A PHONETIC AIDforStudentsofEnglishCompiledbyJONASSKARULSVilnius1998\DK 8O2.O(O75.8)Sk-15 I S/a/u||Mokymopiicmoncickomcnduoaspausdini\P\anglqkalbosdidakikoskacdiosposcdy|c1997m.iugp|cio27d.,poscdziopiookolasNi.1.Rc:cn:ato \P\ anglq filologi|os kacdios doc. di. R. 1asudavicicA PHONETIC AIDfor Students of EnglishCompilcd by 1onas Skaiulis\ilnius, 1998. -84 p.Mokymo piicmonc skiiiama anglq kalbos spccialybcs piimo kuisosudcnams anglq kalbos iimo ii inonaci|os mokymuisi.ISBN 9986-869-26-9+6-65PRIIACI ................................................................................. 5PART ONISicss and Rhyhm.................................................................... 7PARTTWOThc Anaomy of Inglish !nonaion ..................................... 16PART THRII!nonaionPacinsand ThciiAiudinalMcanings ...... 24Thc Low Iall Pacin ......................................................................... 24Thc High Iall Pacin ........................................................................ 31Thc Risc-Iall Pacin ........................................................................ 36Thc Low Risc Pacin ........................................................................ 39Thc High Risc Pacin....................................................................... 46Thc Iall-Risc Pacin ........................................................................ 49PART IO\RA Phoncic Rcadci ................................................................. 55B!BL!OGRAPHY .................................................................. 835PREFACEThis caching aid is dcsigncd foi fiis ycai sudcns ma|oiing inInglish. !may bc uscd afci hc inioducoiy couisc and in hc sccondcim.Thc caching aid aims a acquaining hc sudcns wih diffcicnsicss pacins and hc main inonaion pacins of Inglish.Pai Onc conains wcny wo cxciciscs on ihyhm and sicss fiomL|t|n Ln||| Scc:|by W. S. Allcn.Pai Two and Pai Thicc aic cxccips fiom In/ona/|on o| Co||oqu|a|Ln|||by1.D.O`ConnoiandG.I.Ainold.PaiTwoacquainshcsudcns wih hc anaomy of Inglish inonaion, hc consiucn pais ofinonaion pacins and hc syscm of phoncic noaion which is widclyuscd in caching and lcaining piacicc. Pai Thicc dcals wih six inonaionpacins (cach of which is bascd on onc of hc six main nuclcai oncs)and hcii aiudinal mcanings. Iach dcsciipion of an inonaion pacinandismcaningsisfollowcdbyaiccoidcdcxciciscwhichshouldbcicgaidcd as a lab assignmcn. Thc sudcn is givcn an oppoiuniy o mascihc inonaion pacins individually by going hiough hc diills in cachcxcicisc.Pai Ioui is a Phoncic Rcadci. All hc cxs includcd in hc Rcadciaic iccoidcd by naivc spcakcis of Inglish. Thcy illusiac gcnuinc Inglishusagc of inonaion and icpicscn noimaivc Inglish pionunciaion. Thccxs can bc uscd foi icading piacicc, foi liscning compichcnsion, foiiolc playing. Bcsidcs sudcns will havc an oppoiuniy o cniich hciiacivc and passivc vocabulaiy. Thc shoici pociy picccs should bc lcainby hcai. Thcy givc good piacicc in ihyhm, sicss and inonaion andhclp consolidac hc icquiicd pionunciaion skills.7Part OneSTRESSANDRHYTHMThc following cxciciscs aic bascd on common pacins of sicsscdand unsicsscd syllablcs. !n accoidancc wih hc kcy pacin a hc hcadof hc cxcicisc, hc cachci icads hc fiis phiasc and hc sudcns (oi agioup of sudcns) icpcas i a lcas hicc imcs in succcssion. Thc cachciimmcdiacly icads hc sccond phiasc and hc sudcn (oi gioup) icpcasihiccimcs.Thcwholccxciciscshouldbcpcifoimcdinaicgulaiunbiokcn ihyhm as fai as possiblc. !n hc kcy pacins a laigc X indicacsa fully sicsscd syllablc and a small x an unsicsscd oi only paiially sicsscdonc.Thc pacins aic aiiangcd in such a way ha hcy bccomc incicasinglycomplcx as hc cxciciscs piocccd. Thus hc kcy pacin in Ixcicisc 13xXxxxXxxx (! wancd you o wiic abou i) is much moic complcx hanhc pacin XxX (iy again) in Ixcicisc 2. ! is obvious ha hc skills ofsicss and ihyhm canno bc dcal wih in onc oi wo lcssons: hc sudcnicquiics piacicc of his kind in cvciy lcsson. Exercise 1.KLY PA11LRN XXcomc hcic / look ou / whcic o? / insidc / no moic / spcak up / si down/say 'ycs / iy haid / wash up / bicak down / ask 1ohn / go slow / nonow/ whcic fiom? / which onc? / hold igh / in imc / no usc / plcascdo/ no, hanks / ycs,plcasc / no good / all iigh / iun fas / woik haid /who`s ha / ha`s iuc / |us hcn / wiic soon / icad his.8 Exercise 2.KLY PA11LRN X\Xiy again / no cnough / look insidc / show mc youis / do i now / no sofas / lcnd hc hand / cu hc bicad / makc hc ca / iun away / go o slccp/havc adiink /bicak i up / wha is ha? /wha`s i foi? / piacicc haid/sing a song/ wiic i down / diaw a linc / ha`s a lic / akc i homc /having lunch / who aic you? / whcic`s hc fiom? / huiiy up / movc along/ligh hc fiic / cold as icc / changc youi shocs / whcic`s youi ha / imcfoi bcd / hcic`s somc ca / half an houi / long ago / can` bc donc / quicunknown / |us in fion / ill in bcd. Exercise 3.KLY PA11LRN \X\! hink so / ! hough so / !`d likc o / o plcasc hcm / a handful / a piy/ofcouisc no / !`d lovc o / hc couldn` / as wcll as / foi cvci / hcy maybc / oiyi / a bicakfas / hc papci / shc had o / i`s caily / shc`s icady/wih plcasuic / !`m soiiy / |us liscn / bu why no / !`vc icad i / a lo of/wihoumc/ in day imc / hc answci / !`d iahci / i`s biokcn / in winci. Exercise 4.KLY PA11LRN \X\\!`d likc you o / o piacicc i / a buckcful / i`s possiblc / wc oughn` o/hcwancd i / hc wans us o / o boiiow i / a lilc onc / a pockcful / alo of i/ hcy`vc finishcd i /!`vc hcaid of i / i uscd o bc / hcy mushavc bccn / gc iid of i / wc askcd hcm o / hc lcn mc onc / hc`s uscd oi / lc`s givc hci somc / bc nicc o hci / a fiicnd of minc / i`s bcauiful /shc polishcd hcm / shc camc wih us / wc spokc o hcm / ! sudicd i /hcic isn` onc / !`vc paid foi i / a paii of hcm. Exercise 5.KLY PA11LRN X\\Xwiiing i now / scnd him away / icading aloud / ciiibly slow / givc hima book/ wha is hc imc? / sing us a song / iunning away / op of hcclass / haidly cnough / hiow i away / scnd mc a caid / givc mc a iing/playing a gamc / mcc mc onigh / whcic havc hcy gonc? / whcic havcyou bccn? / wha havc you donc? / wha is i foi? / show mc hc way /pouiing wih iain / gonc foi a walk/ comc foi a swim / hcavy as lcad /killcd in hc wai / givc him somc food / imc and again / no-onc is in /cuing hc giass / chopping somc wood / lcavc i alonc/ no bcfoic ca/icady foi lunch / whcn you havc imc / no bcfoic hcn/ wai ill !comc/ falling aslccp / wha can you scc? / |us foi a whilc / wha didyou do? / gc ino bcd / lcavc i bchind / do i again / wiic i in ink /scc you onigh / los o bc donc / now wc`ic alonc / ou of hc way /swich off hc ligh. Exercise 6.KLY PA11LRN \X\\\!`vc cacn hcm all / a bcauiful onc / ! hink i will bc / ! piomiscd himi / o saisfy hcm / ! hough i had bccn / a ablcspoonful / inciiogachcm/ hc wancd us o / a pcnny oi wo / in spic of i all / hc ough ohavc had / a long imc ago / an cxcicisc book / !`vc wiicn o hcm / wcknow wha i is / o polish i wih / hc middlc of i / a quaici of hcm /! gavc i o hci / i`s ncccssaiy / a paiy-mcmbci / wc had o do i / hciailway saion. Exercise 7.KLY PA11LRN \X\X! wan o know / o do i wcll / anohci imc / i`s quic all iigh / shcicd i up / a piccc of siing / hc had o go / i`s vciy good / i`s haid osay / bu huiiy up / shc ook i off / hcy pu hcm on / shc`s mosupsc / anohci day / hcy musn` know / hc lockcd hc dooi / i`smuch oo big / a wasc of imc / hcy`vc gonc away / i`s all foi you /hc wans o lcain / !`d lovc o hclp / a glass of winc / acioss hc ioad/i`s no foi salc. Exercise 8.KLY PA11LRN \X\\X! wancd o know / ! hink ha hc migh / !`ll finish i now / a spoonfulof sal / shc askcd mc o go / ! hink hc has gonc / wc wancd o scc /1Oawalk in hc paik / a placful of soup / hc old mc hc would / hc bcsin hc class / !`ll scc o i now / i`s waimci indoois / hc lcf i ousidc/ i uscd o bc minc / a holc in youi sock / hc boiiowcd a pound / hccan` pay i back/ shc`s gonc o hc shops / !`vc finishcd my lunch / ancxccllcn mcal / in spic of hc iain / hc housc is foi salc / i isn`allowcd / you piomiscd o wiic / shc wasn` gonc long / i saicd oiain / hc diank i all up / hc cnginc won` sai / !`m soiiy ! camc /!`m glad you havc comc. Exercise 9.KLY PA11LRN X\\\Xfinishing oday / doing i alonc / caiiy i away / pu i on hc flooi/clcan i wih a biush / cll mc all you know / follow my advicc /mind how you bchavc / iy o do i now / half of hcm havc lcf /scnd hcm ou o play/ |us in imc o scc / up abovc in clouds /siing all alonc / waiing foi hc iain / hoping ha hc`ll comc /ask him wha hc wans / havc anohci cakc/ wha abou a diink?/biing along youi fiicnd / comc and havc a mcal / how is \nclcGcoigc? / hang i up o diy / pu i on hc shclf / don` bc such afool. Exercise 10.KLY PA11LRN \X\\\X!hinkiwillbcfinc/!wancdyouoknow/ofinishwihinow / a buckcful of icc / hcic isn` any nccd / you ough o go obcd / hc hospial was bombcd / hc waicd half an houi / you onlyhavc o iy / ! ncvci havc a cold / i docsn` makc much scnsc / hcmiddlc of hc ioad/ impossiblc o say / wc hankcd him vciy much/ ! didn` know hc way / !`ll show i o hci hcn / wc piomisc o bcgood / !`ll iy o bc in imc / i`s difficul o lcain / hc docsn` goo school / !`vc hcaid of i bcfoic / hcy`vc clcaicd i all away / hc`scacn all hc cicam / you`ic wancd on hc phonc/ !`ll scc him in awcck / ! havcn` any ink/ i`s absolucly iuc/ so don` foigc owiic / hc childicn aic in bcd.11 Exercise 11.KLY PA11LRN \X\X\! hink hc wans o / ! wan o mcc him / ! likc i bcci / anohcispoonful/ ! hink hc ough o / hcy wan anohci / hc`s playing fooball/you musn` lcavc hci / hc lcf on Monday / shc has o piacicc / !`m nooffcndcd / pcihaps hcy did i / wihou youi ha on / ! couldn` hclp i /wc ncvci noiccd / you nccd a haiicu / i docsn` maci / !`ll havc olcavc you / wc`ll havc a paiy / i`s imc foi suppci / a gica occasion / apicy picuic / ! don` bclicvc you / wc lcavc omoiiow / shc wioc alcci / a glass of cidci / anohci sandwich / supposc hc saw mc / a sicakof lighing / a clap of hundci / a piccc of chocolac / a cup of cocoa /shc`s gonc ou shopping. Exercise 12.KLY PA11LRN \X\\X\\hc saicd o alk o mc / ! hink ha hc wans us o / shc wancdo wiic o him / hcy`vc piaciccd i pcifccly / !`ll boiiow anohcionc / i wasn` appiopiiac / you`ll gc i on Sauiday / hcy`vc allgonc on holiday / i`s vciy unfoiunac / pcihaps you`ll havc hcaidof i / i`s no hc iigh aiudc / ! askcd foi i spccially / a lccifiomGcimany/!don`wanofiighcnhci/shcwansahcimomcci / i`s no wha ! askcd you foi/ hcy`vc bough a ncwwiiclcss sc / a Bcchovcn symphony / wc iavcllcd by acioplanc /hc camc on a bicyclc / somc caiios and cabbagcs / i`s |us wha !hough i was / lc`s opcn hc ohci onc / !`ll akc i away again /icpca i again foi mc / hc soup isn` ho cnough / hc piicc hasgonc up again / hc hasn` yc paid foi i. Exercise 13.KLY PA11LRN \X\\\X\\\! wancd you o wiic abou i / hcy shouldn` nccd hcii mackinoshcs/i`s no hc onc ! boiiowcd fiom you / i`s incicsing o icad abou i /shc docsn` wan o alk abou him / icmcmbci wha youi cachci cllsyou / you won` foigc o hank him foi i / hc nccdn` bc so iudc abou12us/ ook i o a wach-icpaiici / hc docoi didn` scc hc paicn / shcbough somc ncw py|amas foi him / bu whcic`s hc glass you aic diinkingou of ? / his isn` quic hc momcn foi i / pcihaps you didn` icalisci/ !`d likc i wih somc soda waci / ! hink hc did i bcauifully / acaspoonful of salad dicssing. Exercise 14.KLY PA11LRN X\\\\Xshow him o his ioom / hiow i ino hc fiic / walking along hc ioad /ha`s o bc lcf alonc / icady o go away / sanding bchind hc dooi / whydid you iun away ? / cll hci no o bc lac / scw i on o my coa / askhcm whcic hcy havc bccn / show mc wha you havc donc / sing mcanohci song / wha`s hc namc of hc book ? / muliply i by hicc /opposic hc hocl / suffciing fiom hc cold / buiy i in hc giound /polish i wih a cloh / fill i up o hc op / finish i if you can. Exercise 15.KLY PA11LRN \X\X\X! hink hc wans o go / i`s no hc onc ! wan / i isn` quic hc samc/! havcn` bccn bcfoic / ! can` bclicvc i`s iuc / hc iain is vciy lac/hc hasn` go a chancc / !`m soiiy ! foigo / hcic isn` imc o changc/! hopc you undcisand / hcy playcd a gamc of biidgc / hc conccisais a cigh / hc gocs o woik on foo / hc iavcls homc by iain /!`m suic my husband knows / afiaid my wifc is ill / shc has o say inbcd / hc fiic is ncaily ou / i`s all hc samc o mc / cxcusc my bcinglac / ! didn` know hc way / hc ioads aic vciy daik / ! couldn` scchc housc / pcihaps you`d caic o wai / !`ll scc hcm boh a oncc / idocsn` maci much / ! can` affoid a cai / hc piaciscd cvciy day / aspoonful cvciy houi. Exercise 16.KLY PA11LRN \X\\X\\X! hink ha hc wans us o go / i isn` hc samc as bcfoic / ! didn` cxpcco bc askcd / wc shan` bc in imc foi hc play / you`d bcs bc as quick you13can / i docsn` much maci o mc / !`vc wiicn hc lcci in Iicnch /shc`s gonc foi a walk in hc paik / i`s imc wc wcic having oui lunch /!`vc akcn my coa o bc clcancd / hc officc is opcn a ninc / his shopdocsn` scll wha ! wan / !`m looking foi papci and siing / his cnvclopchasn` a samp / wc don` wan o ioublc you now / anohci affaii foi hcpolicc / you shouldn` havc lcf i o hci / shc`ll ncvci icmcmbci a hing/shc`s suic o foigc wha o do / pcihaps you can iing hci onigh / andcll hci o lcavc i alonc / ! wancd o mcc hci again / hc piaciscs onccin a whilc. Exercise 17.KLY PA11LRN \X\\\X\\\X! hink i was an cxccllcn affaii / ! wondci if hc`ll ask mc in advancc / wchavcn` go an cnvclopc o mach / hc officc boy will show you whcic ogo / hc facoiy is woiking day and nigh / hc ligh should bc in quicanohci placc / hc bus is moic convcnicn han hc iam / hc concci`sbcing bioadcas afci six / wc`ll swich i on as soon as wc`vc had ca / !`dlikc a lump of sugai in my ca / ! shouldn` bc suipiiscd if hcy foigo /appioximacly cn of you can comc / hc ohcis mus wai hcic a lilcwhilc / wc`ll fcch you in a cai in half an houi / hc wancd mc o liscn ohis song / wc finishcd i hc day bcfoic hc camc / a baskcful of applcsfiom hc shop. Exercise 18.KLY PA11LRN \X\X\X\! hink hc wans o go hcic / wc ough o givc an answci / hc`s ncvcivciy puncual / shc maiiicd Maiy`s biohci / ! wan a pound of sugai/!`d likc o havc anohci / shc`s clcancd hc kichcn windows / myhusband wans his dinnci / wc had o go on busincss / !`vc go o dosomc shopping / you ough o buy a wiiclcss / !`ll show you whcic opu i/ you musn` wasc a momcn / you`ic looking smai his moining/in casc you`ic lac foi dinnci / wih no-onc hcic o hclp hci / i`simc wc wcn o dinnci / a dancc omoiiow cvcning / ! didn` wan oliscn / hc docsn` spcak much Inglish / hc sudics cvciy cvcning /hc always docs his homcwoik.14 Exercise 19.KLY PA11LRN \X\\X\\X\\! hink ha hc wans us o akc him hcic / ! old him o wai inhccoiiidoi/nowwhahavc!doncwihmyhandkcichicf?/icmcmbci o gc mc anohci onc / i`s chcapci o go o hc cincma/!wondciifDavidhashcaidofi/hcambulanccookhimohospial/ apply foi a pos as a lccuici/ hc playcd us a unc on hcgiamophonc/ hc lookcd foi a sick o dcfcnd himsclf / ! ough ohavc scn hci a Chiismas caid / whcncvci you can you mus visius / Scpcmbci is bcs foi a holiday / you mus havc i icady bySauiday / wc`vc hundicds of placcs o akc you o / ! wancd ofinish my libiaiy book / a ciiiblc cold in hc hcad again / ha`snohing o do wih aigumcn / shc piomiscd o caiiy i caicfully. Exercise 20.KLY PA11LRN X\\\\\Xbuy hci a picy ncw dicss / honcy and siawbciiy |am / whcn aicyou going away? / wha havc you donc wih hc ink / go o anohcihocl/huiiyingoffohciain/woikingashaidashcycan/coming back homc in a bus / akc i away o bc clcancd / ha canbc sccn a a glancc/ wcaiing a funny old ha / giving him a cigaicc/why havc hcy lcf you alonc? / whcic havc you hiddcn hc kcy? /ncaily as fai as hc biidgc. Exercise 21.KLY PA11LRN \X\X\X\X! hink hc wans o go hcic oo / you ough o know hc way by now / hcdid his bcs o savc hc child / hc snow was falling hick and fas / !know you didn` mcan o hui / ha`s no hc way o fold a coa / ! oldhim no o go away / shc looks a lilc palc o mc / hc has o go o woika cigh / ! always likc a cup of ca / i`s imc hc childicn wcn o bcd /hcy uscd o go o bcd a six / a glass of bcci is wha! nccd / hc lcf hcioom wihou a woid / hc uscd o play i vciy wcll / ! saw hci sanding allalonc / ! can` foigc hc hings hc said / hcy said hcy had o lcavc aoncc / you`ll havc o do i all again.15 Exercise 22.KLY PA11LRN \X\\X\\X\\X c/:hc says ha hc wans us o akc i away / wc ough o bc giacful wchavcn` o pay / you know ha wc ough o discuss i oday / a woman hasfallcn and biokcn hci lcg / ! ncvci say no o a ho cup of ca / hcn uino hc iigh a hc cnd of hc sicc / ! shouldn` havc hough hc could gchcic in imc / hc icd up hc paiccl and ook i away / hc giamophonciccoid has biokcn in wo / i won` bc hc fiis imc !`vc gonc wihoulunch / cxcusc my disuibing you whcn you`ic so iicd / hc iam-sop is|us a bi fahci along / you couldn` havc comc a a moic inconvcnicn/i`s no wha ! wancd o ask you abou / a fiicnd of minc`s maiiicd a giilfiom abioad/ hc papci and ink havc bccn pu on youi dcsk / ! scc hc`sfoigocn o lcavc his addicss / wc havcn` go imc o aiiangc foi inow/ an applc a day kccps hc docoi away / hc book you`vc |us lcnmc is bcci han many !`vc icad.16Part TwoTHEANATOMYOFENGLISHINTONATIONGENERALCHARACTERISTICSOFINTONATION!n all languagcs hcic aic vaiiaions of pich. Whcn wc alk abou Inglishinonaion wc mcan hc pich pacins of spokcn Inglish, hc spccch uncs oimclodics, hc musical fcauics of Inglish.\cianccs which aic diffcicn only in icspcc o inonaion may diffcifiom cach ohci in mcaning.Inglish spcakcis aic ablc o makc a good dcal of allowancc foi impcifccsound-making, bu hcy aic much lcss ablc o makc hc samc allowancc foimisakcnly uscd oncs.THEROLEOFINTONATIONThc unc coniibucs considciably o hc oal mcaning of an uciancc.Ycpichpacinsdono,inInglish,alcihcbasicmcaningsofwoids.Whacvci unc is uscd wih hc woid Yc i icmains hc samc affiimaivc. Thcconiibuion ha inonaion makcs is o cxpicss, in addiion o and bcyond hcbaic woids and giammaical consiucions uscd, /|c ca/c/ a//|/udc /o/|c |/ua/|on |n u||:| |c | |a:cdSENSEGROUPSWc ncihci hink noi spcak in singlc woids; wc cxpicss oui houghs incloscly-kni gioups of woids which coniibuc o hc siuaions in which wcaicplaccdaagivcnmomcn.Suchgioupsofwoidsaiccallcds e n s eg r o u p s. Thcy aic usually scpaiacd fiom cach ohci by pauscs, which aicmaikcd by mcans of vciical bais.17I.g. Good moining. | How aic you? |!`m vciy wcll, | hank you. | And you? |Iinc. | Thc las imc ! saw you |you wcic |us going o akc youi cxams.|Ycs. | ! failcd, unfoiunacly.|Oh, | bad luck.|Scnsc gioups consis of a singlc woid oi a numbci of woids. !n icadingaloud a piccc of dcsciipivc piosc hc scnsc gioups will cnd o bc longci hanhosc found in |m/om/u convcisaion.PROMINENCEANDACCENTThc samc woids in hc samc oidci will no havc hc samc valuc indiffcicn siuaion.Considci hc scncncc I/ ua an unuua||, da// n||/ A hcbcginningofasoiyhclashiccwoidswouldallbcpaiiculailyimpoian. Supposc ha hc fiis woids wcic diowncd by somc ousidcnoisc and hc las hicc hcaid clcaily, 'unuua||, da// n||/. Thcnhc liscnci would sill gc a picuic of hc soiy`s scing. Bu in hcicvcisc casc hcic would bc viiually no infoimaion a all. !f hc samcscncnccwcicuscdinicsponscohcqucsionW|a/o//o|n||/ua|/? hcic would bc only wo impoian woids - unusually daik -and hcy could bc uscd alonc as a complcc answci o hc qucsion. !nicply o hc qucsion Wa |/ da// |a/ n||/? hc singlc woid unuua||,would in his scnsc bc moic impoian han all hc ohci. This piomincnccis achicvcd by mcans of acccn.THETUNESOFSINGLE-SYLLABLESENSEGROUPSThc cimt u n eis uscd o dcnoc hc complcc pich icamcn of ascnsc gioup. Tuncs, likc scnsc gioups, may bc long oi shoi, bu wc shall saiby dcaling wih hc shoics possiblc uncs, hosc in scnsc gioups consising ofa singlc, monosyllabic woid.Bclow aic six cxamplcs showing diffcicn uncs foi hc woid 1uoin diffcicn concxs. Thc changcs of pich aic show giaphically bcwccnwo hoiizonal lincs icpicscning hc noimal high and low limis of hcvoicc.181. PITIR: Would you likc onc packc, oi wo?1OHN: Two. _2. PITIR: How many shocs in a paii?1OHN: Two. 3. PITIR: Did you know Richaid has wo wivcs?1OHN: Two. 4. PITIR: How many cigaiccs havc you go?1OHN: Two. _5. PITIR: !`vc only go wo pounds.1OHN: Two? 6. PITIR: You`vc go onc biohci, havcn` you?1OHN: Two. _Thc six uncs aic:Low fall: hc voicc falls duiing hc woid fiom a mcdium o a vciy low pich.High fall: hc voicc falls duiing hc woid fiom a high o a vciy low pich.Risc-fall: hc voicc fiis iiscs fiom a faiily low o a high pich and hcnquickly falls o a vciy low pich.Low iisc: hc voicc iiscs duiing hc woid fiom a low o a mcdium pich oi alilc abovc.High iisc: hc voicc iiscs duiing hc woid fiom a mcdium o a high pich.Iall-iisc: hc voicc fiis falls fiom a faiily high o a iahci low pich, andhcn, sill wihin hc woid, iiscs o a mcdium pich.THETUNESOFLARGERSENSEGROUPSCONTAININGONEIMPORTANTWORDNow supposc ha 1ohn`s icsponsc was no 1uobu 1ucn/,.This is silla scnsc gioup of a singlc piomincn woid, bu hcic aic wo syllablcs inscad of19onc. Thc fiis of hcsc syllablcs is sicsscd, i.c. said wih a gicaci cffoi hanhc sccond, which is unsicsscd. Thc six uncs will now bc as follows and hcicwc usc laigc dos o icpicscn hc sicsscd syllablc and smallci dos o icpicscnhc unsicsscd syllablc.Low fall: Twcny. _High fall: Twcny. _Risc-f all: Twcny. oi yLow iisc: Twcny. _High iisc:Twcny? Iall-iisc: Twcny. _Thc similaiiics wih hc icamcn of 1uo aic obvious, bu hcic aicsomc diffcicnccs which mus bc noiccd. !n hc wo iising uncs hc sicsscdsyllablc is lcvcl in pich and hcic is no upwaid glidc as hcic is wih 1uo,bu iahci a |ump fiom hc pich of hc sicsscd o ha of hc unsicsscdsyllablc, in ohci woids hc iisc is no complcc bcfoic hc cnd of hc scnscgioup. !n hc samc way hc Iall-iisc is spicad ovci hc wo syllablcs and nocomplccd on hc fiis.NUCLEUSANDTAILAll uncs mus cnd in onc of hc six ways dcsciibcd abovc. No macihow long oi how shoi hc scnsc gioup is, no maci how many oi how fcwpiomincn woids i conains, hc pacin of is unc fiom hc sicsscd syllablcof hc las piomincn woid onwaids will coiicspond o onc oi ohci of hc sixgcncial pacins.Thc sicsscd syllablc of hc las piomincn woid is a landmaik of hchighcs impoiancc, and i is on his syllablc ha hc wholc unc ccnics. This2Osyllablc is callcd hcn u c l e u s of hc unc, and all syllablcs following hcnuclcus aic callcd hct a i l .Thc iiscs and falls which akc placc on hc nuclcus oi sai fiom i aicknown asn u c l e a r t o n e s, of which hcic aic six. By dcfiniion hcic canbc no piomincn woid in hc ail, bu hc cxamplcs show ha hc ail mayconain sicsscd woids; sicss alonc hcicfoic, afci hc nuclcus, docs no implyacccn. Thc las piomincn woid |acccncd, ha is, madc o sand ou, no bysicss alonc, bu a combinaion of sicss and pich fcauics.!noidciogivcafaiilycomplccpicuicofhcinonaionofhccxamplcs, wc havc uscd a giaphic of laigc and small dos. ! is moic convcnicnin piacicc o usc a shoici mchod of maiking hc inonaion. This consiss ofplacing a singlc symbol immcdiacly bcfoic hc nuclcus o indicac hc nuclcaionc; his symbol clls us, by is posiion and is shapc, which syllablc is hcnuclcus of hc unc and which of hc six main cndings is o bc uscd.Low fall: Two. Twcny.High fall: Two. Twcny.Risc-fall: Two. Twcny.Low iisc: Two. Twcny.High iisc: Two. Twcny.Iall-iisc: `Two. `Twcny.\nsicsscd syllablcs in hc ail havc no scpaiac symbol, bu sicsscdsyllablcs aic maikcd. Thc symbol [,j is placcd immcdiacly bcfoic cach sicsscdsyllablc on, oi bcginning on, hc lowcs pich lcvcl, and hc symbol [`jbcfoicany sicsscd syllablc which is highci ha hc lowcs pich.PRE-NUCLEARPATTERNS\p o now wc havc considcicd only scnsc gioups wih a singlc piomincnwoid iigh a hc bcginning of hc gioup. Now wc mus considci scnsc gioupsconaining woids bcfoic hc nuclcus. Thc pic-nuclcai pacin is dividcd inowo pais, hc head and hc pre- head. Thc hcad bcgins wih hc sicsscdsyllablc of hc fiis piomincn woid and cnds wih hc syllablc immcdiaclypicccding hc nuclcus; hc pic-hcad consiss of any syllablcs bcfoic hc sicsscdsyllablc of hc fiis piomincn woid.!n hc cxamplc bclow, piomincn woids aic undcilincd.21! wan o bc absoluclysuic abou i.Pic-hcad Hcad Nuclcus TailHEADSThc aic hicc diffcicn ypcs of hcad, hcl o wh e a d, hcs t e p p i n gh e a dand hc s l i d i n g h e a d.TheLowHead!n hc usual foim of hc low hcad, all hc syllablcs conaincd in i aicsaid on hc samc, iahci low pich. Bcfoic a low falling nuclcus his pich is alilc highci han hc pich of any ail.I.g. Don` bc impaicn, hcn. ___Bcfoic hc low-iising nuclcus hc low hcad mus bc a hc samc pich ashc bcginning of hc iisc.I.g. No-onc`s going o hui you. __, Bcfoic hc high-falling nuclcus, hc low hcad mos ofcn sais on a lowpich bu iiscs giadually, syllablc by syllablc, o cnd |us bcfoic hc saiingpich of hc nuclcus.I.g. How did you managc o do ha? gThc low hcad is symboliscd by placing hc maik [j bcfoic hc sicsscdsyllablc of cach piomincn woid. Thc cxamplcs abovc hus icads as follows:Don`bcsoimpaicn,hcn.No-onc`sgoingohuiyou.How did you managc o do ha?TheSteppingHead!n hc scpping hcad, hc sicsscd syllablc of hc fiis impoian woid ison a high, lcvcl pich; ha of hc sccond impoian woid is a scp lowci; ha ofhc hiid a scp lowci sill, and so on unil hc nuclcus is icachcd. \nsicsscdsyllablcs aic said on hc samc pich as hc picvious acccncd syllablc.22I.g. Why did you cll mc you couldn` comc? " * _Thc scpping hcad is symboliscd by placing hc symbol ['j immcdiaclybcfoic cach acccncd syllablc. Any syllablc which is sicsscd bu no acccncdhas hc symbol [`j placcd bcfoic i.I.g. 'Why did you 'cll mc you 'couldn` comc?'Aic you `coming 'back a`gain on Sunday?'Comcand'sccmcomoiiow.TheSlidingHeadThis is similai o hc scpping hcad, as will bc sccn fiom hc followingcxamplc:Ivciyonc`s bound o scc i somcimc. "_Thcpacinofhcacccncdsyllablcsiscxaclyhafoundinhcscpping hcad, hc fiis high, hc sccond lowci, and so on, bu hc unacccncdsyllablcs aic icacd diffcicnly: inscad of bcing said on hc samc pich ashc picvious acccncd syllablc hcy fiom a dcsccnding scqucncc, hc fiislowcihanhcacccncdsyllablc,hcsccondlowcisillandsoon.!fhcsiucuic of hc scnsc gioup is such ha hcic aic no unacccncd syllablcsbcwccn succcssivc acccncd oncs, han hc acccncd syllablcs hcmsclvcs maypcifoim hc downwaid slidc, cach succcssivc slidc bcginning a scp lowcihan hc picccding onc.I.g. You can` |us lcavc i. "_To symbolisc hc sliding hcad hc maik [j is placcd immcdiaclybcfoic cach acccncd syllablc. Thc cxamplcs quocd abovc aic fully maikcd asfollows:I. g. Ivciyonc`s bound o scc i`somcimc.You can` |us lcavc i.PRE-HEADSThc pic-hcad of a unc consiss of hc unacccncd syllablcs bcfoic hcfiis acccncd onc, whchci hc laci is hc nuclcus oi hc bcginning of hchcad. Thcic aic wo ypcs of pic-hcad, hcl o w p r e - h e a d and hch i g hp r e - h e a d.23TheLowPre-headAll hc syllablcs in hc low pic-hcad aic said on hc samc iahcilow pich.I.g. ! was an unusually daik nigh. " gThc pich is no so low as ha of a final fall, bu i mus ncvci bc highcihan hc saiing pich of hc fiis acccncd syllablc.TheHighPre-head!n hc high pic-hcad all hc syllablcs aic said on hc samc iclaivclyhigh pich.I.g. Bu you can` do ha. __Thc high pic-hcad is vciy much lcss common han hc low pic-hcad.Thc symbol [j is uscd o dcnoc hc high pic-hcad and i is placcdbcfoic hc fiis woid of hc scnsc gioup. All syllablcs following his symboland picccding hc ncx onc maik aic akcn o bclong o hc high pic-hcad.I.g. Bu you can` do ha.TUNESANDTONEGROUPSA simplc unc may havc a low pic-hcad, a high pic-hcad oi nopic-hcad a all; i may havc onc of hc hicc diffcicn kinds of hcad oi nohcad a all bu i will havc onc of hc six nuclcai oncs (wih oi wihouhc appiopiiac ail).As i is mcaning which is a ically impoian facoi, wc can uscfullygioup ogchci any uncs which mcan subsanially hc samc. Thcsc gioupsof uncs all convcying hc samc aiudc on hc pai of hc spcakci aiccallcdTo n e G r o u p s. Thus hc uncs bclonging o hc samc oncgioup can bc icgaidcd as hc vaiians of hc samc inonaion pacin. Thcyhavc hc samc nuclcai onc and cxpicss hc samc aiudinal mcaning(s).Thcy diffci in pic-nuclcai pacins and in hc picscncc oi abscncc of hcail.24Part ThreeINTONATIONPATTERNSANDTHEIRATTITUDINALMEAN-INGSTHE LOW FALL PATTERNAND ITS ATTITUDINAL MEANINGSTone Group 1All sacmcns associacd wih onc gioups conaining falling nuclcaionc sound dc||n|/c and :om|c/c in hc scnsc ha hc spcakci wishcs hcmo bc icgaidcd as scpaiac icms of incics. !n addiion Tonc Gioup 1 ischaiacciisicallyuscdoconvcya:oo|,:a|m,||cma/|:,/cc/tcd,d|a|ona/c, dc/a:|cd, du|| possibly /|m oi u/|, aiudc on hc pai ofhc spcakci.I.g. Wha`syouinamc? 1ohnson.Occupaion? !`m a shop as,sisan.This onc gioup is ofcn uscd o dcnoc hc final icm in a lis, hc ohciicms having iising oncs.I.g. You can havc ca oi |coffcc oi milk.Wih spccial qucsions hc onc is dc/a:|cd and /cc/tcd, hcy soundiahci ||a/ and un,ma/|c/|:, quic ofcn cvcn |o/||c, and aic conscqucnlylcss commonly hcaid han such qucsions wih ohci onc gioups.Wih gcncial qucsions Tonc gioup 1 is uscd(!) To pu hc qucsion foiwaid as a suggcsion oi a sub|cc foi discussion25iahci han a icqucs foi immcdiac infoimaion. Again hc gcncial aiudc isdc/a:|cd, ||cma/|:, /cc/tcdI.g. Thc knifc`s oo blun. !s his,onc any ,bcci?!`vc go so many hings o do. Can ! ,hclp a ,all.Whcn hc fall is on hc spccial finic vcib hc spcakci is quciying anassumpion on hc pai of hc liscnci.I.g. !f wc can affoid, wc`ll go hcic. Bu can wc af,foid i?Wha is in appcaiancc a ncgaivc qucsion of his kind may in cffcc bcan cxclamaion.I.g. Lookahisgoigcousmaciial. !sn` i ,lovcly!(!!) !n a sciics of shoi qucsions whcic hcic is only a small changc inhc foim of hc qucsion cach imc.I.g. !s i icd?!s i bluc?!s i black?(!!!) Pcihaps hc mos impoian usc of Tonc Gioup 1 wih dis|uncivcqucsions is foi qucsion ags whcn hcy follow sacmcns conaining hc low-falling nuclcai onc. !n such cascs hc spcakci cxpccs his sacmcn o bcconfiimcd by hc liscnci.I.g. Wha a 'bcauiful day, isn` i?This ypc of phiascs is also uscd as a commcn upon a sacmcn madcby somconc clsc. Whcn hc Low Iall is uscd hc commcn is ap o convcy a/o/a| |a:/ o| |n/c/c/, oi clsc a mood is of |o/|||/,I.g. !`vc |us comc fiom Paiis. Havc you?1ohnboiiowcdyouicaioday. Didhc?(!\) This onc gioup is uscd in alcinaivc qucsions o maik hc las ofalcinaivcs.I.g. 'Would you likc ca | oi coffcc?Tonc Gioup 1 is uscd foi uncmo/|ona|, :a|m, :on//o||cd, ofcn :o|d:ommand.I.g. Don`. Takc i.!nci|ccionswihToncGioup1sound:a|m,unu//|cd,c||-occd, /cc/tcd Thcy aic gcncially only shoi phiascs.I.g. Good.Righ.Goodmoining.NoiccinpaiiculaiTh a n k y o u ,andT h a n k s ,ocxpicss26gcnuinc hough uncxcicd giaiudc. PRACTICE. L|/cn /o /|c |o||ou|n /c:o/dcd /|mu|| (tc/|a| :on/c\/) La:|/|mu|u | |o||oucd |, a /conc W/|/c doun /|c /conc Su|, //c-/oncno/a/|on |o/ /|cm 1|c nu:|ca/ /onc |n /|c /conc | /|c Lou Ia|| Lca/n /o/onoun:c |o/| /|c /|mu|u and /|c /concTunc !. LOW IALL ONLYCan you comc omoiiow?Whosc book is his?You mus ask foi hcm now.Hc simply mus go.!`ll scnd i o him.Wha do you advisc mc o do?Hc`s |us aiiivcd.Hcic`s youi swcaci.Tunc !!. LOW IALL + TA!LWha`s youi namc?Who`s iunning hc music club his ycai?Somconc`s bound o havc onc.Hc says hc`s coming.Hc`s foigocn o shu hc gac.Wha a vciy nicc housc.! iahci likc Maiy.Wha shall ! do wih his iubbish?Wach mc |ugglc wih hcsc placs.Would you likc an applc?Tunc !!!. LOW PRI-HIAD + LOW IALL (+TA!L)Wha`s youi |ob?Whcic did you go o school?Somconc`ll havc o do i.!`vc said !`ll mcc you.!`vc go so many hings o do.27Thank you foi youi offci.May ! boiiow his pcn?! can` cll you now.Did you lock hc back dooi?!`m afiaid !`vc go a cold.Tunc!\.(LOWPRI-HIAD+)LOWHIAD+LOWIALL(+TA!L)Wha would you likc foi dinnci?Wha`s ha iay madc of?Which ioad shall wc akc?!`m afiaid !`vc los youi pcn.! don` fccl likc diinking bcci.! don` know wha o cll 1can.Thank you so much.! was vciy kind of you.!`m vciy plcascd wih Suc.Tone Group 2ToncGioup2isuscdogivca:a/co/|:,:on|dc/cd,uc||/,,/ud|:|a|, d|a|ona/c chaiacci o sacmcns. Such pionouccmcns aicmoic cm|a/|: and moic ondc/ou-ound|n han wih Tonc Gioup 1.I.g. Aicyousuic? 'Abso'lucly cciain.Wha shall ! do? ! 'simply 'can`imaginc.Thc dispassionacncss ofcn shadcs ino u|/|d/aua| and |ma/|cn:c.I.g. Why did hc do i? ! `havcn` hc 'slighcs idca.Wha shall ! do? You mus 'makc up youiown,mind.Onhcohcihand,hisoncgioupaddswcighocxpicssionsofcnhusiasmaswcllasofdisappiovalandisvciycommonlyuscdinsuchscncnccs as:!was'pcifcclywondciful.! was 'simply ciiiblc.Tonc Gioup 2 makcs spccial qucsions ca/:||n, c/|ou, |n/cnc,/con|||c and aic ofcn uscd o suggcs |ma/|cn:c oi |//|/a||||/,, houghno ncccssaiily.28I.g. 'Why no 'comc and havc dinnci ,wih us?'Why did youdo such a ,supid,hing?Ixia cmphasis can bc givcn o hcsc qucsions by making hc spccialfinic piomincn.I.g. Wha'aicyoudoing?How 'could you bc sosupid?Tonc Gioup 2 pus foiwaid a gcncial qucsion as suggcsion oi as asub|cc foi discussion and makcs i moic insiscn and moic pondcious hawhcn said wih Tonc Gioup 1.I.g. Wcll 'couldn` wc boiiow somc ,moncy?Bu 'can ! bclicvc you whcn you ,say ,ha?Oucsions wih 'W i l l y o u . . . aic in icaliy impciaivcs whcnsaid wih Tonc Gioup 2.I.g. 'Will you bc quic?Thc ncgaivc foim of gcncial qucsion is uscd o uin wha sccms o bca qucsion ino an cxclamaion.I.g. '!sn`iwondciful!'Havcn` hcy 'madc a mcss of i!Wih alcinaivc qucsions his onc gioup is uscd o show hc finalalcinaivc of wo oi moic.I.g. Would you `likc coffcc | oi 'would you pic`fci ca?CommandswihToncGioup2aic||/m,c/|ou,:on|dc/cd,uc||/,, /c|n, d|a|ona/c Ofcn, hough no always, hcy havc a iingof impaicncc.I.g. 'Comc and `havc dinnci ,wih us.'Tiy hc ohci ,kcy.This onc gioup is paiiculaily common wih commands conaininghc cmphaic woidsd o oip l e a s e .I.g. 'Do sop ickling.'Plcasc bc quic.This onc gioup is vciy common wih inci|ccions and givcs wcighand cmphasis o hcm.I.g. 'Ohgood!'Howiidiculous!Giccings wih his onc gioup aic vciy |n/cnc, paiiculaily if hc fiiswoid is acccncd.29I.g. Goodmoining. PRACTICE. L|/cn /o /|c |o||ou|n /c:o/dcd /|mu|| (tc/|a| :on/c\/) La:|/|mu|u | |o||oucd |, a /conc W/|/c doun /|c /conc Su|, //c-/oncno/a/|on |o/ /|cm Lca/n /o /onoun:c |o/| /|c /|mu|u and /|c /concTunc !. STIPP!NG HIAD + LOW IALL (+TA!L)!sn` shc vciy biigh?!s i casy?!`m afiaid ! can` do i.Wha`s hc saying?!`ll bc vciy cxciing.Hc`s wo houis lac again.Wha do you hink you aic doing?Wha do you wan mc o do?Hcic ! am a las.!sn` i mild oday?Tunc !!. LOW PRI-HIAD +STIPP!NGHIAD +LOW IALL(+TA!L)Why did hc iun away?Whcic`s ha book of minc?Will you hclp?Oh foi a bi of quic.!`s quic an incicsing idca.Wc`vc boh go hc samc answci.Do you icmcmbci oui walk in Ipping Ioics?Wc`ll bc hcic in no imc.!`s no much of a iisk.How shall ! makc my pcacc?Hcic`s hc pcn you los.! havcn` sccn you foi agcs.Tunc !!!. H!GH PRI-HIAD + LOW IALL (+TA!L)!`ll fcch you in hc cai.3OYou won` do i ha way.Wha did you say hc addicss was?Wcll hc says hc nccds i.Wc can` lcavc yc. !`s iaining.! don` wan youi hclp.Hc |us shoucd mc down.Hullo, 1ack.31THE HIGH FALL PATTERN ANDITS ATTITUDINAL MEANINGSTone Group 3Sacmcns wih his gioup aic |us as dcfinic and complcc as hoscwihToncGioup1and2,buhcylackhcdcachmcnanddispassionacncss of hc laci, cxpicssing iahci a c/ona| :on:c/n oi|nto| tcmcn/inhcsiuaion;hcysoundmoiclivclyandincicscd,somcimcs suipiiscd, always moic aiiy and lighci in mood han wihTonc Gioups 1 oi 2. Bccausc of his Tonc Gioup 3 (and Tonc Gioup 4)aic paiiculaily common in convcisaion, whcic i is so ofcn ncccssaiyo show acivc incics in wha is going on.I.g. Havc you mc my biohci? No, | ! havcn`.Spccial qucsions wih his onc cxpicss a| |tc| , and| n/c/c/cdicacion o hc siuaion.I.g. ! saw hc Ouccn ycsciday. Whcic?Whcn hc inciiogaivc woid picccdcs hc nuclcus such qucsionscxpicss a icacion o somching vciy uncxpcccd and, foi ha icason pcihaps,no immcdiacly plcasing o hc qucsionci.I.g. Why did you do ha? | ! wasn` ncccssaiy.!n commcns (i.c. gcncial qucsions), whcic hc High Iall is on hcspccial finic, hc icacion is onc of m||d u//|c bu a::c/an:c o| /|c||/cnc/ /cm|c. ! is moic oi lcss cquivalcn o a suipiiscd icpciion ofhc liscnci`s sacmcn.I.g. ! likc i hcic. Doyou?(!houghyou`dhaci.)Shc`shiiy-fivc. !sshc?(!didn`knowha.)Wih a disscning woid hc qucsion dcmands spccial sciuiny of anassumcd fac.I.g. !`m glad hc cai`s all iigh Bu is i. (Tha`s hc wholc poin.)again.Oucsion ags havc hc High Iall on hc spccial finic whcn hc picvioussacmcn has a High Iall in i, oi whcn hc picccding sacmcn cnds in a iisc.! cxpicsscs hc spcakci`s cxpccaion of nohing bu a confiimaoiy answci.32I.g. !`s absoluclyiidiculous, | isn` i?!`s 'all iigh, | isn` i?Whcn hc nuclcus follows hc spccial finic, hc qucsion is offcicd as asub|cc foi discussion iahci han a icqucs foi infoimaion.I.g. Nobody sccms anxious o do i. Can ! havc a ,iy?CommandswihToncGioup3showmoicwaimhhanwihhcpicvious onc gioups, connoing a :/|/|:a|u//|chasuchan obviouscouisc should no havc occuiicd o hc liscnci.I.g. Wach mc |ump off his wall. Don`.(You`llhuiyouisclf.)!nci|ccions wih Tonc Gioup 3 aic moic cmoional, bu also lcsspoicnous, lcss wcighy han hosc wih Tonc Gioup 2I.g. Goodmoining,1ack. Good moining, ,Iicd. (! didn`cxpcc o scc you hcic.) PRACTICE. L|/cn /o /|c |o||ou|n /c:o/dcd /|mu|| (tc/|a| :on/c\/) La:|/|mu|u | |o||oucd |, a /conc W/|/c doun /|c /conc Su|, //c-/oncno/a/|on |o/ /|cm 1|c nu:|ca/ /onc |n /|c /conc | /|c H|| Ia|| Lca/n /o/onoun:c |o/| /|c /|mu|u and /|c /concTunc !. H!GH IALL (+TA!L)Do you know Basil Iish?Why didn` you buy hc picuic?! saw hc Ouccn ycsciday.Lc`s pain onc of hc walls pink.You`ic oo lac.1ohn`s gcnciosiy is amazing.Thcy can` go afci all.May ! boiiow you pcn?! lovc salcd almonds.Thc papci`s oo big foi cnvclopc.Will you havc a diink?Havc you akcn ovci youi ncw housc?Tunc !!. LOW PRI-HIAD + H!GH IALL (+TA!L )Wha did you hink of hc show?You can` ca all ha.33You mus do i.! know all abou i.Thcy boh passcd hc cxam.Wc`ll ncvci bc icady by Monday.Pa`s bcing vciy obsinac.May ! youi phonc?! owc you an apology.Tunc!!!.(LOWPRI-HIAD+)LOWHIAD+H!GHIALL(+TA!L)Pcci camc caily.Why didn` you say you`d won?! old him hc was a fool.!`m going o cmigiac.! doub whchci David will subsciibc.You`ic no vciy good a i, aic you?Hc paid fivc housand foi ha housc.! don` wan o go alonc.!`vc los my inviaion.Look. ! woiks.You`ic a bi giumpy oday.Tone Group 4Wih sacmcns his onc gioup icains hc lighncss, hc aiincss andhc cffcc of pcisonal paiicipaion, chaiacciisic of hc High Iall nuclcaionc.I.g. Wha imc is i? !`s 'half `pas wclvc. ! 'didn`'icalisc how lac i ,was.! is vciy ofcn uscd o cxpicss ua/m/|, a dcsiic no o appcai cool ohc liscnci.I.g. Can you comc and scc mc? !`m a'fiaid ! can`. !`vc 'go o`cach a iain.Spccialqucsionswihhisoncconvcyapcifccly|/|/and|u|nc-||/c aiudc and aic a vciy common way of asking hcsc qucsions.34I.g. 'Wha`shcimc?'Whcndidyouaiiivc?Gcncial qucsionshavc vciy much hc samc cffcc as hosc wih ToncGioup 3 cxccp ha hc impaicncc oi quciulousncss is abscn. Thc spcakcipus foiwaid his qucsion foi discussion, oi as hc kcy qucsion in hc discussion.I.g. Shall wc akc Iiank ino oui confidcncc?'Daic wc iisk i?Suggcsions aic madc wih his onc gioup.I.g. 'Wouldyoupic`fcihis,chaii?'Can ! hclp you a ,all?Commands sccm o uc/ a :ou/c o| a:/|on o hc liscnci, wihouhc suipiisc of Tonc Gioup 3 and wihou hc calm dcmand foi acion of ToncGioup 2.I.g. Thisca`sooho. 'Pu somc `moic milk in i.Wih inci|ccions Tonc Gioup 4 cxpicsscs mild u//|c wihou hcaffion of Tonc Gioup 3 and wihou hc massivc impac of Tonc Gioup2.I.g. ! mus say and do somc woik. How vciy noblc of you. PRACTICE. L|/cn /o /|c |o||ou|n /c:o/dcd /|mu|| (tc/|a| :on/c\/) W/|/cdoun /|c /conc Su|, //c-/onc no/a/|on |o/ /|cm 1|c nu:|ca/ /onc |n/|c /conc | /|c H|| Ia|| Lca/n /o /onoun:c /|c /|mu|u and /|c /concTunc !. (LOW PRI-HIAD+) STIPP!NG HIAD+H!GH IALL(+TA!L)Wha`s hc imc, plcasc?Hcic. \sc my pcn.!`vc |us sccn ha ncw musical.\ndcincah hc Aichcs.Wha was ha you said?1ohn says hc has an alibi.! can` hclp bcing iigh, can !?!`s no so biigh now, is i?! can` hink wha o say.Wha shall ! do wih his?Wc`ll go hcic on Iiiday.! was soiiy o havc o voc agains you.35Tunc!!.(LOWPRI-HIAD+)H!GHIALL(S)+H!GHIALL(+TA!L)Wha was hc paiy likc?Hc said hc kncw nohing abou i.Oh ! know hc couldn` hclp i.! found youi book in hc giccnhousc.! bumpcd ino Alicc ycsciday.Tha`s no vciy convincing.Havc you hcaid abou Alcx?Of couisc hc`ll agicc.Hc`s an absoluc swindlci.Hcic`s a chcquc foi you.Tunc !!!. H!GH PRI-HIAD + H!GH IALL (+TA!L)Was i casy?!`s no usc asking Philip.Wcll i looks likc minc.Shall ! ask o ca?Looking foi mc, Tciiy?36THE RISE-FALL PATTERNAND ITS ATTITUDINAL MEANINGSTone Group 5This onc gioup implics all hc dcfinicncss, finaliy, cc. associacdwih hc ohci falling gioups. ! paiiculaily shows ha hc spcakci is gicaly|m/ccd, pcihaps aucdI.g. Havc you hcaid abou Pa? Ycs!(!sn`iscandalous.)This onc is ofcn uscd in cchoing an immcdiacly piioi icmaik, inoidci o show how impicsscd hc spcakci is, whchci favouiably oi no.I.g. !gowohundicdpoundsfoii. 'Twohundicd.Thc spcakci ofcn sounds :om|a:cn/, c||-a/|||cd, cvcn mu.I.g. Aicyousuic? Cciain.ToncGioup5lcndsisclfcspcciallywcllohccxpicssionofa:|a||cn|n oi :cno/|ou aiudc.This onc gioup has an incnsifying funcion vciy similai o hc usc ofhc woid ereaI.g. Do you wcigh as much as Moic(=cvcnmoic.)wclvc sonc?ToncGioup5givcsospccialqucsionsanocof:|a||cncandan/aon|m, which is ofcn cquivalcn o hc woid ba| placcd bcfoic hcqucsion oi hc woid |haagh afci i.I.g. You could suicly find somc (Bu)whcic?moncysomcwhcic.! know i foi a fac. Howdoyou,know(hough)?As wih sacmcns, hcic is ofcn a d|:|a|m|n o| /con|||||/, foi hcsiuaion.I.g. !`vc had his pain foi days. 'Whydon`youdosomchinga,bou i?Tonc Gioup 5 wih gcncial qucsions is vciy ofcn found wih commcnsof hc ypc bclow, whcn i shows ha hc spcakci a::c/ u|a/ |a |ccna|d and | |m/ccd |, |/, c|/|c/ |atou/a||, o/ un|atou/a||,I.g. Hcshoanclcphan. Didhc?37Ncgaivc qucsion foims uscd cxclamaoiily again show ha hcspcakci is ta/|, |m/ccd, |atou/a||, o/ o/|c/u|cI.g. Wha do you hink of my ioscs? Aicn` hcy ,lovcly!This onc gioup is uscd wih qucsion ags whcn hc picccding scnscgioup also has hc Risc-Iall as is nuclcai onc and hc spcakci wishcs o:omc| a/ccmcn/I.g. !`s ciiiblc, | isn` i?Wih fullci qucsions Tonc Gioup 5 pus hc maci foiwaid foidiscussion, wih hc samc :|a||cn|n, iahci an/aon|/|: noc as wihspccial qucsions.I.g. Can wc affoid o buy i? 'Can wc af`foid no o?Thc main coniibuion of Tonc Gioup 5 wih commands is again amaci of |/u|n o|| /con|||||/,, o/ /c|u|n /o |c cm|/o||cd.I.g. Mydocoi`susclcss. 'Tiy a diffcicn onc.Whcn hc spcakci uscs Tonc Gioup 5 wih inci|ccions hc soundsimpicsscd by somching no cniicly cxpcccd.I.g. Sally`s|ushadiiplcs. 'Mygoodncss. PRACTICE. L|/cn /o /|c |o||ou|n /c:o/dcd /|mu|| (tc/|a| :on/c\/) La:|/|mu|u | |o||oucd |, a /conc W/|/c doun /|c /conc Su|, //c-/oncno/a/|on |o/ /|cm 1|c nu:|ca/ /onc |n /|c /conc | /|c R|c-Ia|| Lca/n /o/onoun:c |o/| /|c /|mu|u and /|c /concTunc !. R!SI-IALL+TA!LCan you scc?!s hc as all as his fahci?! was vciy cioss wih him.Suicly onc of hcsc scicws will fi.! finishcd wcll bcfoic imc.! hac i, bu wha can ! do?Did you finish ha |ob?Tunc !!. R!SI-IALL ONLYDid you scc any lions?38!s i chcapci by coach?You pay foi i.Wcll boiiow a iulci.May ! akc his ncwspapci?1ohn`s go i now.Tunc !!!. LOW-HIAD+R!SI-IALL (+TA!L)Can you managc alonc?! hough you didn` likc spinach.Why should youdo hc donkcy woik?!`ll makc i soon, ! piomisc.You ough o apologisc.Ivciyhing`s so dcai.Nobody sccms a all kccn.Tunc !\. (LOW PRI-HIAD+) STIPP!NG HIAD+R!SI-IALL(+TA!L)!s hc gcing faci?Did you savc imc?! don` likc hc man.Which onc shall ! choosc?Would Max havc a gamc?!`vc had his pain foi days.Can wc affoid o buy i?Which onc shall ! buy?!`s no much of a cu.Thank you so much.39THE LOW RISE PATTERNAND ITS ATTITUDINAL MEANINGSTone Group 6Sacmcns wih Tonc Gioup 6 invic a fuihci coniibuion o hcconvcisaion fiom hc liscnci.I.g. Goodmoining,MiThompson. (Goodmoining.)!`saniccday.Havc you hcaid abou Max? No.\sually hc spcakci givcs ha impicssion ha hc is /cc/t|n /udmcn/unil hc has hcaid moic fiom hc liscnci.I.g. Doyougoohchcaic? Somcimcs.Going on fiom his ua/dcd aiudc, Tonc Gioup 6 is ofcn uscd ocxpicss icpioving ciiicism of hc liscnci`s aiudc oi hc gcncial siuaion.I.g. ! shall havc o sack him. Youcan`doha.(Hcisoouscful.)\ciy common is hc usc of his onc gioupin/ccn/|u| :on//ad|:/|onI.g. You havcn` wiicn ha lcci. (Ycs,)|!havc.|(!wiociinhcmoining.)Noicc ha hc implicd ciiicism of hc liscnci may bc bccausc hc isblaming himsclf oo much, oi piaising hc spcakci oo much, whcn hc sacmcnsounds dc/c:a/o/,.I.g. ! fccl ciiiblc abou i. You`vcnohingoicpioachyouisclf`wih.!wasn`youi`faul.This onc gioup is also uscd foi coninuivc puiposcs, o show hahcic is moic o bc said, as, foi cxamplc, in cnumciaions.I.g. Onc, | wo, | hicc, | foui, | fivc,!f hc cnumciaion is complccd hc las icm has a falling onc:You can havc coffcc, | oi ca, | oi cocoa.Whcn wih spccial qucsions hc nuclcus is in hc inciiogaivc woidhc cffcc may bc cighci of icpcaing hc liscnci`s qucsion oi of asking foiinfoimaion o bc icpcacd. !n boh cascs hc qucsionci`s onc is uondc/|n.4OI.g. Thc mccing`s a fivc. Whcn? (! hough i was a six.)Wih gcncial qucsions d|a/ota| o/ :c/|:|m is almos invaiiablycxpicsscd.I.g. You mcan o say you`ic gcing !sisovciysuipiising?maiiicd?Oucsions ags wih Tonc Gioup 6 lcavc hc liscnci ficc o answcicihci Yes oi Na, alhough i will bc clcai ha hc spcakci inclincs o onc vicwiahci han hc ohci.I.g. !`s abou cn o`clock, | isn` i?Noicc ha whcn hc spcakci says:Shc`s a nicc giil, | isn` shc?hc has cciainly mc hc giil and foimcd an opinion abou hci niccncss,which hc cxpccs hc liscnci o confiim; whcicas whcn hc says:Shc`s a nicc ,giil, | isn` shc?hc has piobably no mc hc giil conccincd and is gcnuincly conccincdo havc hc liscnci`s vicw.Thcqucsionagsai||;aa?,aaa'|;aa?,aaa|d;aa?aicuscdafciimpciaivc foims in oidci o makc i plain ha hc command is in fac a foimof inviaion.I.g. 'Comc and `si down, | won` you?Diicc qucsion ags, i.c. hosc which aic in hc ncgaivc whcn hcpicccding sacmcn is in hc ncgaivc, oi in hc affiimaivc whcn hc sacmcnis in hc affiimaivc, a|ua, bcai Tonc Gioup 6. Such ucianccs aic uscdo acknowlcdgc somching which has picviously bccn sacd, o icfci backo somching alicady csablishcd and acccpcd by boh paiics.I.g. Wha a lovcly dicss. You likc i, | do you?Whcn uscd indcpcndcnly, as a commcn in icsponsc o a sacmcn,hc disappioving oi sccpical onc is again in cvidcncc.I.g. !sawyouonWcdncsday. Didyou?(!houghiwasThuisday.)Tonc Gioup 6 is no widcly uscd wih commands cxccp hosc bcginningwih Daa'|, whcn hc cffcc is cxacly hc samc as wih sacmcns. ! is commonlywih a fcw shoi commands, whcn hcy consiuc a iahci calm waining oicxhoiaion.41I.g. !`m afiaid !`vc biokcn i. Don`woiiyabouha.Caicful.Scady.Wach.Somc shoi inci|ccions quic commonly havc his onc gioup; sccm oimply /cc/tcd /udmcn/ and o icquiic moic cxplanaion fiom hc hcaici.I.g. !`shalfpascn. Wcll. (Wc`ic no in a huiiy.)Ohcis imply :a|m, :aua| a:/nou|cdcmcn/ of a no uncxpcccd maci.I.g. Thccai`shcic. Good. (Wc`ic |us abou icady). PRACTICE. L|/cn /o /|c |o||ou|n /c:o/dcd /|mu|| (tc/|a| :on/c\/) La:|/|mu|u | |o||oucd |, a /conc W/|/c doun /|c /conc Su|, //c-/oncno/a/|on |o/ /|cm 1|c nu:|ca/ /onc |n /|c /conc | /|c Lou R|c Lca/n /o/onoun:c |o/| /|mu|u and /|c /concTunc !. LOW R!SI ONLYDid you cach hc las iain?Wha docs a habcidashci scll?Whcn`s hc mccing duc o akc placc?Thc mccing`s a fivc.Bu how you do i?!`s half pas cn.Tunc !!. LOW R!SI+TA!LDo you cvci go o hc club?Tony`s always lac.How old aic you?! hough shc was picy.Youi changc, sii.Tunc !!!. LOW PRI-HIAD+LOW R!SI (+TA!L)Havc you bccn hcic?! wondci if hcy scll socks.! wcn wih Mi. Spang.Thcic`s somconc o scc you.Oh good! Bicakfas in bcd!42! can` find my kcy anywhcic.Thank you.!s ha ically youis?Tunc !\. (LOW PRI-HIAD+) LOW HIAD + LOW R!SI (+TA!L)Lc mc gc you somc ca.How much did you win?Wha will hcy hink of mc?! don` agicc.Shu hc dooi, foi hcavcns sakc.Lc`s usc i now.Hc says hc`ll ncvci spcak o mc again.! don` hink ! can divc fiom ha hcigh.!`m soiiy.!`m ciiibly soiiy.! can` hclp you.Tone Group 7Sacmcns wih his onc cnd o sound oo/||n, /cau/|n No ciiicismis implicd such as found wih Tonc Gioup 6, bu hcic is a ||n/ o| /ca/ c||-:on||dcn:c o/ c||-/c||an:c on hc spcakci.I. g. Aic you icady o go? ! 'shan` bc a momcn.!n cchocd sacmcns, hosc which icpca moic oi lcss wha has |usbccn said by hc ohci pcisons, his gioup uins hc sacmcn ino u//|cdand d||c||ct|n quc/|on.I.g. Hc`s biokcn his lcg. 'Biokcn his lcg?Thc samc aiudc is picscn in ohci sacmcns which aic no obviouslycchocs.I.g. ! won hc fiis piizc. And you 'didn` cll us?This gioup is ficqucnly uscd wih unfinishcd gioups, i.c. whcn hcspcakci is lcading up o somching moic; i is icgaidcd by hc spcakci as bcingimpoian only as a picpaiaion foi wha follows. Compaic! 'wcn up o him | and 'shook hishand.! 'wcn up o him | and 'shook hishand.43!n hc fiis cxamplc hcic is only onc cpisodc wih wo phascs, bu in hcsccond hcic aic scpaiac cpisodcs.I.g. 'Whcn ! aiiivcd | hcic was 'nobody a homc.! 'opcncd hc 'dooi quicly | and 'lookcdin.Thc cffcc of hc gioup in hcsc ciicumsanccs is o cnsify cxpccancyicgaiding wha is o follow and i is pcihaps mos commonly uscd in naiiaion.By using Tonc Gioup 7 wih spccial qucsions hc spcakci sccks ocsablish a bond wih hc liscnci, o show incics no only in iccciving hcinfoimaion askcd foi bu also in hc liscnci himsclf.I.g. (Hullo,dailing.)'Whahavcyou`gohcic?Noc ha whcn hc nuclcus is hc inciiogaivc woid, hc cffcc oficpciion and hc puzzlcmcn of Tonc Gioup 6 icuins.I.g. ! saw him a Wcmbly. You 'saw him whcic?!n cchocd qucsions his onc gioup shows disappioval of hc qucsionbcing askcd.I.g. Whcnaicyougoinghomc? 'Whcnam!'goinghomc?(Howdaicyou!)This onc gioup is by fai hc mos common way of asking gcncialqucsions. ! should bc icgaidcd as hc noimal way, and any ohci gioupsshould bc in hc spccial ciicumsanccs oulincd in hc appiopiiac placc.I.g. 'Aic you `coming wih us?'Did you cn'|oy hc play `las `nigh?Commands wih Tonc Gioup 7 havc hc oo/||n cffcc of sacmcns.Thc spcakci sounds cn:ou/a| n and pcihaps :a|m|, a//on||n. Ioihcsc icasons hcsc commands aic ficqucnly uscd o childicn, bu lcssofcn o aduls, who may find hc 'soohing cffcc iiiiaing.I.g. 'Comc o Daddy. 'Blowyoui nosc, `dcai. 'Don` woiiy.Thisoncgioupisiahcicommonlyuscdwihawihafcwinci|ccions. Thc cffcc is iahci biighci han wihTonc Gioup 6, noso icscivcd, bu sill quic a|/,and :aua|and wih hc cn:ou/a|ncffcc mcnioncd abovc.I.g. !`llsccyouomoiiow. 'Righ you aic.!`smycxamomoiiow. 'Goodluck.Giccings vciy ficqucnly cmploy his onc gioup, whcn hcy sound|/||/ an/ |/|cnd|,. !f hc syllablc bcfoic hc nuclcai syllablc is sicsscd hc44cffcc is iahci pondcious, so mos ofcn i is unsicsscd hough high in pich,a High Pic-Hcad bcing uscd.I.g. Goodmoining.Hullo,`hcic.Lcavc-akings aic almos invaiiably in his foim sincc Tonc Gioup 6sounds oo icscivcd. Tonc Gioup 7, howcvci, sounds |/||/ and |/|cnd|,. PRACTICE. L|/cn /o /|c |o||ou|n /c:o/dcd /|mu|| (tc/|a| :on/c\/) La:|/|mu|u | |o||oucd |, a /conc W/|/c doun /|c /conc Su|, //c-/oncno/a/|on |o/ /|cm 1|c nu:|ca/ /onc |n /|c /conc | /|c Lou R|c Lca/n /o/onoun:c |o/| /|c /|mu|u and /|c /concTunc!.(LOWPRI-HIAD+)STIPP!NGHIAD+LOWR!SI(+TA!L)! havc climbing laddcis.! mus pay wha ! owc you.Tcll mc, docoi. !s hc badly hui?!`vc dccidcd o ic|cc his applicaion.! lcavc omoiiow moining.Scvcns is going o iciic.Hc`s siing on hc caivci.!`m going o do somc shopping.!`d lovc you o comc.! supposc !`ll havc o.Thcy`vc scn us foui.Wha imc will you call iound?! |us can` quic managc i.!`m |us going.! ically mus bc off.!`ll back laci.You`vc go hc wiong numbci.Tunc !!. H!GH PRI-HIAD+LOW R!SI (+TA!L)Do huiiy up.Bu ! may spill somc.Any imc o spaic on Sunday?45! said nohing of hc kind.Hc was icacd by an oscopah.Whcn can ! call foi i?Wc had a splcndid gamc.Why havc you akcn ha onc?Whacvci shall wc do?Goodbyc foi now.!`m lcaving now. Goodbyc.You`ic an old fool.46THE HIGH RISE PATTERNAND ITS ATTITUDINAL MEANINGSTone Group 8Complcc sacmcns wih Tonc Gioup 8 havc hc cffcc of qucsions.I.g. You ||/c ||m?is cquivalcn o 'Do ,ou ||/c ||m?Hc 'dc||n|/c|, o|n?is cquivalcn o 'I |c 'dc||n|/c|, o|n?\ciy ofcn his onc gioup is o clici a icpciion by hc liscncioi somching hc has said, as if hc spcakci wcic saying 'Di d you say. . . ?oi 'Di d you mcan.?. Thc diffcicncc bcwccn his and Tonc Gioup6oiToncGioup7ishahcicisnosuggcsionofdisappiovaloipuzzlcmcn.I.g. Thcicwcicfouiccnnamcsonhclis. Ioiy?Tonc Gioup 8 is also uscd o lcad o a following gioup, whcn i soundsiahci moic /cn/a/|tc han Tonc Gioup 6 oi 7 in similai ciicumsanccs.I.g. ! likc hc coloui, | hc shapc, | and hc pacin.You can 'say hcic |oi 'comc wih us.Whcn hc nuclcai unc is on hc inciiogaivc woid, Tonc Gioup 8 callsfoi /|c /cc/|/|on o| |n|o/ma/|on a|/cad, |tcn, as docs Gioup 6, bu hcwondciing, puzzlcd flavoui of Tonc Gioup 6 is abscn.I.g. Whawashis`namcagain?(!`vcfoigocn.)Hc`s'comingfoihowlong?Whcn hc nuclcai onc is no on hc inciiogaivc woid, hc spcakci isofcn cchoing liscnci`s qucsion in oidci o gc i clcai in his mind bcfoicgiving an answci; again hcic is no ciiicism implicd as hcic is wih ToncGioup 7.I.g. Whcn`shcaiiiving? 'Whcn`shcaiiiving?(!shawhayouaskcd?)Tonc Gioup 8 is also uscd wih siaighfoiwaid spccial qucsions, i.c.no cchocs oi icqucss foi icpciion, and such qucsion sound iahci likchoscwihToncGioup7,buvciymuchmoic/cn/a/|tc,asifavoidanyappcaiancc of piying.I.g. 'Who wcic alking o? (Anyonc ! know?)47Gcncial qucsions wih Tonc Gioup 8 may bc cchocd qucsions (aswih spccial qucsions abovc) oi no. Thc following aic cchocs.I.g. !s i iaining? '!s i iaining, did you say?Would you likc onc? 'Would!likconc?(!`dlovconc.)Siaighfoiwaid qucsions may, howcvci, bc askcd wih his onc gioup,whcn hcy sound |||/c/, mo/c :aua| han wih Tonc Gioup 6 oi 7.I.g. Pu youi mac on. '!s i iaining?This onc gioup is paiiculaily common wih shoi commcns of hcypc bclow, hc cffcc bcing of a minimum icsponsc dcsigncd o kccp hcconvcisaion going.I.g. !`vc|ussccn1ohn. Havc you?Hc said hc was iicd. Didhc?ToncGioup8isuscdwihcommandsandinci|ccionsalmoscxclusivcly o qucsion a pai oi all of uciancc of hc liscnci and clucidacmcaning, wih no paiiculai ciiical incnion.I.g. Takc i homc. 'Takcihomc?(!shawhayousaid?)Whaashamc. 'Whaashamc?(Why?)Thc inci|ccions Or and Rea||; aic ofcn hcaid wih his onc gioup,whcn hcy aic cquivalcn o hc minimum commcns, mcnioncd undci GcncialOucsions abovc.I.g. !`vc|ussccn1ohn. Oh?Hc said hc was iicd. Rcally? PRACTICE. L|/cn /o /|c |o||ou|n /c:o/dcd /|mu|| (tc/|a| :on/c\/) La:|/|mu|u | |o||oucd |, a /conc W/|/c doun /|c /conc Su|, //c-/oncno/a/|on |o/ /|cm 1|c nu:|ca/ /onc |n /|c /conc | /|c H|| R|c Lca/n /o/onoun:c |o/| /|c /|mu|u and /|c /concTunc !. H!GH R!SI (+TA!L)!`s snowing.!`vc |us sccn hc Idwaids giil.Can ! boiiow somc machcs?!`vc go o go o Lccds.48Who`s Aichibald Simpson?How did hc find ou?Can you makc mc onc?Wasn` i supid!Wha lovcly chciiics!! likc Baibaia.Tclcphonc mc, hcn.Tunc !!. LOW PRI-HIAD+H!GH R!SI (+TA!L)Pass mc hc papci.Has Michacl aiiivcd yc?Hc ically insulcd mc.!`d likc o hcai onc of youi iccoids.!`s foui hundicd fcc all.Would you likc onc?My knifc`s biokcn.How do you likc my song?Takc hcm away.Ianasic!Tunc !!!. (LOW PRI-HIAD+) STIPP!NG HIAD +H!GH R!SI(+TA!L)Why no ask 1cnny?! isn` faii.!`d likc wo dozcn.How many childicn has hc?Which would you iccommcnd?Hc spcaks Hindusani.! waicd hcic wo solid houis.Won` youi bc iahci cioss?Could ! alk you somcimc?Tcll mc hc imc, plcasc.Lcavc hc kcy wih Mi. Akins.Thc silly young fool.49THE FALL-RISE PATTERNAND ITS ATTITUDINAL MEANINGSTone Group 9Thc simplcs casc is ha of incomplcc gioups, whcic hc Iall-Riscdiaws paiiculai acnion o onc clcmcn foi hc puiposc of conias, and ahc samc imc shows an incnion o coninuc hc uciancc.I.g. On `wcckdays | ! woik, | bu on `Sauidays | ! don`.!fhc`wcahci`s,good|i`splcasan,|buifi`isn`,|i`sdicadful.!n complcc gioups his coniasing of onc hing wih anohci is uscdfoi hc puiposc of sclccing onc aspcc of hc wholc sub|cc and dclibciaclylcaving hc icmaindci unmcnioncd. This limiing of hc spcakci`s commcnimplics a coniaiy opinion on wha has no bccn mcnioncd.I.g. Did you play ciickc a !didon`Sauiday.hcwcck-cnd?Iiom hc wholc sub|cc - /|c ucc/-cnd - hc spcakci chooscsonc pai- Sa/u/da,and commcns on ha. Hc makcs no mcnion ofhc icmaindci - Sunda, - and i is clcai wihou any moic bcing saidha hc did no/ play ciickc hcn. Ouic ofcn his coniaiy opinion isacually sacd, as, foi cxamplc, in!did on`Sauiday|bu 'noonSunday,bu his mcicly pus ino woids wha hc inonaion has alicadysaid. !n hc cxamplcs bclow possiblc cxcnsions of hc shoi answci aicaddcd in biackcs.! didn` know you diank coffcc. ! do `somcimcs, (bu no vciyofcn).!s i going o kccp finc? !`hink,so,(bu!`mnocciain).This disinguishing of wo conflicing facois wihin hc immcdiacsiuaion is uscd widcly in ficld of conccssion.Two cascs may bc noiccd:1. Thc spcakci makcs an cxplici conccssion on hc pai of hc sub|ccbu implics agiccmcn on hc icmaindci.5O2. Thc spcakci cxplicily icquiics a conccssion fiom hc liscnci onpai of hc sub|cc bu implics agiccmcn on hc icmaindci.Considci his cxamplc: S|c |a a |otc|, to|:c This may occui in wodiffcicn ypcs of concx:A. Wha a lovcly voicc. Ycs,shchasalovcly`voicc,(buha`s abou all ha can bc said foi hci).This is hc casc mcnioncd in 1 abovc; hc spcakci conccdcs hc liscnci`spoin abou hc voicc whils implying icscivaions on ohci macis.B. ! don` hink much of Shc has a lovcly `voicc, (cvcn ifhciasanacicss. hciohcialcnsaicnoicmaikablc).This is hc casc mcnioncd in 2 abovc; hc spcakci asks hc liscnci oadmi ha hc voicc is good whils lcaving hc way opcn foi agiccmcn on hcmcdiociiy of icmaindci. Wc migh call hc siuaion in 1 /ud|n adm||on,and ha in 2 /c|u:/an/ o/ dc|cn|tc d|cn/.I.g. Gradgiag admissiaa!`d likc i as soon as possiblc. Youcouldhavciby`dinnciimc,|(bunocailici.)Can ! akc his onc? You can if you `likc, | (bu hc ohcionc`sbcci.)Re|ac|aa| ar dejeasire dissea|!`d likc i by omoiiow. ! doub whchci ! can do i by `hcn,|(bu i won` bc much laci.)Ivciyonc`sgonchomc. No`cvciyonc.|(Moshavc,bu1ohn`ssillhcic.)Iiomhispoiniisonlyashoiscpohccxpicssionofdiicc:on//ad|:/|on and :o//c:/|on.I.g. ! didn` akc you long. ! `did. | (! ook agcs.)Youibiihday`sonhc Thc`fifh.fouih,isn`i?Thc icsul is ofcn :on:c/ncd, /c/oa:||u| o/ |u// Compaic hc followingicacions o hc sacmcn: I :an do |/ on Monda,1. You can`; (!`vc |us cxplaincd ha you can`.)2. You can`; (as you ough o know pcifccly wcll.)3. You `can`; (and !`m soiiy ha you should hink you can.)51FURTHER EXAMPLESCaa|radic|iaas1ohn won` bc hcic oday. ! hink hc `will.You`icnoiying. ! mos cciainly `am.Carrec|iaasTha shouldn` akc long. !`ll akc a lcas a `wcck.Did you say scvcnccn? `Scvcny.This conccin oi icpioach is caiiicd on ino ohci ucianccs whichcanno bc icgaidcd as coniadicions.I.g. !`vc bccn sackcd. You`icno`sciious!!wcnoLondonoday. ! wish you`d `old mc.This samc aiudc of conccin oi icpioach is appaicn in wainings.I.g. You`ll `fall.You`ll miss youi `iain.!n apologics, whcic hc conccin migh sccm o bc appiopiiac, his oncgioup cnds o suggcs icscivaions on hc pai of hc spcakci.I.g. !`m `soiiy, | (bu !`m afiaid i`s impossiblc.)! bcg youi `paidon, | (bu !`m afiaid ! mus coniadic you.)`Sarr;, by isclf, is an apology, bu iahci a pcifuncoiy onc.Tonc Gioup 9 is ofcn uscd in/ cn/ a/ | tcuc/ | on,whcic hcspcakci wans o hclp bu no o commi himsclf oo dccply o hc couiscsuggcscd.I.g. Wcnccdanohciplayci. You could ask `1ohn.Whcn can wc mcc? `Wcdncsday,,mighbcapossi,biliy.Tonc Gioup 9 is hcaid as an incnsificd vaiian of Tonc Gioup 6 incciain qucsions.I.g. !`syouiuin. `!s i?1ohn likcd i. `Didhc?!n cchocd qucsions hc cffcc is of asonishmcn, as if hc spcakci canhaidly bclicvc his cais.I.g. Aic you going o hc wcdding? Am `! ,going? | (Wcll of couisc!am.)52Tonc Gioup 9 is also uscd o makc coiiccions o qucsions, as osacmcns.I.g. How will Hcniy gc homc? Howwill`1ancgc,homc?(Hcniy`sisasimplc|ouincy.)Commands wih his onc havc a ua/n|n noc, bu moic uigcncy hanwih Tonc Gioup 6 oi 7, sincc hc icpioach oi conccin mcnioncd in iclaiono sacmcns is also picscn hcic.I.g. `Mind.|(Thcic`sascphcic.)Caicful wih ha `glass. | (You`ll diop i.)A fcw inci|ccions of scoin akc Tonc Gioup 9.I.g. Did you lcnd him any moncy? No `!.Aswihohciscncnccypcs,coiiccionsmayalsobcmadcoinci|ccions by his mcans.I.g. Wha a lovcly swimsui! Wha a lovcly `handkcichicf. PRACTICE. L|/cn /o /|c |o||ou|n /c:o/dcd /|mu|| (tc/|a| :on/c\/) La:|/|mu|u | |o||oucd |, a /conc W/|/c doun /|c /conc Su|, //c-/oncno/a/|on |o/ /|cm 1|c nu:|ca/ /onc |n /|c /conc | /|c Ia||-R|c Lca/n /o/onoun:c |o/| /|c /|mu|u and /|c /concTunc !. IALL-R!SI + TA!L OI ONI SYLLABLI! hough hcy all ook onc.Aic hings gcing dcaici?! likc oyscis.His namc`s Haiiy.How do you go o hc officc.Thcy swcai hcy gavc us cigh pounds.Somcimcs ha iain sops a Amcisham.!`ll dump hc suicascs hcic.!`vc found a foui lcafcd clovci.Tunc !!. IALL-R!SI+TA!L OI MORI THAN ONI SYLLABLIHavc you finishcd?!`s a good plan, isn` i?Could wc boiiow a ypcwiici?53Wha a dull book!Aicn` hcsc applcs soui!Hc`s an old fool.Soiiy ! sailcd you.!`s nonc of my busincss.Hc spcaks Iicnch and !alian flucnly.! fccl as if could scicam.! hopc ! don` bicak anyhing.Tunc !!!. IALL-R!SI ONLYYou won` cll him, will you?Was i wins oi iiplcs?You wcicn` hcic, wcic you?My wach is ciiiblc.! don` hinks ! can do i.Can ! givc a hand?Tunc !\. LOW PRI-HIAD + IALL-R!SI (+TA!L)!s i going o kccp finc?! say hc schcmc`s much oo ambiious.Bu you ncvci losc youi cmpci.Nohing wcn a all iigh.! didn` akc long.! play golf iahci wcll.Wha can ! do o mcnd macis?Wc simply mus convincc him.Mus you go?Wha do you pcoplc hink of i?So you hink hcy`ll hclp us.Hc camc homc las Icbiuaiy.May ! hold i foi a minuc?Tunc\.(LOWPRI-HIAD+)SL!D!NGHIAD+IALL-R!SI(+TA!L)D`you smokc?54Wha a nasy cold day!Would hc lcnd mc his giamophonc?Wha a poky lilc housc!Can ! akc his onc?You will play, won` you?Can ! boiiow youi pcnknifc?Lc mc know omoiiow.You`ic no iying.Wc go hcic abou midnigh.Alan`s foigocn his umbiclla.Oh diy up, you idio!Onc moic gamc?!`m hinking of having ccnial hcaing.Lc mc havc hcm by onigh.Wha`s woiiying you, Pcci?Wha`s happcncd o youi cai?Wha did you hink of hc lccuic?Shc`s an absoluc failuic.! hink i`s going o iain.!`ll havc his onc. No, his.!`m soiiy.55Part FourAPHONETICREADERTWO HEADS ARE BETTER THAN ONEOncc upon a imc a Shccp and a Goa sc ou on a |ouincy ogchci.'Maa, said hc Shccp. 'Two hcads aic bcci han onc.Thc Goa lookcd a hc Shccp and said: '!`m no so suic abou ha.Howcvci, hcy wcn in walking sidc by sidc and a las hc Shccp said:'Lc`s alk.'Wha abou? said hc Goa.'Maa,saidhcShccp,'lcmchink...ci.Lc`salkabouhingsbcginning wih 'W.So hcy wcn on alking abou such hings as woik, and wool, and waci,and wivcs, and wolvcs. And a las hcy camc o a wood.'Do you hink wc should go hiough his wood? said hc Shccp.'!f wc kccp ogchci, said hc Goa, 'wc can go whcic wc likc. Bu wcmus kccp oui cycs opcn.'Ioui cycs aic bcci han wo, said hc Shccp.'Pcihaps you aic iigh, said hc Goa, 'cvcn hough wo of hcm aiconly shccp`s cycs.Wcll hcy wcn ino hc wood and bcwccn hc wo of hcm hcy saw aWolf bcfoic hc Wolf saw hcm.'Maa, now wha shall wc do? said hc Shccp.'Wc mus bc icady o usc oui lcgs, said hc Goa.'Iigh lcgs aic bcci han foui, said Thc Shccp.Thc Goa lookcd vciy doubful indccd. 'Pcihaps, pcihaps, hc said alas, 'cvcn hough foui of hcm aic only shccp`s lcgs.56Thc Goa lookcd abou him quickly. Hc saw wo bushcs closc ogchci.'Ah, hc vciy hing, hc said. 'Now Shccp, you sand bcwccn hcsc wo bushcsfacing ha way and !`ll sand bchind you, facing his ohci way. Whcn Mi. Wolfcomcs along, you alk o him and don` foigc o cll him ha you havc wohcads, foui cycs and cigh lcgs. You`ll do hc alking in fion, you scc, and !`lldo hc back cha fiom bchind. Ah, hcic hc comcs. You aic icady?'Maa, said hc Shccp.'Good day, Shccp, said hc Wolf. '!`m dclighcd o mcc you.'You aic vciy polic foi a wolf, said hc Shccp.'!`m always polic o my dinnci. ! always hink i gocs down bcci ifyou havc bccn polic o i. ! was |us wondciing whcic ! should find my dinnciand youi foui lcgs havc biough i o mc.Wcll hc Shccp didn` likc all his alk abou hc Wolf`s dinnci and said:'You`ic wiong. ! havc cigh lcgs.A ha hc Goa bcgan o shou: 'Of couisc ! havc cigh lcgs and onlyfoui of hcm aic shccp`s lcgs.'Who`s ha? askcd hc Wolf.'Tha is my ohci hcad, said hc Shccp.'Lc mc gc a ha Wolf, shoucd hc Goa.'Thcic, said hc Shccp, 'my wo hcads aic quic diffcicn. This hcad!`m alking wih is vciy quic and cas giass, bu my ohci hcad is loud andficicc and cas nohing bu wolvcs.Thc Wolf bcgan o fccl fiighcncd. ' Docs youi hcaid, youi ohci hcadically ca wolvcs? hc askcd.'Ycs, bu no moic han onc a day.'And i`s no cnough, shoucd hc Goa. ' !`m always hungiy. ! couldca a hundicd wolvcs.Thc Shccp uincd hci hcad: 'You can havc his onc sanding in fionhcic, bu ha is all you can havc oday.'No, no - no. shoucd hc Wolf. Down wcn his ail and hc ian foi hislifc. Thc Shccp ian afci him and hc Goa ian backwaids afci hc Shccpshouing: 'Wolf foi dinnci, Wolf foi dinnci.Bu hc Wolf ncvci lookcd back. Hclci-skclci hc wcn o his dcn. !noi hc iushcd and soppcd hcic in hc daik foi days and days.And hcn Shccp and Goa wcn quicly on hcii way alking abouhings ha bcgan wih 'W-hings likc w i n d sand w i n c iand w i c h c s .'! said wo hcads wcic bcci han onc, said hc Shccp.And hc Goa lookcd a hci doubfully and hough his own houghs.57BILLY BOBTAILOncc upon a imc hcic was a lilc boy and his namc was Billy Bobail.Onc day hc madc up his mind o go and scck his foiunc. So hc pu on hishickcs paii of shocs bccausc hc migh havc o walk a long way and his waimcscoa in casc hc wcahci go cold and his giccn cap. And all hc ohci hings hcwancd o akc wih him hc pu in a vciy big icd handkcichicf and icd hcm upino a bundlc and pu a sick hiough hc kno and lifcd i up ono his iighshouldci and sc off along hc ioad.'Good moining, Billy Bobail.'Good moining, Pig.'Whcic aic you going, Billy Bobail?'!`m going o scck my foiunc.'May ! comc wih you, Billy Bobail?'Ycs, cciainly.'Good moining, Billy Bobail.'Good moining, Cow.'Whcic aic you going, Billy Bobail?'!`m going o scck my foiunc.'May ! comc wih you, Billy Bobail?'Ycs, cciainly. 1us walk along bchind mc.'Good moining, Billy Bobail.'Good moining, Dog.'Whcic aic you going, Billy Bobail?'!`m going o scck my foiunc.'May ! comc wih you, Billy Bobail?'Ycs, cciainly. 1us walk along bchind mc.'Good moining, Billy Bobail.'Good moining, Ca.'Whcic aic you going, Billy Bobail?'!`m going o scck my foiunc.'May ! comc wih you, Billy Bobail?'Ycs, cciainly. 1us walk along bchind mc.'Good moining, Billy Bobail.'Good moining, Donkcy.'Whcic aic you going, Billy Bobail?'!`m going o scck my foiunc.58'May ! comc wih you, Billy Bobail?'Ycs, cciainly. 1us walk along bchind mc.'Good moining, Billy Bobail.'Good moining, Cock-a-doodlc-doo.'Whcic aic you going, Billy Bobail?'!`m going o scck my foiunc.'May ! comc wih you, Billy Bobail?'Ycs, cciainly. 1us walk along bchind mc.Wcll Billy Bobail mc no moic animals afci hc Cock. Thcy walkcdon all day ill a las owaids cvcning hcy camc o a big hick wood. So hcysoppcd and lookcd ino i.'! don` likc hc look of ha wood.'Ncihci do !. Ncihci do !.'Ncvci mind. !f anyhing comcs o hui us, ! can shou and hiowsoncs.'And ! can giun and squcal.'And ! can bcllow and oss wih my hoins.'! can baik and bic.'! can miaow and sciach.'! can biay and kick.'! can ciow and flap my wings.'All iigh. Now wc nccd no bc afiaid. Lc`s go ino hc wood. Kccpclosc ogchci.So Billy Bobail and hc animals saicd o walk hiough hc daikwood. Suddcnly Billy Bobail and hc animals hcaid a mos ciiiblc noisc. Anda oncc Billy Bobail bcgan o shou and hiow soncs, hc Cow bcgan obcllow and oss hci hoins, hc Donkcy bcgan o biay and kick, hc Dog bcgano baik and bic, hc ca bcgan o miaow and sciach, hc Cock bcgan o ciowand flap his wings and hc pig bcgan o giun and squcal. Thcy madc a ciiificnoisc.'Sop. Liscn. ! hink i`s gonc away. Lc`s go on.So hcy wcn on hiough hc wood bu soon hcy hcaid hc ciiiblc noiscagain.'Sop. Sop. ! hink i`s gonc away. Lc`s go on.And his imc hc animal oi whacvci i was did ically goaway. AndBilly Bobail and his fiicnds wcn on walking ill hcy camc o a giassy placc.And iigh in hc middlc of his giassy placc was hc niccs lilc housc you canhinkof.59'Pcihaps hcic`s somconc in hc housc. Kccp vciy sill and liscn. !can` hcai anyhing, can you?'No.'! wish ! could scc bcci. Bu i`s gcing so daik.'! can scc in hc daik, Billy Bobail, and no onc can hcai mc whcn !walk. Shall ! go and look ino hc lilc housc, Billy Bobail, and comc backand cll you wha ! scc?'Ycs, plcasc, Ca. Do go.So hc Ca wcn off o look a hc housc and picscnly camc back again.'!`s a lovcly cmpy lilc housc, Billy Bobail. ! hink wc could spcndhc nigh hcic quic safcly.So Billy Bobail and all hc animals wcn ino hc lilc housc.'Wha a lovcly lilc housc. ! shall slccp in his ioom.'! shall lic down a hc dooi.'! shall slccp bcsidc you.'! shall ioos on hc fcncc ousidc and wakc you whcn hc sun iiscs.'! shall lic down undci his bush ousidc hc dooi.'!`s such a finc nigh. !`ll go ou and say ousidc.'! hink so oo. !`ll go wih you, Cow.'Wcll good nigh, animals.'Good nigh.And whcn hc Cock cicw, Billy Bobail and all hc ohci animals wokcup and had a ically good look iound hc housc now ha i was ligh.'Wcll ! hink his lilc housc is my foiunc. Shall wc say hcic, Cow?'Ycs, and ! can givc milk and buci.'You can iidc on my back o own o scll hc buci.'Thcic aic plcny of acoins foi mc in hc wood. ! shall bc vciy happyliving hcic.'! hink his is a good placc. Thcic aic plcny of ias and micc.'!`m going o cach a iabbi foi dinnci now.'And you`ll nccd mc o wakc you up in hc moining, won` you, BillyBobail?'Ycs, wc shall. !`m glad !`vc found my foiunc.So Billy Bobail and hc animals livcd happily in hc middlc of hcwood cvci afci.6OTHELITTLEHOUSEOncc upon a imc a man was diiving a cai along hc ioad. ! was full ofgica big biown iound |ais. Suddcnly onc of hcm fcll ou ino hc ioad. Bump.And hc man diovc on, foi hc didn` know hc`d los i. Picscnly Buzzci hc Ilyflcw by and askcd hcisclf: '! wondci whosc lilc homc is ha. Who livcs inha lilc housc? !`ll |us fly in and find ou.So shc flcw ino hc |ai and as shc found nobody in i shc bcgan o makchci homc hcic. And soon afci ha Dionci hc Gna flcw by and askcd:'Whosc lilc homc is ha? Who livcs in ha lilc housc?'! Buzzci hc Ily. And who aic you?'Dionci hc Gna.'Comc hcn and livc wih mc.So hc wo of hcm madc hcii homc ogchci. Soon Nibblci hc Mousccamc iunning by and askcd: 'Whosc lilc homc is ha? Who livcs in ha lilchousc?'! Buzzci hc Ily.'! Dionci hc Gna. And who aic you?'Nibblci hc Mousc.'Comc and livc wih us.So hc hicc of hcm madc a homc ogchci. Thcn Cioakci hc Iiogcamc hopping along and askcd: 'Whosc lilc homc is ha? Who livcs in halilc housc?'! Buzzci hc Ily.'! Dionci hc Gna.'! Nibblci hc Mousc. And who aic you?'Cioakci hc Iiog.'Comc and livc wih us.So hc foui of hcm madc a homc ogchci. Afci a imc a lilc haiccamc iunning by and askcd: 'Whosc lilc homc is ha? Who livcs in ha lilchousc?'! Buzzci hc Ily.'! Dionci hc Gna.'! Nibblci hc Mousc.'! Cioakci hc Iiog. And who aic you?'Bandy-lcgs hc Haic.'Comc and livc wih us.61So hc fivc of hcm madc a homc ogchci. Thcn a fox camc iunningalong and askcd: 'Whosc lilc homc is ha? Who livcs in ha lilc housc?'! Buzzci hc Ily.'! Dionci hc Gna.'! Nibblci hc Mousc.'! Cioakci hc Iiog.'! Bandy-lcgs hc Haic. And who aic you?'Rcnaid hc Iox.'Comc and livc wih us.So hc six of hcm madc a homc ogchci.Suddcnly a wolf ian up: 'Whosc lilc homc is ha? Who livcs in halilc housc?'! Buzzci hc Ily.'! Dionci hc Gna.'! Nibblci hc Mousc.'! Cioakci hc Iiog.'! Bandy-lcgs hc Haic.'! Rcnaid hc Iox. And who aic you?'Piowlci Thc Wolf.'Comc and livc wih us.So hc scvcn of hcm madc a homc ogchci.And hcn a las a bcai camc up and knockcd: 'Whosc lilc homc isha? Who livcs in ha lilc housc?'! Buzzci hc Ily.'! Dionci hc Gna.'! Nibblci hc Mousc.'! Cioakci hc Iiog.'! Bandy-lcgs hc Haic.'! Rcnaid hc Iox.'Piowlci Thc Wolf. And who aic you?'!`m hc Ciushci of you all.And hc bcai sa down on hc lilc housc and ciushcd i o smihciccns.And Buzzci and Dionci and Nibblci and Cioakci and Bandy-lcgs and Rcnaidand Piowlci all ian away bccausc hcy wcic so fiighcncd and hcy couldn`livc in hc lilc housc.Wha a piy Old Ciushci hc Bcai camc along.62KITTENSARAHMis Tabbywhic and hci kicn Saiah livcd in lilc hachcd coagc ina coinci of a big ficld. Thcic was a woodcn fcncc iound hc back gaidcn okccp ou hc iabbis who livcd in hc ficld bcyond and who simply lovcd MisTabbywhic`s |uicy giccn lcuccs. Now Mis Tabbywhic was woiiicd, bccauscSaiah, hci kicn, who should havc bccn whic all ovci would no wash hcisclf.Shc |us said, 'Wha`s hc usc of washing? ! shall only gc diiy all ovci again.Onc day, whcn Saiah was playing wih a piccc of siaw in hc vcgcablcgaidcn, shc suddcnly saw a biown iabbi scampciing off hough a holc in hcfcncc wih onc oi Mis Tabbywhic`s young lcuccs in his mouh. Saiah iushcdacioss hc gaidcn bu hc`d gonc. And hcn, |us as shc was going o iun off andcll hci mohci ha impudcn iabbi camc back and said, '\ciy good lcuccs.Tha`s my hiid his moining. So long, and hc vanishcd again. Saiah iaccdino hc coagc, ciying, Ouick. Thcic`s a funny biown iabbi scaling ouilcuccs.'Bu how did hc gc in?'Thiough a holc in hc fcncc. Ouick. Wc mus sop i up wih a piccc ofwood oi hc`ll bc back foi anohci.Mis Tabbywhic huiiicd ou ino hc gaidcn and nailcd a piccc of woodovci hc holc.'How ! hac hcsc iabbis. Thcy`ic so iudc. ! am glad ! am no a biowniabbi.And hc giubby lilc kicn osscd hci hcad in hc aii and fcl quicpioud of hci diiy lilc sclf. Now whcn Mis Tabbywhic hcaid Saiah say hashc lookcd houghful. '! bclicvc !`vc hough of somching o cuic Saiah alas, shc said o hcisclf and shc puiicd bccausc shc was so plcascd.Tha afcinoon Mis Tabbywhic wcn down alonc o hc villagc. Shccallcd a hc bakci`s, hc giocci`s hc buchci`s and hc fishmongci`s and shcsaid o cach onc of hcm, 'Whcn my diiy lilc kicn comcs in omoiiow odo hc shopping, plcasc say o hci, 'Wc don` scivc biown iabbis hcic. ThcnMis Tabbywhic wcn off homc looking vciy plcascd wih hcisclf.Ncx day shc askcd Saiah o do hc shopping foi hci. Shc gavc hci ashopping baskc and a lis of hcsc hings o buy: a loaf of bicad, a in ofsaidincs, wo lambchops and wo pounds of ficsh haddock and so off wcnSaiah.Whcn shc go o hc villagc shc lookcd a hc shopping lis and wcn fiiso buy a loaf of bicad.63'Miaow... Good moining, Mi Bakci, a loaf oi bicad, plcasc.Bu hc bakci, inscad of smiling a hci and ickling hci undci hc chinas hc usually did, lookcd vciy cioss and shoucd, Wc don` scivc biown iabbishcic. Ou you go.'Bu ! am no a biown iabbi. ! am Saiah, Mis Tabbywhic`s kicn.'Ha, ha, ha! Tha`s a good |okc. You - a whic kicn? Comc on, ousidcyou go.Bcfoic shc kncw wha was happcning Saiah found hcisclf in hc siccagain.'Wha`s hc maci wih hc bakci? Ncvci mind, !`ll go on o hc giocci`s.'Miaow... Good moining Mi Giocci. a in of saidincs, plcasc.Thc giocci ook onc look a hci, pickcd hci up by hc sciuff of hci ncckand pu hciousidc; hcn hc pokcd his hcad ou of hc dooi and said, 'Wcdon`scivc biown iabbis hcic and you aic no gcing any saidincs fiommc. And hc pu his hcad in and slammcd hc dooi.'Thc giocci docsn` know mc cihci. Iancy misaking mc foi a biowniabbi. And Saiah pu hci ail in hc aii and sc off again o buy hc chops ahc buchci`s.'Miaow... Good moining, Mi Buchci. Two lambchops, plcasc.Bu hc buchci said vciy scinly, ' Wc don` scivc biown iabbis hcic.'Bu !`m Saiah, hc whic kicn.'You a whic kicn ? Wcll, if you aic a whic kicn !mus bc a swccp.Bc off now.So Saiah madc hci way sadly o hc las shop of all.'Miaow...Goodmoining,MiIishmongci.Twopoundsofficshhaddock, plcasc.Bu hc fishmongci only scowlcd a hci and hc said, 'Wc don` scivcbiown iabbis hcic. And wha do you hink !`vc pu ha noicc up foi?Pooi Saiah uincd iound and hcic hanging in hc window was a bignoicc which said, 'No Biown Rabbis Scivcd Hcic. Wcll Saiah couldn` goon shopping any moic. Shc uincd and ian all hc way honc wih hci cmpybaskc.'Why,wha`shcmaci?askcdMisTabbywhicwhcnSaiahcamc in.'Thcy all hink ! am a biown iabbi. Oh... Whacvci shall ! do?'Wcll, ha`s vciy plain. Pcoplc`vc misakcn you foi a biown iabbibccausc you aic so diiy. Now if you wcic o wash youisclf, no onc couldpossibly hink you aic anyhing bu a whic kicn.64So Saiah bcgan o lick hci fui, and Mis Tabbywhic bcgan licking hcioo. Shc washcd and washcd Saiah`s hcad unil i was as whic as milk. BuSaiah didn` scc hc winklc in hci mohci`s cyc and shc didn` hcai MisTabbywhic laughing ncx day whcn shc hankcd hc bakci, hc giocci, hcbuchci and hc fishmongci foi hclping hci o cuic Saiah. And Saiah ncvcifoigo hc day shc was akcn by cvciybody foi a biown iabbi.And afci ha shc always washcd hcisclf wicc a day, |us in casc ihappcncd again.ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS WELLThomas Rabbi was pociing iound his gaidcn looking a his vcgcablcs.Hc smackcd his lips a hc hough of hc fcass hc would havc wih Maiia, hiswifc, and wih his lilc son, Tim. Hc bcn down o havc a closci look a hislcuccs. Bu - oh dcai. Wha did hc scc?'Ah, slugs again. Maiia, Maiia, hc slugs aic caing oui lcuccs now.Ycs, hcic wcic hc slugs - babics, mohcis and giandmohcis bcsidcscnoimous fa gica giandmohci slugs - all caing away a hc |uicy giccn lcavcs.Maiia Rabbi camc iunning up hc long passagc fiom hcii undcigioundhousc wiping hc soap suds fiom hci paws.'Oh, Thomas, you mus sc somc iaps - somc slug iaps and cach hcmall.So hc big iabbis wiscd finc giasscs, wovc hcm ino boxcs iahci likcmousc iaps and pu |uicy iadishcs insidc. Mi Rabbi pu hc iaps down on hcgiound all iound hc gaidcn and cspccially of couisc ncai hc lcuccs. Didhosc slugs walkino hcsc iaps? No, no onc. Thcy |us laughcd hcii slimylaugh and wcn caing hc |uicy lcuccs.Pooi Maiia Rabbi. Shc hoppcd back slowly and sadly o hc houscwih Thomas dc|cccdly following hci.'Oh dcai mc. Wha shall wc do? Thcic will bc no lcucc lcf whcn lilcTim comcs homc.'! know. !`vc go a good idca. !`ll shoo hcsc vcimins. ! will - !`ll shoohcm. Whcic`s my pop gun? Oh, hcic i is. Gc my bag of pcas, Maiia, whilc !pull on my shooing boos.'Hcic aic hc pcas, Thomas.'Thank you, Maiia. Righ. !`m off. Goodbyc.65'You aic only going ino hc gaidcn, aicn` you, Thomas?'Ycs, bu i`s dangcious woik shooing slugs. So givc mc akiss.'Goodbyc, Thomas. Bc caicful.'! will. Goodbyc, Maiia, goodbyc.Thomas cicp vciy caicfully up o a big fa lcucc and fiicd his lilcgun. Bu did hc slugs mind? No, no hcy. Thcy laughcd moic hcn cvci inhcii slimy way. And hcy ac up all hc pcas and hcn uincd abou and wcn oncaing hc lcuccs.Maiia pccicd cauiously iound hc coinci and whispcicd:'Thomas, how aic you gcing on?'Thcy didn` mind hc pop gun a all.'Oh dcai. Wc shan` havc any lcuccs lcf whcn lilc Tim comcs homc.Pooi Thomas and Maiia Rabbi. Thcy hoppcd sadly down hc longpassagc ino hc kichcn of hcii housc. And hcn Maiia had an idca.'! know wc mus fiighcn hcm away. Wc`ll play on squcakci giasscsand ciiify hosc slugs.Thomas and Maiia ian ou ino hc mcadow and pickcd long bioadgiasscs. Thcy cach hcld onc giass ighly acioss hcii fion cch and blcw haid.And hcn hcy cicp vciy closc o hc lcuccs and soopcd down low and blcwlong squcaking noiscs on hcii squcakci giasscs. Thc giccdy slugs iaiscd hciihcads. Thcy wavcd hcii fa bodics |oyously and laughcd hcii slimy laugh:'\ciy swcc music a oui fcas. \ciy swcc music whilc wc ca. And hcn hcylaughcd again happily in hcii slimy way and wcn on caing lcucc lcavcs.Pooi Thomas and Maiia cicp away o a coinci of hc gaidcn quic ouof bicah and sa down. Ivciy now and hcn a slug would sop caing and say:'\ciy swcc music a oui fcas. \ciy swcc music whilc wc ca.Thomas and Maiia sa foi a long imc liscning o hc nibblc - nibblc ofhc slugs caing hc lcucc lcavcs.'Oh, i isn` any usc, Maiia. Wc shan`havc a singlc lcucc lcf whcnlilc Tim comcs homc.'Thomas, shall wc iy o poison hcm?'Tha`s a vciy good idca, Maiia.'Thcn lc`s go o hc kichcn a oncc and makc a poison cakc. i muslook and smcll vciy nicc and wc`ll pu a iny bi of poison in a hc vciy cnd.Maiia madc a vciy dclicious cakc wih icing on op. Bu |us bcfoic shcpoppcd i in hc ovcn shc dioppcd in somc dicadful poison fiom hci poppy-sccd box. Whcn i was bakcd, Thomas pu i down on hc giound closc o hclcucc bcd. Thcn hc and Maiia hid so hcy could scc wha happcncd. Wcll, hc66slugs bcgan o smcll hc cakc, hcn hcy swaimcd iound, laughcd hcii slimylaugh and said: '1olly good cakc, |olly good biown cakc, |olly good sugaiybiown cakc. and smackcd hcii mouhs and uincd back o hc lcucc bcdand wcn on cagcily caing hc lcucc lcavcs.'!`s no good. My poison cakc hasn` killcd hc slugs.'Lc`s diown hcm.'Ycs. Wc could fill oui lily-lcaf buckcs wih waci and diown hcm haway, couldn` wc?So hc wo iabbis caiiicd waci fiom hc pond and pouicd i iigh ovcihc slugs. Bu hc slugs |us cn|oycd hc waci.'Nicc cold diink. Nicc cool showci. Nicc cold bah.Thcy diank hc waci and washcd in hc waci and hcy cvcn had a lilcswim in hc waci. Thcn hcy laughcd again in hciislimy way and wcn backhungiici han cvcn o hc lcucc bcd.'Oh, hcic won` bc cvcn a nibblc of lcucc lcf whcn oui lilc Timcomcs homc.Suddcnly a voicc callcd ou and up iushcd Tim hopping and skippingand uining somcisauls as hc camc owaids his fahci and mohci.'Hullo, hullo. !`vc biough a fiicnd o suppci. Oh, bu wha`s hc maci?Why aic youi cais diooping wih soiiow? Wha`s wiong?'Thc slugs aic caing all hc lcucc, Tim.'Wc iicd o shoo hcm and o fiighcn hcm wih squcakci giasscs.'And o poison hcm and diown hcm bu hcy |us go on caing hclcuccs.'Oh, is ha all? My fiicnd Thiush has |us bccn wondciing if you`d havcmca foi suppci and ! said wc only had lcuccs, didn` !, Thiush?'Ycs, Tim . ! hink ! can hclp you, hclp you if you`ll allow mc, sii, allowmc, sii. 1us wach mc.Hc hoppcd o hc lcucc bcd and bcgan o woik. Hc gobblcd up hcslugs fasci han you could coun - baby slugs, mohci slugs, giandmohci andgica giandmohci slugs bcfoic hcy had imc o akc o hcii slimy hccls.Maiia and Thomas sood and wachcd in wondci a his hug appcic.'Comc and havc suppci wih us whcncvci you likc, Mi Thiush.'You`ll always bc wclcomc, Mi Thiush.'Ycs, indccd. And now lc`s pick up oui lcuccs. Comc on, Tim. All`swcll ha cnds wcll.67THE LOSS OF THE TITANIC"Thc gica ship, 1|/an|:, sailcd foi Ncw Yoik fiom Souhampon onApiil 1Oh, 1912. Shc was caiiying 1316 passcngcis and a cicw of 891. Ivcnby modcin sandaids, hc 46,OOO on 1|/an|: was a colossal ship. A ha imc,howcvci, shc was no only hc laigcs ship ha had cvcn bccn buil, bu wasicgaidcd as unsinkablc, foi shc had sixccn waciigh compaimcns. Ivcn ifwo of hcsc wcic floodcd, shc would sill bc ablc o floa. Thc iagic sinking ofhis gica linci will always bc icmcmbcicd, foi shc wcn down on hci fiisvoyagc wih hcavy loss of lifc.Ioui days afci scing ou, whilc hc 1|/an|:was sailing acioss hc icywacis of hc Noih Alanic, a hugc iccbcig was suddcnly spocd by a look-ou. Afci hc alaim had bccn givcn, hc gica ship uincd shaiply o avoid adiicc collision. Thc 1|/an|: uincd |us in imc, naiiowly missing hc immcnscwall of icc which iosc ovci 1OO fcc ou of hc waci bcsidc hci. Suddcnly, hcicwas a sligh icmbling sound fiom bclow, and hc capain wcn down o sccwha had happcncd. Thc noisc had bccn so fain ha no onc hough ha hcship had bccn damagcd. Bclow, hc capain icaliscd o his hoiioi ha hc1|/an|:was sinking iapidly, foi fivc of hci sixccn waciigh compaimcnshad alicady bccn floodcd. Thc oidci o abandon ship was givcn and hundicdsof pcoplc plungcd ino hc icy waci. As hcic wcic no cnough lifc-boas foicvciybody, 15OO livcs wcic los.1|| | an |n/c/t|cu u|/| an au/|o/ u|o |a u/|//cn a |oo/a|ou/ /|c 1|/an|:A\THOR: Thc 1|/an|:was on hci maidcn voyagc. Shc was |us hc mosluxuiious ship ha had cvci bccn buil.!NTIR\!IWIR: Moic likc a floaing fiis-class han a ship, wasn` shc?A\THOR: Ycs, cxacly.!NTIR\!IWIR: Whcn shc wcn down, shc was caiiying somc of hc iichcspcoplc in Iuiopc and Amciica, wasn` shc?A\THOR: Ycs, uh, huh ... pcoplc ... likc 1ohn 1acob Asoi and ... uh ...Bcn|amin Guggcnhcim.!NTIR\!IWIR: How many livcs wcic acually los?A\THOR: Abou ... 1,5OO pcoplc.68!NTIR\!IWIR: !ncluding hc millionaiics?A\THOR: Oh ycs. Thcy wcn down wih hc ship, oo.!NTIR\!IWIR: Now ... how could such a disasci happcn? Wha causcd i?A\THOR: Wcll ... pcihaps !`d bcci dcsciibc hc wholc hing ... you scc ...cim ... on hc 14h Apiil, 1912 ... |us bcfoic midnigh in fac,hc 1|/an|:was ... wcll... almos in hc middlc of hc Alanic ...and shc was going vciy fas, oo ... a dangcious hing o do ...!NTIR\!IWIR: Why?A\THOR: !ccbcigs ... bccausc of iccbcigs ... hcic aic los of hcm in hapaiiculai pai of hc Alanic a ha imc of ycai. Thcic wasalso a sligh mis and ...!NTIR\!IWIR: Only a sligh mis ... no a hick onc?A\THOR: Ycs, bu i was gcing hickci ... and i was vciy daik ha nigh.Suddcnly an iccbcig was sccn almos diiccly in fion of hcship. As ! said, shc was going vciy fas. Shc was iying o uinwhcn shc siuck hc iccbcig.!NTIR\!IWIR: Thcic was anohci ship ha was passing ncaiby, wasn` hcic?A\THOR: Ycs, hc SS Ca|||o/n|an.!NTIR\!IWIR: Why didn` hc Ca|||o/n|aniy o hclp hc 1|/an|: ... iy o akcsomc passcngcis off?A\THOR: Ah, ha`s hc big mysciy.!NTIR\!IWIR: ! mcan, didn` hc Ca|||o/n|an scc ha hc 1|/an|: was in ioublc?A\THOR: Wcll, as ! said ... hcic`s a mysciy hcic. You scc, among ohcihing, cigh whic iockcs wcic fiicd fiom hc 1|/an|:.!NTIR\!IWIR: An SOS signal.A\THOR: Ycs,cxacly...NowanofficciandanohcisailoionhcCalifoinian saw hc iockcs. Thcy hough, so i sccms, a lcas,ha pcihaps somconc was having a paiy on boaid hc 1|/an|:and wcic |us fiiing hc iockcs in fun. Anyway, hcy did wakchc capain ... hc was slccping in his cabin a hc imc ...!NTIR\!IWIR: And wha happcncd hcn?A\THOR: Nohing.!NTIR\!IWIR: Nohing?A\THOR: Nohing. ! sccms hc was oo slccpy o undcisand.69!NTIR\!IWIR: And so hc Ca|||o/n|an|us wcn on ... |us wcn on ...A\THOR: 1us wcn on sailing away, in anohci diiccion ...!NTIR\!IWIR: Bu wha abou hc lifc-boas? Why didn` hc passcngcis uschc lifc-boas on hc 1|/an|: ?A\THOR: Somcdid,buhcicwcicn`cnoughlifc-boas...youscc,cvciybody said hc 1|/an|:couldn` bc sunk ... so i sccmsnobody hough hc lifc-boas would cvci bc ncccssaiy.!NTIR\!IWIR: And so ... 1,5OO pcoplc wcic diowncd.A\THOR: Ycs ... wih a dancc band playing, by hc way.!NTIR\!IWIR: A dancc band was playing music?A\THOR: Ycs, whcn hc 1|/an|:finally wcn down, a dancc band was sillplaying music up on hc dcck ... unil hc las fcw scconds ... youscc, hcy wcic iying o kccp hc passcngcis calm.A DOUBLE LIFEIoi hc fivc las ycais Colin Haiiison has bccn lcading a lifc which wasdcsciibcd in coui ycsciday as 'a hcllish nighmaic of his own making.Haiiison, who is 34, mc his fiis wifc, Iilccn, cigh ycais ago. Thcy soon hadwo childicn and Haiiison sccmcd o sclc down in a Biisol subuib o a'solid, icspccablc lifc as a dcvocd husband and fahci. His only appaicnpioblcm was his |ob as a long-disancc loiiy diivci. This ook him away foialmos half of cvciy monh on long diivcs up o hc noihcas of Ingland,paiiculaily aiound Ncwcaslc aica.Howcvci, as hc coui lcaincd, afci hicc ycais of maiiiagc, Haiiisonmc anohci woman and fcll in lovc wih hci. Shc was a picy young widow,Mis Claudia Paislcy, whosc husband had dicd in a iagic mooi cai accidcnwo ycais cailici. Haiiison maiiicd hci as wcll, and bcgan o lcad a doublclifc.Thc fiis was in his homc in Biisol, and hc sccond was in hc villagc ofOimlcy, ncai Ncwcaslc, wih his sccond wifc. Ncihci of hc wo womcnkncw of cach ohci`s cxiscncc. Haiiison had wo moic childicn in his fiismaiiiagc, hc las of which, a boy, was boin ninc monh ago. His sccond wifc,Claudia, boic him a daughci aiound hc samc imc. Shc alicady had wo7Ochildicn fiom hci cailici maiiiagc.!n oidci o suppoi his familics, Haiiison had o woik almos cvciyhoui of hc day and nigh. !n addiion o his main |ob hc ook on a numbci ofpai-imc |obs in boh Biisol and Oimlcy. ! bccamc so bad ha scvcial monhsago hc suffcicd a complcc physical and mcnal collapsc. Onc of his docois,o whom Haiiison confcsscd cvciyhing, adviscd him o givc himsclf up andhcn iy o makc a complccly ficsh sai in lifc. Haiiison ook hc advisc.Ycsciday, afci plcading guily obigamy, hc was givcn a wo-ycai |ail scncncc,suspcndcd foi foui ycais. Thc coui hcaid ha his fiis wifc is now sccking adivoicc.THE PRIZE (1)! gicw up in a small own in hc Wcs of Ingland. ! canno cll you vciymuch abou my fahci. Hc was a |ouinalis and was haidly cvci a homc andhcn whcn ! was clcvcn, wcn o figh in hc Iiis Woild Wai. Bu hc mus havcbccn a plcasan man, wih an cnoimous scnsc of humoui, and my mohci mushavc lovcd him cnoimously. ! can icmcmbci hcaiing hcm laughing a lowhcn ! was in bcd. ! icmcmbci hc ycais of hc wai vciy wcll. ! had |us saicdgoing o giammai school whcn i bcgan. All hc cachcis wcic vciy old. Thcyoung oncs wcic in hc aimy. Wc wcic ofcn hungiy, paiiculaily owaids hccnd of hc wai, bu oui old cachcis ncvci sccmcd o noicc. Wc had o ianslacmcaninglcss vciscs fiom hc Lain and Gicck classics. ! icmcmbci doingianslaion fiom Homci. Thc cachcis sccmcd closci o hc Tio|an Wai han ohc onc going in Iiancc a fcw hundicd milcs away. ! sccmcd supid o mc,cvcnhcn.MyfahciwaskillcdinBclgium,aPasschcndalc,in1918.Passchcndalc, as you pcihaps know was onc of hc wois and bloodics balcsof hc wholc hoiiiblc wai. A lo of soldicis on boh sidcs diowncd in hc mudand iain, oi dicd of illncss. Bu wc sill had o ianslac Gicck and Lain aschool. ! havc hacd hosc languagcs and hc idca of wai cvci sincc. My mohcidicd in 1919, a ycai afci hc wai cndcd. Shc dicd in hc gica influcnza cpidcmicha killcd so many pcoplc all ovci Iuiopc in ha ycai. ! was iaiscd by aicligious aun. Shc wcn o chuich cvciy moining, always alkcd how Godlovcd us all. Shc ncvci sccmcd o show mc any lovc hcisclf, and ! ncvci showcdhci any.71THE PRIZE (2)ByhcimchcSccondWoidWaibcgan,!hadalicadyiavcllcdabioad a gica dcal. ! had sudicd foi wo ycais a a Gciman univcisiy andlaci had woikcd as a |ouinalis in hcIai Ias,paiiculaily in 1apan. ! hadmadc a gica many fiicnds in hosc placcs. Suddcnly, many of hcm bccamc'hc cncmy. ! was as if ablack cuiain had bccn diawn bcwccn hcm andmc.Oncnighin1994,aioundChiismasimc,!waswihanani-aiiciaf cicw ncai hc mouh of hc Thamcs. ! was wiiing a ncwspapci aiiclcabou oui aii dcfcnccs. Iuihci up hc iivci a own was bcing bombcd. Wccould scc hc flamcs. Ivcn hc bombs could bc hcaid. Thcy soundcd likchugc kclc diums ha wcic bcing uncd foi a concci. Thcn wc wcic waincdha somc of hc bombcis wcic coming oui way. Shoily afciwaids wc hcaidhcii cngincs. Two powciful scaichlighs ciiss-ciosscd on onc of hcm |usabovc us. Oui guns bcgan fiiin