Pages: 7Questions: 21Attachment: Source Material for Section C©

Copyright for part(s) of this examination may be held by individuals and/or organisations otherthan the Tasmanian Qualifications Authority.

Tasmanian Certificate of Education

TWENTIETH CENTURY HISTORYSenior Secondary 5C

Subject Code: HS835

External Assessment

2004

Time: Three Hours

On the basis of your performance in this examination, the examiners will provideresults on each of the following criteria taken from the syllabus statement:

Criterion 4 Use evidence to support interpretations of the past.

Criterion 5 Communicate in a clear and coherent manner.

Criterion 6 Demonstrate an understanding of the nature of historical debate.

Criterion 9 Recall specific factual knowledge relevant to the modern world (totwentieth century history).

Criterion 10 Demonstrate an ability to analyse historical sources.

TA

SM

AN

IAN

QU

AL

IFIC

AT

ION

S A

UT

HO

RIT

Y

Twentieth Century History

Page 2

CANDIDATE INSTRUCTIONS

Candidates MUST ensure that they have addressed ALL of the externally assessed criteria on thisexamination paper.

There are THREE sections to this paper.

Candidates must answer THREE questions, ONE question from each section.

Note that in Section C you must answer all questions.

Answer each question in a separate answer booklet.

It is suggested that candidates spend no more than one hour on each question.

Remember, read the criteria being assessed before you write your answer.

SECTION A – THE WORLD AT WAR

Answer ONE question from this section.

Use a separate answer booklet for this section.

This section assesses Criteria 5, 6 and 9.

Question 1

‘The outbreak of war in August 1914 was the result of the failure of European diplomacy’.

Discuss this statement in relation to the causes of World War I. Your response should includearguments presented by several historians.

Question 2

Why were the various peace treaties signed after World War I the objects of so much debate,discussion and dissatisfaction? How have historians viewed these treaties?

Question 3

How have historians viewed the foreign policies pursued by Germany and Japan as being significantin the origins of World War II? How did World War II become a global war?

Twentieth Century History

Page 3

Question 4

The Allied Powers found that organisation, strategy and heroism in the face of the enemy wereessential to the defeat of Germany and Japan. How have historians accounted for the defeat of theAxis Powers?

Question 5

How did the Cold War originate? Why, over time, did historians find it necessary to reinterpret theorigins and the causes of the Cold War? What are the essential features of the historicalreinterpretations of the Cold War?

Question 6

Select a significant issue or event from the period known as the Cold War (1945–1990) that youconsider illustrates the nature of the Cold War between the Super Powers, the USSR and the USA.Explain how and why the Super Powers sought to advance their aims and policies throughinvolvement in this issue or event. What was the outcome for each of the Super Powers? How havehistorians seen this event?

Twentieth Century History

Page 4

SECTION B

SOCIETIES BETWEEN THE WARS/NATIONALISM

Answer ONE question from this section.

Use a separate answer booklet for this section.

This section assesses Criteria 4, 5 and 9.

Question 7

Did World War I accelerate the onset of the revolutions in Russia in 1917 or was it due to otherfactors? In any case how was it that the Bolsheviks were able to be in complete power by 1922?

Question 8

‘The impressive economic achievements of the Stalin era cannot be denied, turning Russia from anunder-developed peasant society into an industrial giant and military super power capable ofwithstanding the onslaught of Hitler’s armies in 1941 and terrifying the West during the years of theCold War’.

Does an examination of the Stalin era 1928–1953 support this judgement? Give reasons to supportyour view.

Question 9

‘The Chinese Communist victory in 1949 came about as a result of the incompetence of their rivals asmuch as a result of their own strengths.’

Is this an accurate comment? Give reasons to support your view.

Question 10

Outline the most notable changes in the People’s Republic of China between 1949 and 1976. Explainwhy there were so many changes in direction.

Question 11

Was the collapse of democracy in Japan in the 1920s inevitable?

Question 12

What were the goals of the Japanese military in the politics of the 1930s? Your answer shouldconcentrate on their aims in domestic policies and Japanese society.

Twentieth Century History

Page 5

Question 13

From the formation of the Viet Minh in 1941 to the fall of Saigon in 1975 there was armed conflict inVietnam. Why was this conflict so prolonged? Why, in the end, did North Vietnam prevail and unitethe country under its control?

Question 14

Since 1976 the Republic of Vietnam has sought to establish itself as a prosperous nation in the region.How has it gone about this task? How successful has been the reconstruction of Vietnam?

Question 15

By what means did the Afrikaner Nationalists maintain their hold on South Africa from 1948 to 1989?What forces, both internal and external, were instrumental from 1989 in bringing about the collapse ofAfrikaner Nationalist power?

Question 16

Identify the significant black nationalist movements that have developed in South Africa since 1910.Comment on the success of these movements in the achievements of their aims and the factors thathave united or disunited them.

Question 17

Trace the rise of the Jewish nationalist movements from 1919 to the proclamation of the nation ofIsrael in 1948. Comment upon significant details encountered by the nationalist movements duringthis period and the measures they took to overcome them.

Question 18

The Arab nationalist movement has largely denied the right of the State of Israel to exist. What havebeen the aims of Arab nationalism with regard to Palestine since 1920? How has Arab nationalismsought to achieve an Arab state in Palestine? To what extent has it been successful?

Question 19

Discuss and comment upon the leadership, policies and problems encountered by the Irish nationalistmovement between 1900 and 1949? Explain why the nationalists did not achieve Republican controlover all Ireland.

Question 20

Critically examine the course of Irish Nationalism from 1969 to the present. Make particularreference to the policies and strategies employed by the nationalist movements and assess howsuccessful they have been.

Twentieth Century History

Page 6

SECTION C – THE COLD WAR

Refer to each of the sources A – G in the attachment to answer Question 21.

Answer ALL parts of the question.

Use a separate answer booklet for this section.

This section assesses Criteria 4 and 10.

Note:

• In answering Question 21, an explanation of how the answer was reached must be provided.

• Each part of Question 21 has been given a time allocation to help you complete all parts of thequestion.

• Parts of Question 21 will assess Criterion 4 and parts will assess Criterion 10.

Question 21

(a) How do sources A and B help you to understand the tension between East and West?(10 minutes)

(b) How useful and reliable would historians find source C? (10 minutes)

(c) Why do you think source D is biased? (8 minutes)

(d) How accurate a comment on the Cuban Missile Crisis is Source E? Give reasons for youranswer. (7 minutes)

(e) To what extent do sources F and G agree about the objectives of détente? (15 minutes)

(f) How useful is source G for assessing US aims concerning détente with the Soviet Union?(10 minutes)

Twentieth Century History

Page 7

BLANK PAGE

Pages: 7©

Copyright for part(s) of this examination may be held by individuals and/or organisations otherthan the Tasmanian Qualifications Authority.

Tasmanian Certificate of Education

TWENTIETH CENTURY HISTORYSenior Secondary 5C

Subject Code: HS835

External Assessment

2004

ATTACHMENT

Source Material for Section C

Please refer to this attachment when answeringQuestion 21.T

AS

MA

NIA

N Q

UA

LIF

ICA

TIO

NS

AU

TH

OR

ITY

Twentieth Century History – Attachment

Page 2

SOURCE A

President Truman in an address to the US Congress, 12 March 1947:

At the present moment in world history every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. Thechoice is too often not a free one.

One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions,representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech andreligion and freedom from political oppression.

The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. Itrelies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed* elections and the suppression ofpersonal freedom.

I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support peoples who are resisting attemptedsubjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.

I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destiny in their own way.

*fixed: stage-managed, contrived.

Source: Simpson, J. (et al), Problems and Issues, Oxford University Press, Australia, 1997. p.342.

SOURCE B

G.M. Malenkov at the conference of the Cominform* 22 September 1947:

The ruling clique of American imperialists … has taken the path of outright expansion, of enslavingthe weakened capitalist states of Europe and the colonial and dependent countries. It has chosen thepath of hatching new war plans against the Soviet Union and the new democracies … The clearest andmost specific expression of the policy … is provided by the Truman-Marshall Plans. [With regard to]such countries as Yugoslavia and Poland, the United States and Great Britain are pursuing a terroristpolicy … Imitating the Hitlerites, the new aggressors are using blackmail and extortion.

*Cominform: Communist Information Bureau.

Source: Simpson, J. (et al), Problems and Issues, Oxford University Press, Australia, 1997. p.342.

Twentieth Century History – Attachment

Page 3

SOURCE C

Extract from a television interview given by President Kennedy to Walter Cronkite in September1963:

Kennedy: I don’t think that unless a greater effort is made by the government [of South Vietnam]to win popular support that the war can be won out there. In the final analysis, it is theirwar. They are the ones who have to win it or lose it. We can help them, we can givethem equipment, we can send our men out there as advisers, but they have to win it, thepeople of Vietnam, against the Communists.

Cronkite: Hasn’t every indication from Saigon been that President Diem has no intention ofchanging his pattern?

Kennedy: If he does not change it, of course, that is his decision. Our best judgement is that hecan’t be successful on that basis …

Source: O. Edwards, The USA and the Cold War, London, 1997, p.112.

SOURCE D

Khrushchev’s views on the Cuban Missile Crisis:

The Cuban crisis was a triumph of Soviet foreign policy and a personal triumph for my own career.Today Cuba exists as an independent socialist country right in front of America. Cuba’s veryexistence is good propaganda. We behaved with dignity and forced the United States to demobiliseand to recognise Cuba.

Source: An extract from Khrushchev’s Memoirs, written in 1971.

Twentieth Century History – Attachment

Page 4

SOURCE E

‘Over the garden Wall’. This British cartoon from 17 October 1962 shows Kennedy on the leftand Khrushchev seated on the right.

Source: Waugh, S. Essential Modern World History. Nelson Thornes, 2001. p.276.

HINTSON

PRUNING

HINTSON

PRUNING

Twentieth Century History – Attachment

Page 5

SOURCE F

Henry Kissinger, commenting on the policy of détente:

Détente did not prevent resistance to Soviet expansion: on the contrary, it fostered the onlypsychologically possible framework for such resistance. [President] Nixon knew where to draw theline against Soviet adventure whether it occurred directly or through proxy … The United States andthe Soviet Union are ideological rivals. Détente cannot change that. The nuclear age compels us tocoexist. Rhetorical crusades cannot change that either.

Source: H. Kissinger, The White House Years, London, 1979, pp.237-38.

SOURCE G

A joint Soviet-American communiqué, issued after the Moscow Summit meeting in July 1974:

[Both sides are] deeply convinced of the imperative necessity of making the process of improving US-Soviet relations irreversible … The two sides continue steadfastly to apply their joint efforts … in suchimportant fields as: removing the danger of war, including particularly war involving nuclear and othermass-destruction weapons; limiting and eventually ending the arms race, having in mind as the ultimateobjective the achievement of general and complete disarmament under appropriate international control;contributing to the elimination of sources of international tension and military conflict; strengtheningand extending the process of relaxation of tensions throughout the world; developing broad, mutuallybeneficial co-operation in commercial and economic scientific-technical and cultural fields.

Source: E.G. Rayner, The Cold War, London 1992, p.73.

Twentieth Century History – Attachment

Page 6

BLANK PAGE

Twentieth Century History – Attachment

Page 7

BLANK PAGE