fumes of Zinc oxide are condensed and collected.

2 Zn+O2 2ZnO

ZnCO3 ZnO+CO2

Properties:

1. It is a white powder it is known as Philosopher’s wool.

It is attached by acids to form corresponding salts ZnO+H2SO4 ZnSO4+H2O

It is attached by acids to form soluble alkali Zincates ZnO+2NaOH Na2

ZnO2+H2O

Therapeutic properties:

Absorption: Zinc salts are absorbed from GI tract and stored in liver, spleen and

kidney.

Elimination: Through stool, small amount by bile and urine.

Uses50:

1. Good antiseptic, Astringent, Mild soothing local sedative.

2. Emetic like copper.

3. Relieves chronic inflammation like gonorrhea, leucorrhoea, otitis and even

eye disorders.

4. It checks the bleeding and secretion from the broken skin by precipitating the

secretion and providing soothing and protective effects. So it is used in most

of the skin disease and varicose ulcer

5. Even zinc enhances the insulin binding capacity so used in Diabetic mellitus.

6. It acts as nervine tonic, sedative, antispasmodic and astringent.

36


GIRISINDHOORA51:

Girisindhoora is well known in ancient days, most of Rasagranthas mentioned as

a Sadharana rasa. But Bhavaprakasha, Rasataranginikara included in Upadhatu. Some

authors are called it is a red oxide of mercury. But Rasataranginikara clearly mentioned

that it is lead oxide and addition to it by seeing the synonyms it is originated from Naga.

And also it is prepared from the Mriddarshringa (PbO) by heating 400 to 450C it

becomes red colour called Sindhoora. Now a day what type of Sindhoora available in

market is chemically lead proxide.

Vernacular name:

Sans - Raktanga, Sindhoora, Nagasambhava etc.

Eng - Read lead, Red oxide of lead.

Arab - Isrenj

Bengali

Gujarat Sindhoora

Kannada

Marathi

Tamilu - Sagappusindhooram

Telagu - Yerrasindhooram

Malayalam - Chinturam

Persi - Suraj-Sang

Hindi - Inglur

37


Synonyms of Girisindhoora51-58:

Sl.No Synonyms RT RRS RM RJ BP KN MN RD

1 Sindhoora + + +

2 Nagaja +

3 Nagagarbhaja + + + + +

4 Nagarenuka +

5 Mangalya +

6 Bhalasoubhagya +

7 Ganeshabhoosham +

8 Shringarabhooshana + +

9 Rakarenu + + + + + +

10 Sisaka +

11 Sisaja +

12 Rasagarbha + +

13 Rasasindhoora + +

14 Nagaja +

15 Nagarakta +

16 Sriman + +

17 Vasantamangal + +

18 Raktaraja + +

19 Vanapishta +

Table No-5

Occurrence:

It is found in the form of mineral. In India found in Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan.

This is found in small quantities inside rocks in big mountains. It is dry red. This is

compound of lead and other things.

Grahya lakshana59:

Sukshma kanayukta, Snigdha, Guru, Bright in colour, Mrudu, Clear.

38


Shodhana and Marana:

Most of Authorities are not mentioned Shodhana and Marana because it is in

oxide form. Few authors are mentioned about Shodhana, subjected to bhavana with

Godugdha60 and Amladravya61.

Guna62-66:

No were mentioned internal administration, but can be used external only.

Rasa – Katu, Tikta

Veerya – Ushna

Guna – Ushna

Doshaghnata – Tridosha shamaka

Guna of Girisindhoora

Sl.No Text Katu

rasa

Tikta

rasa

Ushna

Guna

Ushna

Veerya

Dosha

Shamaka

1 RRS + + + + Tridosha

2 DN + - - + -

3 BP - - + + -

4 RN + + - + -

5 RC - - + - -

Table No-6

39


Rogaghnata67-74

Indications of Sindhoora.

Sl.No Disease RRS RT RC BP MN MN KN DN

1 Netra + +

2 Kushta + +

3 Kandu + + +

4 Vruna shodana, ropana + + + + +

5 Bhagna sandhana + + +

6 Visha + + + + + + +

7 Kshudra kushta +

8 Pama,Sidma Vicharchika +

9 Visarpa + + + + +

Table No-7

Description75 :

Sindhoora is prepared from lead. For this lead is kept in crucible or iron pan and

heated in an open atmosphere, to get it reached with oxygen and form a red colour

covering on the external surface of lead. This is known as Sindhoora. While collecting

the material initial and last portions should be discarded and remaining portion is then

washed with water and dried. The Sindhoora, which is red, heavy, fine and smooth, is

considered best.

40


MODERN DESCRIPTION OF RED LEAD 76: (PB 3O4 )

It is prepared by heating lead monoxide in a reverberate furnace to a temperature

of 450 0C

2 Pb O+O2 2Pb 3O4

Properties:

1. It is a mixed oxide and is regarded to be a mixture of lead monoxide and lead

dioxide -2 PbO.PbO2

2. It is bright, orange, red, granular, crystalline powder.

3. On heating it turns violet & then black but regains its original colour on cooling.

4. It is insoluble in water.

5. On heating to 600 C it decomposes to give lead monoxide.

2 Pb 3O4+O2 6Pb O+O2

6. It is reduced to metallic lead on heating to carbon, carbon monoxide or hydrogen.

Pb 3O4+4C 3Pb+4CO

Pb 3O4+4CO 3Pb+4CO.

Therapeutic properties77:

Absorption:

Lead salts are absorbed in the blood from GIT tract, skin and stored in central

nervous system, kidneys, liver and bone. In the blood 90% is present in RBC’s.

Elimination: Slowly by the urine, sweat and stool.

Uses:

1. Have feeble action on the broken skin.

2. Good astringent, antiphlogistic, local sedative and stimulant, Allays itching

and control excessive discharge.

3. Used as ointment or liniment in eruptive skin disease as eczema, pustular

eruption etc, to promote maturities of boils and abscesses and the healing

processes in all kinds of ulcers and wounds.

4. An ointment made of Sindhoora and Pippali powder with Navaneeta is

applied in chronic eczema.

41


SASYAKA:

Sasyaka is well known drug from ancient time. In Charaka and Sushruta in the

name of Tuttha and Amrutasanga used in various places. By the evidence of Charaka

Samhita from 3200 years used as medicine and most of Rasagranthas are explained

Sasyaka as a Maharasa.

Vernacular names: -

Hindi – Nilottha, Tuttiya

Marati – Moracute

Gujarathi – Morathuthu

Telagu – Mailututham

Eng – Copper Sulphate, Blue vitriol

Latin – Cupri Sulphus.

Synonyms of Sasyaka 78-84: Sl.No Table No-8

Paryaya RM RT RD RN BN DN MN

1 Tuttha + + + + + + +

2 Tutthaka - + + + - - -

3 Tuttyanjana - + + - - - -

4 Mayuraka - + + - + - -

5 Mayurtutthka - + - + - - -

6 Shitthagriva + + - + + + +

7 Tamragarbha - + - + - - -

8 Amritasanga + + - - - + +

9 Vitunnaka - - - - + - -

10 Amritodbhava - - - + - - -

11 Neelashmaja - - - + - - -

12 Shilakantha - - - + - + +

13 Haritashma - - - + - - -

42


Origin85: -

The Garuda consumed Harital visha after drinking the Amrita. Hence he

vomited the poison mixed with the Amrita on Niligiri Mountain. Later it solidified and

turned into Sasyaka.

Praptisthana:-

It is occurs in the form of native & artificial. Germany, Sweden, Spain,

France, England. In India Bihar and Rajasthan.

Grahyalakshanas86:-

That which looks like the colour of Mayurakantha , snigdha and guru..

That which occurs in nature is called Swabhavaja and that which is made

artificially is called Tuttha. Both yield copper as their Satwa.

Shodhana87-91:-

Shodhana dravya according to different authorities

Sl.No Dravya/Method RRS RT RSS RJ RM

1 Raktavargadravya bhavana + + + +

2 Snehadravya sinchana + +

3 Nimbuswarasa bhavana + +

4 Gomutra swedhana + +

Table No-9

43


Guna Karma of Sasyaka 92-102

Sl.N

o

Gra

ntha

Kat

u ra

sa

Kas

haya

Ksh

ara

Mad

hura

Lagh

u

Stul

a

Ush

ana

veer

ya

Shee

ta

veer

ya

Kap

ha

pitta

Vam

aka

Lekh

ana

Bhe

dana

Ras

ayan

a ch

aksh

usy

1 RT + + + + + + + +

2 RRS + +

3 AP + + + + + + + + + +

4 RM + + + + + + + + + +

5 RD + + + + + + + + + +

6 RJ + + + + + + + + + +

7 R.Cu + +

8 RN + + + + +

9 DN + +

10 BN + + + + + + + +

11 MN +

Table No-10

Rogaghnata 103-113:-

Indications of Sasyaka

Table No-11

Sl.No Disease RT RRS RM RJ RD RC AP RN DM BN MN

1 Krimi + + + +

2 Shula + +

3 Kushta + + + + + + + + +

4 Switra + + + + + + +

5 Amlapitta + +

6 Ashmari +

7 Kandu + + + + + +

8 Arsha + + + + +

9 Vruna + + +

10 Visha + + + + + + + + + +

44


MODERN DESCRIPTION OF COPPER SULPHATE 114(CUSO4. 5H2O)

It is a blue coloured crystalline copper mineral, which is available

occasionally in nature form also. Now a day it is prepared artificially by combining

Copper with Sulphuric acid.

Laboratory preparation:

It is prepared by the action of cupric oxide, Carbonate or hydroxide in dilute

Sulphuric acid followed by evaporation & crystallization.

CuO+H2SO4 CuSo4+H2O

CuCO3+ H2SO4 CuSo4+H2O+CO2

Cu (OH) 2+ H2SO4 CuSo4+2.H2O

Manufacture:

On a large scale Copper Sulphate is obtained by boiling copper tailings with

Conc. H2SO4. Blue solution of Copper Sulphate is formed.

Cu+ 2H2SO4 CuSo4+SO4+2H2O.

Treating copper scrapping in hot dilute. Sulphuric acid in presence of air also obtains it.

2Cu+2H2SO4+O2 2CuSo4+2H2O.

In another process, the mineral Copper Pyrites (Cu2S, Fe2 S3) is roasted in

air, Iron oxide and Copper Sulphate is formed. The roasted mass is treated with water,

copper sulphate dissolves and is separated by filtration. On crystals of CuSO4.5H2O. is

formed.

45


Properties:

1. Specific gravity 2.1 to 2.3

Hardness – 2.5

2. It is bluish green in colour.

3. Synthetic form is only bluish in colour and opaque.

4. It is easily soluble in water.

5. It looses all the water of crystallization when heated up to 250 C & forms white

amorphous powder.

CuSO4. 5H2O CuSO4 +5H2O

It becomes blue when few drops of water added to it.

6. On electrophoresis, Copper gets separated from its solution.

7. Its solution is acidic; hence blue litmus turns red, when dipped in its solution.

Chemical Composition:-

Mineral form of Blue vitriol has chemical composition Cu2 FeSO4. It

contains 50-70% Copper, 15-16% iron and sulphur.

Synthetic form is-

CuSO4. 5H2O– CuO – 31.8% SO3 – 32.1%

H2O – 36.1%

Therapeutic properties:

Absorption: Copper Sulphate absorbed with difficulty in minute quantities either when

given by mouth or from wounds and other mucous surfaces. And stored in

liver, spleen and kidneys.

Elimination: Through stool, urine, bile, saliva and sweat.

Uses115:

1. It is powerful astringent, antiseptic, stimulant, styptic and mild caustic.

2. It is applied indolent ulcers, exuberant granulations, sinuses and fistula in ano,

eczema, impetigo and eye disorders.

3. As emetic.

46


ARKA116:

Gana – Bhedaneeya, Swedopaga Family – Asclepiaceac

Kula – Arka Kula Latin – Calotropis

English – Madar

Sanskrit – Red calotropis - Toolaphala, Ksheeraparna, Shwetarka, Mandur, Vasuka,

Alarka, Raktarka, Arkaparna, Arkanama

White calotropis - Shuklarka, Japan, Supushpa, Vrittamallika

Varities:- There are two varieties depending on the colour of the flowers.

1. White 2. Bluish red.

According to Rajanighantu- 1. Arka 2. Rajarka 3. Shuklarka 4. Shweta mandar

Habitat: - All over India in dry & pungent soil, Srilanka, Iron, Africa.

Chemical composition:

Small amount of yeast, madar alban, madar fluabil, resin & rubber. Some

plants have sugarika gum, Trypsin, Catorropin.

Properties:

Guna - Laghu, Rooksha, Teekshna Vipaka – Katu

Rasa – Katu, Tikta Veerya – Ushna

Dosha – Kaphapitta shamaka.

Uses:-

Externaly – Vedana sthapana, Shothahara, Vrunashodhana, Kushtaghna, Jantughna

Internally – Deepaka, Pachaka, Raktashodhaka etc.

Modern:117

1. It is laxative and is beneficial in skin diseases and ulcers.

2. Research works reported the presence of a powerful bacteriocytic and

vermicidal action.

3. Anti-Inflammatory, antihelmentic and Procoagulant activity.

4. It is showing healing potential on dermal wound.

47


HARIDRA118: -

Gana – Kushtaghna, Kandughna, Vishaghna

Kula – Haridra Kula

Family – Scitaminae

Latin – Curcuma longa

English – Turmeric

Sanskrit – Haridra, Harita, Jayanti, Kanchani, Nisha, Krumighna

Habitat – All over India, In Maharashtra, Sangli is an important marketing center.

Chemical Composition:- 1% Volatile oil, Curcumin is responsible for its colour.

Turmeric oil has a peculiar odour & taste.

Properties:-

Guna – Ruksha, Laghu Veerya – Ushna

Rasa – Tikta, Katu Vipaka – Katu

Dosha – Kaphavatashamaka

Uses:-

External use – Shothahara, Vedanasthapana, Varnya, Kushtagna, Vrunashodhana

and Ropana, Krimighna.

Internal – Raktaprasadana, Raktashodhaka, Deepana, Jantughna.

Modern:119

1. It is used in disorders of blood, liver and certain skin disorders.

2. It is applied in pains and as an antiparacytic for many skin affections.

3. Showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in both exudative and proliferative

inflammation.

4. Another work reported that the alcohol extract and essential oil from curcuma

longa showed bactericidal activity.

48


SARSHAPA TAILA 120:-

Kula – Rajika

Family – Crucifereae

Latin – Brassica alba

Sanskrit – Sarshapa, Katuka, Sneha, Tantubha, Kadambak, Siddhartha.

Verities:-

1. Shweta - Superior

2. Rakta

Habitat:- All over India.

Chemical Composition:-

Glycocides of arachidic (0.5%), behenic(2-3%), eicosenoic (7-8%), erusic(40-

60%), legnoceric(1-2%), linoleic(14-18%), oleic (20-22%), myristic(0.5-10%)acids.

Properties:

Guna - Snigdha, Laghu

Rasa - Katu, Tikta

Veerya - Ushna

Vipaka - Katu

Dosha - Vatakaphashamaka

Uses:-

Raktashodhaka, Kandughna, Kothaghna, Krimighna, Kushtaghna.

Modern:121 Research works shows

1. Highly successful in promoting the absorption of scar tissue.

2. Powerful disinfect or antiseptic.

3. Improved epidermal barrier function.

4. Vasodilatation by stimulation of afferent A beta fibers.

5. Antihistamine and anti pruratic.

49


Description of drugs used for Shodhana:-

1. Tila taila 122

Rasa – Madhura, Tikta, Kashaya

Guna – Ushna, Teekshna, Sukshma, Vishada, Vyavayi

Vipaka – Madhura

Veerya – Ushna

Doshakarma – Kaphavata Shamaka

Karma – Vrishya, Amapachaka

2. Takra 123

Rasa – Madhura, Amla, Kashaya

Guna – Laghu, Ushna

Dosha – Kaphavata shamaka

Karma – Deepana, Shotha, Udara, Grahini, Arsha, Mootraroga,

Aruchi, Gulma, Pleeha, Panduroga nashaka

3. Gomutra124 :-

Guna – Laghu, Teekshna, Ushna, Kshariya

Karma – Deepana, Medhya.

According to Indian matria medica, Gomutra contains ammonia in

concentrated form it is used in both internal and external medication. It also has a

laxative & purgative nature. So it is used in various medicinal preparations like

Punarnava mandoor, Marichadi taila. It is good bioavailability enhancing drug.

4. Kanji 125 :-

Kanji prepared with the manda of half boiled kulmash dhanya is khanji.

Guna - Teekshna, Laghu

Rasa - Amla

Dosha - Kaphavatashamaka

Karma - Rechana, Pachana

When applied externally it cures Daha and Jwara.

50


5. Kulattha 126 :-

Guna – Ushna

Rasa – Kashaya

Vipaka – Katu

Dosha – Kaphavata shamaka

Karma – Gulma, Grahim, penasa, Kasahara

6. Nirgundi 127 :-

Latin name - Vites nigundo

Family - Verbinaceae

Sanskrit - Sephalika

English - Five leaved chaste French tree

Kan - Bili yakki

Useful part – Root, fruit, flower & leaves

Properties:-

Rasa - Tikta, Kashaya and Katu

Guna - Rooksha

Dosha - Kaphavata shamaka

Veerya - Ushna

Vipaka - Katu

Chemical composition: - Leaves contain a colourless essential oil of the odour of

drug and a resin, fruit contain an acid, traces of alkaloid & a colouring matter.

Action:- Leaves are externally used as a ant parasitic and powerful discutient,

Internally expectorant, nerving.

51


7. Nimbuka128

Kula - Jambur

Family - Rutaceae

English - Lime

Latin name - Citrus acid

Sanskrit - Nimbuka, Amlajambeera, Vahni, Deepana,

Shodhana, Vahnibeja, Amlasara, Rochana,

Jantunmari, Rajnimbuka

Habitat - All over India, specially in Himalaya pradesh, Bengal, Assam, Maharashtra.

Chemical composition:-

7-10% Citric acid, phosphoric acid, malic acid, citrate, sugar, mucin and

alkaloids.

Properties:-

Guna – Laghu

Rasa – Amla

Veerya – Anushna

Vipaka – Madhura

Dosha – Kaphavatashamaka

Karma – Deepaka, Virechaka, Raktastambhaka, Kasa

Chardihara.

52

Review of Literature. Disease

VICHARCHIKA

Vicharchika is one of the most commonly encountered skin diseases, which

comes under Kshudra Kushta. The affected individual undergoes severe discomfort and

disfigurement.

Historical Review

The historical aspects of the disease Vicharchika in terms of Kushta can be traced

from Vedic period itself.

Vedic Period (2500BC-100BC)

The earliest knowledge of Ayurveda is derived from the Vedas, especially from

Athrvaveda. In Athrvaveda the disease Kushta is explained and mentioned that Pama is a

variety of Kushta. In Amarakosha129 Pama, Kacchu, Vicharchika are quoted as

synonyms. In Vishnupurana, Vayupurana, Markandeya Purana the description of Kushta

and its Chikitsa are available.

In Panineeyakala, while naming the Rogas the particular style was adopted, by

adding NUL Pratyaya and making the names to be similar as Prachardika, Pravahika and

Vicharchika. In Brihat Samhita. Vicharchika is explained as variety of Kushta.

Samhita Kala (1000BC-100AD)

Maximum contribution towards Ayurveda was given during this period. The

explanation and treatment of Vicharchika is available in Nidana Sthana 5th chapter and in

Chikitsa Sthana 7th chapter of Charaka Samhita.

Sushrutha Samhita deals with Vicharchika, its Symptomatology and its Chikitsa

in Nindana Sthana 5th chapter and Chikitsa Sthana 9th chapter.

Astanga Hrudaya also deals Vicharchika as a variety of Kshudra Kushta and few

Yogas have been indicated for the treatment of Vicharchika in Nidana Sthana 14th and

Chikitsa Sthana 19th chapter.

53


Bhela Samhita, Hareetha Samhita, Kashyapa Samhita all has dealt Vicharchika as

a variety of Kshudra Kushta and separate Yogas have been explained under its context.

Nighantu Kala (800AD – 1700AD)

In Madhava Nidana, description on Vicharchika, its Symptomatology is available.

Sharagadhara deals only the varieties of Kushta under which Vicharachika are also

mentioned.

Bhavaprakasha, Yogaratnakara, Vangasena, Gadanigraha, Basavarajeeyam,

Kalyanakaraka, Vrindavaidyaka, and Chakradatta in all these books the description of

Vicharchika and its treatment is available.

Adhunika Kala (1700 AD onwards)

Books like Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Vaidya Vinoda, Ayurveda Prakasha,

Siddhaprayoga Latika, Sidda Bheshaja Manimala, Rasayoga Sagara, Brihat Yoga

Tarangini etc., were written in this period. These books include chiefly the Chikitsa

aspect where the particular Chikitsa for Vicharchika is also available.

Nirukti

According to Monier Williams Sanskrit – English dictionary, the word

Vicharchika comprises of root word "Charcha" with "Vi" Upasarga, which means that

cutaneous eruption with, itch and scab.

Paribhasha

The term Vicharchika is defined as one of the variety of Ekadasha Kushta, in

which the main clinical manifestations are Kandu, Pidaka, Shyava Varna and Srava.

' ±d I¶¦Ngµ §dfdNµI¶, ¯Sdd®d, ©dUgµàd®d, e®dŸddeŸd‰I¶d¶’ 130.

Acharya Charaka, Vagbhata, Bhavamishra, Yogaratnakara, Kashyapa, and

Madhavakara give same opinion.

54


Where as Acharya Sushruta defines Vicharchika as

"T¡Sddyíe£d I¶¦Ngµ®díe£d è¡ddZ ±d é´d: ªd®de¦£d ›dÎdyd°dgg e®dŸddeŸd‰I¶dSd«dŠ "131

i.e. a skin disorder associated with Atikandu, Atiruja and Rookshata of the Twacha.

Bhedas

The Bhedas of Vicharchika can be made on the basis of guna and doshic

predominance.

On the basis of Guna - Rooksha Vicharchika

Sravi Vicharchika

On the basis of Doshic predominance - Pitta Pradhana

Kapha Pradhana

Nidana

Specific Nidanas for each variety of Kushta are not described in Ayurvedic

classic. As Vicharchika is one among the different types of Kushta, the Samanya Nidanas

described in the context of Kushta holds good for Vicharchika also.

The various causative factors responsible for Kushta can be categorized as follows

• Aharaja.

• Viharaja.

• Daiva Apacharaja.

• Oushadhi Kritha.

• Panchakarma Apacharaja.

Aharaja, Viharaja and Daiva Apacharaja Nidanas according to different authors

shown in table No 11,12 and 13 respectively.

55


Oushadhikritha

Some of the Rasadravyas when used in impure state though being Kushtaghna

Dravyas, may result in Kushta. In table No.14 different Oushadhikrita Nidanas are

shown.

Panchakarma Apacharaja

The Panchakarma procedures are adopted to eliminate the Aggravated Doshas,

but by improper application of Panchakarma measures, there will be residual Doshas in

the body, which again aggravates and accumulated in the Shakadi Marga. Such

accumulation results in Shithilata of Dhatus leading to manifestation of Kushta.

56


Showing Aharaja Nidanas According to Different Authors.

SL No. Type of Ahara Ch.S Su.S B.S. A.H. H.S.

1. Viruddahara + + + + + 2. Ajeerna, Adhyashana + + + - - 3. Matsya + + + - - 4. Dugdati Sevana + + - - + 5. Amlati Sevana + - - - + 6. Guru Ahara + - - - + 7. Gramya Udaka with Anupamamsa

Sevana - + + - -

8. Sneha + - + - - 9. Dadhi Sevana + - + - - 10. Lakucha & Kakamachi + - + - - 11. Matsya and Payasa + - + - - 12. Ahitashana - + - - - 13. Drava Snigdha Ahara + - - - - 14. Navanna, Kulattha, Yavaka + - - - - 15. Lavana, Atasi + - - - - 16. Moolaka, Satata Madhu Sevana + - - - - 17. Tila, Pista, Guda + - - - - 18. Chilichima with Milk + - - - - 19. Madya Amla Dravya with Milk - - + - - 20. Guda with Milk - - + - - 21. Matsya Nimba with Milk - - + - - 22. Mamsa with Madhu - - + - - 23. Papodaka - - - - + 24. Vidagdha Ahara Sevana - - + - - 25. Guda with Mulaka - - + - - 26. Havi Prashana + - - - -

Table No-11

57


Showing Viharaja Nidanas According to Different Authors.

Sl.No

. Type of Ahara Ch.Su Su.Su B.S. A.H. H.S.

1. Chardi Nigraha, + + - + - 2. Vegavarodha + + - + - 3. Sheetambu Snana after Atapa Sevana + - + - 4. Diva Swapna + - - + + 5. Mithya Vihara - + + - - 6. Vyavaya, Atisantapa + - - - - 7. Shrama. Bhaya. Sheetambu Sevana + - - - - 8. Ratri Jagarana - - - - + 9. Ajeernepi Vyayamam + - - - - 10. Vyavaya after Vidahi Ahara Sevana - - - + - 11. Gramya Dharma Sevana - + - - -

Table No-12

Showing Daiva Apacharaja Nidanas According to Different Authors.

Sl.No. Types of Daiva Apacharaja Nidanas Ch.S Su.S AH B.S H.S. 1. Papakarma + + + - - 2. Vipran Gurun Garshayatan + + + - - 3. Poorvakruta Karma + + + - - 4. Gohatya - - - - + 5. Use of money acquired by theft. - + + - - 6. Sadhu Ninda and Vadha + + + - -

Table No-13

Showing Usage of Improperly Purified Rasaushadhi Leading to Kushta Utpatti.

Sl. No. Rasa Oushdhi Nidanas Kushta Utpatti Reference 1. Parada Kushta Utpatti AP.19, RT5/8

2. Abhraka Kushta Utpatti AP. 2/103

3. Roupya Makshika Mandala Utpatti AP 4/11

4. Gandhaka Kushta Utpadaka AP. 2/18

5. Haratala Sphota Utpadaka R.R S 3/69

6. Vanga Kilasa Kushta R.T. 28/7

7. Vaikranta Kilasa Kushta A.P 5/160

8. Loha Kushta Utpadaka A.P 3/224

Table No-14

58


Twacha Shareera Vivechana

Twacha is considered one among the sapta dravya responsible for the

manifestation of Kushta. So the knowledge of twacha and kriya is important. According

to charaka and Vagbhata Twacha is divided into six layers, whereas Sushrutha describes

7 layers.

Twak is considered as Upadhatu of Mamsa Dhatu and one among the Pancha

Jnanendriya, Vayu and Akasha are the Indriya Dravyas present in Twacha, Sparsha is

Indriyartha, and Sparshagnana is Indriya buddhi. It is the seat of Bhrajaka Pitta. During

the process of Parinama of Shukra and Shonita and after the formation of Garbha Twak

and all other Dhatus begin to form just as the cream of milk being formed during boiling

of milk.

Vagbhatacharya mentioned that all types Kushta occurs in fourth layer.

As the adhisthana of Vicharchika is not mentioned by any Acharyas and

considering Vagbhata’s opinion that fourth layer of Twacha is the Adhishtana of various

types of Kushta. The Adhishtana of Vicharchika can be inferred as the fourth layer.

Rakta Vivechana

Rakta is one among the Kushtakaraka sapta drayas. While describing Rakta

Pradoshaja Vyadhis, Charaka mentions Kushta one among them. He also mentions some

specific varieties of Kushta like Dadru, Charmadala, Switra etc., but has not included

Vicharchika. Vicharchika being a variety of Kushta can be considered as Rakta

Pradoshaja Vyadhi.

Mamsa Vivechana

Mamsa, one among the Sapta Dravyas causing Kushta. Twacha is the Sarabhaga

of Mamsa Dhatu. The maintenance of healthy skin depends on the state of Mamsa Dhatu.

Meda Pusti and Mala Pusti are the functions of Mamsa Dhatu. When Mamsa Dhatu is

involved in the pathogenesis of skin disorders it may manifest as Vicharchika.

59


Laseeka

It is a kind of Udakamsha and is included among the Dravyas resulting in Kushta.

It is a Mala of Rasadhatu and stays in Twak.

Samprapti

All the classical textbooks of Ayurveda have explained common Samprapti of

Kushta. Even though Kushta is classified into Maha Kushta and Kshudra Kushta. There

is no separate Samprapti emphasized by any author. So that the Kushta Samanya

Samprapti should be considered for Vicharchika also.

Kushta Samprapti According to Different Acharyas

According to Charakacharya

The vitiated Sapta Dravyas are considered as Sannikrusta Hetus for Kushta. The

vitiated Doshas vitiate Twacha, Rakta, Mamsa and Ambu and combination of these Sapta

Dravyas will be localized in between Twak and Mamsa and produce different varieties of

lesion at different sites over the skin. They are named differently based on the site and

nature of skin.

‘®d|£ddQSd±ÎdSddy QgÝ£®d›d‚™£d «dda±dda©dg Ÿd Qdy°dSde¦£d ±dd Ig¶Ýd¦ddaa ±d§£dI¶dy Q„®Sd ±da›dUµ‚’ 132.

According to Sushruta

The deranged Vata along with Pitta and Kapha enters into the Siras, which are

transversely spread over the surface of the body. Thus the vitiated Vata deposits Pitta and

Kapha on the skin through the medium of their channels and spread them over the surface

of the body. The areas of the skin in which the morbid Doshas are deposited become

marked with Mandalas or skin patches. If these vitiated Doshas are not brought into

normalcy, they enter into deeper and deeper Dhatus.133

60


According to Vagbhatacharya

Due to Nidana Sevana the Doshas gets vitiated and spread to Tiryakgata Siras and

vitiates Twacha, Laseeka and Asruk. This produces Shithilikarana and Vaivarnya. The

disease Kushta manifests wherever the morbid Doshas get lodged.134

Madhavakara , Bhavapraksha and Yogaratnakara explains Samprapti similar to

that of Charaka .

After going through the Samanya Samprapti of Kushta Vicharchika Samprapti

can explained as follows.

"By Nidana Sevana Agnimandya takes place leading to vitiation of three Doshas

with the predominance of Pitta and Kapha. Mainly Pitta and Kaphakara Nidanas result in

the vitiation of Kleda initiating the process of Pathogenesis. These vitiated Doshas with

Dhatus, i.e., Rakta, Mamsa and Ambu enter the Tiryakgata Siras and lodges in the

Twacha".

Kleda plays an important role in the pathogenesis because both Pitta and Kapha

being Drava Dhatus are considered as Kleda karaka Sannikrishta Nidanas. Kapha Dosha

due to Sneha, Sheeta and Pichchila Guna and Pitta by Sneha, Drava and Ushna Guna

leads to accumulation of Kleda. Along with Kleda vitiated doshas takes Ashraya in

Twacha leading to the clinical manifestation of Vicharchika.

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Schematic Presentation of Samprapti

Nidana Sevana

Dosha Prakopa

Doshas moves in Tiryakgata Siras

Srotodusti (Sanga and Atipravrutti)

Doshas lodges in Twacha

Vitiation of Twacha, Rakta ,Mamsa and Ambu

Vicharchika

( Kandu, Pidaka, Shyavata, Sravata, / Rookshta)

Samprapti Ghatakas Of Vicharchika

Dosha : Pitta pradhana Tridosha/ Kapha pradhana Tridosha

Dooshya : Twak, Rakta, Mamsa and Ambu

Agni : Jataragni, Dhatwagni

Ama : Jataragni mandyajanya, Dhatwagni mandyajanya.

Srotas : Rasavaha, Raktavaha, Swedovaha

Srotodusti : Sanga and Atipravrutti

Udbhava sthana : Amashaya and Pakwashaya

Sanchara Sthana : Tiryakgata sira

Adishtana : 4th layers of Twacha

Vyakta sthana : Twacha

Rogamarga : Bahya

Swabhava : Chirakari

Purva Roopa

The common purvaroopas are mentioned in the context of Kushta. Which are

applicable to all eighteen varieties of Kushta. The same also applies to Vicharchika.

Different Purva Roopas common in Kushta according to different authors is

shown in table No.15.

62


Showing Purva Roopas Common in Kushta According to Various Authors.

Sl. No. Purvaroopas Ch.S Su.S AH KaS

1. Asweda + + + -

2. Atisweda + + + +

3. Parushya + + - -

4. Atislakshnata + - + +

5. Vaivarnya + - + +

6. Kandu + + + -

7. Nistoda + - + -

8. Suptata + + + -

9. Paridaha + + + -

10. Ushmayana + - - -

11. Gourava + - - -

12. Shwayathu + + - -

13. Visarpagamana + + - -

14. Shrama + - + -

15. Kota + - + -

16. Rookshatwa - - + -

17. Pipasa - - - +

18. Raga - - - +

19. Dourbalya - + - +

20. Pariharsha + - - -

21. Pidaka - - - +

22. Ativedana - - - +

Table No. 15

63


Roopa

In our classics the specific lakshanas of Vicharchika are mentioned.

Acharya Charaka, Bhavaprakasha and Yogaratnakara describes Vicharchika as

' ±d I¶¦Ngµ §dfdNµI¶, ¯Sdd®d, ©dUgµàd®d, e®dŸddeŸd‰I¶d¶’ 135.

According to Charaka it is a kapha pradhana vyadhi ( Kapha praya Vicharchika).

According to Sushruta, Vicharchika is pitta pradhana vyadhi

"T¡Sddyíe£d I¶¦Ngµ®díe£d è¡ddZ ±d é´d: ªd®de¦£d ›dÎdyd°dgg e®dŸddeŸd‰I¶dSd«dŠ " 136

According to Vagbhata

"±d I¶¦Ngµ §dfdNµI¶, ¯Sdd®d, ¬de±dI¶dQSd e®dŸddeŸd‰I¶d¶ "137

Acharya Vagbhata instead of Srava, he used the word Laseeka.

So each lakshanas can be analyzed as follows:

Kandu

Kandu is one among the Kapha Vruddhi Lakshana, here Karmataha Vruddhi of

Kapha. Acharya Kashyapa mentions that Kandu is due to Ambu. Kandu is also Vruddhi

Lakshana of Sweda.

Shyavata

Shayava Varna could be due to the vitiation of Rakta by Dosha. Acharya

Vagbhata has mentioned that Rakta becomes blackish colour in Purvaroopavastha as Pitta

Pradhana Tridosha vitiates it. Pitta Dushti leads to Krishna Varna.

Pidakas

Pidakas are the characteristic feature of Vicharchika, when the vitiated Pitta,

localise in twacha and Rakta, the Pidakas manifest.

Srava

It occurs because of Dravyataha Vruddhi of Pitta.

64


Raji

The fissure formed at the affected part of Twacha is called Raji. It is due to

Gunataha Vruddhi of Vata.

Atiruja

Acharya Sushruta tells Ruja attributed to Vedana. This symptom is due to Vikruta

Vata Dosha. When the lesion of Vicharchika are extensive , Vedana may be felt.

Rookshata

As Acharya Sushruta has mentioned that the Vicharchika is a Rooksha variety,

the aggravated Vata Dosha may play a predominant role.

Showing the Roopas of Vicharchika According to Various Authors.

Sl. No. Lakshanas Cha.S Su.S AH B.S K.S B.P Y.R

1. Kandu + + + - - + +

2. Pidaka + - + + - + +

3. Shyava varna + + + + + + +

4. Srava + - + + + + +

5. Atiruja - + - - - - -

6. Rookshata - + - - - - -

7. Raji - + - - - - -

8. Praklinnata - - - + - - -

9. Paka - - - - + - -

10. Rakta Varna - - - + + - -

Table No. 16 Upashaya Anupashaya

After investigating a disease with the help of Nidana, Samprapti, Purvaroopa and

Roopa, one may be still doubt in diagnosing the disease and also to adopt the proper line

of treatment. In such case Upashaya and Anupashaya will help us to some extent.

65


The Oushadhas, Ahar, Viharas which is comfortable or gives relief either by

acting directly the cause of the disease or the disease itself or to both, are called

Anupashaya138.

The opposite of Upashaya i.e., if the patient feels discomfort by the use of

Oushadha, Ahara and Vihara is called Anupashaya.

In our classics, the Pratyatma Lakshanas can make the Upashaya Anupashaya of

Vicharchika and which relieves such Symptom are considered as Upashaya.

However, the causative factors themselves may be taken as Anupashaya, as these

may also act as the aggravating factors of the presenting symptoms.

Sapeksha Nidana

Certain diseases though they are different from Vicharchika but exhibits some

similar signs and symptoms. So it is necessary to rule out such possible disease to obtain

right diagnosis.

Showing the Sapeksha Nidana

Sl. No. Name Dosha Vedana Varna Pidaka Sthanas

1. Dadru Pitta , Kapha Kandu Tamra Ustanna,

Mandalavata -

2. Pama Pitta, Kapha

Kandu, Ruja, Daha

Shweta, Aruna

Sravayukta Bahu

Sphik, Pani,

Koorpara

3. Shataru Pitta, Kapha

Daha, Arati

Neela, Lohita, Peeta, Asita

Sthoolamoola Bahu Srava Bahupidaka

Parva

4. Kachchu Pitta Teevra Daha - - Sphik,

Pani, Pada

Table No.17

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Sadhyasadhyata

Various authors mentioned, on the basis of involvement of Doshas, Dooshya and

signs and symptoms have explained Sadhyasadhyata of Kushta. According to Charaka

Ekadoshaja and Vata Kaphaja Kushta are Sadhya, Kapha Pittaja and Vata Pittaja Kashta

are Kashta Sadhya. Kushta having all signs and symptoms with Bala Kshaya, Trishna,

Daha, Agnimandya and Krimi is Asadhya.139

According to Sushruta, the patient who has got full control over his sense organs

and the disease pathogenesis is affecting only twak. Rakta and Mamsa are Sadhya. If the

disease pathogenesis reaches to the Medodhatu it is Yapya. If it proceeds to further

Dhatus it becomes Asadhya.

Madhavakara has accepted the Sushrutas explanation but he has considered those

varieties of Kushta in which Meda, Asthi and Majja Dhatu are involved as Yapya.

Acharya Vagbhata gives the same opinion like that of Charaka and Sushruta.

Along with this he adds, Raktaja and Mamasagata Kushta is Kashta Sadhya and

Twakstha Kushta is Sadhya.

By looking at the above explanations Vicharchika that is Pitta and Kapha

Pradhana Vyadhi with the involvement of Twak, Rakta Mamsa can be considered as

Kashta Sadhya Vyadhi.

Chikitsa

The general line of treatment explained for Kushta is applicable to Vicharchika

also. As per Charka, according to the Doshic predominance Shodhana has to be adopted.

In Vata Pradhana Kushta Sarpi Pana should be done, in Kapha Pradhana Kushta Vamana

should be done and in Pitta Pradhana Kushta Virechana and Raktamokshana should be

done140.

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A specific periodicity for conducting Shodhana karma is mentioned by Sushruta

which is supported by most of the scholars of Ayurveda. Vamana karma has to be carried

out once in a fort night, Virechana once in a month, Nasyakarma has to be carried out on

every third day and Raktamokshana is advocated biannually141.

Sushruta further explains Chikitsa of Kushta based on the involvement of Dhatus.

If Kushta lodges in

Twak : Samshodhana.

Rakta : Samshodhana, Lepana, Kashayapana and Shonita

Avasechana.

Mamsa : along with Raktagata line of treatment Arishta,

Mantha should be administered.

When it involves Medo Dhatu the disease is considered as Yapya. But depending

on the patient’s condition Samshodhana and Raktavasechana should be done and the

Dravyas like Bhallataka, Shilajatu, etc., must be administered142

Acharya Vagbhata opines that, the Kushta must be treated with Snehapana

primarily. In Vata Pradhana Kushta the Taila or Ghrita prepared by Dashamoola,

Erandadi Dravyas must be administered. In Pitta Pradhana Kushta Ghrita prepared out of

Patola, Nimbadi Dravyas must be administered and in Kapha Pradhana Kushta Saptahva,

Chitraka Siddha Ghrita must be administered143.

So after attaining Koshta Shuddi by repeated Vamana and Virechana and

undergoing Raktamokshana, the usage of Lepa and other Shamanoushadhi will definitely

relieve Vicharchika.

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The most commonly used palliative medicines and external applications are as

follows 144 :

Madhusnuhi Rasayana Siva Gutika Patola Muladi Kwatha Churna Brhat Manjishtadi Kwatha Churna Nimbadi Churna Nalapamaradi taila Kushtarakshasa taila Tamra Bhasma Swarna Makshika Bhasma Haratala Bhasma Arogya Vardhini Gutika Gandhaka Rasayana Manjishtadi Taila Chitrakadi Taila etc.

Pathyapathya

Our Acharyas have not dealt with precise Pathya Apathya of Vicharchika

Separately. So the Pathya Apathya explained under Kushta can be considered here.

Pathya.

Ahara

Shookadhanya Varga : Purana Shali, Shastika Shali, Godhuma, Shyamaka

Shamidhanya Varga : Mudga, Masoora, Adaka and Bakuchi.

Mamsa Varga : Jangala Pashu Pakshi

Shaka Varga : Patola, Nimba, Chitraka, Hingu, Punarnava, Kakamachi

and Brihati, Lashuna, Khadira and Chakramarda.

Phala Varga : Triphala, Sarshapa and Agaru

Mootra varga : Gomutra, Ustra and Ashwa.

Apathya

Rasa : Amla, Lavana

Shamidhanya Varga : Masha, Tila and Kulattha

Shookadhanya Varga : Navanna

Mamsa Varga : Mamsa, Matsya and Anoopamamsa

Ahara Yoni Varga : Tila taila

Ikshu Varga : Guda, Ikshurasotpanna Varga

Gorasa Varga : Dugdha, Dadhi

Madya Varga : Madyas

Vihara: Divaswapna, Vyavaya, Vyayama, Soorya Tapa, Swedana, Papakarma,

Guruninda and Guru Gharshana.

69


ECZEEMA (ALLERGIC DERMATITIS)

With a background of comprehensive descriptions on Vicharchika by Ayurvedic

Classics, let us now Review the explanations on Allergic Dermatitis.

The term Allergy was introduced in 1906 by von parquet to designate

‘uncommitted’ biologic response, which may lead either to immunity or allergic diseases,

but over a period of time the term allergy is taken to mean IgE Mediated allergic

disease145.

Allergic Dermatitis is inflammation of the skin due to hypersensitivity.

Dermatitis 146-148

The term Eczema and Dermatitis are being used Synonymously and referred to

distinctive patterns of the skin which can be either acute or chronic due to number of

causes including Allergy. It is thus synonymous with dermatitis. However, according to

some only those dermatitis, which have allergy at the background should be called

eczema and others should be termed dermatitis.

Both these terms applied to variety of skin diseases with the specific

histopathological changes though originally applied to large number of skin diseases of

unknown origin now a day the term is more restrictive since many diseases have been

identified and classified. It has been seen almost all the cases of dermatitis are due to

hypersensitivity to various allergens that are, absorbed or in close proximity with the skin

or other wise due to peculiar Idiosyncrasies.

Allergy or hypersensitivity 149,150.

Allergy is the term applied to the natural or spontaneous manifestations of

hypersensitiveness in man, which include asthma, hay fever, eczema, urticaria and

migraine.

A person who is overly reactive to a substance that is tolerated by other people is

said to be hypersensitive.

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A hyper sensitive person starts secreting IgE antibodies those bind to allergens

forming IgE–allergen complex. In response the mast cells and basophiles secrete

histamines, which initiate allergic inflammatory manifestations like skin or lungs. Once

sensitized the individual remains hyper sensitive to that particular antigen. Whenever the

allergen gets into the system the body reacts immediately through inflammation these

reactions can be systemic or local.

Common allergens include

i) Food : Milk, Peanuts, Egg, Fish, Corn, Soya, Wheat etc.

ii) Drugs : Almost all drugs are capable of inducing allergy. Popular drugs

include penicillin, anti hypertensives, and other antibiotic.

iii) Vaccines : Pertusis, Typhoid.

iv) Venoms : Honybee, Wasp, Snake

v) Cosmetics : Hairdye, Nail polish, Perfumes, Deodorant.

vi) Chemical in plants : Poison ivy, Pollen, Dust.

vii) Microbes : Salmonella typhi.

viii) Substances : Leather, Clothing, Plants, Vegetables, Detergents, Chemicals,etc

Cardinal clinical features 151 of Allergic Dermatitis

The vesicle is a constant primary lesion. In some instances a vesicle is so minute

has not to be obvious. The first sign is the patch of erythema, accompanied by itching and

burning; this is soon covered with numerous tiny vesicles. These enlarge and often

coalesce. Later a rupture either spontaneously or by scratching and a clear serous fluid

exudes. Exudation continues once the surface of the skin has been broken and the exuded

serum then dries to form crusts, the more acute dermatitis, the greater degree of

enythema, pruritis or itching and vesiculation. As the disease subsides there is less

erythema and vesicle formation later papules and scales begin to form. In mild cases the

inflammation subsides rapidly, at much more frequently fresh crop of vesicles start up

around the edge of earlier patches while new lesions formed in other parts, some times

nearly whole skin is involved.

71


If the disease becomes chronic patches of Lichenification due to long scratching

are formed. Thus the cardinal features of Allergic dermatitis what ever the type or

whatever the cause are erythema, pruritis, vesicle formation, rupture of vesicles, crusting,

scale formation, healing and Lichenification. Itching is a constant symptom and varies

more with the temperament of individual than the stage of disease.

Classification 142,153.

I. Histological

i) Acute - Characterized by considerable spongiosis (intercellular oedema) leading to

formation of intraepidermal vesicles or bullas, these are permeated by acute inflammatory

cells. The upper dermis shows congested blood vessels and mononuclear inflammatory

cell infiltrates or eosinophil especially or around small capillaries.

ii) Subacute – Many follow acute stage, here spongiosis and vesicles are smaller and

epidermis shows moderate acanthuses, varying degree of paracaratosis in the horny layer

and formation of surface crusts containing degenerated leucocytes, bacteria and fibrin.

Here dermis contains perivascular nuclear infiltrate or eosinophil.

iii) Chronic – Shows hyper caratosis, acanthuses, paracaratosis, elongation of Retie

ridges and broadened dermal papillae, vesicles are absent but slight spongiosus may be

present. The upper dermis shows perivascular chronic infiltrate fibrosis.

II. Based on Etiology.

i) Endogenous – Here the dermatitis is as a result of endogenous cause where the

pathology is dominated by hypersensitivity reactions or atopy without an external cause.

Ex : Atopic dermatitis, Seborrhoeic eczema, Infectious eczematous dermatitis, Nummular

dermatitis.

72


ii) Exogenous – As the name implies is inflammation of the skin from an external source

it may either be localized to a small area of skin or general in its distribution. Depending

on the intensity of the irritating factor it can be acute, sub-acute or chronic. There are

literally hundreds of Substances that can be produce dermatitis and they may act by direct

irritation or by effected individual having become sensitized to them or due to a personal

idiosyncrasy. Ex : Allergic contact dermatitis, Irritant Contact dermatitis, phyto and photo

dermatitis, drug allergy.

iii) Occupation – Usually is a result of continuous exposure to skin irritants in many

occupations.

Ex : Strong cleaning agents or soaps, in laundry work, wet works, solvents, detergents,

vegetable juices, plants, weeds insecticides different dyes, chemicals etc.

Investigations 154

Patch testing to allergies

This is used in suspected cases of allergic contact dermatitis. Patch testing to

irritants (Which cause reactions in everybody) is not advised.

Prick testing

This is used for few patients with stubborn atopic dermatitis if found or inhalant

allergens are suspected an exacerbating factor. Radio allergosorbent Test (RAST) is done

for the levels of allergen specific IgE.

Routine blood test

A specific type of blood cell called an eosinophil is elevated in allergic

conditions.

Management 155, It includes

• Explanation, reassurance and encouragement.

• Avoidance of contact with allergens / irritants.

• Anti inflammatory like cortisone, Antihistamines and Antibiotics.

73

Methodology – Pharmaceutical study

METHODOLOGY

PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY

Collection of drugs used in the preparation of Yashada bhasma:

All the raw drugs needed for the preparation for the compound are collected

from local market and some drugs are collected from college garden as well as

pharmacy section of DGMAMC GADAG. Every drug was identified according to

Ayurvedic standards.

Practical study:

The things, which are mentioned in Ayurveda, are better understood by getting

the knowledge in two ways i.e. Theoretical study and Practical. Because as saying, as

doing is very difficult task. This theory is especially applicable to Rasashastra,

because the drugs, which are mentioned in Rasashastra, are considered as visha or

they have visha guna, but after processing some processes those drugs become

‘Amruta’. So this denotes the importance of practical knowledge. The processes,

which are mentioned in the Rasagranthas, seem to be very easy, but they will prove

difficult during the practical.

A detailed description of the steps taken to prepare the trial formulations

includes different processes like Shodhana, Jarana and Marana, Malahara and Taila

kalpana.

74


Practical no.1:

1. Name of the preparation: Yashada samanya shodhana in Tila taila for 7 times.

Date of commencement : 10 – 03 -- 2005

Date of completion : 10 – 03 - 2005

Reference : R.R.S - 5/ 13

2. Equipments: Small iron pan with long handle, cloth.

Iron vessel with lid having hole about 2-cm.at center (pithara yantra), Burner.

3. Drugs: 1. Raw Yashada - 500 gms

2. Tila taila - 2.5 lt

3. Water - Q.S

4. Procedure:

a. Sufficient quantity of taila to immerse the metal was taken in Pithara yantra.

b. Raw Yashada about ½ kg was heated in iron pan till it melts.

c. Molten Yashada was immediately poured into Pitharayantra and allowed for self-

cooling which took about 15 to 20 minutes.

d. Cooled metal was taken out, washed with hot water to remove the oiliness and

wiped with cotton and cloth.

e. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more times,

each time fresh taila was taken for the procedure.

f. Second process onwards during melting, scum with oil was observed on the

surface of molten Yashada, which has been removed by iron spoon.

5. Observations:

1. Time taken for melting was 13 – 15 minutes on medium flame.

2. When molten Yashada was poured in Tila taila it produced crackling sound.

3. Second process onwards scum with oil was observed on the surface of molten

metal.

4. Colour of the oil becomes slightly blackish.

5. After the above procedure the metal was golden colour coating, but the shining is

decreased slightly.

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6. Precaution:

1. Melting should be done on medium flame.

7. Result:

Initial weight of the metal – 500 gms

Final weight of the metal – 490 gms

Weight loss – 10 gms

Practical no. 2

1. Name of the preparation: Samanya shodhana of Yashada in Takra for 7 times.

Date of commencement : - 11 – 3 – 05

Date of completion : - 11 – 3 – 05

Reference : – R.R.S 5 / I3

2. Equipmnts: - Small iron pan with long handle, Cloth

Iron vessel with lid having hole of 2 cm.diameter at the center ( Pithara yantra ), Burner

3. Drugs: -

a.Taila shodita Yashada - 490 gms

b.Takra - 5 ltr

c. Water - q.s

4.Procedure:

a. Sufficient quantity of Takra was taken in Pithara yantra.

b. Taila shodhita Yashada was heated in iron pan till it melts.

c. Molten Yashada was poured immediately to the Pithara yantra and

allowed for self-cooling.

d. Cooled metal was taken out washed with hot water & wiped with cotton

cloth.

e. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more

times each time fresh Takra was taken for the procedure.

5. Observation:

a. Time taken for melting was 13 - 15 minutes on medium flame.

b. When molten Yashada was poured in Takra crackling sound was heard.

76

Methodology – Pharmaceutical study c. Second time onwards while melting the crackling sound was heard due to

presence of water molecules and scum was observed on the surface of

molten Yashada

d. The colour of Takra turned to yellowish and maximum quantity of Takra

reduced due to evaporation.

e. After the above procedure the metal became brittle rough disintegrated

surfaced, the shining of metal was increased.

6. Precaution:

a. Medium flame should be maintained.

b. Care should be taken while pouring into Takra to avoid explosion.

7. Result:

Initial weight of metal – 490 gms


Weight Loss – 010 gms

Practical no. 3

1. Name of the preparation: - Samanya shodhana of Yashada in Gomutra for 7 times.


Date of completion : - 12 – 3 – 05

Reference :– R.R.S 5 / I3

2. Equipments: - Small iron pan with long handle, Cloth

Iron vessel with lid having holed about 2cm.at center (Pithara yantra), Burner

3. Drugs: - a. Takra shodhita Yashada - 480 gms

b. Gomutra - 6 ltr

c. Water - q.s

4. Procedure:

a. Sufficient quantity of Gomutra was taken in Pithara yantra.

b. Takra shodhita Yashada was heated in iron pan till it melts.

c. Molten Yashada was poured immediately to the Pithara yantra & allowed

for self-cooling.

77



cloth.

e. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more

times each time fresh Gomutra was taken for the procedure.

f. Scum formation on the surface of molten Yashada was removed by iron

spoon.

5. Observation:

a. Yashada melts within 13-15 minutes producing crackling sound.

b. Explosive sound was heard when molten Yashada poured in Gomutra.

c. Scum was formed on the surface of molten Yashada

d. The colour of Gomutra turned in to blackish and quantity was reduced.

e. After the above procedure the metal became brittle, the shining of metal

was reduced.

6. Precaution:

a. Medium flame should be maintained.

b. To avoid explosion the lid of the Pithara yantra should be sealed properly

7. Result



Weight loss – 10 gms Practical no.4

1. Name of the preparation :- Samanya shodhana of Yashada in Kanji for 7 times.


Date of completion :- 13 – 3 –05

Reference :– R.R.S 5/ I3

2. Equipments :- Small iron pan with long handle, Cloth

Iron vessel with lid having hole of 2 cm.diameter at the center (pithara yantra),

Burner

78

Methodology – Pharmaceutical study 3. Drugs :- a.Gomootra shodita Yashada – 470 gms

b.Kanji - 3 ltr

c.Water - q.s

4. Procedure:

a. Sufficient quantity of Kanji was taken in Pithara yantra.

b. Gomutra shodhita Yashada was heated in iron pan till it melts.

c. Molten Yashada was poured immediately to the Pithara yantra and

allowed for self-cooling.


cloth.

g. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more

times each time fresh Kanji was taken for the procedure.

f. Scum formation on the surface of molten Yashada was removed by iron

spoon.

6. Observation:

a. Explosive sound was heard when molten Yashada poured in Gomutra.

b. Second time onwards scum was formed on the surface of molten Yashada

and was removed by iron spoon.

c. The colour of kanji became dark & more quantity was evaporated.

e. After the above procedure the metal turned to a shining big granule.

7. Precaution: a. Medium flame should be maintained.

8. Result:



Weight loss – 15 gms

Practical no.5

1. Name of the preparation :-Samanya shodhana of Yashada in Kulattha kwatha for 7

times.



79

Methodology – Pharmaceutical study Reference :– R.R.S 5 / I3

2. Equipments :- Small iron pan with long handle, Cloth, Burner and Pithara yantra

3. Drugs :- a. Kanji shodhita Yashada - 455 gms

b. Kulattha kwatha - 8 ltr

c. Water - Q.S

4. Preparatory procedure: 1part of yavakuta churna of Kulattha was boiled with 16

parts of water in earthen pot over a mrudu agni till liquid is reduced to ¼ of the

original quantity.

5. Procedure:

a. Sufficient quantity of Kulaththa kwatha was taken in Pithara yantra.

b. Kanji shodhita Yashada is melted in iron pan on medium flame.

c. Molten Yashada was poured immediately to the Pithara yantra & allowed

for self-cooling.


cloth.

f. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more

times, each time fresh Kulaththa kwatha was taken for the procedure.

6. Observation:

a. Yashada melts within 13 - 15 minutes producing crackling sound.

b. When molten Yashada was poured in Pithara yantra explosive sound was

heard.

c. The colour of Kwatha turned in to dark & much quantity was evaporated.

d. After the above procedure some part of the Yashada became powder form.

7. Precaution: Explosive chances are avoided by sealing the lid of Pithara yantra.

8. Result



Weight Loss – 20 gms

Practical No. 6

1. Name of the preparation :- Vishesha shodhana of Yashada in Haridrayukta Nirgundi

swarasa for 3 times.

80

Methodology – Pharmaceutical study Date of commencement : - 15 – 3 – 05


Reference :– .R.R.S 5/156

2. Equipments: - Small iron pan with long handle, Cloth, Burner

Iron vessel with lid having hole of 2 cm diameter at the center (Pithara yantra),

Burner

3. Drugs :- a. Samanya shodhita Yashada – 435 gms

b. Nirgundi swarasa - 1.5liters

c. Haridra churna - 30 grams

d. Water - Q.S

4. Preparatory procedure: Nirgundi swarasa preparation.

Fresh Nirgundi leaves were taken and subjected to mardana till it became

fine kalka, later putapakwa vidhi was followed to obtain swarasa.

5. Procedure:

a. Half liter of Nirgundi swarasa was mixed with 10 gms of Haridra churna

and was taken in Pithara yantra.

b. Samanya shodhita Yashada is melted in iron pan on medium flame.

c. Molten Yashada was poured immediately to the Pithara yantra and allowed

for self-cooling.

d. Cooled metal was taken out washed with hot water up to removal of

yellowish tinge of metal and wiped with cotton cloth.

e. Dried Yashada was once again subjected to above said procedure for two

more times. Each time fresh Nirgundi swarasa with Haridra churna was

taken.

6. Observation:

a. Yashada melts within 13 - 15 minutes producing crackling sound.

b. When molted Yashada was poured in Pithara yantra more explosive sound

was heard.

c. Scum formation on the surface of molten Yashada was removed by iron

spoon.

81

Methodology – Pharmaceutical study d. The colour of swarasa turned in to dark green and much quantity was

reduced.

e. After this procedure the Yashada became thorny, brittle and most of it became powder.

7. Precautions: Because of throny surface proper care should be taken while removing

the metal from shodhana media.

8. Result: Initial weight of metal - 435 gms

Final weight of the metal - 415 gms

Weight Loss - 20 gms

Practical No.7

1.Name of the preparation :- Marana of Yashada



Reference :– RT 19/116-119

2. Equipments :- Big iron pan with long handle, Cloth, Burner, Chalani.

3. Drug :-

a..Shodhita Yashada - 415gms

4. Procedure:

a. Vishesha shodhita Yashada about 415gms was taken in big iron pan and

melted on medium flame.

b. After complete melting of Yashada, the process is continued with stirred

through chalani until complete Yashada is converted into powder. (At 7500 c)

c. Then the heat was stopped and allowed to self-cooling, and then collecting the

fine powder by sieving through the cloth.

d. Remaining part of course powder of Yashada was once again subjected to

above said procedure continued until complete Yashada was converted into

fine powder.

5. Observations:

a. Yashada starts became into powder form within 1hour (7500c). It is

completely converted into bhasma form at the end of 8th hour.

b. The colour of Yashada turned into Grayish.

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6. Precautions:

a. Care should be taken while stirring with chalani for avoided hot Yashada

course powder damaged to skin or cloth.

b. Medium flame should be maintained.

7. Result

Initial weight of Yashada – 415 gms


Weight loss – 95gms

Practical No.8

1.Name of the preparation :- Shodhana of Girisindhoora in Nimbu swarasa for 3 times.

Date of commencement : - 25 -3 -05

Date of completion :- 26-3 -05

Reference :– RJ -3

2. Equipments :-Khalvayantra, spoon

3. Drugs :- a. Girisindhoora – 200 gms

b. Nimbu swarasa –100ml

4. Procedure:

a. Girisindhoora was taken in the Khalva yantra.

b. Nimbuswarasa was added in the Khalva yantra.

c. Initially Mardana was done slowly to avoid the spillage of material.

d. When it attained semisolid consistency the mardana was carried out continuously

until it becomes powder form.

e. Girisindhoora was once again subjected above said procedure for 2 more times.

5. Observations:-

a. After 1 hour material was become semisolid consistency.

b. Girisindhoora completely turned into fine powder form after six hours.

c. The colour of Girisindhoora turned into bright red.

6. Precaution:-

a. Care should be taken while doing the Mardana for avoids the wastage.

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7. Result:

Initial weight of Girisindhoora – 200 gms.

Final weight - 230 gms

Weight gained - 30 gms.

Practical No.9

1.Name of the preparation :- Shodhana of Sasyaka in Nimbu swarasa

Date of commencement : - 27-3-05

Date of completion :- 27-3-05

Reference :– RT 21/112

2. Equipments :- Khalva yantra

3. Drugs :- a. Sasyaka – 20gms

b. Nimbusarasa – 10 ml

4. Procedure:

a. Sasyaka was taken in the Khalva yantra.

b. Nimbu swarasa added into the Sasyaka.

c. Initially mardana was done slowly to avoid the spillage of material.

d. When it attained semisolid consistency the mardana was carried out

continuously until it became powder form.

e. Sasyaka was once again subjected above said procedure for 2 more times.

5. Observation:

a. After 20 minutes was became semisolid consistency.

b. Sasyaka completely turned into powder form after 1 hour.

c. The colour of Sasyaka turned into green colour.

6. Precaution:

a. Care should be taken while doing the mardana for avoided the wastage.

7. Result:

Initial weight of Sasyaka – 20 gms.

Final weight - 25 gms

Weight gained - 5 gms.

84


Practical No.10

1. Name of the preparation :- Preparation of Yashadamrita malahara

Date of commencement : - 28-3-05

Date of completion :- 28-3-05

Reference :– RT 19/146-147

2. Equipments :- Khalva yantra,Vessel, Cloth, Spoon, Burner

3. Drugs :-

a. Sikta – 150gms

b. Tila taila – 750 gms

c. Yashada bhasma.- 300 gms

4. Procedure:

a. Above-mentioned quantity of Sikta and Tila taila was taken into vessel.

b. This vessel was subjected over mild fire.

c. Yashada bhasma was added into Sikta taila after melting and stirred well.

d. Then vessel was removed from the agni and allowed for self cooling.

5. Observation:

d. Sikta was melts in Tila taila within few seconds.

e. After cooling it becomes a soft butter like paste.

6. Precaution:

a. Care should be taken while doing the mardana for avoided the wastage of

the material.

7. Result:

Final product – 1180 gms.

85


Practical No.11

1.Name of the preparation :- Preparation of Sindhooradi Taila

Date of commencement : - 29 -3 -05

Date of completion :- 30 –3 -05

Reference :– RT – 21/162-163

2. Equipments :- Ulukula yantra, Vessel, Cloth, Spoon, Burner

3. Drugs :- a. Shodhita Sindhoora – 200 gms

b. Shodhita Sasyaka - 2 gms

c. Sarshapa taila - 2 lts

d. Arka - 480gms

e. Haridra - 480gms

f. Jala - 16 lts

4. Procedure:

a. Arka patra and Haridra was taken in Khalva yantra and prepared kalka.

b. Shodhita Sindhoora and Sasyaka were added into kalka.

c. The whole kalka and dravadravya are mixed together.

d. Sarshapa taila was then added, boiled and stirred continuosly.

e. After getting the Snehasiddi lakshana, Sneha was filtered at hot stage

through the cloth.

5. Observation:

a. Foam was observed when taila paka completed.

b. The colour of taila was become into green colour.

c. Taila paka was completed in two days.

6. Precaution:

a. During Sneha paka stirring was done continuosly for avoided kalka is

adhere the vessel.

b. Taila paka should be prepared madhyamagni only.

c. Kalka should be squeezed at hot stage.

7. Result: Final weight of product – 1900 ml

86

Methodology – Analytical Study

ANALYTICAL STUDY

The metallic and mineral preparation of Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia should be

analyzed for physical and chemical properties to confirm the genuinely & safety before

administration to the patients. Hence it is essential to adopt modern analytical

methodology for better understanding and interpretation of physico - chemical changes

occurred during the process.

Organoleptic characters and Physico chemical analysis done J.T Pharmacy college

Gadag, like Finess of particle test, Flow rate, Ash value, Acid insoluble ash of Yashada

bhasma and Boiling point, Specific gravity, Refractive index, Loss on drying at 1100c

Acid value and Saponification value of Sindhooradi Taila.

Yashada bhasma also assessed according to the Ayurvedic parameters also.

Showing Ayurvedic tests of Yashada bhasma

Name of the sample Varitaratwa Rekhapurnatwa Shlakshnatwa Nischandra

Yashada bhasma + + + +

Table No-18

1. The Finess of particle test:

It can be possible to use the ordinary microscope for particle size measuring

in the range of 0.2 micrometer to about 100 micrometer. According to microscope

method the fine powder was sprinkled on the slide covered with covering slip &

placed on a mechanical stage. In initially standardization of minometer was carried

out by coinciding the lines of both oculo minometer style minometer and standardized

by using the formula

SM -------- X 10 = m OM

In the next step, the style minometer was removed & the mounted slide

was placed on a mechanical stage & focused. The particles are measured alops an

orbitarily chosen fixed lines covered by the particles using the oculominometers. The

size of the particle was calculated using the standard value.

87


2. Flow property:

Yashada bhasma is very fine powder so to maintain the actual dose and for

better dispensing, bhasma is subjected to flow property test i.e. “ Angle of repose ” by

which we can analyze either the powder having very good flow property, good

property or a bad flow property.

Angle of repose (θ): - It is the maximum angle that can be obtained between the free

standing surface of a powder heap & the horizontal plane i.e. tan θ = 2h / D

Where D is the diameter of the circle & ‘h’ is the height of the powder heap

This test involves the hollow cylinder half is filled with Yashada bhasma

with one end sealed by transparent plate. The cylinder is rotated about its horizontal

axis until the powder surface cascades. The curved wall is lined with sand paper to

prevent preferential slip at this surface. If the value comes between 200– 400 indicates

reasonable flow potential.

3. Flow rates:

A simple indication of the ease with which a material can be induced to flow

is given by application of a compressibility index “ I ”

I = [1 – V ] x 100 Vo Where ‘ v ‘ is the volume occupied by sample of the powder after being

subjected to a standardized tapping procedure.

Vo = volume before tapping procedure

In this procedure one measuring cylinder is taken and is filled with Yashada

bhasma. The level of the Yashada bhasma should be noted. Then at a height of 2 cm

continuous 10 tapping should be done, after that the level of the Yashada bhasma in

the cylinder is once again noted & the value ‘I ’ is calculated with respect to the Vo &

V value. If the value

‘ I ’ is below 15% usually having good flow rates.

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4. Determination of Ash:

Method:

Incinerate about 2 to 3 g, accurately weighed, of the prepared sample in a tarred

platinum or silica dish at low temperature until free from carbon, cool and weigh. If a

carbon free ash cannot be obtained in this way, extract the charred mass with hot

water, collect the residue on an ashless filter paper, incinerate the residue and filter

paper add the filtrate, evaporate to dryness and ignite to constant weight at a low

temperature. Calculate the percentage of ash with reference to the moisture free drug.

5. Acid insoluble ash:

Boil the ash for 5 minutes with 25ml of dilute hydrochloric acid, collect the

insoluble matter in a Gooch crucible, or on an ashless filter paper, wash with hot

water and ignite to constant weight at a low temperature. Calculate the percentage of

acid insoluble ash with reference to the moisture free drug.

6. Boiling point:

An organic liquid boils at a fixed temperature, which is characteristic of that

substance. The presence of impurities raises its boiling point.

Method: Capillary tube method.

A few drops of the liquid are placed in a thin walled small test tube. A capillary

tube sealed at about 1 cm from one end, is dropped into it. The glass tube containing

the liquid and capillary is then tied along side a thermometer so the liquid stands just

near the bulb. The thermometer is then lowered in a beaker containing water or

Sulphuric acid.

The beaker is heated and the bath liquid stirred continuously with a ring stirrer.

When the boiling point is reached, bubbles issue in a rapid stream from the lower end

of the capillary. The thermometer is read when the evaluation of bubbles just stops.

The experiment is repeated with a fresh liquid in a new capillary and the boiling point

recorded as before. The mean of the two readings is taken to be correct boiling point

of the liquid under examination.

89


7. Specific gravity:

The specific gravity of a liquid is the weight of a given volume of the

liquid at the specific temperature compared with the weight of an equal volume of

water at the same temperature, all weighing being taken in air.

Procedure:

A pycnometer of 25 ml. Capacity is cleaned, dried and weighed. It is

filled up to the mark of water at the required temperature and weighed. The

pycnometer is next filled up to the mark with the sample, filtered with necessary, at

the same temperature and weighed. The specific gravity is determined by dividing the

weight of the sample expressed in grams.

8. Refractive Index:

The Refractive index (n) of a substance is the ratio of the velocity of light

in a vacuum to its velocity in the substance. It varies with the wavelength of the light

used in the measurement.

It may also be defined as the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to

the since of angle of refraction. Refractive indices are started in terms of sodium light

of wavelength 9893A at a temperature of 200 unless otherwise specified.

Refractometers:

Commercial instruments are normally constructed for use with white light but are

calibrated to give the refractive index in terms of the sodium D wavelength. The

maker’s instructions relating to a suitable light source should be followed.

Temperature control: A suitable device should be used for circulating water at the

required temperature through the Refractometer. The sample is filtered through a dry

filter.

Procedure:-

Circulate water through the instrument at the required temperature. Place a drop

of the liquid between the prisms, and take the reading after half a minute.

90


9. Loss on drying at1100:

One gram of Yashada bhasma accurately weighed, heated on electric oven up to

1100 c and again weighed. The difference in weighed was calculated & the result is

attached.

10. Acid Value:

The Acid value of an oil or fat is defined, as the number of milligrams of

Potassium hydroxide required neutralizing the free acid in one gram of the sample.

Method :

Mix 25ml Ether with 25ml alcohol (95%) and 1ml of 1% phenolphthalein

solution and neutralize with N/10 alkali (few drops). Dissolve about 5gm of the fat

or oil. Accurately weighed, in the mixed neutral solvent, and titrate with N/10

Potassium hydroxide, and shaking constantly until a pink colour which persists for

15seconds is obtained.

The titration should preferably not exceed about 10ml.

No. of ml of N/10 alkali used X 5.61 Acid value = Weight of sample in gm.

The free fatty acid content is also express as FFA, calculated as oleic acid%

(1ml. N/10) alkali = 0.028 gm oleic acid.

91


11. Saponification value:

The saponification value of an oil or fat is defined as the number of

milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the fatty resulting acids

from the complete hydrolysis of 1 gram of the sample.

Alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide:

Dissolve 35-40 g. potassium hydroxide in 20 ml of water and dilute to one

liter with alcohol (95%) Allow standing overnight and decanting off the pure liquid.

Method:

Weight 2g. of the oil or fat into a conical flask and add exactly 25ml of the

alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution. Attack a reflux condenser and heat the flask

in boiling water for one hour, shaking frequently. Add 1 ml of phenolphthalein (1%)

solution and titration the excess alkali with N/2 hydrochloric acid (titration=a ml)

carry out a blank at the same time (titration=b ml).

(b-a) x 56.1 Saponification value = Wt. In g. of sample

92

Methodology – Clinical Study

CLINICAL STUDY

This clinical study was conducted after proper understanding of classical

explanations, observations and management of Vicharchika. For this clinical study

clinical symptoms and the management of Vicharchika are taken into consideration.

Objectives of the study:

1. Preparation of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila

2. Physico- chemical analysis of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila

3. Clinical- evaluation of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila on

Vicharchika.

The materials are studied as under:

1. Literary aspect of the study regarding the drug was collected from the

Rasatarangini, Rasamrita, Rasaratna samuchchaya etc Rasagranthas and modern

inorganic chemistry and processed in pharmacy section of P.G.R.C.DGM

Ayurvedic medical collage according to the classical methods.

2. Literary aspect of disease was collected from the various Ayurvedic classics,

magazines and journals. The information regarding the disease is updated from

Internet search.

3. Patients: The patients with confirmed diagnosis of Vicharchika (Eczema) were

selected from the O.P.D. Section of P.G.R.C.D.G.M. Ayurvedic medical college

hospital Gadag.

Methods of collection of data:

a. Inclusive criteria:

1. The patients of Vicharchika will be diagnosed according classical features and

dermatological studies.

2. Irrespective of sex, patients will be selected between the age of 16 years to 60 years.

93


b. Exclusive criteria:

The patients who are suffering from any other systematic disorder will be excluded.

c. Study design:

Patients of Vicharchika with confirmed diagnosis selected as for simple

random sampling method with pretest and post test design all patients will be

assigned to a two group.

d. Sample size:

A minimum of 30 patients are selected and 15 in each group randomly selected.

The grouping is as follows:

Group A – Yashadamrita malahara

Group B – Sindhooradi taila

e. Posology: For external application, as required.

f. Duration of treatment: 21days.

g. Follow up: 15 days.

h. Assessment of result:

Results of the treatment were assessed on the basis of difference between the

baseline data and assessment data of the subjective and objective parameters. These

differences are subjected for the statistical analysis by applying paired and unpaired

‘t’test and nonparametric test (if necessary) if ‘p’ value is less than 0.05 the test is

highly significant.

Subjective parameters: As designated in texts

1. Varna

2. Pidaka

3. Srava

4. Kandu

5. Vedana vishesha

94


Objective parameters:

1. Hemoglobin

2. Total count

3. Differential count

4. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

5. Absolute eosinophile count

Grades of subjective Parameters:

1. Varna: 0 - Normal 1- Mild 2 – Moderate 3 - Severe

2. Kandu: 0 - Normal 1- Mild 2 – Moderate 3 - Severe

3. Pidika: 0 - Normal 1- Mild 2 – Moderate 3 - Severe

4. Srava: 0 - Normal 1- Mild 2 – Moderate 3 - Severe

5. Vedana vishesha: 0 - Normal 1- Mild 2 – Moderate 3 - Severe

As the objective parameters are not suggesting any role in the assessment

of results in this study, so here assessment of results is made only with subjective

parameters.

Over all Assessment of results:

The overall assessments of results in the present study were grouped into

the following categories.

Cured : Complete subsidence of all the subjective symptoms.

Much responded : Complete subsidence of 3 or 4 subjective symptoms.

Moderately responded : Reduction of 2 subjective symptoms.

Responded : Reduction of only one subjective symptom.

Not responded : No reduction of subjective symptoms.

95

Discussion

DISCUSSION

The study entitled “ The Preparation, physico chemical study of Yashadamrita

malahara and Sindhooradi taila and comparative clinical study on Vicharchika” is

presented in 4 parts for both preparations.

1. Literary study

2. Pharmaceutical study

3. Analytical study

4. Clinical study

YASHADAMRITA MALAHARA 1. Literary study:

Literary study explained under two headings.i.e Drug review and Disease

review. In drug review Yashada is discussed according to ayurvedic as well as modern

concept.

a. Yashada might knew to the ancient Ayurvedic scholars, because its alloys are

already mentioned before 15 AD and only its medicine value may be detected

later. So in 15th AD it is mentioned by Madanapala and next by Bhavamisra.

b. When Arabians comes to India for business, then this metal became popular by

name the “Jashada” due to its multidimensional pharmacological property and

they used it for preparing ornaments.

c. Even modern science believed that zinc is a one of the trace elements of the body.

Many times they used it as a nutritive, antioxidant etc.

d. Yogaratnakara was the first person who mentioned Malahara kalpana and

Rasataranginikara was the only one person who mentioned Yashadamrita

malahara.

Under disease review Ayurvedic concept of Vicharchika and modern concept of

Eczema (allergic dermatitis) is discussed.

118

Discussion

Vicharchika is said to be exist since Vedic period. Our Acharyas like Charaka,

Sushruta and Vagbhata described Vicharchika as a variety of Kshudra Kushta. For the

present study Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila are selected due to their

Vicharchikahara property.

Although Vicharchika is Tridoshaja Vyadhi it is Pitta and Kapha pradhana

Vyadhi. The lakshana of Vicharchika are Varna, Kandu, Pidika, Srava and Vedana

vishesha

According to modern science the Eczema and dermatitis are being used

synonymously and referred to distinctive pattern of the skin which can be either acute

or chronic due to number of causes including allergy.

Allergy is the term applied to the natural or spontaneous manifestations of

hypersensitiveness in man, which includes Asthma, Hay fever and Eczema, Urticaria

and Migraine.

The clinical features of allergy are erythema, itching, burning, oozing etc. 2.Pharmaceutical study.

Shodhana:

Shodhana not only intended to remove the impurities or toxic material, but also

makes the metal suitable for further procedure & enhances its potency.

In present study samanya shodhana was carried out by doing nirvapana in Tila

taila, Takra, Gomutra, Kanji, Kulaththa kwatha for 7 times in each. and Vishesha

shodhana with nirvapana in Haridrayukta Nirgundi swarasa for 3 times.

In the above said medias Tila taila is neutral where as other medias contain

several acidic compounds, hence some of them are acidic in nature. During processing

with these drugs the organic acids act slowly on metal and help in attainment of

brittleness.

119

Discussion

Scum was observed in molten surface, this is because of high temperature molten Zinc

reacts with external air (steam) and liberates hydrogen forming Zinc oxide (scum).

Explosive sound is produced because

Melting & pouring Zn ZnO2 + H2

In shodhana media (Aqueous in nature) When molten metal was poured in shodhana media, it breaks the water

molecules & releases hydrogen gas immediately this produces explosive sounds. The

intensity of sound depends upon the concentration of hydrogen gas released at that

time. At the same time oxygen is reacts with the metal forms Zinc oxide i.e. ZnO.

Weight loss after shodhana might be due to scum formation on molten surface

that is removed.

Vishesha shodhana is intended to bring diseases specification to drug. In

Yashada vishesha shodhana, Nirgundi & Haridra are used where Nirgundi is best

Kapha vata shamaka & Raktashodhaka. Haridra used for shodhana not only converts

Yashada into shodhita form but also helpful in Vicharchika, as it has a kapha shamaka,

Raktashodhaka, kushtaghna, krimighna, varnya etc. properties. Hence Nirgundi and

Haridra are selected for this procedure.

Marana:

For pootilohas one intermediate procedure is mentioned prior to prepare the

bhasma. Several jarana methods mentioned for Yashada, but in this study I have taken

agnijarita yashada bhasma preparation. In this procedure Yashada is heated in an iron

pan for a long duration i.e. more than 7500c. Due to continuous heat specific gravity of

a metal may decrease, and mass volume increases. Hence metal looses its metallic

bonds. Rubbing with iron ladle vigorously create a pressure on brittle elements

converting into powder form i.e.bhasma form. This is irreversible phenomenon.

120

Discussion

Weight loss of bhasma after marana due to oxidation process, the elements are

definitely looses their atomic weight.

Preparation of Yashadamrita Malahara.

Here sikta taila is used as a base and the main ingredient is Yashada bhasma. Tila

taila is best kapha shamaka, lekhana, krimighna, and twachya, where as sikta is

sandhanakara, vrunaropaka, kandughna and kushtanashaka. That’s why sikta taila is

taken as base for the Yashadamrita Malahara. So it not only acts as a base it also helps

in the curing disease.

3. Analytical study:

1. The end product is subjected for organoleptic characters it is inert, smooth, free

from greasy. So it is easily applicable and does not produce irritation or

sensitization of the skin.

2. This malahara contain Yashada bhasma so to confirm the standared and completion

of oxidation of Yashada. Agnijarita Yashada bhasma is subjected to “Total ash and

Acid insoluble ash test”, the values are Total ash 100% and Acid insoluble ash 29%

so it is proved that bhasma prepared by Agnijarita method is genuine one and it is

completely converted into Vijatiya to Sajatiya i.e. completely oxide form.

3. This compound is only indicated externally so to know either the bhasma is

absorbable through normal skin orifices or not. To confirm the particle size of the

Yashada bhasma, sample is subjected for “Fineness of particle test”. This test was

done in microscope it is evident that the particle sizes of Yashada bhasma

Arithmetic mean is 5.4 micrometer. Mean volume surface diameter is 1.57

micrometer. So by this it is know that Yashada bhasma particles are very fine in

nature, which definitely absorbs through normal skin orifices.

121

Discussion

4. Clinical study:

In this clinical study out of 30 patients 15 patients were selected for the

treatment of Yashadamrita Malahara in the management of Vicharchika.

The demographic data shows that most of the patients comes under middle

age group (73.33%) and male patients (73.33%), which suggests that it was seen more

in middle age and males.

All the 15 patients presented with subjective symptoms like Varna, Kandu

and Pidika. Out of 15 patients, 6 patients have srava and 7 patients have Vedana

vishesha of varying degree before and after the treatment.

Yashadamrita malahara was found highly significant with P<0.001 in Varna

with 33.33% of the patients completely relieved from Varna, 40% were relieved from

Pidaka and 40% were relieved from Kandu and 93.33% in Srava(P<0.02).

In this group out of 15 patients 5 patients (33.33%) have been cured, 5 patients

(33.33%) have been much responded, 3 patients (20%) have been moderately

responded, 2 patients (13.33%) have responded and no patients were found

unresponded.

In objective parameters variations are not more, which are found in normal range

comparing to before and after treatment.

Probable mode of action of Yashadamrita Malahara.

In the present study an effect has been made to discuss the probable mode of

action of Yashadamrita malahara on Vicharchika.The pharmacodynamic properties of

Yashada bhasma is

Rasa – Kashaya, Tikta Guna – Sheeta

Veerya – Sheeta Doshaghnata – Kapha pitta shamaka

Karma – Vrunaropaka, Vrunashamaka

Tila taila,

Rasa – Madhura, Kashaya, Tikta Veerya – Ushna

Guna – Sukshma, Vyavayi, Vikasi, Sara, Guru, Teekshna, Vishada.

Karma – Lekhana, Twachchya, Krimighna

122

Discussion

Sikta,

Rasa - Madhura Guna – Snigdha, Pichchala

Karma – Sandhanakara, Vrunaropaka, Kandughna, Kushtaghna.

The drugs used in the shodhana also induce the kapha pitta property in the

Yashada bhasma.

Even in modern science also, it is expected to be zinc has a good

antiseptic, astringent, local sedative action, it reduces the chronic inflammation it

checks the bleeding and secretion from broken skin by precipitating the secretions, it

provides soothing and protective effect to skin.

So by this yoga main dominated doshas i.e. Kapha pitta in sravi Vicharchika.

So it is best in srava, kandu, pidikayukta Vicharchika.

SINDHOORADI TAILA

1. Literary study:

In drug review ingredients of Sindhooradi taila are discussed according to

Ayurvedic as well as modern concept.

a. Girisindhoora is well known to ancients and they included it in sadharanarasa,

where as Bhavaprakasha and Rasataranginikara consider it as a upadhatu. By this it

may be argued that Girisindhoora might be the derivative of the metal and even

chemical analysis also proved that it is lead pro oxide.

b. Sindhoora found in mineral form, but most of the authorities not mentioned

shodhana and Marana. But some authorities mention bhavana with godugdha or

amlavarga dravya. It may be due to its external limitation.

c. Sasyaka is well known ancient Ayurvedic authorities and it is used in various

pathological conditions. Many times Sasyaka and Tutthya used synonymsly but

both are different. Because grahyalakshana of sasyaka do not correlate with the

tutthya, that means tutthya is artificial form of copper sulphate. Where as sasyaka is

natural, both are used internal as well as external followed by shodhana, marana,

amritikarana n various pathological condition.

123

Discussion

d. Arka, Haridra and Sarshapa are used as a traditional medicine in various

pathological conditions.

Disease review is done in last chapter.

2. Pharmaceutical study.

a. Various types of Taila kalpanas mentioned in the classics. In Sindhooradi taila

Rasataranginikara used sarshapa taila because it mitigates the vata and kapha, it is

best Raktashodhaka, Kandughna, Kushtaghna, Kothaghna and Krimighna.

b. Girisindhoora is Tridoshashamaka, Kushtaghna, Kandughna, Vrunaropana and

shodhana. Even modern science also used in various ointments and liniments,

which are indicated in eczema, eruptive skin disease, ulcers etc.

c. Sasyaka has Kaphapittashamaka, Krimihara, Kushtaghna, Kandughna, and

Vrunaropaka karma. Even modern science also used as local astringent on broken

Skin, antiseptic, it can kill the bacteria fungi and protozoa, it is used to destroy

excerbent granulations, ulcers, eczema, trachoma, as a lotion. Even it can be used

internally.

d. Arka and Haridra, these two drugs used as a kalka dravya along with Sindhoora

and Sasyaka in the preparation Sindhooradi taila. Arka has Kapha pitta shamaka,

Vedanashamaka, Shothahara, Vrunashodhaka and Kushtaghna. Haridra has

Kaphavatashamaka, Vedanashamaka, Shothahara, Vrunashodhana and ropana,

Krimighna and Kushtaghna.

The intention is the preparation of taila of the above combination might be to

store the active principle of compound drug and make it suitable for application.

e. Girisindhoora is red in colour, but the colour of Sindhooradi taila was changed

might be due to chemical reaction with organic matter and also quantity of

Sindhoora is less than kalka dravya.

124

Discussion

3. Analytical study.

1. To know the concentration of saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, compound is

subjected to “Acid value test and Saponification test”, and then it is comes to

know that the compound has Acid value 5.865 i.e. unsaturated fatty acid

concentrations and Saponification value 200 that is saturated fatty acid. So this

taila only indicated externally then also it will not produces any free radicals by

the absorption. There by it is confirmed that classically prepared this taila is

samyak siddha taila, because by this procedure unsaturated taila is converted into

saturated fatty acid.

2. To confirm either taila is highly viscid or the clear solution, compound is

subjected to “Refractive index test”, the value of this test is 1.608 and “Specific

gravity test”, value is 0.86. By this it is confirmed that taila is very clear and not

viscid, their by is absorbed very quickly.

3. When the compound is subject to the test “Loss on 1100c”, the value of this test is

0.86% w/ w and boiling point is 1200c to 1250c. So it is confirmed that taila is free

from water molecule and no chance of microorganism growth.

4. Clinical study.

In this clinical study out of 30 patients 15 patients were selected for the treatment

of Sindhooradi taila in the management of Vicharchika.

The demographic data shows that most of the patients come under middle age

group (93.33%) and male patients (73.33%), which suggests that it was seen more in

middle age and males.

All the 15 patients presented with subjective symptoms like Varna, Kandu and

Pidika. Out of 15 patients, 3 patients have srava and 9 patients have vedana vishesha

of varying degree before and after the treatment.

Sindhooradi taila was found highly significant with P<0.001 in Varna with

46.66% of the patients completely relieved from Varna, 80% were relieved from

Pidaka and 80% were relieved from Kandu and not significant with P>0.05 in Srava.

125

Discussion

In this group out of 15 patients 7 patients (46.66%) have been cured, 6 patients

(40%) have been much responded, 2 patients (13.33%) have been moderately

responded, and no patients were found doesn’t responded.

In objective parameters variations are not more, which are found in normal range

comparing to before and after treatment.

Probable mode of action of Sindhooradi taila.

In the present study an effect has been made to discuss the probable mode of

action of Sindhooradi taila on Vicharchika.The pharmacodynamic properties of

Girisindhoora is

Rasa – Katu, Tikta Guna – Ushna

Veerya – Ushna Doshaghnata – Tridosha shamaka

Karma – Vrunaropaka & shodhaka, Kushtaghna, Kandughna etc

It is a local stimulant and indicated in eczema, eruptive skin disease, ulcers etc

Sasyaka

Rasa – Kashaya, kshara Guna – Laghu, Sheeta

Veerya – Sheeta Doshaghnata – Kaphapitta shamaka

Karma – Vrunaropaka, Kushtaghna, Kandughna, Krimighna etc

Act as local astringent on broken skin, antiseptic, destroy excerbent

granulations, ulcers, eczema,

Arka

Guna: Laghu, ruksha, teekshan Vipaka – Katu

Rasa – Katu, Tikta Veerya – Ushna

Doshaghnata – Kaphapitta shamaka.

Karma - Vedana sthapana, Shothahara, Vrunashodhana, Kushtaghna, Jantughna

Haridra:

Guna – Ruksha, Laghu Vipaka – Katu

Rasa – Tikta, Katu Veerya – Ushna

Doshaghnata – Kaphavatashamaka

Karma- Shothahara, Vedanasthapana, Varnya, Kushtagna, Vrunashodhana &

Ropana.

126

Discussion

Sarshapa:

Guna –Snigdha laghu(oil) Veerya – Ushna

Rasa- Katu, Tikta Vipaka – katu

Doshaghnata – Vatakaphashamaka

Karma - Raktashodhaka, Kandu & Kothaghna, Krimighna, Kushtaghna.

By observing these properties all drugs are having kapha shamaka and

Kushta, Kandu and shothahara etc properties. So this yoga is best in the Vicharchika,

which is Kapha pradhana Kushta vyadhi.

DISCUSSION ON COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY

This study is conducted as a comparative clinical study on Vicharchika by

observing above all data and by statistical result. It is proved that, both the formulations

are having similar significant value for Kandu. But group A (Yashadamrita malahara) is

highly significant for Sravi Vicharchika and group B (Sindhooradi taila) is significant for

Rooksha Vicharchika.

127

Conclusion

CONCLUSION

1. As Rasaushadies are mainly meant for asadhya vyadhis, and it is proved by these

two formulation containing Rasadravya on Vicharchika.

2. The drugs used in shodhana definitely modify the drug suitable for further

procedure and induce the disease curing property.

3. Agnijarita Yashada bhasma mainly indicated in external use. But by physico –

chemical analysis it is proved that even agnijarita Yashada bhasma as it passes all

the bhasma pariksha same as Yashada bhasma which is prepared by following

Jarana as a intermediate procedure.

1. By physico – chemical analysis it is proved that Sindhooradi taila is very clear and

not viscid, their by is absorbed very quickly without producing any free radical

and is free from water molecule, so no chance of microorganism growth.

2. These two formulations quoted by Rasataranginikara in Vicharchika, but by

statistical value it is proved that Yashadamrita malahara is choice remedy in Sravi

Vicharchika and Sindhooradi taila in Rooksha Vicharchika

128

Conclusion

SCOPE OF THE FURTHER STUDY

1. Agnijarita Yashada bhasma mainly indicated in external use. As it passes all the

bhasma pariksha same as Yashada bhasma which is prepared by following Jarana

as a intermediate procedure. So it needs animal experiment for its toxicity study.

2. In Kushtaroga repeated shodhana followed by shamanoshadhi is mentioned. But

by rasadravyayukta yogas disease is subsided. So in this view a comparative

clinical study with big size sample with long duration can be carried out.

129

Observation and Results

OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

The present comparative clinical study was meant for evaluation of efficacy of

Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila in the management of Vicharchika. Total

30 patients were taken randomly selected for the above mentioned study. The entire

patients were assessed before and after treatment. Both subjective and objective changes

were recorded according to the performa of case sheet. The collective data is grouped

into 8 categories.

1. Observation based on age.

2. Observation based on sex.

3. Observation based on education.

4. Observation based on marital status.

5. Observation based on religion.

6. Observation based on occupation.

7. Observation based on economical status.

8. Observation based on Vicharchika lakshanas

96


Observations of patients based on Age.

Age

in years

No.of patients

Group A

%

No.of patients

Group B

%

Total

%

16-20 02 13.33 00 00.00 02 06.66

21-30 01 06.66 04 26.66 05 16.66

31-40 05 33.33 03 20.00 08 26.66

41-50 05 33.33 07 46.66 02 40.00

51-60 02 13.33 01 06.66 03 10.00

Total 15 99.98 15 99.98 30 99.98

Table No.19

In the present observation from both groups maximum number of patients 8

(26.66 %) belongs to the age group 31- 40, 5 patients belongs to 21-30, 3 patients belongs

to 51-60, and 2 patients comes under 16-20 and 41-50 age group

6.66

16.66

26.66

40

10

05

1015202530354045

16-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60Age

Perc

enta

ge

%

Graph-1

97


Observations of patients based on Sex

Sex No.of patients

Group A

% No.of patients

Group B

% Total %

Male 11 73.33 11 73.33 22 73.33

Female 04 26.66 04 26.66 08 26.66

Total 15 99.99 15 99.99 30 99.99

Table No.-20

From the both groups a total of 22 male (73.33%) and 8 females (26.66%) are

reported. This shows that the exposure for the disease Vicharchika is more in males

because they work outside exposing to different Nidana.

73.33

26.66

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Male FemaleSex

Perc

enta

ge

%

Graph-2

98


Observations of patients based on Education

Education No.of patients

Group A

% No.of patients

Group B

% Total %

Educated 10 66.66 09 60 19 63.33

Un-Educated 05 33.33 06 40 11 36.66

Total 15 99.99 15 100 30 99.99

Table No.-21

Even though there is no specific relation to the disease, but awareness to the

Ayurvedic treatment and faith is observed in this study. It explains that educated 19

patients (63.33) and uneducated 11 patients (36.66) from both groups are reported.

Observations of patients based on marital rates:

Marriage No.of patients

Group A

% No.of patients

Group B

% Total %

Married 12 80 10 66.66 22 73.33

Un-Married 03 20 05 33.33 08 26.66

Total 15 100 15 99.99 30 99.99

Table No.-22

In this study many are married i.e.22 patients (73.33) and unmarried are rest of 8

patients from both groups.

99


Observations of patients based on Religion

Religion No.of patients

Group A

% No.of patients

Group B

% Total %

Hindu 13 86.66 12 80 25 83.33

Muslim 02 13.33 03 20 05 16.66

Others 00 00.00 00 00 00 00.00

Total 15 99.99 15 100 30 99.99

Table No.-23

Present study explains Hindu, Muslim are reported with problem of Vicharchika.

It does not mean that others are not having this problem. The area in which study

undertook has 2 groups of populations. Out of 30 patients 25 patients (83.33%) belongs

to Hindu religion and 5 patients (16.66 %) belong to Muslim religion.

0

83.33

16.66

0102030405060708090

Hindu Muslim OthersReligion

Perc

enta

ge

%

Graph-3

100


Observations of patients based on Occupation

Occupation No.of patients

Group A

% No.of patients

Group B

% Total %

Agriculture 04 26.66 03 20.00 07 23.33

Student 03 20.00 01 06.66 04 13.33

Housewife 04 26.66 04 26.66 08 26.66

Employee 03 20.00 02 13.33 05 16.66

Business 01 06.66 05 33.33 06 20.00

Total 15 99.98 15 99.98 30 99.98

Table No.-24

In this study we consider the 5 categories of occupation for the convenience of

studies. Out of 30 patients 8 patients (26,66 %) belongs to the housewife, 7 patients

(23.33%) belongs to the agriculture, 6 patients (20%) belongs to business, 5 patients

belongs to the employee 4 patients (13.33) belongs to the student.

23.33

13.33

26.66

2016.66

05

1015202530

Agricu

lture

Studen

t

House

wife

Employe

e

Busine

ss

Occupation

Perc

enta

ge %

Graph - 4

101


Observations of patients based on Economical status

Status No.of patients

Group A

% No.of patients

Group B

% Total %

Pour 50 33.33 20 13.33 07 23.33

Middle class 10 66.66 13 86.66 23 76.66

Higher class 00 00.00 00 00.00 00 00.00

Total 15 99.99 15 99.99 30 99.99

Table No.-25

It refers to the physical and psychological status of an individual patient. Out of

30 patients 23 patients (76.66%) belong to middle class, 7 Patients (23.33%) belong to

poor class and no patients belong to higher class.

76.66

23.33

00

102030405060708090

Pour Middle class Higher classStatus

Perc

enta

ge

%

Graph - 5

102


Observations based on Vicharchika lakshanas

Group A Group B Symptoms

B % A % B % A %

Varna 15 100 10 66.66 15 100 7 46.66

Pidika 15 100 09 60.00 15 100 3 20.00

Srava 06 040 01 06.66 03 020 1 06.66

Kandu 15 100 09 60.00 15 100 3 20.00

Vedana 07 46.66 01 06.66 06 040 0 00.00

Table No.-26

The above table shows the number percentage of the patients complaining the

Vicharchika lakshana before & after the treatment. Before the treatment 15 patients have

the complaint Varna, Pidika, Kandu in both groups. After the treatment 10 and 7 patients

have Varna, 9 and 3 patients have Pidika and Kandu in group A and group B

respectively.

Before the treatment 6 patients have the complaint Srava in-group A and 3

patients in group B. After treatment 1 patient in-group A and I patient in-group B has the

same complaint.

Before the treatment 7 patients have the complaint Vedana in group A and 6

patients in-group B. After the treatment 1 patient complaint in-group A and no patients

have same complaint in-group B.

103


Observation related to response to the treatment

Showing the grades of “Varna” Before treatment in group A & B No.of patients Group Grade

0 % 1 % 2 % 3 %

15 A - - 3 20.00 6 40 06 40.00

15 B - - 2 13.33 3 20 10 66.66

Table No.-27

Showing the grades of “Varna” After treatment in group A & B

No.of patients Group Grade

0 % 1 % 2 % 3 %

15 A 5 33.33 7 46.66 3 20 - -

15 B 7 46.66 7 46.66 1 6.66 - -

Table No.-28

Showing the grades of Pidika before treatment in Group A & Group B.

No. of patients Group Grade

0 % 1 % 2 % 3 %

15 A - - 4 26.66 8 53.22 3 20

15 B - - 2 13.33 7 46.66 6 40

Table No.-29

Showing the grades of Pidika After treatment in group A & B

Table No.-30

0 – Normal 1 – Mild 2 – Moderate 3 - Severe


0 % 1 % 2 % 3 %

15 A 6 40 9 60 - - - -

15 B 12 80 3 20 - - - -

104


Showing the grades of Srava before treatment in Group A & Group B.


0 % 1 % 2 % 3 %

15 A 9 60 4 26.66 2 13.33 - -

15 B 12 80 1 06.66 2 13.33 - -

Table No.-31

Showing the grades of Srava after treatment in Group A & Group B.


0 % 1 % 2 % 3 %

15 A 14 93.33 1 6.6 - - - -

15 B 14 93.33 1 6.6 - - - -

Table No.-32

Showing the grades of Kandu before treatment in Group A & Group B.

No. Of patients Group Grade

0 % 1 % 2 % 3 %

15 A 2 13.33 5 33.33 8 53.22

15 B 1 6.66 2 13.33 12 80

Table No.-33

Showing the grades of Kandu after treatment in Group A & Group B.

Table No.-34



0 % 1 % 2 % 3 %

15 A 06 40 8 53.22 1 6.66 - -

15 B 12 80 3 20.00 - - - -

105


Showing the grades of Vedana before treatment in Group A & Group B.


0 % 1 % 2 % 3 %

15 A 8 53.22 7 46.66 - - - -

15 B 6 40.00 9 60.00 - - - -

Table No.-35

Showing the grades of Vedana after treatment in Group A & Group B.

Table No.-36



0 % 1 % 2 % 3 %

15 A 14 93.33 1 6.66 - - - -

15 B 15 100.0 - - - - - -

106


RESULTS

30 patients were studied in two groups with 15 patients in each. Group A

patients treated with Yashadamrita Malahara and group B patients were treated with

Sindhooradi taila. The results obtained in the two groups were assessed on the basis of

Varna, Kandu, Pidika, Srava and Vedana vishesha. and Hb%, TC, DC, ESR and AEC

Assessment Of Subjective Parameters Of Group A

(Yashadamrita Malahara)

Sl.No O P D Varna Pidika Srava Kandu Vedana Vishesha

BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT

1 1154 3 2 3 1 0 0 3 1 1 0

2 1198 2 1 2 0 1 0 3 2 1 0

3 2351 2 2 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 1

4 2490 3 1 2 1 0 0 3 1 0 0

5 2553 3 0 3 1 0 0 3 0 0 0

6 2600 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0

7 2948 3 1 2 1 1 0 3 1 1 0

8 3153 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

9 3432 2 1 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 0

10 3908 1 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 0 0

11 3922 3 2 2 1 0 0 3 1 0 0

12 3985 2 1 2 0 2 0 2 0 1 0

13 4115 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

14 4051 3 1 2 1 0 0 3 1 0 0

15 4118 2 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0

Table No.-37

BT-Before Treatment, AT-After Treatment

0 – Normal, 1 – Mild, 2 – Moderate, 3 - Severe

107


Assessment of Subjective Parameters of Group B

(Sindhooradi taila)

Sl.No O P D Varna Pidika Srava Kandu Vedana

Vishesha


1 1102 3 2 3 1 0 0 3 1 1 0

2 1179 3 1 2 0 1 0 3 2 1 0

3 2320 2 2 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 0

4 2484 3 1 2 1 0 0 3 1 0 0

5 2545 1 0 3 1 0 0 3 0 0 0

6 2557 3 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0

7 2837 2 1 2 1 1 0 3 1 1 0

8 3103 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

9 3430 3 1 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 0

10 3635 3 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 0 0

11 3436 1 2 2 1 0 0 3 1 0 0

12 3439 3 1 2 0 2 0 2 0 1 0

13 4043 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

14 4068 2 1 2 1 0 0 3 1 0 0

15 4132 3 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0

Table No.-38



108


Assessment of Objective Parameters of Group A

(Yashadamrita Malahara)

Sl.No O P D AEC Hb% ESR TC DC (E)


1 1154 580 560 12 11.8 12 11 5300 5100 1 22

2 1198 520 530 11.5 12 14 13 6200 6300 5 4

3 2351 480 460 10 10 13 14 4800 5000 3 3

4 2490 550 560 10.5 10 18 16 6200 6400 4 4

5 2553 600 580 11 10.8 20 18 5400 5200 6 5

6 2600 450 440 9.8 10 12 13 5200 5300 2 2

7 2948 500 490 10.2 10.4 10 11 6800 7000 3 2

8 3153 400 430 13 12.8 08 10 7200 7100 4 4

9 3432 450 460 12 13 09 10 9800 9600 1 2

10 3908 480 460 11.5 12 07 08 4500 4600 5 4

11 3922 540 520 12.4 12 06 06 5400 5500 3 2

12 3985 450 410 10.4 10 11 12 8800 9000 3 2

13 4115 240 250 12 11 15 14 8500 8200 2 3

14 4051 360 320 13 13.2 13 14 7900 8000 2 2

15 4118 390 410 12.5 13 12 12 6300 6400 1 2

Table No.-39



109


Assessment of objective parameters of Group B

(Sindhooradi taila)

Sl.No O P D AEC Hb% ESR TC DC (E)


1 1102 600 590 10 102 16 12 4000 4200 5 4

2 1179 602 600 12 12.4 20 18 6700 6500 4 4

3 2320 500 480 10.5 11 14 14 5000 5200 4 3

4 2484 525 510 11 11 12 12 5500 5300 6 6

5 2545 450 438 10.8 10.5 10 12 6400 6500 2 3

6 2557 475 468 10 10.2 14 12 6600 6400 3 5

7 2837 430 418 11.5 12 8 06 6800 6700 4 3

8 3103 498 470 12.4 12.5 10 08 6300 6400 5 4

9 3430 503 494 13 13 12 10 3500 4000 3 3

10 3635 550 536 12 12.4 14 12 3800 4000 6 5

11 3436 302 295 10 10.2 6 04 7000 6800 1 2

12 3439 465 460 10.5 10 14 12 8500 8200 2 2

13 4043 256 248 9.8 10 08 06 9200 9000 3 4

14 4068 230 225 10 10.5 12 12 7100 7200 1 3

15 4132 403 328 11 11.4 10 10 5400 5500 4 6

Table No.-40



110


Statistical analysis of Subjective parameters (Group-A)

Parameters

Mean S.D S.E T.Value P.Value Remarks

Varna

1.333 0.723 0.186 7.166 < 0.001 H.S

Pidika

1.333 0.487 0.125 10.664 < 0.001 H.S

Srava

0.466 0.639 0.165 2.824 < 0.02 H.S

Kandu

1.733 0.593 0.153 11.32 < 0.001 H.S

Vedana vishesha

0.4 0.507 0.130 3.076 < 0.01 H.S

Table No.-41

Subjective parameters in Group – A statistical analysis showed highly significant

Statistical analysis of Objective parameters (Group-A)

Parameters


AEC

20.66 10.32 2.666 7.751 < 0.001 H.S

Hb%

0.4 0.287 0.074 5.45 < 0.001 H.S

ESR

1.113 0.639 0.165 6.866 < 0.02 H.S

TC

173.33 70.37 18.17 9.53 < 0.001 H.S

DC

0.733 0.457 0.118 6.211 < 0.001 H.S

Table No.-42

Objective parameters in Group – A statistical analysis showed highly significant.

111


Statistical analysis of Subjective parameters (Group-B)

Table No.-43

Subjective parameters in Group – B statistical analysis showed highly significant

Statistical analysis of Objective parameters (Group-B)

Parameters


Varna

15.26 17.76 4.587 3.326 < 0.001 H.S

Pidica

0.293 0.179 0.046 6.36 < 0.001 H.S

Srava

1.6 1.121 0.289 5.536 > 0.05 H.S

Kandu

206.66 103.27 26.66 7.75 < 0.001 H.S

Vedana vishesha

0.933 0.703 0.181 5.154 < 0.05 H.S

Table No.-44

Objective parameters in Group – B statistical analysis showed highly significant

Parameters


Varna

1.933 0.703 0.181 10.67 < 0.001 H.S

Pidika

2.06 0.593 0.153 13.46 < 0.001 H.S

Srava

0.266 0.593 0.153 1.738 > 0.05 H.S

Kandu

2.533 0.639 0.165 15.35 < 0.001 H.S

Vedana vishesha

0.4 0.507 0.130 3.07 < 0.05 H.S

112


Statistical analysis of comparative study of Group-A & B (After Treatment)

Parameters

Group Mean S.D S.E P.S.E t.value p.value Ramarks

A

0.866 0.743 0.191 Varna

B

0.6 0,632 0.163

0.251

1.05

>0.05

N.S

A

0.6 0.507 0.130 Pidika

B

0.333 0.723 0.186

0.22

1.22

>0.05

N.S

A

0.066 0.258 0.06 Srava

B

0.066 0.258 0.06

0.084

A

0.666 0.617 0.159 Kandu

B

0.2 0.414 0.106

0.191

2.439

< 0.05

H.S

A

0.066 0.258 0.066 Vedana

Vishesha B

0.00 0.00 00.00

0.066

1.00

> 0.05

N.S

A

458.66 90.14 23.27 A E C

B

437.33 115.21 29.74

37.76

0.564

> 0.05

N.S

A

11.466 12.20 0.315

Hb% B

11.15 1.048 0.27

0.414

0.763

> 0.05

N.S

A

12.133 3.020 0.779 E S R

B

10.133 3.518 0.908

1.196

1.231

> 0.05

N.S

A

10.666 1547.44 399.54 T C

B

6580.0 1454.28 375.49

548.29

0.826

> 0.05

N.S

A

6126.66 1.06 0.273 D C

B

2.866 1.264 0.326

0.425

2.197

< 0.05

H.S

Table No.-45

113


When compare the mean effects of two groups after the treatment, except the

parameter Kandu all other parameters shows not significant. The Kandu shows highly

significant (P < 0.05). The mean effect of the parameter Srava is same in both the groups.

Individually both groups show highly significant, but over all group B

performance is better than group A in all the parameters except Srava.

In subjective parameters (as P< 0.01 by comparing t - value), the parameter

Varna, Kandu, Pidika shows more highly significant in-group B than group A before and

after the treatment. The parameter Vedana vishesha shows same effect in both the groups.

(By comparing t – value, p – value, mean and SD)

In objective parameters in both groups show highly significant.

Comparative overall Assessment of therapeutic response of Group A & group B “ Evaluation of efficacy of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila in the

management of Vicharchika” has the following data of result assessed on the basis of

subjective and objective parameters. Statistical evaluation is done carefully. The final

result in the study is declared. For the declaration it is classified as

a. Cured

b. Much responded

c. Moderately responded

d. Responded

e. Not responded

114


Showing the result of the study in Group-A

Result Patients %

Cured 5 33.33

Much responded 5 33.33

Moderate 3 20.33

Responded 2 13.33

Not responded 0 00.00

Total 15 99.00

Table No.-46

In-group A there is no patient who doesn’t not responded. 5 (33.33%) patients

have cured. Much responded in the schedule are 5 (33.33%) patients. Moderate

responded in the schedule are 3 (20%) patients and responded 2 (13.33%) patients

showed significant improvement.

0

33.33

20.33

13.33

33.33

05

101520253035

Cured

Much r

espon

ded

Modera

te

Respon

ded

Not res

pond

ed

Result

Perc

enta

ge

%

Graph-5

115


Showing the result of the study in Group-B.

Result Patients %

Cured 7 46.66

Much responded 6 40.00

Moderate responded 2 13.33

Responded 0 00.00

Not responded 0 00.00

Total 15 99.99

Table No.-47

In-group B there is no patient who doesn’t respond. 7 (46.66%) patients have

cured. Much responded in the schedule are 6 (40%) patients. Moderate responded in the

schedule are 2 (13.33%) patients showed significant improvement.

0 0

13.33

40

46.66

0

10

20

30

40

50

Cured Muchresponded

Moderateresponded

Responded Not responded

Result

Perc

enta

ge

%

Graph-6

116


Showing overall result of the study

Result Patients.

Group. A % Patients

Group. B % Total %

Cured 5 33.33 7 46.66 12 40.00

Much responded 5 33.33 6 40.00 11 36.66

Moderate 3 13.33 2 13.33 05 16.66

Responded 2 00.00 0 00.00 02 06.66

Not responded 0 00.00 0 00.00 - -

Total 15 99.99 15 99.99 30 99.98

Table No.-48

In this study there is no patient who comes under not responded. 12 (40%)

patients have cured. Much responded in the schedule are 11 (36.66%) patients and

Moderate responded in the schedule are 5 (16.66%) and 2 (6.66%) patients show

significant improvement and fall under responded.

06.66

16.66

36.6640

0

10

20

30

40

50

Cured Muchresponded

Moderate Responded Notresponded

Result

Perc

enta

ge

%

Graph-7

117


118


119


120


121

Summary

SUMMARY

The present study entitled “The preparation of physico-chemical analysis of

Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila and comparative clinical study on

Vicharchika.”

In this study an attempt was made to prepare genuine Yashadamrita malahara

and Sindhooradi taila by following the classical procedures, its genuinity was

confirmed by physico-chemical analysis, and its clinical efficacy was evaluated

checked by clinical study.

1. In the introduction Aims & objectives of the Rasashastra, importance of Malahara

and Taila kalpanas, description of Vicharchika & necessity for the assortment of

this research work is explained in brief.

2. Aims & Objectives of the present study are mentioned in the Objective chapter.

3. Review of Literature is dealt in two main headings i.e. Drug review and Disease

review and Procedure review.

a) The chapter Drug review deals about the ingredients of the Malahara and

Tailakalpana both in ayurveda & modern view, i.e about the first reference, its

first material, occurrence, synonyms according to different authorities, grahya &

agrahy lakshana, classification, pharmacological properties and pharmaceutical

processes according to different acharyas i.e shodhana, and marana, including its

indication in different diseases explained in detail.

b) Disease review deals about etomology, definition of Vicharchika, direct and

indirect references including its historical background, nidana, roopa, samprapti

and line of treatment according to various authorities.

c) In the same chapter next part deals about the modern concept of Vicharchika i.e.

Eczema starting from definition, causative factors, signs & symptoms and

treatment.

130

Summary

4. METHODOLOGY:- It deals about pharmaceutical, analytical & clinical study.

a. In pharmaceutical study detail explanation about Yashada shodhana,

Agnijarita Marana, Girisindhoora and Sasyaka shodhana, preparation of

Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila is explained.

b. The analytical study deals about chemical analysis of Yashada bhasma,

Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila carried out in Sri JT

pharmacy collage Gadag

c. In clinical study, repeated special camps were conducted by postgraduate

department of Rasashastra. D.G.M.A.M.C and Hospital Gadag. The

patients of Vicharchika after the complete diagnose were selected. The

clinical study was done application of the Yashadamrita malahara and

Sindhooradi taila in two groups for 21 days and the patients were accessed

for the same.

5. Results: Patients were observed on the basis of various angle i.e. demographic and

various disease relevant points. The patients were assessed according to the subjective

& objective criteria and results are given with the help of statistical values P & S.D

etc.

6. Discussion: First drug & disease discussion has been done in both the view i.e

ayurvedic as well as modern aspect. In the part of pharmaceutical discussion,

rationalities behind shodhana, marana, malahara and taila kalpana were discussed

appropriately. In analytical discussion role of physico-chemical analysis of Yashada

bhasma, malahara and taila kalpana is discussed and in clinical discussion, discussion

about the Vicharchika patients as well as probable mode of action of Yashadamrita

malahara and Sindhooradi taila in Vicharchika is explained.

7. Conclusion: The essence of the research work has been reported.

131

Bibilography

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Nath pustak bhandar; pp-196. 81. Narahari Rajnighantu 13th chapter shloka 101, Indradev tripati 2nd edition, Varanasi;

chawkhambha Sanskrit series; 1998 pp 448. 82. Sri Bhavamishra Bhavaprakasha Nighantu 7th chapter shloka 66, Sri Brahmashankar

mishra 6th edition, Varanasi; chawkhambha Sanskrit samsthana ; 1984 pp 610. 83. Shri Dhanvantari Dhanvantari nighantu 3rd chapter shloka 130, Dr. P.V.Sharma 1st

edition, Varanasi; Choukumba orintalia; 1982 pp-114. 84. Nrupaadanapala Madanapala nighantu 4th chapter shloka 30, Khemraj Krishnadas,

Mumbai; Sarvadhika prakashana; page 102. 85. Rasa vagabhata Rasa ratna Samuchchaya 2rd chapter shloka 119, Pandit

Dharmanandha Sharma 2nd edition, Varanasi; Motilal Banarasidas; 1996 pp-21.

Bibilography

86. Shri Sadhanandha sharma Rasatarangini 21st chapter shloka 72, Kashinath shastri


Dharmanandha Sharma 2nd edition, Varanasi; Motilal Banarasidas; 1996 pp-22. 88. Shri Sadhanandha sharma Rasatarangini 21st chapter shloka 106-112, Kashinath

shastri 11th edition, Varanasi; Motilal Bhanarasidas; 2000 pp-541. 89. Acharya somadheva Rasendra chudamani 10th chapter shloka 75, Dr Siddinandan

mishra 2nd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha orientalia; 1999 pp-152. 90. Budheva mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2. 1st chapter, Siddhinandana mishra

2nd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Samskrita bhavana; 1998 pp-111. 91. Jadavaji Trikamaji Rasamritam 22nd chapter shloka 74, Dr Damodara Joshi 1st

edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha samskrit bhavan; 1998 pp-58. 92. Shri Sadhanandha sharma Rasatarangini 21st chapter shloka 127-129, Kashinath

shastri 11th edition, Varanasi; Motilal Bhanarasidas; 2000 pp-543. 93. Rasa vagabhata Rasa ratna Samuchchaya 2rd chapter shloka 122, Pandit

Dharmanandha Sharma 2nd edition, Varanasi; Motilal Banarasidas; 1996 pp-22. 94. Shri Madavachrya Ayurveda prakash 4rd chapter shloka 38, Shri Gulraj Sharma

mishra 1st edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha samscrit bharati academy; 1999 pp-417. 95. Jadavaji Trikamaji Rasamritam 22nd chapter shloka 73, Dr Damodara Joshi 1st

edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha samskrit bhavan; 1998 pp-58. 96. Bajandas swami Dadupant Rasadarpana voll 1st 4th chapter, 3rd edition, Rohatak;

Nath pustak bhandar; pp-198. 97. Budheva mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2. 1st chapter, Siddhinandana mishra

2nd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Samskrita bhavana; 1998 pp-111. 98. Acharya somadheva Rasendra chudamani 10th chapter shloka 74, Dr Siddinandan

mishra 2nd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha orientalia; 1999 pp-152. 99. Narahari Rajnighantu 13th chapter shloka 102, Indradev tripati 2nd edition,

Varanasi; chawkhambha Sanskrit series; 1998 pp 448. 100. Shri Dhanvantari Dhanvantari nighantu 3rd chapter shloka 131-132, Dr. P.V.Sharma

1st edition, Varanasi; Choukumba orintalia; 1982 pp-114.

Bibilography

101. Shri Bhavamishra Bhavaprakasha Nighantu 7th chapter shloka 67-68, Sri

Brahmashankar mishra 6th edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Sanskrit samsthana; 1984 pp 611.


Mumbai; Sarvadhika prakashana; page 102. 103. Shri Sadhanandha sharma Rasatarangini 21st chapter shloka 129, Kashinath shastri


Dharmanandha Sharma 2nd edition, Varanasi; Motilal Banarasidas; 1996 pp-22. 105. Jadavaji Trikamaji Rasamritam 22nd chapter shloka 73, Dr Damodara Joshi 1st

edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha samskrit bhavan; 1998 pp-58. 106. Budheva mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2. 1st chapter, Siddhinandana mishra

2nd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Samskrita bhavana; 1998 pp-111. 107. Bajandas swami Dadupant Rasadarpana voll 1st 4th chapter, 3rd edition, Rohatak;

Nath pustak bhandar; pp-198. 108. Acharya somadheva Rasendra chudamani 10th chapter shloka 74, Dr Siddinandan

mishra 2nd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha orientalia; 1999 pp-152. 109. Shri Madavachrya Ayurveda prakash 4rd chapter shloka 39, Shri Gulraj Sharma

mishra 1st edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha samscrit bharati academy; 1999 pp-417.

110. Narahari Rajnighantu 13th chapter shloka 102, Indradev tripati 2nd edition, Varanasi;

chawkhambha Sanskrit series; 1998 pp 448. 111. Shri Dhanvantari Dhanvantari nighantu 3rd chapter shloka 131-132, Dr. P.V.Sharma

1st edition, Varanasi; Choukumba orintalia; 1982 pp-114. 112. Sri Bhavamishra Bhavaprakasha Nighantu 7th chapter shloka 67-68, Sri

Brahmashankar mishra 6th edition, Varanasi; chawkhambha Sanskrit samsthana; 1984 pp 611.


Mumbai; Sarvadhika prakashana; page 102. 114. B.S.Bowl and G.D.Sharma Modern approach alimentary inorganic chemistry

chapter 2nd edition, New delhi;S.Chand and company;1980 pp-326-327.

Bibilography

115. R.Ghosh’s Pharmacology Materia medica and therapeutics 5th chapter,

S.S.Senagupta 23rd edition, Culcutta;Hilton and company;1976 pp-897-898. 116. Vaidya V.M.Gogate Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal

plants, Shri Ramakrishnan 1st edition, Mumbai;Bharatiya vaidya bhavana; 2000 pp-296.

117. Internet PMID, 16192673, 16085379, 10624886 (indexed for medicine) 118. Vaidya V.M.Gogate Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal


119. K Raghunath and Miss Rama mitra Pharmacognacy of indigenous drugs voll II, Ist

edition, New Delhi; central council for reference in Ayurveda and sidda; 1982 pp-389.

120. Vaidya V.M.Gogate Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal


121. Internet PMID,12113324, 11731065, 6526069 ( indexed for medicine) 122. Shri Sadhanandha sharma Rasatarangini 18th chapter shloka 47 to 67, Kashinath

shastri 11th edition, Varanasi; Motilal Bhanarasidas; 2000 pp- 446 to 449. 123. Sushruta Acharya Sushruta samhita suthra 46th chapter shloka 39 to 40, Abikadatta

shastri 12th edition, Varanasi; Chawkahmbha samskrita bhavana; 2001 pp-178. 124. Vagabhatacharya Astanga sangraha 6th chapter shloka 69 to 70, Dr Ravidatta tripati

3rd edition, New delhi; Chawkhambha samskrita pratisthana; 2001 pp- 101 to 102. 125. Sushruta Acharya Sushruta samhita suthra 46th chapter shloka 128, Abikadatta

shastri 12th edition, Varanasi; Chawkahmbha samskrita bhavana; 2001 pp-186. 126. Bhavamishra Bhavaprakash 21st chapter shloka 2 , Shri Bhramha shankara shastri

5th edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha samskrit series; 1969 pp-783. 127. Sushruta Acharya Sushruta samhita suthra 46th chapter shloka 37, Abikadatta

shastri 12th edition, Varanasi; Chawkahmbha samskrita bhavana; 2001 pp-191. 128. Vaidya V.M.Gogate Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal

plants, Shri Ramakrishnan 1st edition, Mumbai;Bharatiya vaidya bhavana;2000 pp-412.

Bibilography

129. Amarasimha, Amarakosha, Varanasi, Chaukhamba Sanskrit series, 1970, 2-6-53.

130. Agnivesha, Charaka Samhita Part-II, Chikitsa Sthana 7th chapter Sloka 13 &26, Ganga Sahaya Pandya ed,Varanasi; Chaukhamba Sanskrit Samsthana; 1994 pp-250-252.

131. Acharya Sushruta Sushruta Samhita Part-I, Nidana Sthana 5th chapter, Sloka13 Ambikadatta Sastry 11th edition, Varanasi; Chaukhamba Sanskrit Samsthan; 1997 pp- 247-248.

132. Agnivesha Charka Samhita Redacted by Charaka and Dridabala with Ayurveda Dipika Commentary by Chakrapanidatta, Chikitsa Sthana 7th chapter 9th Sloka, Y.T. Acharya ed, Varanasi; Chaukhamba Surabharati Prakashana; 2000 pp-450.

133. Acharya Sushruta Sushruta Samhita Nibanda Sangraha Commentary by Dalhanacharya, Chikitsa Sthana, 5th chapter, 3rd Sloka, Y.T. Achary ed, Varanasi; Krishnadas Academy; 1998 pp424.

134. Vagbhata Ashtanga Hrudaya Commentaries of Arunadatta Hemadri Nidana Sthana 14th chapter 3rd Sloka, Sadashiva Shastry ed, Varanasi; Chaukhamba Surabharati Prakashana;2002 pp 524.

135. Agnivesha Charaka Samhita Part-II Chikitsa Sthana 7th chapter 26th Sloka, Ganga Sahaya Pandya ed, Varanasi; Chaukhamba Sanskrit Samsthana; 1994 pp-252.

136. Acharya Sushruta Sushruta Samhita Part-I Nidana Sthana 5th chapter 13th Sloka, Ambikadatta Shastry 11th edition, Varanasi; Chaukhamba Sanskrit Samsthan; 1997 pp-248.

137. Vagbhata Ashtanga Hrudaya Commentaries of Arunadatta Hemadri Nidana Sthana 14th chapter 18th Sloka, Sadashiva Shastry ed, Varanasi; Chaukhamba Surabharati Prakashana;2002 pp 525.

138. Agnivesha Charka Samhita Redacted by Charaka and Dridabala with Ayurveda Dipika Commentary by Chakrapanidatta, Chikitsa Sthana 1st chapter 10th Sloka, Y.T. Acharya ed, Varanasi; Chaukhamba Surabharati Prakashana; 2000 pp-195.

139. Ibid 7th chapter, 37-38 Slokas, pp-452.

140. Ibid 7th chapter, 39th Sloka, pp-452.

141. Acharya Sushruta Sushruta Samhita Nibanda Sangraha Commentary by Dalhanacharya, Chikitsa Sthana 9th chapter 43rd Sloka, Y.T. Achary ed, Varanasi; Krishnadas Academy; 1998 pp-446.

142. Ibid 6th Sloka, pp-442p.

Bibilography

143. Vagbhata Ashtanga Hrudaya Commentaries of Arunadatta Hemadri Nidana sthana 19th chapter 1-3 Sloka, Sadashiva Shastry ed, Varanasi; Chaukhamba Surabharati Prakashana;2002 pp-711.

144. Department of Health, The Ayurvedic Formulary of India Part-I, 1st edition, Delhi; Controller of publications; 1978 pp-300.

145. API Text book of Medicine, Siddartha N. Shah, 7th edition, Published by physicians of India, Mumbai; pp-187.

146. Practice of Dermatology by P.N. Behl, 7th edition, CBS Publishers and distributors, New Delhi; pp-129.

147. David Sons Principles and Practice of Medicine, Christopher Haslett, Edvin R Chilvers, John A.A. Hunter, Churchil living stone, 19th ed, Edinburgh; pp-1072.

148. Ibid

149. Recent Advances in Allergy, George W. Bray, 2nd ed, London; J and A Churchill Ltd., 1934 pp-5.

150. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Gerard J. Tortora, Bonnie Roesch ed, Johnwiley and sons Inc, New York; 2001 pp-798.

151. Frenchs index of Differential Diagnosis 11th edition, F.Dudley Heart ed, Great Briton, Bristol, John right and Sons Ltd; 1979 pp-821.

152. Text book of Pathology, Harshmohan, Jaypee brothers Medical Publisher Pvt. Ltd, 5th ed, New Delhi; 2005 pp-796.

153. Frenchs index of Differential Diagnosis, F.Dudley Heart 11th edition, Great Briton, Bristol, John right and Sons Ltd; 1979 pp-821-822.

154. David Sons Principles and Practice of Medicine, Christopher Haslett Edvin R Chilvers, John A.A. Hunter,19th edition, Churchil living stone Edinburgh; pp-896, 1055,1056.

155. Ibid pp-1074.

Bibilography

Special clinical trial proforma for Vicharchika

Post graduate and research center (Rasashastra)

Shri D.G.M. Ayurvedic Medical College,Gadag.

Guide : Dr.M.C.Patil Dr. Sobagin.M.V M.D(Ayu) P.G.Scholar Co guide: Dr.G.N.Danappagoudar M.D.(Ayu) Sl.No. 1.Name of the patient: O.P.D. No. 2.Father’s Name/ Husband’s Name: D.O.I. D.O.C

3.Age: 4. Sex:

Male Female

Hindu Muslim Christian Others 5. Religion:

Student House wife Agriculture Others 6. Occupation 7.Educational status:

Poor Middle Higher 8.Economical status: 9.Marital status: Married Unmarried 10.Address: Tel- 11. Result: Well responded Responded Not responded 12.Concent: I -------- -------- Son / Daughter / Wife of----------- Exercise my free will in

the said study, I have been informed to my satisfaction by attending the purpose of the clinical evaluation and nature of drug treatment. I am also aware of my right to quit at any time during the schedule.

Investigator’s signature Patient’s signature

A) Pradhana Vedana

Sl.No. Complaints P/A Duaration 1 Varna 2 Pidika 4 Srava 5 Kandu 6 Vedana vishesha

B) Anubandhi Vedana (Savadhi). C) Vedana Vrittanta. Specific enquires in following headings:

Sudden Gradual Insidious Mode of onset: Course: Episodic Continous Initially episodic

Duration: Periodicity: Seasonal Irregular Aggravating Trauma Climate Infections Drugs Others Factors: D) Poorva Vyadhi Vrittanta. E) Chikitsa Vrittanta: F) Koutumbika Vrittanta:

G) Vayaktika vrittanta: 1) Ahara: Vegetarian Mixed diet Dominant Rasa in food 2) Vihara: Tea Coffee Tobacco Alcohol

Smoking Gutaka Others 3) Vyasana: 4) Jataragni bala: Pravara Madhyama Avara Sama 5)Rajaha: Regular Irregular Menopause H) Rogi pareeksha: Samanya pareeksha:

Pulse rate bpm Blood Pressure mm of Hg

Pulse rhythm Heart rate /min

Respiration rate /min Skin(hard/smooth)

Temparature oF Skin colour

Ashtasthana pareeksha:

Sl.No. Sl.No.

1 Nadi 5 Shabdha

2 Mala 6 Sparsha

3 Mootra 7 Drika

4 Jivha 8 Akruti

Dashavidha Pareeksha: 1) Shareera prakriti: V P K VP KP VK VPK

2) Manasa prakriti: V P K VP KP VK VPK

Pravara Madhyma Avara 3) Sara:

4) Samhanana: Pravara Madhyma Avara

5) Satmya: Pravara Madhyma Avara

Pravara Madhyma Avara 6) Satwa: 7) Vyayama shakti: Pravara Madhyma Avara 8) Vaya: Bala Youvana Vrudda

Jangala Anupa Sadharana 9) Desha:

10) Akriti:

Vikrititaha pareeksha: 1) Nidana: 2) Poorva Roopam: 3) Roopa:

4) Samprapti: Dosha Dushya

Adhistana Srotas Srotodusti Rogamarga

5) Upashaya & Anupashaya:

Upashaya Anupashaya

6. Upadrava:

Jwara Hrillasa Kshaya Arochaka Swarabheda

7. Arista Lakshanas: 8. Sadhyasadhyata: I) Special examination of Vicharchika

Treatment shedule

After

Before 7th day 21st day Fallow up

VARNA Shyava Shyvalohita Rakta Tamra PIDIKA Swabhava

Sankhya

Sthana Akara Varna SRAVA Varna Gandha Pramana Swaroopa KANDU Adhishtana Avadhi Prakopaka kala VEDANA VISHESHA

Adhishtana Avadhi Prakopaka kala

J) Lab Investigations:

Before After DC Before After Hb % gm % gm % N % % ESR mm/h mm/h E % % RBS mg/dl mg/dl B % % TC % % M % % AEC Cells/Cumm Cells/Cumm L % %

K) Chikithsa: Yoga : Yashdamrita Malahara & Sindhooradi taila

Posology : Required quantity

Duration of treatment: 21 days . Follow Up -15 days

L) Pathya: M) Apathya: N) Investigators Note: Signature of Guide Signature of Scholar

MASTER CHART-I

Demographic Data of GROUP-A

Sex

Education

Marital

status

Religion

Occupation

Economical Status

OPD

Age

M F Ed UEd M Un M H M O A ST HW E Bu PC MC HC

1154 42 + - + + - + - - - - - + - - + -

1198 35 + - + - + - + - - + - - - - + - -

2351 55 + - - + + - + - - + - - - - - + -

2490 45 + - + - + - + - - - - - - + - + -

2553 38 - + - + + - + - - - - + - - + - -

2600 37 + - - + + - + - - + - - - - - + -

2948 22 + - + - - + + - - - + - - - - + -

3153 44 - + - + + - + - - - - + - - - + -

3432 45 + - + - + - + - - - - - + - - + -

3908 60 - + - + + - + - - - - + - - + - -

3922 40 + - + + - + - - - - - + - - + -

3985 17 + - + - - + + - - - + - - - + - -

4051 40 + - + - + - + - - + - - - - - + -

4115 18 + - + - - + + - - - + - - - - + -

4118 48 - + + - + - - + - - - + - - + - -

M=Male, F=Female, Ed=Education, UEd=Uneducated, M=Muslim, H=Hindu, O=Others, HW=House Wife, E=Employee,

Bu=Business, PC=Poor Class, MC=Middle Class, HC=High Class, A=Agriculture, ST=Student, SE=Secondary Education

MASTER CHART-II Demographic Data of GROUP-B.

Sex Education Marital status Religion Occupation Economical Status

OPD

Age

M F Ed UEd M Un M H M O A ST HW E Bu PC MC HC

1102 27 + + - - + - - + - - - - + - + -

1179 50 + + - + - + - - - - - + - - + -

2320 60 + - + - + - + - - - - - - + - + -

2484 38 + - - + + - + - - + - - - - - + -

2545 25 + - - + - + + - - - - - + - + - -

2557 45 - + - + + - + - - - - + - - - + -

2837 32 + - + - + - + - - + - - - - + - -

3103 41 + - - + + - - + - - - - - + - + -

3430 22 + - + - - + + - - - + - - - - + -

3635 48 - + + - - + + - - - - + - - - + -

3436 50 - + - + + - + - - - - + - - - + -

3439 25 + - + - - + - + - - - - - + - + -

4043 50 + - + - + - - + - - - - - + - + -

4068 37 + - + - + - + - - + - - - - - + -

4132 44 - + - + + - + - - - - + - - - + -

M=Male, F=Female, Ed=Education, UEd=Uneducated, M=Muslim, H=Hindu, O=Others, HW=House Wife, E=Employee,

Bu=Business, PC=Poor Class, MC=Middle Class, HC=High Class, A=Agriculture, ST=Student, SE=Secondary Education

UnM= Un Married

SHLOKA

Preparation of Yashadamrita malahara:

eÎdI¶°d‰a e±d™¤d£dz¬d¦£dg §dj®ddî‰™£de®de¥d±dde¥d£d«dŠ |

£ddy¬dIz¶I¶e«d£da QØd£dŠ Sd¯dQa ®de²¦d¡ddeT£d«dŠ ||

šd¬®dyíe£d«d±dmPddy ´dgQy„ «dQ‰SdyQe£dSd£¦d£dZ |

±d«ddšSdd£ddy «d¬ddUµTdy Sd¯dQd«dm£d ±daëdI¶Z ||

RT 19/146-147 Preparation of Sindhooradi taila

£dz¬da ±d°d‰§d±daªdj£da ¯dgªda Q¯d§d¬ddye¦«d£d«dŠ |

e¦d¯ddI‰¶§dÎdI¶¬I¶¦£dg QS¥ddeÙa¯de£d£ddy¬dI¶«dŠ ||

§d¬ddye¦«d£da¢Ÿd e±daQjTa £dg£Sda Te™£dŸd£dgÝSd«dŠ |

£dz¬d§ddI¶e®d¥dd¦dy¦d §ddŸdSdyÏdz¬d§ddI¶e®d£dŠ ||

e±daQjTd¥Sde«dQa £dz¬da eªd°de›ªdZ §deTI¶fe£d‰£d«dŠ |

§dd«dde®dŸdeŸd‰I¶|±R¶dyLµ´d£dI¶PNjµe£dI¶d§dUµ«dŠ ||

RT- 21/162-164

Yashadamrita malahara vicharchika rs009_gdg

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