EXPECTATIONS OF AMERICA: M ORIGINAL COMPOSITION

BASED ON RICHARD HAKLUYT'S ESSAY

by

EDWIN C. MARSH, B.A.

A THESIS

IN

MUSIC THEORY

Submitted to the Graduate Faculty |j of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

the Degree of

MASTER OF MUSIC

Approved

Xt-f a Chairman of the Committee

''^^J^HLM,^ VLu /^//<^Myh-

Accepted

)ean of the G r ^ u a t e School

August, 1984

Copyright 1984 Edwin C. Marsh

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

From the first time I mentioned this project to Lee Weldon

Stevenson, my narrator on the prepared tape, his encouragement

and enthusiasm became valued assets. His recorded reading of

Hakluyt's essay shines light into those long, meaningful, Eliza­

bethan sentences.

11

TABLE OF CONTENTS

page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii

PREFACE iv

EXPECTATIONS OF AMERICA 1

I. "It remayneth to be thorougly weyed and considered by what meanes and by whome this moste godly and Christian work may be perfourmed" 1

II. "It is a place wonderful fertile and of strong scituation" 30

III. "In somme, this enterprice will mynister matter

for all sortes and states of men to worke upon" 34

BIBLIOGRAPHY 64

APPENDICES 65

A. THE TEXT, INCLUDING THE RECORDED NARRATION (PREPARED TAPE) 66

B. BYRD'S "AVE VERUM CORPUS" 75

C. PROGRAM NOTES 76

D. PERFORMANCE RECORDING inside back cover

111

PREFACE

Structural Format

"Expectations of America" is a musical setting for narrator,

with vocal/instrumental ensemble, of the 1584 essay of the same title

by Richard Hakluyt, professor of geography at Oxford University. The

text was adapted by the composer from the published writings of

Hakluyt, and is included as Appendix A. Additional song texts, also

printed in Appendix A, were x^itten by the composer.

Hakluyt's essay has three general areas of focus, and the musical

work follows this same tripartite form: (a) a theological, philoso­

phical and political entreaty to Queen Elizabeth of England to sponsor

the colonization of America; (b) a description of the forests and

other natural profusion of North America excerpted from the logs of

sea captains who sailed to the New World; and (c) an explanation of

social and economic implications of pursuing such a colonization

iv

project.

The first movement uses as its title a passage from the essay:

"It remayneth to be throughly weyed and considered by what means

and by whome this moste godly and Christian work may be performed."

This movement concerns the theological, philosophical and political

entreaty to Queen Elizabeth to sponsor the colonization of North

America. Recitative and narration are used alternately to present

the eloquent and poetic arguments advanced by Hakluyt. This alter­

nation between tenor and narrator gives way to a more lyrical section

presenting almost parenthetically another view of colonization,

that of the native American. Original text by the composer is

employed to enhance the contrast of mood and perspective.

The second movement, entitled "It is a place wonderful fertile

and of strong scituation," is based on four paragraphs excerpted by

Hakluyt from logs of sea captains who had ventured to America. These

paragraphs describe the forests.and other natural profusion of North

America. At this point (page 30 in the score), in order to draw

upon the natural instincts of the musicians, descriptive paragraphs

regarding four different aspects of nature are provided. These

paragraphs, written by the composer, serve as improvisational subtexts

for the musicians. The four aspects of nature set forth in the

subtexts are Symmetry, Asymmetry, Entropy and Life Force. The

improvised sections are timed according to the narrator's reading

* The rather lengthy titles for the movements reflect the

picturesque tendency among Elizabethan authors, Hakluyt included, to use long, descriptive chapter headings.

of each paragraph from Hakluyt.

The third movement, entitled "In somme, this enterprice will

mynister matter for all sortes and states of men to worke upon,"

is based on the economic and social benefits which Hakluyt believed

would result from colonizing America. A fugal texture was chosen

for this section of the work. It provides an ideal mechanism by

which to portray the activity of work which Hakluyt so infectiously

prescribes for the ailments of England in 1584. By taking advantage

of the strict and necessary interplay of fugal treatment, the diverse

instrumental and programmatic elements involved in this musical work

can be bound together into a single focus. In the final paragraph

of narration the dignity of the human being is ultimately asserted

over the needs of political states. Thus, the fugue subject, symbolic

of the human being, blends into the polyphonic texture but never

relinquishes its individual identity.

Musical Materials

"Expectations of America" is composed for the following ensemble:

narrator on prepared tape (see Appendix A) soprano alto tenor

flute and alto flute, one player horn

piano and analog synthesizer piano and digital synthesizer violin and viola, one player

double bass

A short instrumental introduction to the first movement reveals

a bi-quintal tonal palette over which a tenor recitative enters.

The unfolding of this recitative owes its style more to folk music

vi

idioms than to Baroque recitative, in that momentum is achieved more

through syncopated melodic figures above a drone than through the use

of harmonic tension. The bi-quintal chord (C with its upper perfect

fifth, and F with its upper perfect fifth) influences most of the

material in the first and third movements of the work. At times this

quartal/quintal structure has a traditional root function, but just

as often it is the common set of various tonal centers and/or scales.

During the first movement it functions occasionally as the tonic chord

with added second (F, G, A, C) in F-Ionian and F-Mixolydian (measures

8 and 41-42, for instance) and as the dominant chord with unresolved

suspension of the fourth (C, F, G) in F-Ionian (measure 26).

The passage in five-eight meter beginning at measure 45 is

derived from the same five-unit motive which dominates the work, first

made apparent in the statement of the bi-quintal chord mentioned

above. The spoken text "the King is come" gives way to "the Queen

will come," which acts as a transition from the spiritual motivations

for colonization to the economic ones of profit and power. There

is also a brief quotation from William Byrd's motet, "Ave verum

corpus" (1605), played on the digital synthesizer. This vignette

serves to accent Hakluyt's facile segue from the sacred to the secular

concerns of states. Comments and instructions for programming or

recording this Byrd quotation for digital synthesizer are included

in Appendix B, as well as a portion of the motet that might be used.

At measure 55 the composer offers a contrasting literary vantage

point by presenting the "Indian Song," evocative of the Indian's

philosophy of coexistence with nature. The musical style contrasts

vii

with the more festive aggregate of sound associated with the Elizabethan

court. Key, time signature and texture all change, and a plaintive,

largely pentatonic song ensues. Since Hakluyt's text includes no

exploration of the native American perspective, an original song text

was written by the composer. The movement ends as the vocalists

sing a unison passage, accompanied only by the double bass.

The second movement, which revolves around the reading of Hak­

luyt's excerpts from sea captains' logs regarding the forests and

natural profusion of America, employs improvisation by the entire

ensemble. There are four paragraphs selected from Hakluyt's essay

which are read by the narrator (see Appendix A). The duration of

the reading determines the duration of the improvised section. The

musicians are guided in their improvising by four descriptive para­

graphs, subtexts written by the composer, each one of which corresponds

to one of the paragraphs read by the narrator. The musicians are

instructed to "consider the implications, within the natural world,

of the principle described in each subtext paragraph, and draw on your

instincts to improvise freely."

The third movement is fugal in nature but not an attempt to

conform to any stylized concept of the fugue as a musical form.

The subject is derived from the principal quartal/quintal motive of

the work, and is first played by the viola in measures 78 through 85.

The answer (measures 85 through 91 , horn part) is an exact (real)

transposition at the perfect fifth, somewhat unusual in a minor key

scheme. Instead of a transitional section to the second statement

of the subject, a tutti measure, which is actually the last measure

viii

of the subject, is employed, each time gaining instruments and octave

doublings (measures 91, 97, 105, 138). When the fourth voice enters

in measure 99, the double bass does not have additional free counter­

point, but rather has the subject in augmentation. At measure 100

a definite break in the fugal procedure occurs, as the singers have

a chorale-like harmonization of the chord progression which has been

created by the combination of fugue voices. At measure 118 a re-expo­

sition begins, and eight measures later the vocalists again have the

chorale-like material, now above the contrapuntal instrumental

texture. In measure 147, after the re-exposition, the final section

begins. It is initially very much like the chorale, but rapidly

changes, by measure 153, to a musical reiteration of Hakluyt's

lament over the atrocious state, due to chronic unemployment, of

British prisons. The essay and music end with the original five-note

motive, now transposed to a new modal region. An intentionally

ambiguous structure, suggesting either D-flat Ionian or G-flat

Lydian, contributes to the cyclical, never-ending imagery evoked

by the vocalists' final phrase (interpolated by the composer),

"Is it not so today?"

The Prepared Tape

Each of the movements has a prepared tape recording consisting

of the narration (see Appendix A) and a small amount of musical

material. This tape, along with a score and set of parts, may be

obtained from the composer.

ix

The musical material on the prepared tape achieves its surging

nature through the process of tape inversion. The multi-track tape

was placed backwards on the machine (after the narrator had recorded

his part) and the instrument (in this case a retuned guitar) played

drone-like chords. When the tape was turned back in the forward

direction, the chords went through a reverse crescendo through the

decay phase of the envelope and culminated at the attack point.

Processing of the narration varies between a normal delay effect

and an eerie ghost-image of the original signal. Most of the narra­

tion is intended simply to forward the action, but in the second

movement, where narration becomes a part of the musical texture, this

ghost-image effect is used to give the voice a musical quality.

Here the rate of echo is increased to various sonic frequencies which

the composer modulated in order to achieve a rise and fall of musical

line.

The Digital and Analog Synthesizers

In the first performance of "Expectations of America," a Soundchaser

Digital Synthesizer (manufactured by Passport Designs, Inc.) and an

ARP-2600 Analog Synthesizer were used by the keyboard players. The

particular voices or presets used were developed by the performers,

based on the subjective descriptions found in the score ("brassy,"

"melancholy and flute-like," etc.). Precise waveform duplication of

the presets and voices originally used is not necessary or even

desirable.

In addition, the digital synthesizer is required to "playback"

X

a digitally stored musical quotation from William Byrd's "Ave

verum corpus" (see Appendix B). If an instrument capable of storing

polyphonic sequences of pitches and rhythms is not available, it

may be necessary to use a tape recording of the quotation or simply

to perform it live.

Amplification and Echo Devices

To achieve proper balance in a live performance, it is probably

necessary to amplify the vocalists. Additionally, at certain points

in the score (Keyboard II, measures 1-5; vocalists, measures 45-53;

all possible instruments and voices throughout the second movement),

the indication "ECHO ON" is given. The echo simulation may be

created by including a digital delay system, or any other type of

digital or analog reverberation unit, as a part of the amplification

system, and providing a microphone for any of the acoustic instruments

that are selected for amplification or reverberation. The voices, of

course, will require a microphone, and the electronic synthesizers

will have line-level connections into the amplification system.

Any of these microphone or line-level connections may then be intro­

duced into the reverberation, echo, or delay device when the score

so indicates or when the second movement's improvisational texture

so inspires.

XI

EXPECTATIONS OF AMERICA: AN ORIGINAL COMPOSITION

BASED ON RICHARD HAKLUYT'S ESSAY

I "It remayneth to be thoroughly weyed and considered by what meanes and by whome this moste godly and

Christian work may be perfourmed" a^ Edwin C. Marsh

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All vocalists and instrumentalists enter, singing, as eighth-note pulse becomes established on tape. Sing any one figure, in any octave, and begin on any eighth-note pulse. NOTE: "Ave verum ^ corpus" quotation begins as the sung figures become established.

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I "It is a place wonderful fertile

and of strong scituation"

(All vocalists and instrumentalists: as the narration which is

printed in the left-hand column is heard from the prepared tape,

improvise freely on the natural principles described in the right-

hand column. Use the narration as a timing device, smoothly progressing

to each successive improvisational subtext [right-hand column] as

the corresponding narration occurs. While playing, consider the

implications, within the natural world, of the principle described

in each subtext paragraph, and draw on your instincts to improvise

freely. Do not read or sing the right-hand column. These are simply

improvisational subtexts to guide the improvisation.)

fzLtsfi C a d J

The scituation is under 30. degrees, a good clymate, healthfull, and of goodd temperature, marvelous pleasaunt, the people goodd and of a gentle and amyable nature, which willingly will obey, yea be contented to serve those that shall with gentlenes and humanitie goe aboute to allure them, as yt is necessarie for those that be sente thither here­after so to doe. It is a place wonderful fertile and of strong scituation, the grounde fatt, so that it is like that

SYMMETRICAL QUALITIES OF NATURE Everywhere in nature we see this quality: annual rings, raindrops, the outward expan­sions of circles in a pool of water when we drop in a pebble, the bilateral symmetry of leaves. The mandala created by a sunflower and the systematic alignment of kernels on an ear of corn both testify to nature's orderly side.

<> m

30

it would bringe forthe wheate and all other come twise a yere.

31

Beyonde this we sawe the open contrie risinge in heighte above the sandie shoare, with many faire feeldes and plaines full of mightie greate wooddes, some very thicke and some very thynne, replenished with divers sortes of trees, and pleasaunt and delectable to beholde as ys possible to ymagine. And youre Majestie may not thinke that these are like the wooddes of Hyrcinia, or the wilde desertes of Tar­tar ia, and the nor theme coastes, full of fruteles trees; but full of palme, date-trees, bayes, and highe cypresses, and many other sortes of trees to us unknowen in Europe, which yelde moste swete savours farr from the shoare; neyther doe wee thincke that they, partakinge of the easte worlde rounde aboute them, are altoghether voyde of drugs and spicerye, and other riches of golde, seinge the colour of the lande dothe altogether argue yt. And the lande is full of many beastes, as redd dere, fallowe dere, and hares, and likewise of lakes and pooles of freshe water, with great plentie of fowles convenient for all pleasaunt game. This lande is in latitude 34. degrees with goodd and holesome ayre, temperate betwene hote and colde; no vehement windes doe blowe in these regions, &c.

ASYMMETRICAL QUALITIES OF NATURE In apparent irony to the symmetry mentioned before, these same phenomena are part of the wildly random aggregate of nature. The trees whose leaves and inner rings testify to such order come in different sizes and shapes and except when carefully ordered by man never grow in lines or circles and never at the same rate or to similar heights. The woods is a fantasy of dissimilarity where tangled underbrush and a profusion of varied life is the rule. Streams which cut their constantly changing paths under dead roots and over giant boulders, which rarely fall from their hillside repose into streambeds twice in a man's lifetime yet what stream is not strewn with them, flow restlessly to rivers and seas without ever describing a straight line unless man ushers them into one.

i f

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Wee sawe in this contrie many vines growinge naturally.

ENTROPY This is the force of decay.

32

which springinge upp tooke holde of the trees as they doe in Lombardye, which if by husbandment they were dressed in goodd order, withoute all doubte they woulde yelde excellent wynes; for havinge oftentymes seene the frute thereof dryed, which was swete and plea-saunte and not differinge from oures, wee thinke they doe esteme of the same, because that in every place where they growe they take away the under braunches growinge rounde aboute, that the frute thereof may ripen the better. Wee founde also roses, violetts, lyllies, and many sortes of herbs and swete and odoriferous flowers . . . Wee were oftentimes within the lande V. or VI. leagues, which wee founde as pleasaunte as is possible to declare, apte for any kinde of husbandrye of corne, wine, and oile. For therein there are plaines 25. or 30. leagues broade, open and withoute any impedymente of tree, of suche frutefulnes that any seede beinge sowen therein will bringe furthe moste excellente frute. Wee entred afterwardes into the woods, which wee founde so greate and thicke that an armye (were it never so greate) mighte have hydd itselfe therein, the trees whereof were oakes, cypresses, and other sortes unknowen in Europe. Wee founde pomi appij, plomes, and nuttes, and many other sortes of frutes to us unknowen. There are beastes in greate aboundaunce, as redd dere

The tendency of all things to rot, dissove, die or in some way pass from being. The trees fall from storms, disease, or finally of their own weight if no other cause effects their demise. The many feet of rich forest humus testifies to the lives of centuries worth of this ongoing process of death.

n I'!

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33

and fallowe dere, leopardes and other kindes, which they take with their bowes and arrowes, which are their chefest weapons. This land is scituate in the parallels of Rome in 41. degrees and 2. terces.

I may well and truly conclude with reason and authoritie, that all the comodities of all our olde decayed and daungerous trades in all Europe, Africa, and Asia haunted by us, may in shorte space for little or nothinge, and many for the very work-manshippe, in a manner be had in that part of America which lieth between 30. and 60. degrees of northerly latitude, if by our slackness we suffer not the Frenche or others to prevent us.

LIFE FORCE This is the force which raises saplings from the cracks in rocks. This is the force which rejuvenates the forest in springtime with a power which humbles the mighty ego of man. Life force is the will to live. The joy which floods into our hearts at the sight of new life of any type, though aware of the inevitability of entropy, is the prime mover, the moti­vator of creativity.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Apel, Willi. Harvard Dictionary of Music. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1944.

Byrd, William. Collected Works, ed. Edmund H. Fellowes, vol. V. London: Stainer and Bell, 1938.

Cooper, James Fenimore. The Pathfinder. New York: Heritage Press, 1965.

Hakluyt, Richard. "Expectations of America," from Voyages and Documents. London: Oxford University Press, 1958. First published by the author in 1584.

Jefferson, Thomas. Notes on the State of Virginia. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1955. Written in 1781-82.

Johnson, Tom. "Wesley's Challenge." Six SATB anthems on texts by John Wesley. New York City: Two-Eighteen Press, 1982.

Kennan, Kent. The Technique of Orchestration. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1970.

Kondo, Jo. "Sight Rhythmics." Composition for solo piano. New York City: C. F. Peters, 1980.

Stone, Kurt. Music Notation in the Twentieth Century. New York City: W. W. Norton and Company, 1980.

Tang, Jordan. "Peach Blossom Fountain." Chinese legend with orchestral accompaniment. 1978 (Manuscript).

64

APPENDICES

A. THE TEXT, INCLUDING THE RECORDED NARRATION (PREPARED TAPE)

B. BYRD'S "AVE VERUM CORPUS"

C. PROGRAM NOTES

D. PERFORMANCE RECORDING

65

APPENDIX A: THE TEXT, INCLUDING THE RECORDED NARRATION (PREPARED TAPE)

(The text was adapted by the composer from writings of Richard

Hakluyt, first published in 1584 and now in the public domain. The

adaptation process involved selecting excerpts, reordering passages,

adding clarifying punctuation and capitalization, and modernizing

spelling in the portions chosen to be sung. Additional song texts

were written by the composer. In the following pages the tape-

recorded narration [the prepared tape] selections from Hakluyt

are typed in normal upper and lower case manner and reflect

Haklut's original spellings, punctuation and capitalization. The

portions of the essay that are sung are typed entirely in upper case,

and make use of modernized spellings and punctuation. The additional

song texts by the composer are indented and enclosed in quotation

marks. Tape Cue numbers, which correspond to numbers in the score,

are indicated in the appropriate places, and will give a tape machine

operator the information necessary to begin each tape recorded

passage of narration during a live performance.)

First Movement

SEEING THAT THE PEOPLE OF THAT PART OF AMERICA FROM THIRTY DEGREES

IN FLORIDA NORTHWARD UNTO SIXTY-THREE ARE IDOLATERS, AND THAT THOSE

WHICH STEPHEN GOMES BROUGHT FROM THE COAST OF NORUMBEGA IN THE YEAR

FIFTEEN-TWENTY-FOUR WORSHIPPED THE SUN, WORSHIPPED THE MOON, AND

THE STARS, AND USED OTHER IDOLATRY, IT REMAINETH TO BE THOROUGHLY

WEIGHED AND CONSIDERED BY WHAT MEANS AND BY WHOM THIS MOST GLORIOUS

66

67

AND CHRISTIAN WORK MAY BE PERFORMED OF ENLARGING THE GLORIOUS GOSPEL

OF CHRIST.

TAPE CUE H

Nowe the Kinges and Queenes of England have the name of Defendours

of the Faithe. By which title I thinke they are not onely chardged

to mayneteyne and patronize the faithe of Christe, but also to

inlarge and advaunce the same. Neither oughte this to be their laste

worke, but rather the principall and chefe of all others, accordinge

to the commaundemente of our Saviour, Christe, Mathewe 6, Ffirste

seeke the kingdome of God and the Righteousnes thereof, and all

other thinges shalbe mynistred unto you.

NOW THE MEANS TO SEND SUCH AS SHALL LABOR EFFECTUALLY IN THIS

BUS'NESS IS BY PLANTING ONE OR TWO COLONIES OF OUR NATION UPON THAT

FIRME, WHERE THEY SHALL REMAIN IN SAFETY AND FIRST LEARN THE LANGUAGE

OF THE PEOPLE THERE ADJOINING, AND BY LITTLE AND LITTLE ACQUAINT THEM­

SELVES WITH THEIR MANNER, SO WITH DISCRETION AND MILDNESS DISTILL

INTO THEIR PURGED MINDS THE SWEET AND LIVELY LIQUOR OF THE GOSPEL.

"the King is come, the King is come, etc. the Queen will come, the Queen will come, etc."

TAPE CUE #2 (begins simultaneously with "the King is come")

Now therefore I truste the time ys at hande when by her Majesties

forwardnes in this enterprise, not only this objection and such

like shalbe aunswered by our frutefull labor in Godds harvest among

68

the infidells, but also many inconveniences and strifes amongest

ourselves at home, in matters of ceremonies, shalbe ended. For those

of the clergye which by reason of idlenes here at home are nowe

alwayes coyninge of newe opynions, havinge by this voyadge to set

themselves on worke in reducinge the savages to the chefe principles

of our faith, will become lesse contentious, and be contented with

the truthe in relligion alreadie established by authoritie. So they

that shall beare the name of Christians shall shewe themselves worthye

of their vocation.

The nexte thinge ys that nowe I declare unto you the comodities of

this newe westerne discoverie, and what marchandize are there to be

had, and from thence to be expected. The countries of America where-

unto we have just title, as beinge firste discovered by Sebastian

Gabote, at the coste of that prudente prince Kinge Henry the Seaventh,

from Florida northewards to 67. degrees (and not yet in any Chres-

tian princes actuall possession), beinge aunswerable in clymate to

Barbary, Egipt, Siria, Persia, Turky, Greece, all the islandes of

the Levant sea, Italie, Spaine, Portingale, Fraunce, Flaunders,

Highe Almaynte, Denmarke, Estland, Poland, and Muscovye, may presently

or within a shorte space afforde unto us, for little or nothinge,

and with moche more safetie, eyther all or a greate parte of the

comodities which the aforesaid contries do yelde us at a very dere

hande and with manifolde daungers.

Firste, therefore, to begyn at the southe from 30. degrees, and to

69

quote unto you the leafe and page of the printed voyadges of those

which personally have with diligence searched and viewed these con-

tries. John Ribault writeth thus, . . . Wee entred (saith he)

and viewed the contrie which is the fairest, frutefullest, and

pleasauntest of all the worlde, aboundinge in honye, waxe, venison,

wild fowle, ffOrestes, woodds of all sorts, palme trees, cipresses,

cedars, bayes, the highest and greatest, with also the fairest vines

in all the worlde, with grapes accordinge, which naturally withoute

arte or mans helpe or trymmynge will growe to toppes of oakes and

other trees that be of wonderfull greatness and heighte. And the

sighte of the faire meadowes is a pleasure not able to be expressed

with tongue, full of herons, curlues, bitters, mallardes, egriphts,

woodcocks, and all other kinde of small birdes, with hartes, hinds,

bucks, wild swyne, and all other kynd of wilde beastes, as wee

perceaved well bothe by their footinge there, aid also afterwardes

in other places by there crye and roaringe in the nightee . . .

[We] found a towne of fourscore houses covered with the barkes of

trees, upon a river's side. They showed us by signes that they had

in the lande gold and silver and copper . . .

INDIAN SONG

"Golden ember bum; fire spirits yearn for the princess

of the night; they take flight.

Silver fish swims by; for my life he will die as the Earth

will have me too and have you.

Diamond flake of snow caught within the smoke will show

70

how a life must always be.

Just a speck we always flee before the storm."

Second Movement

TAPE CUE #3

The scituation is under 30. degrees, a good cl3miate, healthfull,

and of goodd temperature, marvelous pleasaunt, the people goodd and

of a gentle and amyable nature, which willingly will obey, yea be

contented to serve those that shall with gentlenes and humanitie goe

aboute to allure them, as yt is necessarie for those that be sente

thither hereafter so to doe. It is a place wonderful fertile and of

strong scituation, the grounde fatt, so that it is like that it would

bringe forthe wheate and all other come twise a yere.

Beyonde this we sawe the open contrie risinge in heighte above the

sandie shoare, with many faire feeldes and plaines full of mightie

greate wooddes, some very thicke and some very thynne, replenished

with divers sortes of trees, and pleasaunt and delectable to beholde

as ys possible to ymagine. And youre Majestie may not thinke that

these are like the wooddes of Hyrcinia, or the wilde desertes of

Tartaria, and the northerne coastes, full of fruteles trees; but full

of palme, date-trees, bayes, and highe cypresses, and many other sortes

of trees to us unknowen in Europe, which yelde moste swete savours

farr from the shoare; neyther doe wee thincke that they, partakinge

of the easte worlde rounde aboute them, are altogether voyde of

71

drugs and spicerye, and other riches of golde, seinge, the colour

of the lande dothe altogether argue yt. And the lande is full of

many beastes, as redd dere, fallowe dere, and hares, and likewise of

lakes and pooles of freshe water, with greate plentie of fowles

convenient for all pleasaunt game. This lande is in latitude 34.

degrees with goodd and holesome ayre, temperate betwene hote and

colde; no vehement windes doe blowe in these regions, &c.

Wee sawe in this contrie many vines growinge naturally, which spring­

inge upp tooke holde of the trees as they doe in Lombardye, which if

by husbandment they were dressed in goodd order, withoute all doubte

they woulde yelde excellent wynes; for havinge oftentymes seene the

frute thereof dryed, which was swete and pleasaunte and not differinge

from oures, wee thinke they doe esteme of the same, because that in

every place where they growe they take away the under braunches

growinge rounde aboute, that the frute thereof may ripen the better.

Wee founde also roses, violetts, lyllies, and many sortes of herbs

and swete and odoriferous flowers . . . Wee were oftentimes within

the lande V. or VI. leagues, which wee founde as pleasaunte as is

possible to declare, apte for any kinde of husbandrye of corne,

wine, and oile. For therin there are plaines 25. or 30. leagues

broade, open and withoute any impedymente of tree, of suche frute­

fulnes that any seede beinge sowen therein will bringe furthe moste

excellente frute. Wee entred afterwardes into the woods, which

wee founde so greate and thicke that an armye (were it never so

greate) mighte have hydd it selfe therein, the trees whereof were

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oakes, cypresses, and other sortes unknowen in Europe. Wee founde

pomi appij, plomes, and nuttes, and many other sortes of frutes to

us unknowen. There are beastes in greate aboundaunce, as redd dere

and fallowe dere, leopardes and other kindes, which they take with

their bowes and arrowes, which are their chefeste weapons. This land

is scituate in the parallels of Rome in 41. degrees and 2. terces.

I may well and truly conclude with reason and authoritie, that all

the comodities of all our olde decayed and daungerous trades in all

Europe, Africa, and Asia haunted by us, may in shorte space for little

or nothinge, and many for the very workmanshippe, in a manner be

had in that part of America which lieth between 30. and 60. degrees

of Northerly latitude, if by our slackness we suffer not the Frenche

or others to prevente us.

Third Movement

TAPE CUE #4

It is well worthe the observation to see and consider what the like

voyadges of discoverye and plantinge in the Easte and Weste Indies

hath wroughte in the kingdomes of Portingale and Spayne; bothe which

realmes, beinge of themselves poore and barren and hardly able to

susteine their inhabitaunts, by their discoveries have founde suche

occasion of employmente, that these many yeres we have not herde

scarcely of any pirate of those twoo nations; whereas wee and the

Frenche are moste infamous for our outeragious, common, and daily

piracies. Againe, when hearde wee almoste of one theefe amongest

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them? The reason is, that by these their newe discoveries, they hm/e

so many honest wayes to set them on worke, as they rather want© sms

than meanes to ymploye them. But wee, for all the statutes that

hitherto can be devised, and the sharpe execution of the smm la

poonishinge idle lazye persons, for wante of sufficient ©ccagl©©

of honest employmente cannot deliver our commonwealthe from atcltl—

tudes of loyterers and idle vagabondes. Truthe it Is that througfce

our longe peace and seldome sicknes (twoo singular blesslngeg of

Almightie God) wee are growen more populous than ever heretofore;

so that nowe there are of every arte and science so many that the;/

can hardly lyve one by another, nay rather they are readie to eate

uppe one another; yea many thousandes of idle persons are within t'ais

realme, which, havinge no way to be sett on worke, be either mutinous

or seeks alteration in the State, or at leaste very burdensome to

the commonwealth, and often fall to pilferinge and thevinge and other

lewdnes, whereby all the prisons of the lande are daily pestred and

stuffed full of them, where either they pitifully pyne awaye or els

at length are miserably hanged, even XX at a clappe oute of some

one jayle. Whereas yf this voyadge were put in execution, these

pety theves mighte be condempned for certein yeres in the westerne

partes.

In somme, this enterprice will mynister matter for all sortes and

states of men to worke upon; namely, all severall kindes of artifi­

cers, husbandmen, seamen, merchaunts, souldiers, capitaines, phisi-

tions, lawyers, devines, cosmographers, hidrographers, astronomers.

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historiographers; yea, olde folkes, lame persons, women, and younge

children, by many meanes which hereby shall still be mynistred unto

them, shalbe kepte from idlenes, and be made able by their owne

honest and easie labour to finde themselves, withoute surchardginge

others.

MANY THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE HAVING NO WAY TO WORK OFTEN FALL TO THIEVING

AND LEWDNESS WHEREBY ALL THE PRISONS OF THE LAND ARE STUFFED FULL OF

THEM.

"Is it not so today?'

APPENDIX B: BYRD'S "AVE VERUI'I CORPUS"

(On page 24 of the score, at measure 53, a quotation from

"Ave verum corpus" is asked for. In the first performance a

digital synthesizer reproduced a digitally stored version of the

quotation. The following piano reduction may be used in storing

this passage, so that it may be played at the proper time.

If a polyphonic sequencer or similar storage device is not

available on the digital synthesizer being used, a tape recording

of the music may be used or a live performance may be substituted.)

j5idU?/\J

i ^ A d f>

ZBC rf J r i pa- %

^ ^ •0—0- S * f r

For a complete edition of the motet (transposed up a tone from the original), see E. H. Fellowes' Collected Works of William Byrd.

75

APPENDIX C! PROaiAM MOTfi

(The following notes will pPsvlde £QV the &uiisn&& §m& teief

and Informal commentg regflrdlng Hakluyt*g #§§sy s M efeg &&mf§>§^¥*§

interest in it. They Bhould be m#d@ svsilsfele Mt sfty f@¥f(«

Che work.)

"Expectations at Amerlea" Is an e.sssy fey Metorf Hakluyt written in 1584 at th© f@qtt©,§t ©f fir Wslt^r Raleigh, advisor to Queen Elizabeth ot EwglaflJ,

I chose the eenay as a bagif5 for this Wi rk (|wtt® simply because It spoke to in© acros.«5 four hiif5(Jf"e4 y#'#r. in a startllngly direct way regarding tb# em/tt&BS i-m which I had grown up. Any schoolboy In ¥lrglHli8 Immrns of Sir Walter Raleigh's Lost Colony, of how for a fe» short years Elizabeth, the virgin Queen of England, gaijs-ported Raleigh and a Bmall band of adventurers wfc© set sail to establish a colony in the Mew World, and of bow Raleigh, upon returning to America from a supply trip to England, found that his colonists had vanished Into the wilderness or had met death, leaving no sign ottser than a cryptic Indian inscription car/ed on a tree.

When as a child I pondered how it must have been for those first colonists to carve an existence out of that wild land, I knew nothing of politics, econoaics and sociology. When I first read Hakluyt's essay, at a somewhat wiser age, I was filled with the kind of excite­ment that I believe fired those who left all tlhey had ever kno m and sailed to America. It was a sort of ironic excitement, since man]/ of the scenes of woodland beauty described in the essay are today the sites of industrial parks, nuclear power plants and toxic waste dumps. There is a bright side to be seen, hovever. America does enjoy a level of freedom, both religious and socio-economic, which the world has not often seen.. If one fails to see the better world prophesied by Hakluyt, I can point out that capital punishment is no longer doled out to "twenty at a clap out of soiae one jail."

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