CND2 COPMOSITION AND CONDITIONS OF VAPOUR/GAS MIXTURES Date : Time :03-Feb-00 16:32

Enter first :The atmospheric pressure mbar 1,013.00 Temperature of the gas in the inlet system oC 95.000

Calculation reference : CONDCHMP - Main program test - CONDCHMPACalculation object : Updating for presentation and costsCalculation status : SpecifyType of vacuum producer : If used - specify

Noncondensables:

Components Mol.weight kg/h Number of Molekg.moles fraction

Air 28.960 0.000 0.0000 0.0000

Other gases :Helium 4.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 Nitrogen 28.016 1,270.000 45.3312 0.1651 Oxygen 32.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 Carbon dioxide 44.010 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 Hydrogen 2.016 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 Argon 39.944 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 Gas component A - gas mixture 10.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 Gas component B 20.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 Gas component C 30.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 Gas component D 40.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 Hydrocarbon 50.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000

Noncondensable gases (other than air) 1,270.000 45.3312 0.1651 Total noncondensables 1,270.000 45.3312 0.1651 Mean molecular weight of noncondensables 28.016 Volume of noncondensable at suction conditions,m^3/h 1,369.432

Condensables :

Vapour at inlet :Water vapour 18.016 4,131.389 229.3178 0.8349 Vapour A 21.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000

Total condensables 4,131.389 229.3178 0.8349 Mean molecular weight of condensables (-) 18.016 Volume of condensables at suction conditions m^3/h 6,927.566

Total gas/vapour mixture 5,401.389 274.6490 1.0000 Mean molecular weight of gas/vapour mixture (-) 19.667 Pressure at suction to vacuum system mbar 1,013.000Partial pressure of vapour mbar 845.803 Partial pressure of noncondensable gases mbar 167.197 Volume of gas/vapour at suction conditions m^3/h 8,296.998Density of gas/vapour at suction conditions kg/m^3 0.65101

For Vacuum Applications:The suction flow is corrected for molecular weight and temperature to :Equivalent suction flow as : Water vapourMolecular weight of water vapour (-) 18.016 Reference temperature of water vapour oC 20.000 Equivalent suction as dry air at 20 oC kg/h 6,663.880 Air equivalent load/suction pressure kg/h.mbar 6.578

CND3 SATURATION IN VAPOUR/GAS MIXTURES Valid : Pressure range 1 to 1013 mbar for vapours other than H2O*** This Worksheet is essentially the main tool for the calculations of various parameters in CDN4.This Worksheet can be used for the examination of condensation parameters. See table and Graph below Cell O55 ***.

Go to Cell B83 below, to select the vapour to be considered in the gas/vapour mixture.On DNC2 enter the name of the selected vapour in Cell B41, its molecular weight in Cell D41and in Cell F41 its weight. In Cell F5 enter the temperature of the gas/vapour mixture at the source.

Calculation reference : CONDCHMP - Main program test - CONDCHMPACalculation object : Updating for presentation and costsCalculation date and time : 03-Feb-00 16:36

Conditions of vapours at a condenser :

Input parameters: Data from CND4:Pressure at condenser inlet mbar 1,013.000 Gas/vapour inlet temperature oC 95.020 95.020 Gas/vapour outlet temperature oC 40.000 40.000 Condensing vapour surface temperature oC 92.897 92.897 Pressure loss in the condenser mbar 0.000

Calculated parameters :

Your selected vapour is : Water vapour Mol. weight:Conditions : Condensation

Inlet to condenser :

Mass of NC gas kg/h 1,270.000 Mass of vapour kg/h 4,131.389 4,131.389 Mass ratio of vapour/NC gas at inlet kg/kg 3.253 Number of moles of NC gas ( - ) 45.331 k.mol/s 0.0126 Number of moles of vapour ( - ) 229.318 k.mol/s 0.0637 Mole fraction of NC gas ( - ) 0.165 Mole fraction of vapour ( - ) 0.835 Partial pressure of NC gas mbar 167.197 Partial pressure of vapour mbar 845.803 Saturation vapour pressure at inlet mbar 845.811 0.000 Volume of NC gas m^3/h 1,369.507 Volume of vapour m^3/h 6,927.943 Volume of vapour/gas mixture m^3/h 8,297.449 Density of gas/vapour mixture kg/m^3 0.6510

Outlet from condenser :

Total pressure at condenser outlet mbar 1,013.000 Saturation vapour pressure at outlet mbar 73.741 0.000 Partial vapour pressure at outlet mbar 73.741 Partial pressure of NC gas at outlet mbar 939.259 Partial vapour pressure at cond. interface mbar 781.801 0.000 Partial NC pressure at cond. interface mbar 231.199 LN mean of NC gas conc. bar 0.4986 Number of moles of NC gas ( - ) 45.331 k.mol/s 0.0126 Number of moles of vapour ( - ) 3.559 k.mol/s 0.0010 Mole fraction of NC gas ( - ) 0.927 Mole fraction of vapour ( - ) 0.073 Molecular weight of NC gas ( - ) 28.016 Mass of entrained vapour at outlet kg/h 64.118 Mass of condensed vapour kg/h 4,067.271 Mass ratio of vapour/NC gas at outlet kg/kg 0.050 Volume of NC gas m^3/h 1,164.845 Volume of vapour m^3/h 91.452 Volume of vapour/gas mixture m^3/h 1,256.297

Concentration of vapour in outlet gas mg/m^3 51,037.22 Density of gas/vapour mixture kg/m^3 1.0619

Valid : Pressure range 1 to 1013 mbar for vapours other than H2O

This Worksheet can be used for the examination of condensation parameters. See table and Graph below Cell O55 ***.

18.016 0.000

0.000

1,013.000 73.741 73.741

939.259 781.801 231.199 0.4986 45.331 3.559 0.927 0.073

28.016 64.118

4,067.271 0.050

1,164.845 91.452

1,256.297

51,037.22 1.0619

6 7 8 9 (-)

10 10 16 9 0

65.000 55.000 45.000 40.000 0.00036.8714 31.3190 28.0177 26.8606 0.0000

37.991 29.098 19.762 15.000 0.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 5.000 0.000 2.089 1.106 0.664 0.238 0.000

27.009 25.902 25.238 25.000 0.000 37.991 29.098 19.762 15.000 0.000

1,537.706 1,420.223 1,355.303 1,334.118 0.000 15,077.365 13,925.440 13,288.892 13,081.166 0.000

233.859 117.482 64.920 21.185 0.000 267.706 150.223 85.303 64.118 0.000 14.8593 8.3383 4.7349 3.5589 0.0000

2,346.368 2,370.786 2,394.881 2,406.872 0.000 553,106.70 280,729.21 156,693.84 51,189.33 0.00 28,848.00 26,643.99 25,426.06 12,514.31 0.00 13,216.40 13,216.40 13,216.40 6,608.20 0.00 14,657.23 2,454.42 (1,356.30) (885.20) 0.00

609,828.33 323,044.01 193,979.99 69,426.63 0.00

0.753 0.845 0.905 0.927 0.0000.247 0.155 0.095 0.073 0.000

1,013.000 1,013.000 1,013.000 1,013.000 0.000762.919 855.616 917.198 939.259 0.000250.081 157.384 95.802 73.741 0.000

62.295 45.730 37.816 35.340 0.000950.705 967.270 975.184 977.660 0.000

0.842 0.899 0.934 0.946 0.00050.936 43.160 36.509 33.430 0.000

0.921 0.983 1.037 1.062 0.0001.185 1.128 1.092 1.079 0.0000.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000.031 0.029 0.028 0.028 0.000

25.547 26.462 27.070 27.288 0.0004,026.638 3,782.410 3,687.325 3,668.914 0.000

0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.0000.739 0.724 0.715 0.712 0.0000.817 0.806 0.800 0.797 0.000

61.528 55.730 52.284 51.097 0.0000.081 0.078 0.075 0.074 0.000

0.934 0.892 0.854 0.838 0.000 0.955 0.927 0.900 0.889 0.000 7.43 6.51 6.06 5.92 0.00

6,230.46 4,751.04 3,196.45 2,416.98 0.00 58,237.70 30,651.75 14,961.39 9,737.59 0.00 64,468.16 35,402.78 18,157.84 12,154.56 0.00 64,478.16 35,412.78 18,173.65 12,163.39 0.00 1,697.17 1,217.02 919.62 810.89 0.00

471.44 338.06 255.45 225.25 0.00 64,473.16 35,407.78 18,165.75 12,158.98 0.00 90,840.28 49,940.47 26,786.77 15,162.36 0.00

1,196,278.97 586,450.64 263,406.62 69,426.63 0.00 609,828.33 323,044.01 193,979.99 69,426.63 0.00

6.713 6.469 7.242 4.579 0.000 1.339 1.290 1.444 0.913 -

9.468 10.758 12.203 13.116 0.000

CND5 Condenser physical parameters

This Worksheet allows the user to select the basic physical components of the condenser.The derived free area for flow in the shell space then determines the thermal behaviour of the condenser that is calculated in Sheet 4 and the related shell side pressure losses determined in Worksheet 6.

In this Sheet the tube bundle diameter is derived from the outside diameter of the condenser tubes and their number. The tube bundle then is used to select the diameter and length of the condenser.The normally used triangular and rectangular tube pitch arrangements and tube clearance can be selected

***The number of tube passes is 1 and then 2, 4, 6 and 8.******For non standard tube bundles calculate equivalent diameter in Cell F61 the value for thestandard bundle***

Type of heat exchanger : Vacuum condenserCalculation reference : CONDCHMP - Main program test - CONDCHMPACalculation object : Updating for presentation and costsCalculation date and time : 03-Feb-00 16:42

Calculation of Tube Bundle Parameters:

Select tube arrangement in Cell D27:For triangular tube pitch arrangement enter 1For square tube arrangement enter 2 ( 1 )

Select baffle cut in Cell D28 % 45 Selected

Input parameters :Number of passes ( - ) 1 Number of tubes ( - ) 88 Outside tube diameter mm 19.050 Tube wall thickness mm 1.651 Total length of tubes mm 12,700.000 Thickness of tube sheet mm 35.000 Tube clearance mm 6.350 Equivalent tube diameter mm 18.542 Baffle spacing (usually .2 to 2 shell dia) mm 421.000 Pitch of tubes mm 31.750 Shell bundle clearance allowance mm 343.000

Calculated parameters :The chosen tube arrangement is TriangularTube side selection are : 1 passK1 factor ( - ) 0.3190 N1 factor ( - ) 2.1420 The diameter of the bundle calc. mm 262.628 Min. inside diameter of shell calc. mm 273.254 Inside shell diameter - used mm 605.628 Inside tube diameter mm 15.748 Effective length of tubes mm 12,630.000 Effective inside heat transfer area m^2 54.987 Effective outside heat transfer area m^2 66.517 Ratio: tube clearance/tube centers ( - ) 0.4000 Flow area across tube bundle for HT & DP m^2 0.1020 Equiv. shell-side diameter mm 146.73

Correction factor for shell pressure loss : 1) Based on Shell areas:

CND6 Condenser pressure losses - Kern's method for shell sideType of heat exchanger : Vacuum condenserCalculation reference : Updating for presentation and costsCalculation object : Standard example C & HCalculation date and time : 3-Feb-00 16:45 For pressure loss in Shell no entry of input values is necessary.

Ensure that in CND4!Q69 the Segment 0 or 1 is selected.Input parameters: To then enter these values as input use Macro B.Baffle cut selected % 45 45The chosen tube arrangement is Triangular TriangularNumber of passes on CW side (-) 1 pass 1 passNumber of tubes (-) 88 88 Outside tube diameter mm 19.050 19.050 Tube wall thickness mm 1.651 1.651 Total length of tubes mm 12,700.000 12,700.000 Thickness of tube sheet mm 35.000 35.000 Tube clearance mm 6.350 6.350 Baffle spacing, usually .2 to 2 shell dia. mm 421.000 421.000 Pitch of tubes mm 31.750 31.750 The diameter of the tube bundle mm 262.628 262.628 Inside diameter of shell calc. mm 273.254 273.254 Inside shell diameter - used mm 605.628 605.628 Shell side equivalent tube diameter mm 18.542 18.542 Flow area across tube bundle m^2 0.1020 0.1020 Weight of gas/vapour mixture at inlet kg/h 5,401.389 5,401.389 Shell mass velocity kg/h.m^2 52,961.188 52,961.188

kg/s.m^2 14.711 14.711 Density of gas/vapour at inlet kg/m^3 0.65097 0.65097

Calculated parameters for condenser shell:Bulk vapour viscosity kg/m.s 0.0000156 0.0000156 Vapour viscosity at wall temperature kg/m.s 0.0000156 Viscosity correction factor (-) 1.000 1.0000000 Volumetric flow at entry m^3/s 2.305 Linear velocity of vapour/gas mixture m/s 22.599 Reynolds number of vapour flow (-) 17,538.40 17,538.40

LOG10(RE) 4.244 4.2440 Number of baffles (-) 30 30 Number of flow crosses in shell (-) 31 31 Friction factor m^2/m^2 0.031240 0.031240 Pressure loss for standard tube bundle N/m^2 21,145.896 (taken as 50 % of inlet flow) mbar 211.459 Correction factor (-) 0.188 Pressure loss for actual tube bundle mbar 39.847

Inlet and outlet nozzles:

Input parameters:Is impingement plate used (Y/N) (-) NInlet nozzle internal diameter m 0.350 Impimgement plate diameter m 0.000 Outlet nozzle internal diameter m 0.150 Distance - nozzle end to tube bundle m 0.177 0.1715000 Distance - nozzle to impingement plate m 0.000 N.A.

Calculated parameters for nozzlesInlet nozzle:Inlet internal nozzle cross-section area m^2 0.0962 Linear velocity of vapour/gas mixture m/s 23.956 Ratio of escape to nozzle areas (-) 2.0229 Pressure loss coefficient (-) 1.195 Inlet nozzle pressure loss N/m^2 223.274

mbar 2.233

Outlet nozzle:Outlet internal nozzle cross-section are m^2 0.0177 Density of gas/vapour at outlet kg/m^3 1.062 1.0619449 Volumetric flow at exit m^3/s 0.349 0.3489713 Linear velocity of vapour/gas mixture m/s 19.748 Number of velocity heads at inlet nozzl (-) 207.065 Outlet nozzle pressure loss N/m^2 144.945

mbar 1.449

Total pressure loss at the condenser mbar 43.529

::::

For pressure loss in Shell no entry of input values is necessary. :Ensure that in CND4!Q69 the Segment 0 or 1 is selected. :To then enter these values as input use Macro B. :

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Selection of CW pumps (Costs 1992) Purchased InstalledSelect by nummer in Cell D120 : Cost Mar 1996 Cost Mar 1996

2 £ £Pump in SS 316 1 11,318.99 22,637.987 Pump in steel casing and CI impeller 2 9,847.52 19,695.048 All steel construction 3 6,658.23 13,316.463

Cooling water pump selected : Pump in steel casing and CI impeller £ 9,847.52 19,695.048

Plant component installation factors and installation costs

Factors due to S.M.Walas - Chemical Process EquipmentSelection and Design 1988

Plant component: Installation factors:

Recommended Your inputvalues: value :

Condensers : Shell/tubesStainless steel (304) tubes in C/MS shell 2.10 2.00 Stainless steel (316) tubes in C/MS shell 2.10 2.00 Stainless steel (304) tubes and shell 2.00 2.10 Stainless steel (316) tubes and shell 1.90 2.10 Monel tubes in C/MS shell 1.80 1.80 Hastelloy tubes and C/MS shell 1.50 1.50 Carbon or mild steel tubes and shell 2.50 2.50

Centrifugal pumps :Pump in SS 316 2.00 2.00 Pump in steel casing and CI impeller 2.80 2.00 All steel construction 2.80 2.00

CND8 Condenser operating and total costs

Pressure at condenser inlet mbar : 1013 Pressure loss, mbar:Condenser materials : Tubes: C/MS Shell:Condenser outside surface area, m^2 : 66.517 In Cell E9 select: £ for £UK, $ for US$, DM for German DM, FFR for French FR and SFR for Swiss FR.

Input parameters : Currency: £

Condenser supply:(Specialist/General,Cell D11=1or 2) 1 SpecialistDuration of operation h/a 7,500.00Cost of condenser cooling water £/m^3 0.150Cost of power £/kWh 0.055Cooling water pressure bar 5.00Cooling water pump efficiency % 55.00Water pump electric motor efficiency % 82.00

Calculated parameters:Total condenser cooling water used m^3/h 70.50

m^3/a 528,713.60Cost of cooling water to condenser £/h 10.57

£/a 79,307.04Power used for cooling water pumping kW/h 21.30Total power used for cooling water pumping kWh/a 159,727.78Cost of cooling water pumping power £/a 8,785.03Total utility costs (TUC) £/a 88,092.07Annual TUC for pumping kg/h suction gas £ 16.31

Cost considering the purchase of condensers and CW pumps

General input parameters :Select condenser cost - method (A/B/C/D) AEquipment life : Condensers years 8 Cooling water pumps years 10Rate of interest % 15PE US costs index, Jan 1990 to Jan 1999 (-) 1.150 Cost factor for vacuum condenser supply (-) 1.150 Usually advised 1.2 to 1.3

Calculated parameters : Purchase costs:

Is the condenser from specialist supply SpecialistSelected material for condensers is Carbon or mild steel tubes and shellSelected CW pump Pump in steel casing and CI impeller

Cost of condenser £ 9,513.09 Capital cost of CW pump £ 9,847.52 Total capital costs £ 19,360.61

Annualized cost of condensers £/a 3,637.59 Annualized cost of CW pumps £/a 3,983.87 Total annual capital cost £/a 7,621.47 Annualized capital cost for pumping a kg/h of suction gas £ 1.41 Annualized capital cost of pumping suction gas £/kg 0.000188 Annualized vacuum system cost (air equivalent cost) £/(kg/h.mbar) 0.21

Total annual costs (capital ,installation and utilities)

Total annual costs (TAC) £ 95,713.54 (TACinst)Total annual costs of pumping a kg/h of suction gas £ 17.72

Total cost of pumping a kg of suction gas from the (vacuum) system £ 0.002363 Total cost of pumping a kg of NC gas from the (vacuum) system £ 0.010049

Total maintenance costs based on the installed condenser unit:

Input Parameters :Materials for condenser maintenance incl. CW treatme % 5.00Labour for condenser maintenance % 5.00Materials for CW pump maintenance % 6.00Labour for CW pump maintenance % 6.00

Calculated parameters :L&M for condensers % 10.00L&M for CW pump(s) % 12.00Maintenance cost of condensers £/a 2,068.06 Maintenance cost of CW pump(s) £/a 2,363.41 Total maintenance cost (TMC) £/a 4,431.47 TMC for pumping kg/h suction gas £ 0.590862 TMC for removing a kg of suction gas from the system £ 0.000051

Total cost of operating and maintaining the vacuum system (TVC)

Total costs (TACinst and TMC) £/a 100,145.00Annual TVC for handling kg/h inlet ( suction ) mixture £ 18.54Removal cost of a kg of mixture from the system £ 0.00247Total cost for condensing kg of vapour £ 0.00328

::

43.529 :C/MS :

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Usually advised 1.2 to 1.3 ::

Installed costs: ::::::

20,680.63 :19,695.05 :40,375.68 :

:7,907.81 :7,967.75 :

15,875.56 ::

2.94 :0.000392 :

:0.447 :

:::

103,967.63 ::

19.25 :

:0.002566 :

:0.010915 :

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CND12 Condenser data summary

Calculation reference : CONDCHMP - Main program test - CONDCHMPACalculation object : Updating for presentation and costsIf condenser for vacuum duty : Standard example C & HCalculation date and time : 03-Feb-00 16:56:43

Gas/vapour composition: kg/h Mol. Wt.Non condensables Nitrogen 1,270.000 28.016Condensing vapour Water vapour 4,131.389 18.016

Condenser physical parameters:Sections: 9

Exchanger tube Arrangement: Triangular Number: 88Shell/tubesheet material (-) C/MS Tube clearance: 6.350Tube Material C/MS Tube passes: 1Baffle % cut 45 Number: 30Nozzle diameter, mm Inlet: 350.00 Outlet: 150

Calc. diameter of tube bundle mm 262.63Inside shell diameter - used mm 605.63Shell bundle clearance allowance mm 343.00Baffle spacing mm 421.00Outside tube diameter mm 19.05Tube wall thickness mm 1.651Total length of tubes - calculated m 13.116 Available m: 12.63Thickness of tube sheet mm 35.000Outside condensing surface - calculated m^2 65.762 Available m^2: 66.52Min. shell section area for flow m^2 0.102Equivalent tube diameter mm 18.542

Pressure losses:Condenser total pressure loss mbar 43.529 Shell side pressure loss mbar 39.847 Nozzle pressure loss, mbar inlet 2.233 outlet: 1.45

Condenser conditions:Inlet vapour/gas mass flow rate kg/m^2.h 52,961.19 Pressure at condenser inlet mbar 1,013.00 Gas/vapour inlet temperature oC 95.02 Gas/vapour outlet temperature oC 40.00 CW temp. at inlet to condenser oC 25.00 CW temp. at outlet from condenser oC 60.00 Av. temperature of condensate at exit oC 50.00 Cooling water requirement m^3/h 70.495

Total heat rejected kW/h 2,838.704 kJ/h 10,219,333.22Average thermal loading calc area kW/h.m^2 43.166 Actual 42.68Thermal conductivity of tube wall W/m.K 112.645 Thermal resistance of tube wall m^2.K/W 0.0000147 W/m^2.K 68,228.35Fouling factor - condensing side m^2.K/W 0.0001239 W/m^2.K 8,071.03Fouling factor - CW side m^2.K/W 0.0001239 W/m^2.K 8,071.03Cooling water resistance m^2.K/W 0.0001942 W/m^2.K 5,149.76Condensate film resistance m^2.K/W 0.0000881 W/m^2.K 11,352.00Sum of 'constant' resistances m^2.K/W 0.0005507 W/m^2.K 1,815.96CW velocity m/s 1.200 CW Reynolds Number (-) 30,051.66 CW mass flow rate kg/m^2.h 4,282,254.85 NC gas mole fraction - entry (-) 0.1650 outlet 0.93Vapour/gas ReN at condenser - entry (-) 17,538.40 outlet 3,668.91Sensible heat transfer coeff.- entry W/m^2.K 150.72 outlet 51.10Molar mass transfer coeff. - entry kmol/h.m^2.bar 82.77 outlet 5.92Overall heat transfer coeff. - entry W/m^2.K 642.36 outlet 225.25NC gas heat transfer coeff. - entry W/m^2.K 993.96 outlet 257.14

Practical LMTD oC 42.966 HTC based on calculated surface W/m^2.K 1,004.666 Actual HTC based on actual surface W/m^2.K 993.271 Factor available from HTC difference m^2.K/W 0.0000114 W/m^2.K 87,570.99

CND13 Selected parameters for vapours and gasesThis Sheet is used primarily for the selection of the parameters used in the calculation of the values in the selected segments of Sheet 4The Condensing Vapour is selected in Cell B83 of Sheet 3, where also the vapour pressure to temperature relationships are located.The NC gas selected in Sheet 2, is re-entered on in Sheet 4 in Cell G10. Property values for air ready for transfer are given below Cell J11The required properties for the NC gas are in Cells F12 to F15. Those for the vapour are in Cells F20 to F26. You need to select both from Sheet 15. If not available add them thereSelect the condensation heat parameters for the vapour from the Watson equation in Cells K36 to K37. Values for water vapour shown below.Below Row 53 calculate the diffusivity using the available table of molar volumes and molecular weights.

Selected Noncondensable gas : Nitrogen

NC gas parameters: Values chosed from: CND15 Values for Air:Gas viscosity Pa.s 0.000019 0.000021 Gas specific heat kJ/kg.K 1.0407 0.0292 Gas thermal conductivity W/m.K 0.0291 1.0074 Prandtl number of NC gas (-) 0.6945 0.7129

Vapour parameters: Select values from Sheet 15:Vapour selected: Water vapour for Sheet CND4 column Q cals For other applications

at selected temp. :Temperature of vapour/gas mixture oC 66.449 66.449 95.000 Vapour viscosity Pa.s 0.0000108 0.0000108 0.0000085Specific heat of vapour kJ/kg.K 1.8760 1.8760 1.4026 Thermal conductivity W/m.K 0.0218 0.0218 0.0218 Prandtl number of vapour (-) 0.9309 0.9309 0.8313 Liquid parameters:Specific heat of condensate kJ/kg.K 4.178 4.178

Selected Vapour:Heat of condensation : Water vapour kJ/kg Water vapour

Temp. range oC15 to 100 100 to 165 Other vapour than water vapour Properties selected for calculation of :

kJ/kg the condensation heatOutlet temp. 2,270.05 2,270.13 0.00

Segment 1 2,270.05 2,270.13 0.00 Lat.heat at B.P. K 0.00Segment 2 2,275.30 2,275.43 0.00 Tc 0.00Segment 3 2,283.06 2,283.25 0.00 Normal B. P. t oC 0.00Segment 4 2,295.92 2,296.18 0.00Segment 5 2,321.40 2,321.66 0.00 B.P. at 1 bar K 273.15Segment 6 2,346.37 2,346.74 0.00 Tc-BP at 1 bar -273.15Segment 7 2,370.79 2,371.52 0.00Segment 8 2,394.88 2,396.12 0.00Segment 9 2,406.87 2,408.38 0.00Segment 10 2,507.40 2,507.38 0.00Segment 11 2,507.40 2,507.38 0.00Segment 12 2,507.40 2,507.38 0.00

Calculation of diffusivity : Additional values for volumesEnter the gas and vapour with their relevant parametrs below. of simple molecules

Atomic volumes Chem.Eng., R&C vol.1, p.456Input parameters: Molar volumes: Mol wt :Water vapour Va 18.90 18.016 Air 29.90 H2 14.30 Nitrogen Vb 31.20 28.013 Carbon 14.80 O2 25.60

Chlorine 24.60 N2 31.20 Calculated parameters: terminal as in R_Cl 21.60 Air 29.90 Temperature of vapour/gas mixture K 339.60 mid as in R-CHCl-R' 24.60 CO 30.70 Pressure of vapour/gas mixture atm 1.000 Fluorine 8.70 CO2 34.00 Diffusivity: cm^2/s 0.2406 Hydrogen 3.70 H2O 18.90 m^2/h 0.0866 Hydrogen molecule 14.30 SO2 44.80

Nitrogen 15.60 NO 23.60 as in prim. amines 10.50 N2O 36.40 as in sec. amines 12.00 NH3 25.80 Oxygen double bon 7.40 N2S 32.90 in methyl esters 9.10 Cl2 48.40 in ethyl esters 9.90 Br2 53.20 in higher esters I2 71.50 & ketones 11.00 in acids 12.00 aldehydes/ketones 7.40 in union with S,P,N 8.30

Notes:For three membered ring, as in ethylene oxide, deduct 6.0For four membered ring as in cyclobutane, deduct 8.5For five membered ring as in furane, deduct 11.5For six membered ring as in benzene, pyridine, deduct 15For anthracine ring formation, deduct 47.5

CND14 Assorted fouling factors

Rearranged fouling coefficientsMainly from Fouling Notebook by T.R. BottIChemE 1990 ISBN 852952597

Select for transfer in D62 & D63 Fouling resistance Fouling coefficientsFouling in water systems 10^4m^2.K/W W/m^2.K

Max Min Min MaxWater Type :Sea water 43 (C maximum outlet) 0.000350 0.000175 2857 5714 Brackish water(43 oC maximum outlet) 0.000530 0.000350 1887 2857 Treated cooling tower water (49 oC maximum outlet) 0.000350 0.000175 2857 5714 Artificial spray pond(49 oC max.outlet) 0.000350 0.000175 2857 5714 Closed loop treated water 0.000175 5714 River water 0.000530 0.000350 1887 2857 Engine jacket water 0.000175 5714 Distilled water or cycle condensate 0.000175 0.000090 5714 11111 Treated boiler feedwater 0.000090 11111 Boiler blowdown water 0.000530 0.000350 1887 2857

Fouling resistance for someservice liquid streams

No.2 fuel oil 0.000350 2857 No.6 fuel oil 0.000900 1111 Transformer oil 0.000175 5714

Typical fouling factors - Chemical Engineering - Coulson & Richardson Vol 6 p.570

Fouling resistance Fouling coefficientsFluid 10^4m^2.K/W W/m^2.K

Max Min Min Max

River water 0.000333 0.000083 3,000 12,000 Sea water 0.001000 0.000333 1,000 3,000 Cooling tower water 0.000333 0.000167 3,000 6,000 Towns water soft 0.000333 0.000200 3,000 5,000 Towns water hard 0.001000 0.000500 1,000 2,000 Steam condensate 0.000667 0.000200 1,500 5,000 Steam oil free 0.000250 0.000100 4,000 10,000 Steam oil traces 0.000500 0.000200 2,000 5,000 Refrigerated brine 0.000333 0.000200 3,000 5,000 Air and industrial gases 0.000200 0.000100 5,000 10,000 Flue gases 0.000500 0.000200 2,000 5,000 Organic vapours 0.000200 5,000 Organic liquids 0.000200 5,000 Light hydrocarbons 0.000200 5,000 Heavy hydrocarbons 0.000500 2,000 Boiling organics 0.000400 2,500 Condensing organics 0.000200 5,000 Heat transfer fluids 0.000200 5,000 Aqueous salt solutions 0.000333 0.000200 3,000 5,000

Selected scale and fouling resistances for transfer to Worksheet CND4: Scaling resistance 0.0000044

GRAPH1

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Graph1 - Worksheet for transfer and storage of relevant graphs from calculations

1 CONDCHMPATemp. of bulk vapour, condensing film andCW outlet vs condenser length

2 CONDCHMPAHeat removed vs condenser length

- 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

CONDCHMP - CONDCHMPA- Condensation of water vapour from nitrogen gas mixture

Condenser Area m 2̂

Hea

t rem

oved

kW

/h

5/2/98

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CONDCHMPA - Condensation of water vapour fron nitrgen gas mixture

Condenser length m

Bul

k va

pour

- C

ond.

Film

- C

W T

empe

ratu

res

oC

GRAPH1

Page 24

- 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

CONDCHMP - CONDCHMPA- Condensation of water vapour from nitrogen gas mixture

Condenser Area m 2̂

Hea

t rem

oved

kW

/h

5/2/98

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CONDCHMPA - Condensation of water vapour fron nitrgen gas mixture

Condenser length m

Bul

k va

pour

- C

ond.

Film

- C

W T

empe

ratu

res

oC