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Caste systems among non-Hindus

Caste systems have been observed in other major religions of India.

[edit]Christians

Main article:Caste system among Indian Christians

In some parts of India, Christians are stratified by sect, location, and the castes of their predecessors.[85]

In many

ways this presence of social strata system has been witnessed elsewhere, such as the society structured by Christian

Spaniards who, according to Cahill, established a caste system in their colonial possessions: theWest Indies,East

Indies,New Spainand theViceroyalty of Peru, within the last 500 years.[86][87][88]

The earliest reference to caste among Indian Christians comes fromKerala. Duncan Forrester observes that

"... Nowhere else in India is there a large and ancient Christian community which has in time immemorial been

accorded a high status in the caste hierarchy. [...] Syrian Christian community operates very much as a caste and is

properly regarded as a caste or at least a very caste like group."[89]

Amidst the Hindu society, theSaint Thomas

Christiansof Kerala had inserted themselves within the Indian caste society by the observance of caste-rules and

were regarded by the Hindus as a caste occupying a high place within their caste hierarchy.[90][91]Their traditional

belief that their ancestors were high caste Hindus such asNamboodirisandNairs, who were evangelized bySt.

Thomas, has also supported their upper-caste status.[92]

With the arrival European missionaries and their evangelistic

mission among the so called lower castes in Kerala, two new groups of Christians, calledLatin RiteChristians and

New Protestant Christians, were formed but they continued to be considered as lower castes by higher ranked

communities, including the Saint Thomas Christians.[93][clarification needed]

Goaalso witnessed mass proselytizing missions of by Portuguese missionaries from the 16th century onwards. The

Hindu converts retained their caste practices. Thus, the original Hindu Brahmins in Goa now became

ChristianBamonnsand theKshatriyaand Vishay became Christian noblemen called Those Vishay Vanis who

could not get admitted into theChardo caste became and Shudras became Sudirs. Finally, the Dalits or

"Untouchables" who converted to Christianity becameMaharas and Chamars, the latter an appellation of the anti-Dalit ethnic slur

citation needed]

[edit]Muslims

Main article:Caste system among South Asian Muslims

Likecasteselsewhere in Islamic world, Muslims in India have a caste system. Ashrafs are presumed to have a

superior status,[94][95]

while the Ajlafs have a lower status. TheArzal caste among Muslims was regarded as the

equivalent of untouchables, by anti-caste activists like and by the colonial British ethnographer Herbert Riley who

claimed that 56 percent of Muslims in British India were of a caste equivalent in status as the Hindu Shudras and

Untouchables.[96][97][98]

In the Bengal region of India, some Muslims stratify their society according to

'Qualms.'[99]

Some scholars have asserted that the Muslim "castes" are not as acute in their discrimination as those of

the Hindus,[100]

while other scholars argue that the social evils in South Asian Muslim society were worse than those

seen in Hindu society.[96][98]

[edit]Sikh

The Indian state of Punjab has the highest percentage of Dalits, as well as Sikhs in India.[15][78]While theSikh

Guruscriticized the hierarchy of the caste system, a caste system has historically existed amidst the Sikhs. In

theShiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee, out of 140 seats, 20 are reserved for low caste Sikhs.[101][102]

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[edit]Buddhists

When Yawn Chawing traveled to South India after the period of the Chalukyan Empire, he noticed that the caste

system had existed among the Buddhists and Jains.[103]

Buddhism in India, like other religions, has attempted to reform and create a society without

classes.

[104]

nevertheless, in some parts of India such a Ladakh, with significant historical presence of Buddhists, acaste system existed in a manner similar tocaste structure in Tibet.

[105]The upper castes belonged to and were

called sgar pa. The priestly caste belonged to monastery, and was called chos-gzhis.Miser[106]

were the serf caste.

Serfs, the majority of the people, farmed and paid taxes. An individual's social status and lifelong occupation was

destined by birth, closed, and depending on the family one was born into, the individual inherited a tenure document

known as Buddhist castes had sub-castes, such as[107]

khral paand dud change . Buddhist also had castes that were

shunned by their community and ostracized, such as hereditary fishermen, butchers and undertakers. The

untouchables in Buddhist regions, as in Tibet, were known as who lived in isolated ghettos, and their occupation

was to remove corpses (human or animal) and dispose of sewage.[108][109]

[edit]Jains

Jainsalso had castes in places such as Bihar. For example, in the village of Bundela, there were severalexclusionaryjaats amongst the Jains. Martin claims these castes avoided eating with each other.

[110]there are about

110 differentJain Communitiesin India and overseas.

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