XXISt century : The century of - Jicable Boudenot.pdf · Nanotechnology is not new ! Lycurgus’...
Transcript of XXISt century : The century of - Jicable Boudenot.pdf · Nanotechnology is not new ! Lycurgus’...
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XXISt century : The century of Nanoconvergence
From data storage to power cables
Jean-Claude BoudenotThales Research & Technology
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Nanotechnology is not new !Lycurgus’ cup, Roman Empire IVE Century, British Museum
Transmitted light = red ; reflected light = green(40 nm particles in the glass)
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Convergence between technology, physics, chemistry and biology
Exploit the specific properties of the world at atomic scale (mesoscopic and quantum effects)
If I were asked for an area of science and engineering that will most likely produce the breakthroughs of tomorrow, I would point to nanoscalescience and engineering
Neal Lane, Former Assistant to the US President for Science and Technology
What is nanotechnology ?Return to Session
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Melting point - 1064° C
Source: K.J. Klabunde, 2001
Melting point depends on the size !Return to Session
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• Computing and Data Storage
• Materials and Manufacturing
• Health and Medicine
• Energy and Environment
• Transportation
• Security
• Carbon nanotubes, the way to transport electricity
OUTLINEReturn to Session
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• Computing and Data Storage
• Materials and Manufacturing
• Health and Medicine
• Energy and Environment
• Transportation
• Security
• Carbon nanotubes, the way to transport electricity
OUTLINEReturn to Session
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• Processors performance X 106
(Gflops -> Pflops)
• Small mass storage devices → multi-tera bit levels
• Smart nanosensors: collecting, processing and communicating massive amounts of data with minimal size, weight, and power consumption
• Higher transmission frequencies : more efficient utilization ofoptical spectrum to provide at least 10 times the current bandwidth
• Quantum computing
Computing & Data storageReturn to Session
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Current data storage density ~ 109 bits/cm2
1 bit ~ 100 atoms (at the best)
Theoretical data storage capacity = X 1000 (1012 bits/cm2)
3D => Data storage capacity could be ~ 1016 bits/cm3
(1012 bits/cm2 x 104/cm)
Data storage capacityReturn to Session
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IBM Millipede
Combine the advantage of the hard disk (storage capacity, target ~ 1 Tbit /in²) and the advantage of DRAM (speed access)
Principle: nanometric holes on the surface of an thermo active polymer
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3.1010 bits / cm2
10 nm
IBM MillipedeReturn to Session
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X 300
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Smart dust components / smart sensorsSmart nanosensors
• Autonomous in energy
• Sensing• Processing
• Communicating
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Smart sensorsReturn to Session
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Smart sensors on micro flyers
UAVinsect size
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Quantum computingReturn to Session
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Schrödinger’s catTake a cat, cyanide, a radioactive particle, put the whole in a box and let wait one hour!Letter from Schrödinger to Einstein, 1935
⏐ψ > = 1/√2 ⏐Dead cat > + 1/√2 ⏐Alive cat >
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A traditional bit is 1 or 0
A Quantum bit (Qubit) is a superposition of state 1 and 0
⏐ψ > = α⏐0 > + β ⏐1 >
Quantum computing
(0 ≤ α ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ β ≤ 1)
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Quantum computingIs it SF ?
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Quantum computingShor’s algorithm (1995)
Principle of RSA cryptography: factorization of a number
The solution is easy to verify (multiplication) but difficult to find (factorization in prime number)
Example:
Classical computing: three months to factorize a number of 130 digits and 1010 years (the age of the Universe) for a number of 400 digits
Quantum computing: still three months to factorize a number of 130 digits but only 3 years for a number of 400 digits!
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Quantum computingFirst tentative
Quantronium super conducting qubit(CEA)
Qubit Ion trap(NIST)
Quantum computing is not for tomorrow !
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Quantum cryptography
Example: Idquantique (start up) : www.idquantique.com
Quantum cryptography already exists : 60 km with OF ; 150 km with free space transmission
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• Computing and Data Storage
• Materials and Manufacturing
• Health and Medicine
• Energy and Environment
• Transportation
• Security
• Carbon nanotubes, the way to transport electricity
OUTLINEReturn to Session
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10 μm
Epicuticular wax
W. Barthlott, Univ. of Hamburg
(Source: Metin Sitti, CMU)
Self-cleaning surface(lotus effect)
Materials and manufacturingReturn to Session
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Nano relief => the water does not wet
Self-cleaning surfaceReturn to Session
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Self-cleaning glassReturn to Session
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Carbon nanotubesCarbon nanotubesCableCable
ClimberClimber
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Edwards Bradley’s project : The satellite is placed in orbit thanks to the CNT cable
The satellite is pushed thanks to the ground laser which strike the solar panels installed under the platform
Estimated cost ~ 6 billion $ for the first project
Space elevatorReturn to Session
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Capacitors
Optics
MirrorsMirrors
NanoNanoCeramic Ceramic
laserlaser
Aeronautic
Medical
Nano ceramicReturn to Session
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Classical Classical ceramicceramic
light NanoNanoCeramicCeramic
YAG YAG
When the wavelength is of about the size of the When the wavelength is of about the size of the grains of the ceramics, the light is diffused in all grains of the ceramics, the light is diffused in all materialmaterial
If ceramics is made up of nanoparticules whose size is smaller than the wavelength, the light is not diffused in material
YY33AlAl55OO1212:: NdNd
Nano ceramicReturn to Session
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Capacitor
Optics
MirrorsMirrors
NanoNanoCeramic Ceramic
laserlaser
Aeronautic
Medical
Nano ceramicReturn to Session
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CeSiCCeSiC ::25 kg / m25 kg / m22
12 kg / m12 kg / m22
Glass :Glass :60 kg / m60 kg / m22
European project
Mirrors for space application
Yesterday
Today Future
CeSiCCeSiC ::25 kg / m25 kg / m22
12 kg / m12 kg / m22
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Capacitor
Optics
MirrorsMirrors
NanoNano Ceramic Ceramic laserlaser
Aeronautic
Medical
Nano ceramicReturn to Session
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GP 7200 jet for A380
Entrance turbineEntrance turbineCompressorCompressor
TurbineTurbine
TitaniumTi6A4VTi6A4V with SiC
Composite combustion chamber containing nanoparticulesceramics
Various heat-resistant materials
and alloys
~~~
JetReturn to Session
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• Computing and Data Storage
• Materials and Manufacturing
• Health and Medicine
• Energy and Environment
• Transportation
• Security
• Carbon nanotubes, the way to transport electricity
OUTLINEReturn to Session
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This nanoscopic “submarine” could, in the near future, penetrate in the blood vessels to destroy microbes, to correct genetic errors, to remove cancerous cells and to repair tissue
Health and MedicineReturn to Session
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Health and MedicineReturn to Session
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Diagnosis of cancerThe cantilevers can facilitate the diagnosis of cancer when they bind
to the cancerous molecules
Diagnosis of mellitus diabetes Detection of acetone in the breath of the
patient
Detection of cancerous cells
Health and MedicineReturn to Session
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Electric detection of virus in solution by nanowire field-effect transistorsHealth and Medicine
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Administration of drugby micro syringe
(e.g. insulin)
Health and MedicineReturn to Session
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Implant materials, bones repair
Health and MedicineReturn to Session
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Bio resorb materials
Health and MedicineReturn to Session
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Vision aid, retinal implant
Health and MedicineReturn to Session
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Makoto IshidaDepartment of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology
The interface with the neurons is made
by microfluidicchannels;
stimulations are carried out by chemical ways
Vision aid, retinal implant
Health and MedicineReturn to Session
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Lab on chip
Health and Medicine
Pharmaceuticallab
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• Computing and Data Storage
• Materials and Manufacturing
• Health and Medicine
• Energy and Environment
• Transportation
• Security
• Carbon nanotubes, the way to transport electricity
OUTLINEReturn to Session
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• Energy Production- Clean and low cost
• Energy Utilization- High efficiency lighting - Solid state lighting can reduce total
electricity consumption by 10% and cut carbon emission by the equivalent of 28 million tons/year*
* Equivalent to 3 times the total power consumption of France
Energy and EnvironmentTwo aspects: production and utilization
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LightingReturn to Session
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LightingReturn to Session
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V≠0
St Gobain
ITO
V
E
PDLC
VLighting
From transparency to opacity
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5 à 28 % Efficiency 80 % Efficiency
Energy and EnvironmentReturn to Session
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←1 nanomètre→
Reproducing the chlorophyllian synthesis
Energy and EnvironmentReturn to Session
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Brudvig Lab, Yale
Reproducing the chlorophyllian synthesis
Energy and EnvironmentReturn to Session
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Solar cells
Energy and Environment
2000 : 400 MW
2003 : 800 MW
2006 : 1800 MW
2001 : 3 G$
2006 : 10 G$
2011 : 20-30 G$
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• Computing and Data Storage
• Materials and Manufacturing
• Health and Medicine
• Energy and Environment
• Transportation
• Security
• Carbon nanotubes, the way to transport electricity
OUTLINEReturn to Session
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TransportationReturn to Session
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Morphingwing
Return to Session
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Artist's concept of an adaptive, or "morphing," aerospace vehicle
Designing the 21st Century Aerospace Vehicle
Terry Weisshaar, manager of DARPA’morphing aircraft structure program at the Pentagon
Morphing wingReturn to Session
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Space explorationReturn to Session
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Hydrogen storage
A hydrogen tank having an energy storage equivalent to a gasoline tank should be 3000 times larger!
Transportation / energyReturn to Session
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The carbon nanotubes are able to store from 4,2% to 65% of their weight of hydrogen
The density of stored hydrogen can be close to that of liquid hydrogen
Hydrogen storage
TransportationReturn to Session
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• Computing and Data Storage
• Materials and Manufacturing
• Health and Medicine
• Energy and Environment
• Transportation
• Security
• Carbon nanotubes, the way to transport electricity
OUTLINEReturn to Session
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1m 1mm 100μm 10μm 1μm 100nm 10nm 1nm 1Å
1 atome 3 Å
1 cheveu = 50μm = 0.00005m
AlSb AlSbInAs
25 Å
E12
Quantum Cascade Laser
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Time (t) Time (t)Wavelength (λ)
Sample TransmissionLight Pulse (I0) Before Sample
Light Pulse (Ia) After Sample
Wavelength tuning for pulse current duration by
Instantaneous heating effect
Current pulse applied to
diode contact
Linear tuning to ± 1% for 200ns
QC Laser spectrometer operating principleReturn to Session
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20 /30 SWNTs électrodes
Pd/Au
SWNTSiO2 (500 nm)
Si
Top view
Bottom view
Dai et al.
Department of chemistry, Stanford University
source drain
Security : CNT Transistor for gas detectionReturn to Session
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Security : CNT Transistor for gas detectionReturn to Session
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• Computing and Data Storage
• Materials and Manufacturing
• Health and Medicine
• Energy and Environment
• Transportation
• Security
• Carbon nanotubes, the way to transport electricity
OUTLINEReturn to Session
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Carbon nanotubeReturn to Session
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Single & Multi wall nanotubes
Single wallcarbon nanotube :
2/3 SC + 1/3 metallic
Multiwallcarbon nanotube :
metallic
∅ ~ 1 nm ∅ ~ 20 nm
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• Electric conductivity = twice that of copper
• Able to support great density of current (109 A/cm2)
• Excellent electronic emissivity (point effect)
• Can be functionalized (chemistry of carbon)
• SWNT can be metallic or semiconductor (depending on the chirality)
Electronic propertiesReturn to Session
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CNT : the way to transport electricity ?
I think electric transmission is the destiny of this material and I want to make it happen
Richard Smalley,co-discoverer of fullerene, Nobel Prize for Chemistry, 1996
Adapted from Richard Smalley
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10 Terawatt minimum for 1010 peopleReturn to Session
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Reference: Cientifica 2004
Estimated future global production of nanotubesReturn to Session
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* AQW = Armchair Quantum Wire
*
*
*
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Conclusions
• The control of the matter produced, at the end of the 18th century, a first technological and industrial revolution
• In the middle of the 20th century, the control of the matter on a micrometer scale was at the origin of a second technological revolution, which was concretized by the development of micro electronics
• It is probable that the nanosciences and the nanotechnologies, will constitute, during the 21st century, the third technological and industrial revolution
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The End
Thank you for your attention
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