YALE/TULANE ESF-8 PLANNING AND RESPONSE PROGRAM SPECIAL REPORT

(FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT)MAP

HEALTH EFFECTS

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

RADIATION IN FOOD

RADIATION IN WATER

RADIATION IN SEA WATER

RADIATION IN SOIL AND AIR

BACKGROUND

GAMMA READINGS

AS OF 1200 HRS EDT12 APRIL 2011

GOVERNMENT OF JAPANhttp://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/index-e.htmlMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)Nuclear and Industrial Safety Administration (NISA)

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONSRELIEFWEBInternational Nuclear Safety CenterInternational Atomic Energy AgencyGlobal Disaster Alert and Coordination SystemWHO

WHO – Health Action In Crisis WHO-WPRO

US GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONSUS Government - Japan Earthquake and TsunamiThe Department of StateU.S Embassy in JapanState Dept.'s DipNote on TwitterState Dept. Background NoteU.S. Agency for International DevelopmentOFDA

The Department of Health and Human ServicesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionCDC- TsunamiCDC-EarthquakeCDC-Radiation EmergenciesNIOSHFDA

NIOSHEPAOSHADOE - NNSA

PORTALS AND RESOURCESAll Partners Access Network (APAN)Japan Disaster WikiCATDAT and Earthquake ReportsGDACSCenter of Excellence – Disaster Management Humanitarian AssistanceNational Center for Disaster Medicine and Public Health Google Crisis ResourcesJapan Atomic Industrial Forum

LIBRARYNational Medical Library – Japan EarthquakeDisaster Information Management Research CenterRadiation Emergency Medical Management

AFTERSHOCK - 11 APRIL

KEY LINKS

FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT BACKGROUND

Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) - Located on the east coast of Japan, 6 nuclear reactors are boiling water reactors (BWRs).

The earthquake on 11 March severed off-site power to the plant and triggered the automatic shutdown of the three operating reactors - Units 1, 2, and 3. Control rods were inserted into the reactor cores, ending the fission chain reaction. The remaining reactors - Units 4, 5, and 6 -- had previously been shut down for routine maintenance. Backup diesel generators, designed to start with loss of off-site power, began providing electricity to pumps circulating coolant to the 6reactors.

The tsunami washed over the FDNPP, disabling the generators. Some batteries remained operable, but the site lost water circulation for reactor cooling.

Over the ensuing days there was evidence of partial nuclear meltdowns in reactors 1, 2, and 3; hydrogen explosions destroyed the upper cladding of the buildings housing reactors 1, 3, and 4; an explosion damaged reactor 2's containment; and multiple fires broke out at reactor 4. Fears of radiation leaks led to a 30 km (18-mile) radius evacuation around the plant.

Radioactive material was released on several occasions, due to both deliberate venting to relieve pressure, and uncontrolled (accidental) releases.

These conditions resulted in radioactive contamination of the air, soil, drinking water, and seawater. IAEA Briefing 13:00 UTC: 11 April 2011

WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 27: 11 April 2011Government of Japan: 4 Apr 2011

New photos released by the Tokyo Electric Power Company shows the massive March 11th tsunami sweeping through the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (TEPCO)

AFTERSHOCK (11 APRIL 2011)

• At 5:16 PM local time on 11 April 2011 an aftershock measuring 6.6 struck the east Honshu region. The Earthquake triggered a local tsunami warning that was cancelled 49 minutes afterward. The aftershock struck at a depth of 10 km.

• One fatality in Ryugasaki has been reported along with 5 injuries in 4 different towns. It was also reported that power was temporarily disabled to the crippled reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant.

JMA Tsunami Warning: 11 April 2011USGS Magnitude 6.6 Earthquake: 11 April 2011 CATDAT Update: 11 April 2011

NUCLEAR FACILITIES UPDATE (IMPACT FROM 11 APRIL AFTERSHOCK)

The IAEA confirms that an earthquake occurred in Japan at 08:16 UTC 11 April 2011. The IAEA International Seismic Safety Center has rated it as a 6.6 magnitude, revised from an initial 7.1 magnitude. The epicenter of the earthquake was 68 km from Daichi, 60 km from Daini, 61 km from Tokai, 173 km from Kashiwazaki-Kariwa and 179 km from Onagawa power plants. Epicenter was in land at a depth of 13.1 km.

JAPAN ORDERS EXTRA NUCLEAR SAFETY STEP AS AFTERSHOCKS JOLT (REUTERS)AEA BRIEFING 13:00 UTC : 11 APRIL 2011IAEA BRIEFING 11:30 UTC: 11 APRIL 2011

WHO-WPRO SITREP NO. 27: 11 APRIL 2011

The IAEA has been in contact with NISA and can confirm the status of the following nuclear facilities (13:00 UTC):

FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT: NISA confirmed that no changes have been observed at the on-site radiation monitoring posts. Off-site power was lost and water injection pumps for Units 1, 2, and 3 stopped. NISA confirms that off-site power was restored and water injection resumed 50 minutes after the earthquake.

FUKUSHIMA DAINI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT: NISA confirmed that no changes have been observed of the readings at the on-site radiation monitoring posts.

ONAGAWA NUCLEAR POWER PLANT: The 5 off-site power lines remain available. No changes have been observed on the readings at the on-site radiation monitoring posts

TOKAI DAINI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT: The Tokai Daini nuclear power plant remains in cold shutdown since the 11 March earthquake. No abnormality has been observed.

Depiction of location of 6.6 magnitude aftershock that occurred near Iwaki on 11 April 2011. Source: USGS

The ministry's Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA) on Saturday ordered nuclear power companies to install at least two emergency diesel engines even at reactors that are not in operation and are kept at low temperatures, such as at the Higashidori plant.

The order came after a 7.4 magnitude aftershock on Thursday, 7 April, the biggest since the deadly March 11 quake, had temporarily disabled all three power lines supplying offsite power to Tohoku Electric Power Co's Higashidori plant, which has been shut for regular maintenance since February.

Previously, one emergency power source had been required to be ready for use at reactors under such conditions, while only reactors that are in operation or are shut but not fully cooled down had been required to have two or more power sources.

All reactors, whether being operated or shut for maintenance or other reasons, need power to run their cooling functions for fuel rods located in pressure vessels and spent-fuel pools.

External Power has been restored to all sites affected by the 7 April aftershock.

SITUATION

• The Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA) today issued a new provisional rating for the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant on the IAEA International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES). The nuclear accident at Fukushima Daiichi is now rated as a level 7 "Major Accident" on INES. Level 7 is the most serious level on INES and is used to describe an event comprised of "A major release of radioactive material with widespread health and environmental effects requiring implementation of planned and extended countermeasures".

• Japanese authorities notified the IAEA in advance of the public announcement and the formal submission of the new provisional rating.

• The new provisional rating considers the accidents that occurred at Units 1, 2 and 3 as a single event on INES. Previously, separate INES Level 5 ratings had been applied for Units 1, 2 and 3. The provisional INES Level 3 rating assigned for Unit 4 still applies.

• The re-evaluation of the Fukushima Daiichi provisional INES rating resulted from an estimate of the total amount of radioactivity released to the environment from the nuclear plant. NISA estimates that the amount of radioactive material released to the atmosphere is approximately 10 percent of the 1986 Chernobyl accident, which is the only other nuclear accident to have been rated a Level 7 event.

The nuclear accident at Fukushima Daiichi is now rated as a level 7 "Major Accident" on INES.

Earlier ratings of the nuclear accident at Fukushima Daiichi were assessed as follows:

On 18 March, Japanese authorities rated the core damage at the Fukushima Daiichi 1, 2 and 3 reactor Units caused by loss of all cooling function to have been at Level 5 on the INES scale. They further assessed that the loss of cooling and water supplying functions in the spent fuel pool of the Unit 4 reactor to have been rated at Level 3.

Japanese authorities may revise the INES rating at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant as further information becomes available.

INES is used to promptly and consistently communicate to the public the safety significance of events associated with sources of radiation. The scale runs from 0 (deviation) to 7 (major accident).

THE INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL EVENT SCALENISA PRESS RELEASE 12 APRIL 2011JAPAN: FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR ACCIDENT UPDATE LOG, UPDATES OF 12 APRIL 2011

FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

NOTE: Radiation levels are at levels high enough to impact human health at the FDNPP.

According to the IAEA, the situation at the FDNPP remains very serious.

REMOVAL OF CONTAMINATED WATER

• In Units 1, 2 and 3, 60 000 T of contaminated water need to be removed from the turbine buildings and trenches. This water will be transferred to the condensers of each unit and the Radioactive Waste Treatment facility. In addition, temporary storage tanks have been ordered to provide additional capacity for the water and will be located adjacent to the Radioactive Waste Treatment facility.

• At Unit 1 and 2 water transfer from the condenser to the condensate storage tank was completed on 10 April.

• In order to make room for higher contaminated water from the turbine buildings and trenches, 1 343 T of low level contaminated water from Units 5 and 6 sub-drain pit were released to the sea from 4 to 9 April. In addition, 9 070 T of low-level contaminated water was discharged from the Central Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility to the south discharge point.

INJECTION OF NITROGEN GAS

• Nitrogen gas is being injected into the Unit 1 containment vessel to reduce the possibility of hydrogen combustion, but increasing the pressure within the containment vessel.

FRESH WATER

• In Unit 1 fresh water is being continuously injected into the RPV through the feed-water line at 6 m3/h using a temporary electric pump with off-site power. In Units 2 and 3 fresh water is being continuously injected through the fire extinguisher lines at 7 m3/h using temporary electric pumps with off-site power.

REACTOR PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE• In Unit 1 the pressure in the RPV is increasing, as indicated on both channels of instrumentation. • In Units 2 and 3 Reactor Pressure Vessel and Drywell pressures remain at atmospheric pressure.• RPV temperatures remain above cold shutdown conditions in all Units, (typically less than 95 °C).

In Unit 1 temperature at the feed water nozzle of the RPV is 228 °C and at the bottom of the RPV is 121 °C.

• In Unit 2 the temperature at the feed water nozzle of the RPV is 149 °C. The temperature at the bottom of the RPV was not reported.

• In Unit 3 the temperature at the feed water nozzle of the RPV is 92 °C and at the bottom of the RPV is 111 °C.

• An additional 60 T of fresh water was injected via the Spent Fuel Cooling System line to the spent fuel pool in Unit 2 by a temporary pump on 10 April.

• There has been no change in status in Units 4, 5 and 6.IAEA Briefing 13:00 UTC : 11 April 2011IAEA Briefing 11:30 UTC: 11 April 2011

11 April 2011 IAEA Summary of Reactor Unit StatusSevere Condition Concern No Immediate Concern

FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANTFUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

UNIT SITUATION

UNIT 1

Unit 1 experienced an explosion on March 12, after attempts to vent gas from the containment. The explosion destroyed the outer shell of the building’s upper floors. Coolant within Unit 1 is covering about half of the fuel rods in the reactor, and Japanese authorities believe the core has been damaged. Official have been unable to measure temperature in the spent fuel storage pool. As of 26 March, lighting had been restored to the control center. Pooled water at the floor of Unit 1 showed high radiation levels (sampling on 27 March: .4mSv/hr). Transfer of stagnant water to the reactor condenser has been ongoing since 24 March. As of 1 April, the condenser is full. Drainage of the pooled water in the tunnel outside of the building of unit 1 to the suppression pool surge tank is now complete. Freshwater pumping to the RPV using off-site power was established on 29 March, and continues. Water transfer from the condenser to the condensate storage tank was completed on 10 April. Nitrogen gas is being injected into the Unit 1 containment vessel to reduce the possibility of hydrogen combustion within the containment vessel. The pressure in this containment vessel is increasing due to the addition of nitrogen. Fresh water is being continuously injected into the RPV through the feed-water line at an indicated flow rate of 6 m3/h using a temporary electric pump with off-site power. The pressure in the RPV is increasing, as indicated on both channels of instrumentation., which may indicate that it is not working properly. The temperature at the feed water nozzle of the RPV is 228 °C and at the bottom of the RPV is 121 °C.

UNIT 2

Coolant within Unit 2 is covering about half of the fuel rods in the reactor, and Japanese authorities believe the core has been damaged. The transfer of water from the Condensate Storage Tank the Surge Tank of Suppression Pool Water began on 29 March 07:45 UTC. TEPCO has identified a possible leakage path from the Turbine building of Unit 2 to the sea via a series of trenches/tunnels used to provide power to the sea water intake pumps and supply of service water to the reactor and turbine buildings. On 4 April, a tracer was used in an attempt to determine where the water was coming from. On 5 April it was confirmed that the tracer was seen leaking from the crack into the sea. Coagulation agents (liquid glass) were injected into the holes drilled around the pits to block leakage of water. It was reported that the leakage has currently stopped at 20:38 UTC on 5 April. Additional activities to secure the leak were reported finished on 6 April. Water transfer from the condenser to the condensate storage tank was completed on 10 April. Fresh water is being continuously injected through the fire extinguisher lines at an indicated rate of 7 m3/h using temporary electric pumps with off-site power. Reactor Pressure Vessel and Drywell pressures remain at atmospheric pressure. An additional 60 T of fresh water was injected via the Spent Fuel Cooling System line to the spent fuel pool in Unit 2 by a temporary pump on 10 April. The temperature at the feed water nozzle of the RPV is 149 °C.

UNIT 3

Unit 3 experienced an explosion on March 14 that destroyed the outer shell of the building’s 3rd floor. Concern about damage to the primary containment vessel and spent fuel pool remain. Lighting to the Central Control Room was restored on 22 March. Since 29 March, fresh water is being injected continuously into the reactor pressure vessel through the fire extinguisher line using a temporary electric pump. Pooled water at the floor of Unit 3 showed high radiation levels (sampling on 26 March: I-131 levels were 3.2 X 105 for Unit 3). The transfer of water from the Condensate Storage Tank to the Surge Tank of Suppression Pool was completed on 30 March at 23:37 UTC. Stagnant water on the basement floor of the turbine building is now being pumped into the Condenser. Fresh water is being continuously injected through the fire extinguisher lines at an indicated rate of 7 m3/h using temporary electric pumps with off-site power. The Reactor Pressure Vessel and Drywell pressures remain at atmospheric pressure. As of 11 April, The temperature at the feed water nozzle of the RPV is 92 °C and at the bottom of the RPV is 111 °C.

UNIT 4

All fuel from Unit 4 had been removed from the reactor core for routine maintenance before the earthquake and placed into the spent fuel pool. The building's outer shell was damaged on 14 March, causing sever damage to the buildings upper floors. Authorities remain concerned that structural damage may have reduced cooling capabilities in the spent fuel pool. Lighting to the Central Control Room was restored on 29 March. Fresh water (instead of sea water) is now being sprayed into the spent fuel pool using a concrete pump truck.

UNITS 5 & 6

Shut down for routine maintenance before the earthquake. Instrumentation indicated rising temperatures at spent fuel pools starting 14 March. Both reactors achieved cold shutdown on 20 March. Workers have opened holes in the roofs of both buildings to prevent hydrogen gas accumulation, which is suspected of causing explosions at units 1 and 3. Outside power supply was restored to Units 5 and 6 on 22 March. As of April, the temperature in the spent fuel pools of Units 5 and 6 is stable at 32.8°C and 22.5°C, respectively. Both reactors remain in cold shutdown, with low pressure and water temperature; systems operating on off-site AC power. At 21:00 4 April, low-level radioactive groundwater in the sub-drain pit of units 5 and 6 (around 1,500t) was discharged through the water discharge canal to the sea. In order to make room for higher contaminated water from the turbine buildings and trenches, 1 343 T of low level contaminated water from Units 5 and 6 sub-drain pit were released to the sea from 4 to 9 April. In addition, 9 070 T of low-level contaminated water was discharged from the Central Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility to the south discharge point.

Common Spent Fuel Pools

In addition to pools in each of the plant's reactor buildings, authorities are also concerned about rising temperatures in the Common Use Spent Fuel Pool, where spent fuel is stored after cooling for at least 18 months in the reactor buildings. Official confirmed fuel assemblies were fully covered by water on March 18. Outside power was available starting 24 March, and cooling began. Water spray by the concrete pump truck continues. On 3 April, the temperature was stable. On 10 April additional anti-scattering agent was sprayed in an area of about 550 m2 on the mountain-side of the Common Spent Fuel Pool to prevent the radioactive materials on the ground from being scattered.

NISA Conditions of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Units 1-6 (07:00 5 March) IAEA Briefing on Fukushima Accident 11 April 2011NISA Seismic Damage Update (77th Release: 6 April)

GAMMA DOSE RATES IN μSv/hour

14 MARCH – 10 APRIL

Natural Background: 0.1 µSv/hr. Dose rates continue to decrease.

Gamma dose rates are measured daily in all 47 prefectures, the values tend to decrease.

For Fukushima, on 10 April a dose rate of 2.2 µSv/h, for the Ibaraki prefecture a gamma dose rate of 0.15 µSv/h was reported. The gamma dose rates in all other prefectures were below 0.1 µSv/h.

Dose rates are also reported specifically for the Eastern part of the Fukushima prefecture, for distances of more than 30 km to FNDPP. On 10 April, the values in this area ranged from 0.2 to 25 µSv/h.

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IAEA Briefing 13:00 UTC : 11 April 2011IAEA Briefing 11:30 UTC: 11 April 2011

7 April IAEA Radiological Monitoring & Consequences Report

Environmental Radioactivity Trends Around FNDPP

JIAF: Trend of Radiation in the Environment around Fukushima Daiichi NPS

 1,269 milk, produce and other food samples from Chiba, Ehime, Fukushima, Gunma, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Kanagawa, Kyoto, Miyagi, Nagano, Niigata, Saitama, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokyo, Yamagata prefectures were tested by the MHLW from 19 March to 11 April, (157 samples received since 8 April 2011). Samples are tested for both radioactive Iodine and cesium or cesium alone. Tables 2 and 3 summarize results to date. LIFTED RESTRICTIONS:

• 08 April: Restriction on the distribution of spinach and kakina, in Guman has been lifted.

• 10 April: Restriction on the distribution of raw milk in Ibaraki has been lifted

RESTRICTIONS AS OF 11 APRIL:

• Planting rice in soils with Cs above 5000 Bq/kg is banned.

• In Fukushima, there are restrictions on the consumption of leafy vegetables, headed and non-headed leafy vegetables, and flower-headed brassicas. There are also restrictions on the distribution of headed and non-headed leafy vegetables, flower-headed brassicas, spinach, kakina and unprocessed raw milk produced in the prefecture.

• In Ibaraki, there are restrictions on the distribution of unprocessed raw milk, parsley, spinach and kakina produced in the prefecture.

• In Chiba, there are restrictions on the distribution of spinach produced in Katori City and Tako Town. There are also restrictions on the distribution of spinach, chingensai, shungiku, sanchu, celery and parsley produced in Asahi City.

• In Gunma and Tochigi, there are restrictions on the distribution of spinach and kakina produced in these prefectures.

• The GoJ has lifted the restrictions on shipping raw milk from Kitakata City, Fukushima Prefecture, spinach and kakina from Gunma Prefecture as radioactivity levels in those foods are below the threshold for shipping bans.  

• Based on the test results of rice paddy soil around the FDNPP, the GoJ decided to regulate the planting of rice crops in the areas where it is likely that produced rice might exceed the provisional standard values established under the Food Sanitation Act. Farmers will be compensated for loss of the rice crops.

FOOD SAFETYOn April 11, results received for 157 food samples. Four samples exceeded the provisional regulation values.

WHO –WPRO SitRep 27: 11 April 2011WHO –WPRO SitRep 26: 08 April 2011

WHO FAQ: Japan Nuclear Concerns: 05 April 2011 COE-DMHA Update: 06 April 2011

IAEA Briefing (18:00UTC): 11 April 2011

• A total of 979 milk, produce and other food samples results have been obtained from MHLW from 19 March to 5 April, with 65 sample results received since 4 April 2011. Samples are tested for both radioactive Iodine and Cesium or Cesium alone.

• Data related to food contamination were reported on 6th April. These reported analytical results covered a total of 78 samples taken on 3rd April (2 samples), 4th April (39 samples), 5th April (35 samples) and 6th April (2 samples). Results for 52 of the 78 samples for various vegetables, spinach and other leafy vegetables, fruit and unprocessed raw milk in eight prefectures (Fukushima, Gunma, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Kanagawa, Niigata, Saitama and Yamagata) indicated that I-131, Cs-134 and/or Cs-137 were either not detected or were below the regulation values set by the Japanese authorities.

• I-131 and/or Cs-134/Cs-137 exceeded the regulation values set by the GoJ in 27 of the 41 spinach and other leafy vegetable samples taken in Fukushima prefecture .

• Japan’s fishery ministry said it has ordered daily inspection of marine products caught off Ibaraki Prefecture, which is down-current from where contaminated radioactive water is being dumped into the ocean. A ministry official criticized EPCO for not informing it in advance before releasing the contaminated water into the ocean. The fishing industry is urging the government to set permitted levels of iodine in marine products as soon as possible.

• According to a report by NHK, most local fishery cooperatives in Ibaraki prefecture are suspending all fishing activities after fish caught in coastal waters were found to contain radioactive cesium over the legal limit. (NHK, April 6)

• 11 April - The meat sample from Fukushima previously found to exceed the provisional regulation value for Cs, has been removed from the data summary as there was the possibility of cross contamination of the sample since radioactive Cs had been detected from the plastic bag used for test. Additional testing of the same carcass found no presence of radioactive Iodine or Cs.

Photo: JIJI Press/ AFP / Getty Images

FOOD SAFETY

WHO –WPRO SitRep 27: 11 April 2011WHO –WPRO SitRep 26: 08 April 2011

WHO FAQ: Japan Nuclear Concerns: 05 April 2011 COE-DMHA Update: 06 April 2011

IAEA Briefing (18:00UTC): 11 April 2011

RADIONUCLIDES IN DRINKING WATER

BACKGROUND - On 19 March, MHLW issued a notice to local governments that when the provisional regulation values for drinking water (300 Bq/kg for Iodine; 200 Bq/kg for Cesium) are exceeded, water supply utilities would notify the residents to refrain from drinking the water. On 21 March, MHLW issued an additional notice that for infants, the provisional regulation value for the intake of water is set at 100 Bq/kg. On 26 March, MHLW issued a notice to water supply utilities to stop or reduce intake of surface water, and cover water treatment facilities with plastic sheets, following rainfalls, where possible, which would reduce the Iodine levels in drinking water.

ADVICE ON REFRAINING FROM DRINKING WATER: WHOLE POPULATION - Fukushima Prefecture – MHLW restricted consumption of tap water in Iitate-mura as of 07:00 on 21 March; the ban was lifted on 1 April.

INFANTS - A total of 20 water supply utilities in five prefectures (Fukushima, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Chiba and Tokyo) have been requested by MHLW to inform residents to refrain from having infants intake tap water since 22 March. Two water supply utilities (Tsukitate Small Scale and Tamura) in Fukushima Prefecture issued the restriction twice. Subsequently, the restriction has been lifted for most water supply utilities (See table below). As of 9 April, the restriction is in place for the Iitate Village, Iitate Small Scale Water Supply Utility in Fukushima Prefecture, although the levels of I-131 remain below provisional limits for infants.

As of 10 April (17:00), the restriction on water intake by infants remains in Iitate Village, although readings of I-131 at all three water treatment plants are below 100 Bq/L.

As of 10 April (17:00), the restriction on water intake by infants remains in Iitate Village, although readings of I-131 at all three water treatment plants are below 100 Bq/L.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION GUIDANCE – Drinking tap water in Japan poses no immediate health risk, but local conditions will differ and may fluctuate.

There are no health risks so far to people living in other countries from radioactive material released into the atmosphere from the Japanese nuclear power plants. Radiation levels measured to date in other countries are far below the level of background radiation that most people are exposed to in normal every day circumstances

The Japanese authorities are closely monitoring the situation and are issuing advice, when needed, against consumption of tap water, including specific recommendations for infants. Essential hydration of infants should not be compromised in an attempt to reduce exposure to radioactivity. The standards adopted by the Japanese authorities for this emergency are precautionary. Currently, I-131 is the most common detected contaminant; the standard for adults is 300 Bq/L in drinking water. If drinking water was consumed for an entire year at this level, the radiation exposure would be equivalent to natural background radiation over that year.

WHO urges people in the area to heed the advice of local authorities, as they will have access to the latest measurements of radiation levels in water to compare against the standards for adults and children.

Can radioactive contamination be removed from water?Standard water treatment procedures may remove significant amounts of radioactive contaminants. Other options to reduce concentrations of radiation contaminants include controlled dilution of contaminated water with non-contaminated water. Boiling water will not remove I-131.

Why do the guidance levels for I-131 in drinking water vary? The guidance levels found in different sets of recommendations vary because some apply to routine situations and others to emergency situations.

WHO –WPRO SitRep 27: 11 April 2011WHO FAQ: Japan Nuclear Concerns: 05 April 2011

IAEA Briefing (18:00UTC): 11 April 2011

RADIATION LEVELS OF SEAWATER AT WATER DISCHARGE POINT OF FDNPP

TEPCO is responsible for near-shore sampling, taking samples of surface seawater. The near shore sampling point for Daiichi Units 1 - 4 is located 330 m south of their common discharge point. The near-shore sampling point for Daiichi Units 5 and 6 is located 30 m north of their common discharge point.

Samples near discharge areas are collected daily. Until 3 April a general decreasing trend was observed .

11 April, new data (8 April sampling day) for TEPCO 1 - 4 sampling points:

• At the near-shore sampling point TEPCO 1:

- I-131 increased from 2.2 kBq/l (7 April) to 19 kBq/l

- Cs-137 increased from 1.7 kBq/l (7 April) to 12 kBq/l.

• At TEPCO 3 and TEPCO 4 both I-131 and Cs-137 concentrations decreased.

• At TEPCO 2, I-131 concentration decreased to 50 kBq/l and Cs-137 to about 34 kBq/l.

11 April, new data has been reported for MEXT 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 for 9 April sampling day.

• At MEXT 1 both I-131 and Cs-137 were no longer detectable.

• At MEXT 3 an increase of the level of both I-131 and Cs-137 was recorded

• At MEXT 5 the level of I-131 decreased and Cs-137 was not detected.

• At MEXT 7 and MEXT 9 an increase for I-131 was recorded and Cs-137 was no longer detectable.

IAEA Briefing (18:00UTC): 11 April 2011 JAIF: Monitoring of Sea Water Near FDNPP - 11 April 2011WHO –WPRO SitRep 27: 11 April 2011Readings of Sea Area Monitoring: NPP 10 April 2011

RADIONUCLIDES IN SEA WATER

MEXT AND TEPCO SAMPLING OF I-131 IN SEA WATER

Sampling Points Around Fukushima NPPs As of 11 April 2011

WRAPUP 1-JAPAN EXPANDS NUCLEAR EVACUATION, STOPS RADIATED WATER IAEA Briefing (18:00UTC): 11 April 2011JAIF: Monitoring of Sea Water Near FDNPP - 10 April 2011WHO –WPRO SitRep 27: 11 April 2011Readings of Sea Area Monitoring: NPP 10 April 2011

RADIONUCLIDES IN SEA WATER

ACCIDENTAL RELEASES OF RADIOACTIVE WATER INTO THE SEA PLUGGED

On 6 April, TEPCO said it had successfully plugged a crack at the Unit 2 reactor trench that had been leaking highly radioactive water into the ocean. The plugged crack is being monitored and steps are being taken to prevent future leaks into the sea.

DELIBERATE RELEASE OF LOW LEVEL RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS INTO THE SEA COMES TO AN ENDS

On Monday, 4 April NISA advised the IAEA that TEPCO was given permission by the Government of Japan to discharge 10 000 ton of low level contaminated water from their radioactive waste treatment facility to the sea. This was in order to have sufficient capacity to store highly contaminated water found in the basement of the Unit 2 Turbine Building. In addition TEPCO would discharge 1 500 ton of low level contaminated water in the sub-drain pit for Units 5 and 6 to prevent the water in the pit from leaking into the reactor buildings and potentially damaging safety-related equipment.

TEPCO initiated the release on 4 April and ended its operations on 10 April. The completion of the discharge comes amid concerns in neighboring China and South Korea over the spread of radiation into the sea,

Nearly 10,400 tons of low-level radioactive water has been released into the sea, a TEPCO official told a news conference. (Reporting by Kazunori Takada)

The maximum permissible concentrations in seawater are 40 Bq/L for I-131 and 90 Bq/L for Cs-137. Values in excess of the Iodine-131 limit were detected at sampling points 3, 4 and 5 on 23 and 24 March but dropped below the limit on 25 March. On 30 March, the maximum permissible concentration of 40 Bq/L for I-131 was exceeded at sampling point 10. The latest results sampled on 9 April at sampling points 1, 5, 7 and 9 were all below the permissible concentrations while the result at sampling point 3 was 77.4 Bq/l.

Figure 1: Map demonstrating monitoring of radiation in sea waterThe sampling has been done at alternate sampling points since 26 March. The results released by MEXT are summarized in Figure 2.

RADIONUCLIDES IN SEA WATER

CONCERNS FOR MARINE PRODUCTS - Japan’s fishery ministry said it has ordered daily inspection of marine products caught off Ibaraki Prefecture. A ministry official criticized TEPCO for not informing it in advance before releasing the contaminated water into the ocean. The fishing industry is urging the GoJ to set permitted levels of iodine in marine products as soon as possible. The movements of all ships, including fishing boats, are restricted within a 30 km zone from the FDNPP, based on the hazardous area set by the Maritime Safety Agency.

JAIF: Monitoring of Sea Water Near FDNPP - 11 April 2011

RADIONUCLIDES IN AIR AND SOIL

11 April 2011 IAEA Briefing on Fukushima Nuclear Accident WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 27: 11 April 2011

RADIATION LEVELS IN THE SOIL

At the request of MEXT, Fukushima Prefecture began monitoring radioactivity levels in soil on 18 March. The radioactivity levels of are monitored at 9 sites.The levels of I-131 in all but the sampling point in Iitate Village (40 km northwest of the FDNPP) have been low and generally declining. In Iitate Village, the radioactivity peaked on 20 March (1.17 megaBq/kg for I-131 and 0.163 megaBq/kg for Cs-137) and has since then been decreasing.

TEPCO analyzed soil at five sampling points on the premises of the FDNPP. The soil samples on 21 and 22 March were analyzed and plutonium 238, 239 and 240 were detected. According to TEPCO, the density of detected plutonium is equivalent to the fallout observed in Japan when atmospheric nuclear testing was conducted in the past. The detected plutonium from two samples out of five may be the direct result of the recent incident, considering the activity ratio of the plutonium isotopes. However, these plutonium levels do not pose major risk to human health. TEPCO will continue radionuclide analysis of soil.

On 10 April, deposition of both I-131 and Cs-137 was detected in 7 and 6 prefectures respectively. The values reported for I-131 ranged from 6.3 to 920 Bq/m2 and for cesium-137 from 7.9 to 800 Bq/m2. The highest deposition was reported for both I-131 and Cs-137, in the prefecture of Ibaraki.

As of 8 April, radioactivity levels in soil at all sampling points have decreased since 20 March, and remain about the same as the previous readings from 3 April.

RADIATION LEVELS IN THE AIR

Overall, radiation levels in the air in prefectures near the FDNPP are stable. Levels are still above historic background levels, but low in terms of human health risk. High radiation levels continue to be clustered around NW area of plant. Overall, radiation levels 20-60 km from the plant are decreasing or stable.

Cumulative I-131 doses at various locations 20-60 km from FDNPP are shown. The highest level as of 8 April was 13.95 mSv at 30 km northwest of the FDNPP.

NOTE: Radiation levels in area ~30km NW of plant remain higher than normal, but there is continued decrease in radiation levels

NOTE: Radiation levels in area ~30km NW of plant remain higher than normal, but there is continued decrease in radiation levels

HEALTH CONCERNS

CURRENT RISK • The GoJ’s recent actions in response to events at the FDNPP are in line with the existing

recommendations for radiation exposure. The GoJ has evacuated individuals who were living within a 20-km radius around the FDNPP.

• The GoJ announced earlier that because of accumulated radiation contamination, it would encourage people to leave certain areas beyond its 20 km (12 mile) exclusion zone around the plant. Thousands of people could be affected by the move.

• Children, pregnant women, and hospitalized patients should stay out of some areas 20-30 km from the nuclear complex.

RISK OF RADIOACTIVE EXPOSURE FROM FOOD CONTAMINATION• There is a risk of exposure as a result of contamination in food. • However, contaminated food would have to be consumed over prolonged periods to

represent a risk to human health.• As of 10 April, a restriction for infants related to I-131 (100 Bq/l) is in place as a

precautionary measure in only one village of the Fukushima prefecture.

RADIATION MONITORING• On 10 April, deposition of both I-131 and Cs-137 was detected in 7 and 6

prefectures respectively. The values reported for I-131 ranged from 6.3 to 920 Bq/m2 and for cesium-137 from 7.9 to 800 Bq/m2. The highest deposition was reported for both I-131 and Cs-137, in the prefecture of Ibaraki.

• Gamma dose rates are measured daily in all 47 prefectures, the values tend to decrease. • As of 10 April, in 19 cities, the gamma dose rates were below 0.1 μSv/h. In 6 cities,

gamma dose rates ranged from 0.13 to 0.17 μSv/h. In Fukushima City, 0.42 μSv/h was observed. Typical normal background levels are in the range of 0.05 to 0.10 μSv/h.

LONG-TERM HEALTH EFFECTS• Exposure to high doses of radiation can increase the risk of cancer. • If I-131 is inhaled or ingested, it will concentrate in the thyroid gland and increase the

risk of thyroid cancer. Among persons exposed to I-131, the risk of thyroid cancer can be lowered by taking potassium iodide pills, which helps prevent the uptake of the radioactive iodine.

• The risk of thyroid cancer following radiation exposure is higher in children and young adults

.ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS• If the dose of radiation exceeds a certain threshold level, it can produce

acute effects, including skin redness, hair loss, radiation burns, and acute radiation syndrome.

• In a nuclear power accident, rescuers, first responders, and nuclear power plant workers may be exposed to doses of radiation high enough to cause acute effects, but usually not the general public.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES (UPON EXPOSURE)• Upon coming indoors after radiation exposure, undress in the doorway to

avoid further contamination of home or shelter. Remove clothing and shoes and place them in a plastic bag. Seal the bag and place it in a safe location away from living areas, children, and pets.

• Shower or bathe with warm water and soap.• Notify authorities of possibly contaminated clothing and personal belongings

so that they can be handled appropriately and disposed of according to accepted national procedures.

• Potassium iodide pills are not “radiation antidotes”. They do not protect against external radiation, or against any other radioactive substances besides radioiodine. They may cause medical complications for some individuals with poorly functioning kidneys. KI should be taken only when there is a clear public health recommendation.

HEALTH RISKS TO PEOPLE LIVING OUTSIDE OF JAPAN DUE TO RADIATION (FROM FDNPP)

Thus far, there are no health risks to people living in other countries from radioactive material released into the atmosphere from the Japanese nuclear power plants. Radiation levels measured to date in other countries are far below the level of background radiation that most people are exposed to in every day circumstances. Radiation levels are being monitored by the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), which operates 63 surveillance stations around the world.

IAEA Briefing (18:00UTC): 11 April 2011WHO –WPRO SitRep 27: 11 April 2011

Reuters: 11 April 2011

The risk to public health from Japan's nuclear accident is no worse after a change in the disaster's status on 12 April, according to the World Health Organization. At the moment there is very little public health risk outside the 30-kilometre (evacuation) zone. The higher severity rating was the result of combining the amounts of radiation leaking from three reactors and counting them as a single incident, he said.