XIII The Middle East, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands (i) The Middle East...

XIII The Middle East, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands (i) The Middle East (including North Africa and the Mediterranean) Ann Williams

Reference A recent update to an important reference work appeared with new funding which, it is hoped, will ensure its future. Index Islamicus 1981-1985: a bibliography of books and articles on the Muslim world 4. G.J. Roper (Jordan and London: Cambridge University Library and Al Albeit Foundation, 2 vols, f65), now has a subject and name index.

General R.B. Serjeant, Customary and Shmi’ah law in Arabic society (Variorum, f47.50) together with another Variorum collection, George Makdisi, Religion, law and learning in classical Islam (ibid., f43.50) provide two important interpretations of early Islam. W. Montgomery Watt, Muslim-Christian encounters (Routledge, pbk f 10.99) looks at contemporary relations. William R. Polk, The Arab world today (Harvard U.P.)takes a more secular approach to the area. Philip Khoury and Joseph Kostener (eds), Tribes and state formation in the M&Ie East (I.B. Tauris, f35) collects interpretations of this element in modernisation.

Judy Mabro, Veiled half-truths: Western travellers’ perceptions of Middle Eastern women (IB Tauris) chooses an interesting aspect of travel literature. Two books recorded before have now appeared in paperback: Ahmedy al- Hassan and Donald R. Hill, Islamic technology (CUPand UNESCO, 1987), and Beatrice Forbes Manz, The rise and rule of Tamerlane (CUP, 1989).

Albert H o a r d 1991 in Islamic and Middle Eastern studies has been the year of its most eminent historian. A history of the Arab peoples (Faber and Faber, f25) distilled a lifetime’s research into a readable and persuasive survey from early Islamic civilisation to the present day. His Islam in firopean thought (CUP) is a collection of essays on thought and culture with assess- ments of European orientalists like Louis Massignon and H.A.R. Gibb. Sadly his death early in 1992 ended this period of great productivity.

The Ottoman Empire and Turkey Stephen Turk Christensen (ed.), Violence and the absolutist state: studies in European and Ottoman hktory (Copenhagen: Academic Centre for Research in Humanities, 1990) uses west- em research terms to interpret Ottoman history, not always happily. Robert I. Cadield, Turko-Persia in historical perspective (CUP, American Research Advanced Seminar series) deals with cultural exchanges. R. Dankhoff, The international role of an Ottoman statesman: Malek Ahmed Pasha 1588-1662 (State University of New York Press) provides a useful primary source. Alan Duben and Cem Bihar, Istanbul households: marriage, family and fertility, 1880-1940 (CUP) makes an important use of western research methods for Ottoman society. Its relation of fertility changes to Ottoman decline is a dis-

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tinguished contribution to the interpretation of the late Ottoman empire. Richard Tapper (ed.), Islam in modem Turkey: religion, politics and literature (I.B. Tauris) shows how the secular Turkish state has shaped its modem Islamic movement and has beem influenced in its turn. Mehemet Ali Biran, Shirts of steel: an anatomy of rk Turkish Oficer Corps (ibid.) is a journalist’s account of army influences.

Egypt Afaf al-Sayyid Marsot, A short history of modem Egypt (CUP)is a valuable re-issue. Derek Hopwood, Egypt: politics and society. 1945-1990 (Routledge) makes a good partner to the above. Nadh N. Ayubi, The state and public policies in Egypt since Saaht (Ithaca P.) brings the story up to date.

Jordno Rodney Wilson (ed.), Politics and economy in Jordan (Routledge, f35) makes an important analysis of this fragile state. Iraq aod Kuwait George Makdisi, History and politics in eleventh century Baghdad (Variorum, f43.50) is a notable collection of essays on an Islamic city. Robert A. Fernea and W. Roger Louis, The Iraqi revolution of 1958: the old social classes revisited (I.B. Tauris) is a good reassessment of a turning point in Iraqi history. Richard Scho field, Kuwait and Iraq: historical claims and territorial disputes (R.I.I.A.) puts the recent codict in its background.

Ispel Stephen Sharot and Eliezar ben Rafael, Ethnicity, religion and class in Israeli society (CUP) discusses internal tensions within the state. Yehuda Lukacs has produced a second edition of his valuable The Israeli-Palestine conflict: a documentary record, 1967-1990 (ibid., €50, pbk f16.95).

Iran Peter Avery, G a i n K.G. Hambly and Charles Melville, The Cambridge History of Iran: volume 7. From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic (CUP, f75) completes this valuable reference work. Baqer Moin, Khomeini: the sign of God (IB Tauris) provides a useful biography of the religious leader. Reader Bullard, Lettersfrom Tehran: a British Ambawador in World War II Persia (ibid) offers the contemporary comments of a man who was a good scholar of the area.

Armbin Medawi el Rasheed, Politics in an Arabian oasis: the society and culture of the modem Middle East (I.B. Tauris) has a misleading sub-title for a study of the Ibn Rashid dynasty in central Arabia in the nineteenth century. John W h o n , Arabio ‘s frontiers: the study of Britain’s Blue and Violet lines (ibid.) shows the importance of the area to the Great Powers.

The West d tbe Middle East Glen Balfour-Paul, The end of empire in the Middle East: Britain’s relinquishment of power in the last three Arab dependen- cies (CUP, f35) studies the withdrawal from the Sudan, S.W. Arabia and the Gulf. Robert 0. Freedman, Moscow and the Middle h t : Soviet policy since the invasion of Afghanistan (ibid) points out the effects of the war on Soviet- Muslim relations from 1979-89. Helena Cobban, The superpowers and the Syrian-Israeli conflict: beyond crisir management? (Praeger) is a serious historian’s view of the problem. John Gittings (ed.), Beyond the Gulf War: the Middle East und the new world order (Catholic Institute for International Relations) sees a major change after the conflict.

North Africa and the Western MediterrruoePn Lucie Bolens, L’Andalousie du quotidien au sucre XI-XII siicles (Variorum, f45) is a valuable gathering of

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articles on Muslim Spain. Dominique Urvoy, Ibn Rushid (Averroes) (Routledge) looks at the Arab thinker’s influence on Spain. Mohamed el- Mansour, Morocco in the reign of Mouley Suleyman (Wkbech M.E.N.A.S.) is an important contribution to Moroccan history. C-R. Ageron, Modern Algeria (Hurst, pbk E8.95) is a translation of a well-established French study. Emrys Peters, The Bedouin of Cyrenaica: studies in personal and corporate power (CUPStudies in Social and Cultural Anthropology) is the collected work of an anthropologist whose early death prevented his completing a major work on the subject. Elizabeth Longueness (ed.), Batisseurs et bureau- crates: ingenieurs et societP au maghreb et Moyen Orient (Lyon: Institut de 1’Orient mediterraneen) takes an original and important theme of change in the area.

(ii) Asia Richard Newman (India) Paul Bailey (China and Japan) James Grayson (Korea) India An excellent short introduction to the history and culture of the area appeared in 1991. S . Wolpert, India (California U.P., $33) surveys the history, religion, politics, arts and other aspects of the region over many ccn- turies. It is based on the author’s long familiarity with the countries of the subcontinent and is written in the same elegant style as the rest of his books.

Much of the writing on Indian nationalism has focused on the Muslim community. S.N. Ahmad, Origins of Muslim conscwumess in India (Greenwood, f43.25) argues that the Muslims’ Sense of identity was created by India’s integration into a world system rather than by British tactics of divide and rule or by an intrinsic antagonism between Muslim and Hindu. M. Hasan, Nationalism and communal politics in India 188S-I930 (Delhi: Manohar, f 15) examines the Muslims’ place in the national movement in an enlarged and revised version of the author’s earlier book on the period 1916-1928. D. Pandey, The role of the Muslim League in national politics (Delhi: Tiwari) is a factual account, mainly of the years 1935 to 1945. Kewal Singh, Partition and aftermath (New Delhi: Vikas) contains the reminiscences of a senior bureaucrat D.A. Low (ed.), The political inheritance of Pakistan (Macmillan, f45.00) follows some of these themes in the pre-independence period. The speeches and writings of one of the most important of the nationalist Muslims have been published in an eleven-volume collection. R. Kumar (ed.), Selected works of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (New Delhi: Atlantic). Most of the personal correspondence (with figures such as Nehru, Cripps and Kripalani) is to be found in the first volume, covering the years 1936-1942; the other volumes are devoted very largely to speeches and state- ments to the Constituent Assembly and Lok Sabha. Two other major leaders are examined in books which concentrate on less-familiar aspects of their careers: R.S. Singh, The constructive programmes of Mahatma G d i 1920 to 1939 (New Delhi: Commonwealth Publishers) and R. Kumar, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and the peasantry 1920-1947 (New Delhi: Atlantic). The reactions of the rulers to the national movement are explored in S.K.P. Singh, The Indian ruling princes and the National Movement 1927-47 (New Delhi: Commonwealth Publishers, $25) and G. Studdert-Kennedy, British Christians, Indian nationalists and the Raj (Delhi: O W , €10.95). Studdert- Kennedy shows how Christian beliefs were used to justify, first, the expansion

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and character of British rule in the subcontinent and, later, the reactions of administrators and non-officials to the development of the nationalist movement and particularly to the spirituality of Gandhi.

Among the new books on rural society are two which deal with opposite ends of the social spectrum. Some of the complexities of landlordism in the Gangetic heartland are explained with admirable clarity by P.D. Reeves, Londlordr and govemments in Uttar Pradesh (Bombay: OUP, €19.50), which covers the period from the post-Mutiny settlement of the 1860s to zamindari abolition in the 1950s. A. Cooper, Sharecropping and share croppers’ struggles in Bengal, 1930-1950 (Calcutta: K.P. Bagch, Rs225) looks at the origins and growth of the sharecropping system and the articulation of the sharecroppers’ discontent, especially in the Tebhaga movement of 1946-7. W. van Schendel, Three deltas: Accumulation and poverty in rural Burma, Bengal and South India (New Delhi: Sage) is a comparative study from 1760 to the present day and shows the impact of commodification, commerce and the resultant prole- tarianisation of the rural labourer. S . Bhattacharya (ed.), The South Indiun economy: Agrarian change, industrial structure and state policy, c.1914-1947 (Delhi: OW, €12.95) includes three papers on agrarian relations in the Telugu districts. 0. Goswami, Industry, trade and peasant society: the Jute economy of Eastern India 1900-1947 (Delhi: OUP, €12.95) examines the effects of booms and slumps on both the peasant producers of raw jute and the jute manufacturers of Calcutta.

Several books have focused on early European trade and its local reper- cussions. G.D. Winius and M.P.M. Vink, The merchant-warrior pacified (Delhi: OUP, €9.95) surveys the whole history of the Dutch East India Company from 1600 to 1795 and pulls together material from earlier research on specific areas of the company’s operations. Indigenous responses to European trade are described in M. Mehta, Indian merchants and entre- preneurs in historical perspective: with special reference to the ShrojJs of G’ujarat (Delhi: Academic Foundation, €17.20) and B.S. Mallick, Money, banking and trade in Mughal India: Currency, indigenous @car practices and the English trade in 17th Century Gujarat and Bengal (Jaipur: Rawat, €13.80). A collection of essays, A. Gupta (ed.), Minorities on India’s West Coast: History and society (Delhi: Kalmga, Rs295) looks at such diverse groups as the Parsis, the Mappillas, the Africans of Kathiawar and the inhabitants of Daman, all of whom were little touched by the Muslim empires centred in Delhi and were correspondingly more open to influences from outside. The political impact in London of British expansion in India is analysed in H.V. Bowen, Revenue and reform: The Indian problem in British politics 1757-1773 (CUP, €27.50).

The essays of the late Hiroshi Fukazawa have been translated from the Japanese and collected into a volume entitled The medieval Deccan: Peasants, social systems and states, 16th to 18th centuries (Delhi: O W , €14.95). The subjtcts covered include land rights, caste relations in village society and the political manoeuvrings of the local gentry, who often collaborated with the Adilshahi su l tans against Shivaji and his successors. A. Gurunge, The society of the Ramayana (New Delhi: Abhinav) gives a very comprehensive account of the period, its economic conditions, social life, systems of belief and so on. Originally published in 1953, the new edition begins with a chap ter which surveys the writings on the subject since that date. A further instal- m a t has appeared of M.W. Meister and M.A. Dhakey (eds), Encyclopaedia of Indian temple’architecture; subtitled vol. 2, part 2, North India: Period of early maturity, c.A.D. 700-900 (Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies) t h i s is itself in two volumes, the fist being a descriptive gazetteer of the tem-


ples, arranged by district and style, and the second a collection of plates, some of rather indifferent quality. A dazzling example of how architectural history can be presented is C. Tadgell, The history of architecture in India, from the dawn of civilization to the end of the Raj (Architecture Design and Technology P., 1990, €60). which has an analytical text, sumptuous photo- graphs (many in colour) and excellent plans and diagrams.

The year has seen several notable publications in urban history. 1:Banga (ed.), The city in Indian history: Urban demography, society and politics (New Delhi: Manohar, €14.50) is a collection of articles ranging from ancient India to modem times covering such topics as the position of the lower classes in urban culture and the impact of colonial rule on urban life. Some of the articles are heavily footnoted and provide a useful guide to further reading. S.P. Blake, Shahjahanabad: The sovereign city in Mughal India 1639-1739 (CUP, f30) argues that the city’s life and layout was determined by the needs of the household of the ruler and was a product of patrimonial-bureaucratic state formation. Explicit comparisons are made with Ed0 and Peking. An imperial town of a different age and type is described by P. Kanwar, Imperial Simla (Delhi: O W , €13.50). More down-to-earth concerns - the provision of public utilities and the controversies surrounding them - are described in M. Dossal, Imperial designs and Indkn realities: The planning of Bombay City 184S-187S (Bombay: OUP, €15).

The history of science in modern India has come unexpectedly into vogue with three books on the subject: S . Sangwan, Science, technology and coloni- sation: An Indian experience (Delhi: Anamika), D. Kumar (ed.), Science and empire: Essays in Indian context (17W1947) (ibid) and E.W. Ellsworth, Science and social science research in British India, 1780-1880: The role of Anglo-Indian Associations and Government (Greenwood, €38.50). The particular case of medical science is examined in P. Bala, Imperialism and medicine in Bengal: A socio-historical perspective (New Delhi: Sage, €25), which shows that there was often accommodation, as well as competition, between the Western and indigenous systems. W. Emst, Mad tales from the Raj: The European insane in British India 1800-1858 (Routledge, €35) describes the asylums, their inmates and the treatments that were inflicted upon them.

Predictably enough, the problems of the modem republic have stimulated an interest in their historical antecedents and earlier manifestations. Communal rioting is analysed in V. Das, Mirrors of violence: Communities, riots and survivors in South Asia (Delhi: OUP, €12.95) and S . Das, Communal riots in Bengal 19054947 (ibid, f 15). Various facets of the politics and international position of Kashmir are discussed in R.G.C. Thomas (ed.), Perspectives on Kashmir: The roots of conflict in South Asia (Westview). Alistair Lamb, who is an acknowledged authority on the area, traces the history of the dispute over the state, from the British period, through three Indo-Pakistani wars to the present day in Kashmir: Adispted legacy 1846-1990 (Boxford, €25) . Finally, Mark Tully, whose reporting for the BBC has been widely admired in India and abroad, gives a provocative adcount of India’s recent development in No full stops in India (New Delhi: VikingPenguin India, €6.99). Tully accuses the middle classes of aping the West and argues that there is still much of relevance and value in India’s traditions. This has drawn the fire of middleclass reviewers, one of whom has marvelled at Tully’s ability, ‘on the basis of a 20-year experience of India, to be so wrong on so many issues and to poht his reader in such misleading and socially reactionary directions’. Recent events have made a discussion of these matters even more apposite than Tully or his critics could have realised.

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chinn: General A useful general text is a new edition of I. Hsu, The rise of modern China (OUP, pbk f28, 1990), a comprehensive account from the advent of the Qmg dynasty in the early 17th century to the People’s Republic after 1949. First published in 1970, this edition has extra chapters on China during the 1980s as well as on recent developments in Taiwan. A bold but not always successful attempt to view China’s revolution in the 20th century from the perspective of traditional Chinese socio-political categories is J. Schrecker, The Chinese revolution in historical perspective (Greenwood). W. de Bay, The trouble with Confucimism (Harvard U.P., €15.95) seeks to explain the contemporary relevance of Confucianism and how its original humanist ideals, particularly as they related to rulership, came to serve the needs of authoritarianism. F. DikGtter, The discourse of race in modern China (Stanford U.P.) focuses on the hitherto rarely studied phenomenon of racial thinking in China, particularly as it related to an emerging nationalism in the early 20th century. An excellent collection of essays on how mamage in China either reinforced or was conditioned by political, social, and economic inequalities is R. Watson and P. Ebrey (eds), Marriage and inequality in Chinese society (California U.P., pbk $16). The essays deal with three levels of society (imperial families, the educated elite, and the ordinary people) and present a perspective on how mamage evolved over time from pre-imperial times to the 20th century.

Locnl History H. Clark, Community, trade and networks (CUP, €35) con- tributes to a more sophisticated understanding of how foreign trade was inte- grated with domestic commerce and the agrarian economy before the modem era by focusing on the key role played by the southern coastal port of Quanzhou in Fujian province between the 3rd and 13th centuries. E. Friedman, P. Pickowicz, and M. Selden, Chinese village. socialisr state (Yale U.P.) uses interviews and archival material to analyse social and political change in a North China village from the early 1930s to the late 1950s. The authors chart the early successes of the CCP in reknitting a disintegrat- ing village community and how fundamentalist policies from the mid-1950s on led to rural alienation and impoverishment. In the process the less positive features of tradition such as patriarchy and the arbitrary manipulation of personal networks were reinforced.

Ming China J. Tong, Disorder under heaven (Stanford U.P.) analyses the nature and causes of collective violence during the Ming dynasty (136&1644), based on a total of 630 recorded violent disturbances in 11 (out of 15) provinces. The author discounts class contlict and social change theories as a major explanation, concluding that most rebellions represented low-risk survival strategies during periods of economic hardship that coincided with weak and cormpt government unable to fulfil a paternalistic or coercive role.

Qiog China Based on an exhaustive study of recently accessible Chinese and Manchu archival sources, B. Bartlett, Monarchs and ministers (California U.P., $49.95) is a stimulating account of the evolution and role of the Grand Council, which originated as a collection of innercourt staffs created by the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1723-1 735) to bypass the regular bureaucracy and which ultimately became a powerful and centralising body in its own right that checked imperial power and contributed to the ongoing survival of the dynasty after it had reached its peak in the late 18th century.

Republican China The pervasive influence of anarchist thinking amongst Chinese radicals in the 1910s and 1920s (before it was eclipsed by Mamian

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communism) is described in A. Dirlik, Anarchism in the Chinese revolution (California U.P., $48). One of the key concepts developed by Chinese anarchists during this period was that of ‘labour-learning’, the integration of intellectual and manual labour as a means to end class division and social inequality. M. Chan and A. Dirlik, Schools into j e l & and factories (Duke U.P.) is a study of how this concept was put into practice between 1928-1932 when a number of anarchists with ties to the ruling Nationalist party established the Labour University in Shanghai. Although the experiment failed, a victim of political infighting and the hostility of more prestigious institutions of higher learning, the authors show how the concept itself was used (and abused) in subsequent years. J. Wasserstrom, Student protests in twentieth century China (Stanford U.P.) shows how students before 1949 were remarkably adept at mimicking, appropriating, and subverting official rhetoric and rituals to undermine and challenge the legitimacy and credibility of governing authorities. An important addition to our growing understanding of the early years of the Chinese Communist Party is H. Van de Ven, From friend ro com- rade (California U.P., $49, which shows how the CCP evolved from a loose and dispersed collection of individuals having little contact with the masses in 1921 to a disciplined and mass-based party with a collective identity. L. Eastman et al., The Nationalist era in China 1927-1949 (CUP, pbk f 12.95) is a collection of five essays originally appearing in volume 13 of The Cambridge History of China (1986) and primarily deal with the nature of the Nationalist regime, the fortunes of the CCP during the war with Japan, and the civil war of 19461949.

China and the Powers Two books that deal with the background to the Sino-Japanese conflict in the 1930s are P. Coble, Facing Japan (Harvard U.P., f23.95) and D. Jordan, Chinese boycotts versus Japanese bombs (Michigan U.P., $45). The former shows how policy towards Japanese encroachment between 1931 and 1937 was the cause of division within the Nationalist party, and how Chiang Kai-shek’s distrust of a mobilized public opinion and unwillingness to champion anti-Japanese resistance made it impossible for him to utilize nationalism as a legitimising device in his struggle with the CCP and regional rivals. The latter focuses on the Nationalist government’s ‘revolutionary diplomacy’ of 1931-1932 when it responded to Chinese industrialists’ condemnation of Japanese economic competition by supporting anti-Japanese boycotts in Shanghai. The author concludes that such a strategy ultimately failed since it simply strengthened the resolve of Japanese militarists to resort to even greater force in China. N. Clifford, Spoilt children of empire (New England U.P., pbk $19.95) is a detailed study of the attitudes and experiences of Westerners in the treaty port of Shanghai during the Chinese nationalist revolution of the 1920s. Western-dominated Shanghai is vividly presented as a declining colonial community whose resi- dents (mainly British) were often at odds with their home government seeking to adapt to increasing Chinese demands for an end to foreign privilege. W. Walker, Opium and foreign policy (North Carolina U.P., $39.95) describes British and American attempts to combat the opium trade in Asia (particularly China) between 1912 and 1954. Walker shows that such attempts were ambivalent at best, with Britain more concerned to preserve its own economic interests in China before 1939, while U.S. narcotics policy after 1945 was often subordinated to the anti-communist struggle in Soutkas t Asia.

The People’s Republic A significant reinterpretation of the Great Leap Forward is D. Bachman, Bureaucracy, economy and leadership in China


(CUP, f30), which adopts an institutional approach and argues that the origins of the economic policies of the Great Leap are to be sought in the complex interplay of competing bureaucratic coalitions. In particular, it was the coalition of planners and heavy industry that formulated the Great Leap economic policies as a counterpoint to the market reform measures favoured by the coalition of officials concerned with finance, agriculture, and light industry. Far from exercising autonomy, the book maintains that Mao was constrained to choose amongst the options advanced by these bureaucratic coalitions. He did, however, add his own calls for mass mobilization and an accelerated growth rate to the programme championed by the planners and heavy industry coalition. The availability of new information from the People’s Republic, as well as expanded opportunities for foreign scholars to conduct interviews there, has contributed to a more nuanced and multifaceted understanding of the Cultural Revolution. W. Joseph, C. Wong and D. Zweig (eds), New perspectives on the Cultural Revolution (Harvard U.P., pbk E12.75) is an important collection of essays on various aspects of the CR decade (1966-1976). These include an analysis of the hitherto unknown ‘Third Front’ strategy of 1964-1971 involving the diversion of heavy industrial resources from the northeast and coastal areas to inland provinces in response to perceived external threats from the US and the Soviet Union; explanations of the mass violence of the period as the result of party policies in the 1950s or as the inevitable outcome of the central aim of the CR itself, a Stalinist obsession to root out conspiracy and betrayal; the impact of radi- cal policies on the countryside and the contradictory effects of decentralisa- tion; and how evaluation of the CR since Mao’s death is a reflection of ongoing factional conflict. Political, cultural, and social developments between 1966 and 1982 are comprehensively covered in R. MacFarquhar and J. Fairbank (eds), The Cambridge history of China, vol. 13 (CVP, f75). A useful narrative account of post-Mao China is I. Hsii, China without Ma0 (OUP, pbk $11.95, 1990), which actually comprises the last nine chapters of HsO’s general history of modem China (see above).

Japan: General A readable and lively account of pre-19th century Japan is M . Hane, Premodern Japan (Westview, $49, which is particularly strong on cultural and intellectual aspects. A collection of essays that explore how female gender roles have evolved and been defined is G. Lee Bernstein (ed.), Recreating Japanese Women, 1600-1945 (California U.P., pbk $16). The essays deal with not only the changing perceptions of women’s roles by the state and society but also how women themselves sought to create their own space and autonomy, thereby actively participating in a conscious discourse on the ‘woman question’ from the 17th to 20th centuries considered unique for its duration.

20th Century A. Gordon, Labour and imperial democracy in pre-war Japan (California U.P., $37.50) analyses the role of the urban working classes in the political history of pre-war Japan. Widening the scope and focus of previous studies of Taisho democracy, Gordon argues that urban protest, strikes, and union activism between 1905 and 1918 were an integral part of the wider movement for ‘imperial democracy’ that also encompassed Diet party politi- cians, feminists, and tenant farmers. Although imperial democracy (which accepted the importance of empire as well as of the popular will) became a system of rule during the 1920s with the advent of party-led governments, it was undermined after the Depression both by increasing polarization of workers and owners and by perceived ineffectiveness in dealing with threats

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to Japan’s empire abroad. The electoral success of the proletarian parties in 1936-1937 (who now tended to condemn business and the established parties rather than the military and bureaucracy) and continuing worker activism reinforced the fears of social Crisis expressed by the military and bureaucracy, who then ushered in a new order after 1937 designed to unify the national will and mobilize the country for war that Gordon refers to as ‘imperial fas- cism’. W. Dean Kinzley, Indurtrial harmony in modem Japan (Routledge, fa) argues that the culture of harmony and co-operation which observers (western and Japanese) have seen as characterizing labour-management relations in Japan was the result of a deliberate policy of governing elites after 1868 to fashion an industrial ideology to suit the country’s economic needs. Such a policy was especially prevalent after World War I when urban unrest and strikes seemed to threaten social order. The book focuses on the role of the officially sponsored Kytichbkai (Co-operation and Harmony Society) after 1919 in manipulating traditional values of a moral community to encourage paternalism amongst employers and co-operation amongst workers. E. Tipton, The Japanese police state (Hawaii U.P., $34) is a study of the Tokkb (Special Higher Police), an administrative institution that emerged during the late Meiji period as a defence against perceived challenges to the national polity. G. Goodman (ed.), Japanese cultural policies in South-east Asia during WW2 (St Martins Press) are a collection of essays that deal with such aspects as the use of film as a propaganda tool, the role of the Japanese bunkajin (intellectuals, or ‘men of culture’) in ‘reeducating’ the indigenous populations of South-east Asia, and the treatment of South-east Asian students in Japan. M. Braw, The atomic bomb suppressed (M.E. Sharpe) focuses on the role of censorship in American occupied Japan (1945-1952). S . Pharr, Losing face (California U.P.. pbk $13, 1990) examines three examples of protest involving issues of equality (‘status politics’) to discover how authorities since 1945 have resolved social conflict. Pharr argues that political culture, the prewar legacy of repression, the tendency for social welfare to be left to civil society, and economic prosperity have allowed elites to ‘privatise’ social conflict, that is to say protest is not allowed legitimising and institu- tionalised channels through which to express itself while any chance for protest to gain a broader legitimacy or establish general rules of applicability are nipped in the bud by preemptive and often informal concessions by the ruling elites on an individual case basis.

Korea Although the Republic of Korea is increasingly recognized in Britain as being an important player on the stage of world affairs, certain perennial themes still dominate the areas of scholastic endeavour - the Korean War, the spectacular growth of the South Korean economy, and the human rights situation in the Republic of Korea. There was one general book on Korean history which missed last year’s review - Jesse L. Willis, A concise hirtory of Korea to 1905 (Vantage Press, 1990) which surveys the sweep of Korean history up to the first stage of the annexation of Korea by the Japanese. Also a paperback version was published of James B. Palais’s classic Politics and policy in traditional Korea (Harvard U.P.), a provocative study of the nineteenth century Korean governmental and political system. Otherwise, all of the books which are reviewed here fall into the three perennial categories. John Merrill, Korea: The peninsular origins of the War (Delaware U.P., 1989) looks into an underexamined issue, the local origins of the Korean War. Most books on the subject of the Korean War typically have concentrated on the geo-political factors which led up to the devastating civil war of 1950-53, but have ignored certain local factors. Callurn MacDonald, Britain und the

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Korean War (Blackwell, €25, pbk €9.95, 1990) considers the nature of the British involvement in the Korean civil war, the history of which has too often focused on the dominant role played by the United States. Two books have looked at the historical aspects of the dramatic growth of the economy of South Korea. Carter J. Eckert, Olfspring of empire: The Koch’ang Kims and the colonial origins of Korean capitalism, 18761945 (Washington U.P., $40) considers the role played by the Japanese colonial era in establishing a tradition of capitalistic enterprise and the accumulation of capital resources which would enable the growth of a strong economy following independence from Japan. Lee-Jay Cho and Yoon Hyung Kim (eds), Economic development in the Republic of Korea: A policy perspective (East-West Center, $49.50) take an historical view of the development of policies leading to the rapid growth of the ROKs economy which, while emphasizing post-Liberation events, also contains a discussion of the colonial period as well. William Shaw (ed.), Human rights in Korea: Historical and policy perspectives (Harvard U.P.) presents a series of papers on the subject of human rights in South Korea, pro- viding the legal and historical background to the democratic developments which have taken place since 1987.

(5) Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands Peter Lineham Australia (prices are in Australian dollars)

General Packaging the past? public histories ed. J. Rickard and P. Spearitt (Melbourne U.P.) appeared as No 96 of Ausr. Hist. Studs. It is a series of papers on conservation, heritage, museums and material culture, and analyzes historical consultancies, commissioned histories, and applied history programmes in universities. The Australian Dictionary of Biography ed. J. Ritchie (Melbourne U.P.) has now issued a useful general index of vols 1-12 covering all the entries from 1788 to 1939. The Melbourne Historical Journal, 21, is entitled Encountering history and includes essays on Australian historiogra- phy, women missionaries, and Melbourne Catholics.

Aboriginal Perhaps the most notable work in this category is M.H. Fels’s subtle account of the complexities of racial history, Good men and true (Melbourne U.P., $ 3 9 , a study of the deterrent force used by Governor La Trobe not just against aboriginals but also in other aspects of law enforce- ment. G. Reid, A picnic with the natives (aid., $25) is a study of aboriginal relations with Europeans in the Northern temtory until 1910, explaining their gradual souring. The story of an aboriginal nomad is told in P. Cohen and M. Somerville’s oral history, Ingelba and thefive black matriarchs (Allen & Unwin, $17). A. Jackomos and D. Fowell, Living aboriginal history of Victoria (Museum of Victoria, $45) is another oral history but covering a whole state. R. Milliss writes powerfully of colonial mal-administration and racism in Waterlook creek: The Australia day massacre of I838 (McPhee Gribble, $60). George Augustus Robinson has had several biographers but C. Pybus, Community of thieves (W.H.A., $20) superbly interprets the incar- cerator of native Tasmanians. A series of studies of the state’s provision for aboriginds have appeared, including R. Evans, ‘A permanent precedent’: dis- possession. social control and the Fraser island reserve and mission. 1897-1904 (U. Queensland, monograph no. 5, $4) which presents the limitations of the

THE MIDDLE EAST, ASIA, AUSTRALIA AND N.Z. 213

‘protectionist’ era in state attitudes towards aboriginals, while J. Kohen and J. Brook, The Parematta native institution and the black town (N.S.W.U.P., W) examines a Sydney institution for aboriginal people in the early 19th century, and T. Austin, “‘A chance to be decent”: Northern Territory “half- caste” girls in service in South Australia 1916-1939’ (Labour Hist., 60) interprets another. J. Long, The go-betweeners: patrol ofjcers in aboriginal alfairs administration in the Northern Territory 1936-1974 (North Australia Research Unit, $20) traces the development of trained staff and the way they worked. Aboriginal His., 15, has articles by L. Hume on life on an aboriginal reserve, N. Loos on the Queensland government’s takeover of Anglican missions in North Queensland, and on the procurement of aboriginal bodies for museums by P. Turnbull.

Annexation to Federation While aboriginal history flourishes, colonial history attracts less interest. However, C. Cumming, ‘Scots radicals in Port Phillip 1838-1851’ (Aust. J. Pols. Hist., 37) is a useful study of Victoria’s early years; C. Richards, There were three ships: the story of the Camden har- bour expedition, 186445 (West Australia U.P., $20) describes those who explored Western Australia in search on saleable but unusable land. S. Macintyre, A colonial liberalism: The lost world of three Victorian visionar- ies (OW) examines the life of three Melbourne intellectual liberals, Higginbotham, Syrne and Pearson. The book is an imaginative approach to the problem of colonial liberalism, focusing on those who moved from religious faith to agnosticism.

Modern Political History C.S. Bean argues that regionalism in New Zealand equates to federalism in Australia in ‘Regional varieties in political party sup- port in Australian and New Zealand‘ (Aust. J. Pols. Hist., 37). Two studies on parallel right wing groups in different states appeared: S.A. James, ‘God, mammon and Mussolini: the ideology and policy of the citizen’s league of South Australia, 1930-1934’ (ibid.) and S. Garton, ‘The “tyranny” of doctors: the Citizen’s Liberty League in New South Wales, 1920-1939’ (Aust. Hist. Studs., 24). J. Pomeroy, ‘The apostasy of James Normhgton Rawling’ ( A u t . J. Pols. Hist., 37) is about a leading Australian communist, later expelled from the party. Contemporary politics includes M. Consedine, ‘The Whitlam government and the insurance industry: the politics of policy strategy’ (ibid.); while R. Whip and C.A. Hughes (eds), Political crossroads: the 1989 Queensland election (Queensland U.P., $30) looks at the fall of Bjelke- Petersen.

The State and Administration A number of important studies on the law in Australian society have appeared: D. Neal’s highly praised, The rule of law in a penal colony: law and power in early New South Wales (CUP, $40) is a rich discussion of the legal rights of the early citizens of New South Wales and the way they viewed the law, while H. Golder, High and responsible office: a history of NSW magistracy (Sydney U.P., $40) sensitively portrays the shap ing of the New South Wales courts. A. Davidson, The formation of the Australian state (CUP, $60) is so intent on undermining current notions of the supremacy of the judiciary that its analysis of the birth and character of the state in 19th century Australia is weakened. Part 3 of J. Royal Aust. Hat. Soc., 77, examines policing and the magistracy with interesting articles by Sturma, Garton, Golder, Ludlow and Mead. A. Henderson, The quest for efickncy (GP Books, $40) is the story of the State Services Commission, the powerful co-ordinating body of the public service. The making of the great


Canberra landmark is told with delightful honesty in M. McKernan, Here is their spirit: a history of the Australian war memorial 1917-1990 (Queensland U.P., $40). J. Woodman, Beyond the ballot box, Coleambally ( G f i t h : P. Burge, $20) is actually a history of irrigation farming in New South Wales!

Nationalism, Foreign Policy, War W.J. Hudson and M.P. Sharp, Australian independence: colony to reluctant kingdom (Melbourne U.P., $30)takes the story through to the Statute of Westminster in 1931. P. Charlton, T h o r n Blamey: a biography (Queensland U.P., $35) describes the life of Australia’s only field marshal. Now that nationalism has become such a popular theme in monographs, S. Alomes and C . Jones (eds), Australian nutionalism: a documentary history (Angus & Robertson, $35) will be very useful to teachers. It is a capable book with a broad range of readings. G. Evans and B. Grant, Australian foreign relations (Melbourne U.P., $35) looks at the past largely from the focus of the present, but the list author is the Foreign Minister of Australia, and remarkably well informed for a contemporary politician. At last an excellent analysis of the Vietnam con5ict’s Australian dimension is available: the contributors to P. Pierce, J. Grey and J. Doyle (eds), Vietmm days: Australia and the impact of Vietnam (Penguin, $20) generally see the war as destroying the sense of direction and morale in foreign policy, although I. McNeill takes a different approach. Doyle’s chapter on the way in which the Australian film industry was influenced by USmodels and was then affected by the anti-Americanism of the period is particularly interesting. H.P. Frei’s Japan’s southward advance and Australiu (Melbourne U.P., $35) considers the long-term interest of Japan in the Pacific, and argues that its period of isolationism held it back from inevitable southward expansion. He also shows how near Japan came to launching an invasion of Australia during World War 11.

States A history of Tasmania: vol. 2: colony and state from 1856 to the 1980s ( O m , $85) is a rich and complex work completing this two volume history. M. Cannon and I. MacFarlane, Historical recordr of Victoria 6: The Crown, the land, and the squatter 1835-1840 (Melbourne U.P., $40) is a large and detailed volume, which will be of value to many aspects of research. T. Dingle and C. Rasmussen, Vital connections: Melbourne and its Board of Works, 1891-1991 (Melbourne, McPhee Dribble, $30) reveals how significant this local government body was. For New South Wales, honourable mention is merited by W. Walker’s regional history, The hGtory of Grassy Head, 1840-1991 (the author, NSW). Two h e works about Queensland are D. Dornan and D. Cryle, The Petrie story (Queensland U.P.) which looks at a significant Brisbane family in the 19th century, while B.J. Dalton (ed.), Peripheral visions: essays on Australian regional and local history (James Cook U.) is not quite as broad as its title suggests.

Culcores Australian Cultural Hist., 10, has a series of articles on travellers, journeys and tourists in Australia. J. Docker, The nervous nineties: Australian cultural life in the 1890s (OW, S25)focuses on literary culture and utopi- anism. It is an imaginative exploration of a limited range of themes. The ‘Angry Penguins’ were an influential group in Victoria, and are described by one of their poet members in A. Kershaw, Heydays: memories and glimpses of Melbourne’s Bohemia 1937-1947.

lmmigratioo This is a theme which has provoked some good historical and para-historical writing. The year’s crop includes J. Jupp, Immigration (Sydney


U.P., $14), a helpful review of historical literature particularly on English immigrants. E. Richards (ed.), Poor Australian immigrants in the nineteenth century (A.N.U., $10) is a short work; M. Brandle (ed.), The Queensland experience: the lije and work of 14 remarkable migrants (Brisbane: Phoenix, $20) simply tells the story of selected Europeans. K. Betts, Ideology and immigration: Australia 1976 to 1987 (Melbourne U.P., $25) notes the stifling of debate over immigration, and emphasises the cost to society. J. Tampke and C. Doxford, Australia Wilkommen: a history of the Germans in Australia (N.S.W.U.P., $35) is the latest in the analyses of ethnic groups in the subcontinent.

Social History B. Schultz, A tapestry of service: the evolution of nursing in Australia: v. 1, Foundation to federation 1788-1900 (Churchill Livingstone, $70) and J. Durdin, They became nurses: a history of nurses in South Australia 1836-1980 (Allen & Unwin, $20)make useful contributions to this interface of medical and institutional history. P. de Serville, Pounak andpedigrees: the upper class in Victoria, 1850-80 (OW, $70) describes that rare commodity, Australian gentility, but disappointingly for most reviewers he does not view this in a social or gendered context. M. Gidding, The making and breaking of the Australian f m i l y (Allen 8t Unwin, $18) follows well trodden lines in its analysis of the weakening of the family unit. The correspondence school is a uniquely antipodean form of education, and J. Ramsland‘s ‘The gibraltar of correspondence schools, Blackfnars, Sydney 1924-65’ (J. Royal Aust. Hist. SOC., 77) helpfully analyses the tradition.

Gender M. Aveling and J. Damousi (eds), Stepping out of history (Allen & Unwin, $17) is yet another survey of women’s experience in documents and commentary. However, there are some fine new works, including S . Hardity’s account of women in the Australian Women’s Land Army, Thanks girls and good-bye (Penguin, $35); and while L. Riddett’s Growing up in the pastoral frontier (State Library of Northern Territory, $5) is not designed as such, it provides a helpful analysis of the role of women in the Northern Territory in the period 1920-50. G. Reekie, ‘Impulsive women, predictable men: psycho- logical constructions of sexual differences in sales literature to 1930’ (Aust. Hist. S t d . , 24) is an imaginative study based on research about Sydney retailing. Two biographies are worthy of note. Lilian Cooper was a doctor in Queensland from 1891 to 1945 and a practitioner in Salonika in World War I, and L.M. Williams, No easy path: the life and times of Lilian Violet Cooper, Australia’s first woman surgeon (Brisbane: Amphion P., $25) is an excellent account of her life, while P. Clarke, A colonial woman: the life and times of Mary Braidwood Mowle (Allen & Unwin, $20) describes a New South Wales woman who saw the bottom and top of society. Sydney’s prominent homo- sexual community has found its historian in G. Wotherspoon’s City of the plain: history of a gay sub-culture (Sydney: Hale & Ironmonger).

Labour History C. Fox, Working Australia (Allen & Unwin, $19) is in fact a history of work. The distinctive character of Australian labour history deserves reflection and receives it in G. Patmore, Australian labour history (Longman Cheshire, $30) which ponders the tradition surrounding the journal of that name, and tackles various themes in the development, seeking to strengthen that historiographical tradition. There are plenty of works in the genre this year, including in volume 60 of that journal J. Damousi, ‘Socialist women and gendered space: the anticonscription and anti-war campaigns of 1914-1918’, C. Black, ‘The origins of unemployment insurance in Queensland


1919-1922’ and L. Taksa, “‘Defence not defiance”: social protest and the NSW general strike of 1917’. Other works include the summary by J. Hagan, A hirtory of the Labor party in New South Wales, 1891-1991 (Longman Cheshire, $25); J. Claven, John Hancock and the rise of Victorian Labour (Pluto P., $7), which examines the election of the first labour MP in 1891; and two biographies of labour women, P. Young, Proud to be a rebel: a bwg- raphy of Emma Miller (Queensland U.P., $20) whose involvement stretched from the 1880s to World War I, and D. Kirkby, Alice Henry: the power of pen and voice (CUP, $40) about an early 20th century American and Australian labour reformer.

Ecooornics, Bpsiwss, Environment, Agriculture In Aust. Econ. Hist. R . , 31, L. Frost writes on ‘Nineteenthcentury Adelaide in a global context’ and A.M. Siriwardana on ‘The impact of tariff protection in the colony of Victoria in the late nineteenth century’, a highly theoretical piece analyzing the early tariff protection of the Australian colonies. R.L. Whitmore, in his third volume on Coal in Queensland: from federation to the twenties (Queensland U.P., $50) turns to the period 1900-1920. It is well to recall that coal was marginal to the Australian economy. D. Potts, ‘A reassessment of the extent of unemployment during the great depression’ (Aust. Hist. Studr., 24) argues surprisingly that unemployment never topped 25%in the 1930s depression.

Eovironment The history of the environment is no doubt destined to become a s i m c a n t field of research, but while W.J. Lines’ work Taming the Great South land: a history of the conquest of nature in Australia (Allen & Unwin, $35) seems a hopeful beginning regrettably it was not researched in Australia, and fails badly. Meanwhile, detailed research goes on in works such as M. Auster, ‘Making the earth like heaven: Christian and secular - profes- sional attitudes to Australian land settlement’ (J. Religious Hist., 16) which shows how recent Christian sensitivity to environmental issues is, and J.M. Powell, PIains of promise, rivers of destiny: water management and the development of Queensland 1824-1990 (Queensland Dept. of Primary Industries, $48), a history of bureaucracy and technology.

Religion N. Byrne, Robert Dunne Archbishop of BrLvbane (Queensland U.P., S50)looks at a prominent Irish Catholic who was archbishop of Brisbane from 1881 to 1917. A clutch of articles includes R. Reed, ‘Calvinism, the Weber thesis and entrepreneurial behaviour: the case of David Syme’ (J. Religious Hist., 16) about a 19th century publisher of the Melbourne Age. Social dimensions of religion are to the fore in J. Raftery, ‘Betting shops, soup kitchens, and well-kept Sundays: the response of the South Australian churches to some social issues 1919-23’ (ibid.) and L. Riddett, “‘Guarding civilisation’s rim” the Australian Island Mission Sisters in the Victoria River District 1922-1939’ (J. Aust. Studs., 30). A fascinating measure of changes in religious values is employed by S. Cooke in ‘Death, body and soul: the cre- mation debate in New South Wales, 1863-1925’ (Aust. Hist. SrU&., 24). The tone of postwar religion is reflected in D. Hilliard, ‘God in the suburbs: the religious culture of Australian cities in the 1950s’ (ibid) on the expansion of the churches in the period. K. Massam, ‘The blue army and the cold war: anti-communist devotion to the blessed virgin Mary in Australia’ (ibid.) notes the rhetoric of exhortations to pray the rosary in the 1950s, while V. Noone, ‘Melbourne Catholics and the 1965 increase in Australian military interven- tion in Vietnam’ (J. Religious Hist., 16) gives the same theme another twist.

THE MIDDLE EAST, ASIA, AUSTRALIA A N D N.Z. 21 7

G. Hassall, “‘Outpost of a world religion”: The Baha’i faith in Australia, 1920-47’ (ibid.) t r a m the development of this religion which has a temple in Australia.

New Zealaod (Prices are in New Zealand dollars)

General A series of stimulating essays surveying the state of New Zealand history in sundry fields C. Davis and P. Lineham (eds), The future ofthe part: themes in New Zealand history (Massey U. Dept. of Hist., $10) reflects on directions in the history of the country. Meanwhile C. MacDonald, M. Penfold and B. Williams edit an excellent biographical source, The book of New Zealand women: KO kui ma re kaupapa (Bridget Williams Books, $30).

Maori and Race Relations A new maturity is evident in much writing in this field. Anthropology and other disciplines inevitably contribute in some works. M. Orbell, Waiata: Maori songs in history (Auckland U.P., $25) traces and analyses ancestral songs recorded by scholars. I. Pool, the author of the stan- dard work on Maori population has now developed his interpretation in Te iwi Maori, a New Zealand population part, present and projected (ibid., $30). Complex demographic techniques are used to model the developments of the past centuries. A. Salmond’s finely produced review of early New Zealand history, Two world: first meetings between Maori and Europeans 1642-1772 (Viking-Penguin, %60), has been acclaimed for its attempts to reconstruct oral memories from Maori people of the earliest European explorers. Another interesting work is J. Sissons, Te Waimana: the springs of munu: Tuhoe history and the colonial encounter (Otago U.P., $40) which investigates the people of the interior of the Bay of Plenty, seeking to evaluate their concepts of history and belief compared to those of Europeans. Sissons claims to write not just history and anthropology but also tribal history. The claim to a distinctive Maori form of history has caused some controversy. One example is H. Potatau, He Hokinga Mahara (private publication), a biography in Maori by a member of Ngati Kahungungu. Other works by Europeans take the ‘cause’ of the Maori, and T. Simpson, who has often published works of this kind, issued A cargo offlax (Wellington: Quilter’s Bookshop, $350) about an incident in the nineteenth century. As for analytic European works, A. Ward has returned to a popular issue in ‘The Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand law and politics’ (J. de la SOC. des Ocianistes), while the doyen of the profes- sion, K. Sinclair has caused some controversy with his K i d of peace: Maori people after the wars, 1870-1885 (Auckland U.P., $25) in which he suggests that Maori people were not alienated in the general community after the wars. He examines the work of the prophet movements and those Maori involved in the Maori parliament movement. The interpretation challenges the views of other writers in the field, and perhaps ends more hesitantly than it begins, but as an exercise in reinterpretation it will help fuel the continuing debate. M. Reilly, ‘A book’s progress: the story of The ancient history of the Maorr’ (Turnbull Library Record, 24) continues his articles begun in N.Z.J. HFrt. in 1989-90; J. Thomson, ‘The policy of land sales control: sharing the sacrifice’ (N.Z.J. Hist., 25) reflects on the Labour government’s policy in the 1940s; W.H. Oliver Claims to the Waitangi Tribunal (Waitan@ Tribunal) writes on the growth of this advisory body founded in 1975 and responsible for dramatic changes in the Maori demands on the state. Meanwhile, C. Orange (ed.), The people of many peaks (Wellington: Bridget Williams, $35) reprints the lives of 161 Maori from the Dictionary of New Zealand biography.


Nineteenth Century Politics a d society Apart from works on missions recorded below, there has been little. However, two works reflect on early Northland history: P. Kennett, Unsung Hero Barzillai Quaife (Dunmore P.) a modest account of one of the first liberal opponents of government policy; and M. Molloy, Those who speak to the heart: The Nova Scotian Scots at Waipu. 18541920 ( h i d , $30) a sociological account of a very distinctive settlement. A finely written book by K.R. Howe, Singer in a songless land: a life of Edward Tregear 18461931 (Auckland U.P., $30) describes an influential government servant and scholar. Tweufieth Century Politics D. McGii, The guardium at the gate (GP Books, $50) is a study of the Customs Department, while P. Walsh, ‘Pay-fixing in the New Zealand public service, 1912-1948‘ (N.Z.J. Hist., 25) shows how pay rates in the public service gradually became subject to negotiations. S. Wallace, “‘Like father, like daughter’? A reassessment of the concept of male equivalence in New Zealand’ ( Women’s Studr. J . , 7) is primarily a study of New Zealand’s first woman MP, Elizabeth McCombs, who succeeded her husband in the position. Foreign Policy, War I. McGibbon, The path to Gallipoli: defending New Zealand 1840-1915 (GP Books, $50) is a very thorough and objective treatment of the reasons for the character of defence policy, while P. Sales, ‘Haeremai, Te Waka! in the 1925 United States fleet visit to New Zealand and its strategic context’ (N.Z.J. Hist., 25) interprets this visit as parallel to more recent uneasiness in American-New Zealand relations.

Bpsiness aod Labom S.R.H. Jones and D.R. Paul analyze concentration and regulation in the New Zealand brewing industry 1850-1970 in iiust. Econ. Hist. R , 31, reflecting the way in which the prohibition movement altered patterns of growing concentration of ownership. The greatest strikes in Australasian history took place in 1890, ad J. Crawford looks at another aspect of them in ‘Overt and covert military involvement in the 1890 maritime strike and 1913 waterfront strike in New Zealand’ (Lobour Hist., 60). Social Medical history has greatly developed in the last few years and L. Bryder has assembled some superb essays in A healthy country: essays on the social history of medicine in New Zealand (Bridget Williams Books, $25). A. Else, A question of adoption: closed stranger adoption in New Zealand 1944-1974 (Bridge Williams Books, $30) is a careful analysis of the curious way in which secrecy was maintained in the state organisation of adoption, set in historical perspective.

cpltmp1: J.M. Thomson, The Oxford History of New Zealand music (OUP, $70) is a disappointing listing of works and artists, with no developed argu- ment, whereas T. Sturn (ed.), The Oxford History of New Zealand Literature in Ehglish (OW, $30) has a series of excellent essays with finely developed cultural analysis. M. Lewis, Ngaio Marsh: a life (Bridget Williams Books, $15) describes a leading dramatist and cultural leader, while P. Shaw, New Zealrmd architecture from Polynesian beginnings to 1990 (Hodder & Stoughton, $45) provides the best account of architectural development.

Religion The first general survey is A.K. Davidson, Christianity in Aotearoa: a history of church and society in New Zealand (Wellington: Education for Ministry, $25) written as a textbook for ministry students, and very broad in its coverage. P. Donovan (ed.), Religions of New Zealanders (Dunmore P., $40) has briefer and weaker essays on the Christian tradition, but is excellent on the much smaller alternative religious traditions. There have also been several works on missions and missionaries although none of them is outstand-


ing: N. Easdale, Missionary and Maori: KeriKeri 1819-1860 (Aukland U.P., $30) focuses on the mission station and its members, while H. Garrett, Te Manihera: the life and times of the pioneer missionary Robert Maunsell (Reed Heinemann, $30) provides a solid treatment of an Anglican Waikato missionary translator, and a Wesleyan in the same area is described in G.E.J. Hammer, A pioneer missionary Raglan to Mokau 1844-1880: Cort Henry Schnackenberg, issued as no. 57 in the Wesley Historical Society Proceedings. E. Howe’s analysis of the circumstances of the death of the German CMS missionary Volkner, Bring me justice (Auckland Anglican Bicultural Commission, $7) was prepared for the General Synod of the Anglican Church which was wishing to decide if he should be described as a martyr in their prayer book. The answer seems to be no. Two works reflect on modem church pressures, C.W.R. Madill, Part of a miracle profle of a Presbytery - Southland 19561990 (Invercargill: Southland Presbytery, $20), and P. Matheson, ‘A Time of Silting’: Evangelicals and Liberals at the Genesir of New Zealand Theology, an occasional publication of the Presbyterian Historical Society.

Regional Twenty years ago G.W.A. Bush wrote a general history of what is now the largest city in New Zealand, and his Advance in Order (Auckland City Council, $40) continues the story of the years 1971-1989, before local body reorganisation. D. McGill, Lower Hutt: thefirst garden city (Hutt City Council, $30) tells the story of a city in greater Wellington from an unusual angle. The story of the Macfarlane family, farmers of North Canterbury is told by S. McRae in 7’he SON and daughters (the author, $27). D. Hamilton, The buildings of Christ’s College, IMO-1990 (Christchurch: Caxton P., $50) is the beginnings of a history of a very significant private school founded as part of the Canterbury settlement.

The Pacitlc Islands

General An interesting volume from an anthropological angle is Clw in Oceania: toward a historical anthropology ed. A. Biersack (Smithsonian Inst., USS38) which is a rather miscellaneous collection of essays, but some are useful to historians, notably on Papua-New Guinea.

Exploration, Whaliag and Colonial G. Irwin, Prehirtoric exploration and colonisution of the Pacific (CUP, AusMO) is a useful survey. O.A. Bushnell, ‘Aftermath: Britons’ responses to the news of the death of Captain James Cook’ (Hawaiian J. Hist., 25) considers British attitudes. H. Forster supple- ments her 1985 work The south sea whaler in More south sea whaling (Canberra: A.N.U., Aus$lO), an elaborate bibliography. S . Hcnningham, France and the South Pucific (Hawaii U.P., USfl6) concentrates on the 1970s and 1980s, emphasising the failure to solve the problem of new Caledonia. He has also written on this subject in the J. de la SOC. des OcPanistes 249.

Individual Countries and Island Groups: from west to ea& Papa New Guinea Much has been written on New Guinea cargo cults and M.S. Mosko in ‘Yali revisited: the interplay of messages and missions in Melanesian structural history’ (J. Polynesian Studr., 100) carefully reviews the interpretations. H. Schiltte, “‘Stori bilong wanpela man ncm bilong em toboalilu”, the death of Godeffroy Kleinschmidt and the perception of history’ (Pacific Studs., 14)is a highly entertaining account of New Guinean perceptions of this late 19th century trader and his perceptions of them. S.J.


Duggan, ‘The failure of economic reform in the Sepik: the role of church and state in cconomic development’ (ibid) examines the catholic role in particular in this New Guinea highlands district. In the same issue is G. Hassall, ‘The failure of the Tommy kabu movement: a reassessment of the evidence’ about a movement which survived until the 1960s. Health and healing in tropical Australia and Papua New Guinea ed. R. MacLeod and D. b o o n (James Cook U., Auslsl6) provides an excellent and well balanced set of essays on the way that provision for leprosy and other illnesses was Seen as within the mandate of the imperial government.

Solomom and otber Melmesh K. Neumann, Not the way it really was: constructing the Tolai past (Hawaii U.P.) reconsiders the history of Melanesian people on this island. G.W. Trompf, Melanesian religion (CUP, NZ$99) is the first systematic study of the religious practices of this part of the Pacific. M.N. MacDonald, Mararoko: a study in Melanesian religion (American U. Studies) is rather more specialist, while T. Monberg, Bellonu Island beliefs and rituals (Auckland: Polynesian P., US$42), a work by a Danish anthropologist, provides interesting evidence of Polynesian religion, s ine Christianity was not brought to the island group until 1938. H. Laracy brings together his two historical interests again in ‘Marists as mariners: the Solomon Islands story’ (Int. J. Maritime Hist. 3).

New Caledoaia J. Pacific Hist., 26/2, is a theme issue on France in the Pacific, past, present and future, particularly focusing on New Caledonia not Tahiti, and includes Forster on French penal policy and New Caledonia, and Shineberg on indentured labour in New Caledonia. N. Cooper, ‘Bougainville reconsidered: the role of Moral Re-Armament in the Rorovana land crisis of 1969’ (J. Pucific Hist., 26) provides an angle on the strike which has not pn- viously been explored. H. Laracy provides a historical background to the Bougainville crisis in J. & la SOC. &s Ocdanistes. Vaouatu M. Jolly, “‘To save the girls for brighter and better lives”: Presbyterian missions and women in the south of Vanuatu, 1848-1870’ (J. Pacific Hist., 26) seeks to provide a Vanuatu equivalent for what Langmore has done so well for New Guinea. Cooks D. Scott, Years of the Pooh-bah: a Cook I S M history (Hodder & Stoughton, NZSO) is a somewhat informal but delightful study of New Zealand’s mandate over the Cook Islands. Fiji The story of Indian workers in Fiji received excellent treatment in 0. Spate, On the margins of history: from the Punjab to Foi (Canberra: A.N.U.).M.C. Howard, Fgi: race and politics in an i s M state (Vancouver: U.B.C.P.) is a short account from a contemporary angle, while A. Ravuvu, Thefacade of &mocrucy (Suva, NZSM) is a historical perspective on the troubles in Fiji and D. Scarr returns to the same issue in J. & la SOC. des Ocdunistes, 249. Samoa J. Linnekin, ‘Ignoble savages and other European visions: the La Phouse f la i r in Samoan history’ (J. Pac@c Hist., 26) looks at the notorious 1787 visit, while M. Field, Ma: Samoa’s struggle from freedom (Auckland: Polynesian P., N2$30) describes the uprising against the New Zealand colonial administration in the 1920s. Hawaii N.E. Schweizer, ‘King Kahkaua: an international perspective’ (Hawaiion J. Hist., 25) is an interesting study of the last monarch, while in the same journal, J. Greenwell writes on ‘Doctor Georges Phillip Trousseau, royal physician’. The organisation of the city administration since 1909 is the subject of D.G. Johnson, The city and county of Honolulu (Hawaii U.P., USS35). l k l h m e m * Assorted works on these scattered islands include S.G. Lingenfelter, ‘In the court or in the village? Settling disputes in Yap, 1950-1979’ (J. Pacific Hist., 26) on the period of American occupation; D.C.


hrcel, ‘Suicide in Micronesia: the 1920s and 1930s’ (Pacific SrudF., 14), a sta- tistical study based on Japanese evidence; and L.J. Gorenflo and M.J. Levin, ‘Regional demographic change in Yap state, Federated States of Micronesia’ (ibd.), which explains the massive decline and then growth of the island state’s population.

XIII The Middle East, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands (i) The Middle East...

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