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Understanding TESTING ESTIMATION using Use Case Metrics Page 1

UnderstandingTESTINGESTIMATIONusingUseCaseMetrics

AloomfortestingEstimation

Prepared By

Sanjeev [email protected]

Date:-08Sept, 2009

Table of Content:-

1. PURPOSE

2. PREAMBLE

3. Testing Size and Effort Estimation using UCP

3.1 Size Estimation3.1.1 Actor Weight [AW]3.1.2 Use Case Weight [UCW]3.1.3 Unadjusted Use Case Points [UUCP]3.1.4 Technical Complexity Factor [TCF]3.1.5 Environmental Complexity Factor [ECF]3.1.6 Calculate Final Use Case Points [UCP]

3.2 Effort Estimation3.2.1 Conversion Factor3.2.2 Calculating Final Effort

4. BENEFITS

5. CASE STUDY

6. REFERENCES

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1.Purpose: ThepurposeofthispaperistoexplainanewapproachtotheestimationofsoftwaretestingeffortsbasedonUseCasePoints[UCP]asafundamentalprojectestimationmeasure.Object

orientedapplicationsfrequentlyrelyonUseCasestodescribethebusinessprocessesofasoftware

application.

Thismethodologyforestimationisinfactmorereliablethanfunctionalpoint[FP].Itworksonthebasic

principlethat

more

the

complexity

of

the

use

case

more

is

the

time

taken

to

design,

develop,

test

and

implement.ThecaveathereisthattheVmodelmustbeinuseandusecasegenerationmuststart

becomingavailablerightattherequirementsgatheringphase.Thispaperprovidesthestepswisetesting

estimationprocessusingtheUseCasePoint[UCP].

2.Preamble: EstimationeffortforSoftwaretestingisoneofthemostimportantfacetsofthe

entiretestinglifecycleasitisdirectlyproportionaltothecostoftheproject.Estimationhasgreat

impactonallthemostimportantaspectsofacustomerexpectationTime,CostandQuality.Acorrect

estimationhelps

in

delivering

the

products

at

right

time.

If

estimation

is

wrong

it

might

lead

to

unwanteddelayindeliverables,increasedcostandinappropriateresults.

ThereareseveralmethodsavailablefortestingestimationlikeTestCasePoints,FunctionPointetc.Use

Casemethodologyisgainingfarabovethegroundpopularityforestimatingsoftwareeffort.Itcouldbe

veryusefulincaseofbiddingprojectsastheusecasesareoneofthefirstorsometimestheonly

informationavailableinthebeginningofasoftwareproject.

Whyestimate?

Youcannotplanifyoucannotmeasure,andifyoufailtoplan,youhaveplannedtofail.Anomelet,promisedintwominutes,mayappeartobeprogressingnicely.Butwhenithasnotsetin

twominutes,thecustomerhastwochoices

Eitherwait&eat(or)eatitraw!Ifthecustomerdoesnotwanttoeatitrawaswellashedoesnotwanttowait,thenthecookhastoo

hasachoice hecanturntheheatonand

Gettheomeletburntinonepartandrawinanother!Insoftwareindustrycustomers&vendorshavealsothesamechoices.Onemostimportantfactor

thatrequiresconsiderationissettingtheexpectationsrightupfront.Thiscanbedonefirstby

gettingtheestimationright.

3.EffortEstimationusingUCP:

3.1 Size Estimation:-TheFirststepforeverytypeofestimationistocalculatethesizeofactivitytobeperformed.InUsecase

methodology,thereare4majorcomponentswhichareimportantfordeterminingthesizeofaproject

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1.ActorWeight[AW]

2.UseCaseWeight[UCW]

3.TechnicalcomplexityFactors[TCF]

4.EnvironmentalcomplexityFactors[ECF]

3.1.1 Actor Weight [AW]:-

TheActorWeight[AW]isclassifiedinto3differenttypes Simple,MediumandComplex.FigureAdescribesthecriteriaforeachtypeandalsothefactor(weightage)ornumericvalues.

ThetotalActorweightcanbecalculatedbycategorizingalltheactorsassimple,mediumandcomplex

andthenaddingupallthefactors(weightage).

FigureA

ActorWeight

WeightageType Factor(Weightage) Criteria/Description

Simple 1 Representsanothersystemwith

definedapplicationprogramming

interface(API)

Medium 2 TheActorrepresentsanother

systeminteractingthrougha

protocol,likeTCP/IP.Oraperson

interactingthroughatextbased

interface.

Complex

3

Canbe

aperson

interacting

via

an

interface(GUI)

3.1.2 Use Case Weight [UCW]:

UsagecaseweightcanbecalculatedinthesamewayasActorweightiscalculated.Alltheusecasesneedtobecategorizedassimple,mediumandcomplex.Thefinalweightisthesumofthefactorsforall

thecategorizedusecases(SeeFigureB).Keepinmindthenumberofstepsinascenarioaffectstheestimate.Alargenumberofstepsinause

casescenariowillbiastheUCWtowardcomplexityandincreasetheUCPs.

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FigureB

UseCaseWeight

WeightageType Factor(Weightage) Criteria/Description

Simple

5

Verysimple

interface,

which

touchesasingledatabaseentity,

having3orlessertransitions/steps

Medium 10 Moreinterface,whichtouchestwo

ormoredatabaseentities,having

47transitions/steps

Complex 15 Verycomplexinterface,which

touchesthreeormoredatabase

entities,havingmorethan7

transactions/steps

3.1.3 Unadjusted Use Case Points (UUCP):

UUCP = Actor Weight [AW] + Use Case Weight [UCW]

3.1.4 Technical Complexity Factor [TCF]:

Therearemainly7standardswhichimpactstheoverallestimationforaproject.TheFigureCshowsthelistofallthefactorsfromtestingperspectivewiththeirWeightage.Theweightofatechnicalfactor

indicatesitsimpactontheoverallestimation.Technicalfactorsareevaluatedbythedevelopmentteam

andassigneda valuebetweenzeroandfive.Aweightof0indicatesthefactorisirrelevantandthe

value5means

that

the

factor

has

the

most

impact.

Technicalcomplexityfactoriscalculatedasbelow

TCF = C1 + C2*(Total TF)

AspertheUseCasePointmethod,theimpactofTCFonusecasepointsshouldvaryfromrangeof0.6

(40%reduction)to1.3(30%increase).InordertoachievethisrangethecoefficientC2needstobe

modifiedfortheTestingEffort.

C2fortesting=(1.30.6)/50=0.014

Where50isthemaxvalueofTCFfortesting.

Where,

C1=Constantwithvalue0.6


TotalEF=TotalTechnicalFactor

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FigureC

TechnicalFactors

S.No Value(Weightage) Criteria/Description

1

2

Test

Tools.

2 2 DocumentInputs

3 1 TestwareReuse

4 2 DistributedSystem

5 1 PerformanceObjectives

6 1 SecurityFeatures

7

1

ComplexInterfacing

3.1.5 Environmental Complexity Factor [ECF]:

Thereare7environmentalfactorswhichimpactstheoverallestimationforaproject.The

FigureDshowsthelistofallthefactorsfromtestingperspectivewiththeirWeight.Aratingof0meanstheenvironmentalfactorisirrelevantforthisproject;3isaverage;5meanithasstronginfluence.The

weightofatechnicalfactorindicatesitsimpactontheoverallestimation.

Environmentalcomplexity

factor

is

calculated

as

below

ECF = C1 + C2*(Total EF)

AspertheUseCasePointmethod,theimpactofECFonusecasepointsismorethanTCFanditshould

varyfromrangeof0.0425(57.5%reduction)to1.4(40%increase).Inordertoachievethisrangethe

coefficientC2needstobemodifiedfortheTestingEffort.

C2fortesting=(1.40.0425)/37.5=0.0362

Where37.5

is

the

max

value

of

ECF

for

testing

Where,


C2=Constantwithvalue(0.0362)

TotalEF=TotalEnvironmentalFactor

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FigureD

EnvironmentalComplexity Factors

S.No

Value(Weightage) Criteria/Description

1 1 ApplicationKnowledge

2 2 TestEnvironment

3 1 TestData

4 0.5 TestLeadCapability

5 1 Motivation

6

2

StableRequirements

7 1 PartTimeWorkers

3.1.6 Calculate Final Use Case Points (UCP):-

UCP = UUCP*TCF*ECF

3.2 Effort Estimation:-

3.2.1 Conversion Factor (CF):-

TheConversionFactor(CF)isaratioofthenumberofmanhoursperusecasepointbasedonpast

projects.OncethesizeofaprojecthasbeencalculatedintermsofAdjustedUseCasePoints,thetotal

sizeneedstobeconvertedtoeffortbymultiplyingitwithaConversionfactor.TheConversionfactor

(Effort/Size)isdefinedasthetotaltestingtimerequiredtotestoneUseCasePoint.

TheConversionfactorcanbederivedbyreverseengineeringtechniquei.e.byputtingthehistorical

projectdataintheestimationtemplatefordifferenttechnologies.Itis20(hrs)forJavabased

applications.Ifnohistoricaldatahasbeencollected,afigurebetween15and30issuggestedby

industryexperts.

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3.2.2 Calculating Final Effort:-

Final Effort = UCP * Conversion factor

4. Benefits of Use Case Point methodology:-

1.Thisscientificmethodgivesmoreaccurateandpreciseresultsoveranytraditionalmethodavailable

foreffortestimation.

2.Noanydetailrequirementsarerequiredforestimation.

3.Thismethodisverywellsuitedforbiddingprojectsasmostofthetimeusecaseistheonly

informationavailableatthebeginningofaproject.

4.TheUseCasepointmethodconsidersthetechnicalandenvironmentalfactorswhichcanberefined

furthertoachievemoreaccurateestimates.

5.Thiscanbeusedtoillustrateproductivitybenchmarksacrossanorganizationsinceitisindependent

oftestcases.

5. Case Study:-

5.1 Actor Weight [AW]:-

ActorWeight

S.No ActorName Weight ageType Factor

1 Actor1 Simple 1

2 Actor2 Medium 2

3

Actor3

Complex

3

4 Actor4 Simple 1

5 Actor5 Medium 2

Total 9

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5.2 Use Case Weight [UCW]:-

UseCase Weight

S.No

Use

Case

DescriptionWeight

age

Type Factor

1 UseCase1 Simple 5

2 UseCase2 Medium 10

3 UseCase3 Complex 15

4 UseCase4 Simple 5

5 UseCase5 Medium 10

Total 45

5.3 Unadjusted Use Case Points (UUCP):-

UUCP = AW + UCW= 9 + 45 = 54

5.4 Technical Complexity Factor Calculation [TCF]:-

TechnicalFactors

S.No Description Weightage Perceived

Complexity

CalculatedFactor

1 TestTools 2 1 2

2 DocumentInputs 2 2 4

3 Testwarereuse 1 3 3

4 DistributedSystem 2 4 8

5

Performance

Objectives

1

5

5

6 SecurityFeatures 1 1 1

7 ComplexInterfacing 1 3 3

Total Factor 26

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TCF = C1 + C2*Total TF= 0.6 + (0.014)*26= 0.96

Aperceivedcomplexityof0meansthetechnicalfactorisirrelevantfortheproject;3isaverage;5

meansithasstronginfluence.

Eachfactorsweightismultipliedbyitsperceivedcomplexitytoproduceitscalculatedfactor.The

calculatedfactorsaresummedtoproducetheTotalFactor.

5.5 Environmental Complexity Factor Calculation [ECF]:-

Environmental Factors

S.No Description Weightage Perceived

Complexity

CalculatedFactor

1 Application

Knowledge

1 5 5

2 TestEnvironment 2 3 6

3 TestData 1 1 1

4 TestLeadCapability 0.5 1 0.5

5 Motivation 1 5 5

6 StableRequirements 2 2 4

7 PartTimeWorkers 1 2 2

Total Factor 19.5

ECF = C1 + C2*Total EF= 1.14 + (-0.0362)*19.5= 0.43

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5.6 Calculate Final Use Case Points (UCP):-

UCP = UUCP*TCF*ECF= 54*0.96*0.43= 22.29

5.7 Calculating Final Effort:-

Final Effort = UCP * Conversion factor

Final Effort (Hrs) = UCP*20 = 22.29*20 = 445.8

6. References:-

http://www.codeproject.com/KB/architecture/usecasep.aspxhttp://www.stsc.hill.af.mil/crosstalk/2006/02/0602Clemmons.pdf

astitchintimessavesnine

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