Xavier Sarazin Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire, Orsay

Univ. Paris 11, CNRS/IN2P3

NEMO-3NEMO-3and and

SuperNEMOSuperNEMO

LAUNCH WorkshopHeidelberg 21-22 March 2007

Direct signature of the 2 electrons

3 observables: - total deposited energy - individual energy - angular corelation

Possibility to measure various isotopes

Advantages:

Calorimeter

Source foilsTracking

Ch. Marquet – APPEAL 07 – February 2007

NEMO: A tracko-calo detectorNEMO: A tracko-calo detector

3 m

4 mB (25 G)

20 sectors

Tracking detector: Drift wire chamber in Geiger mode (6180 cells)Gas: He + 4% ethyl alcohol+ 1% Ar + 0.1% H2O

@ Frejus Underground Laboratory : 4800 m.w.e.

Source: 10 kg of isotopes cylindrical, S = 20 m2, 60 mg/cm2

Calorimeter: 1940 plastic scintillatorscoupled to low radioactivity PMTs

Magnetic field: 25 GaussGamma shield: Iron (18 cm)Neutron shield: borated water + wood

Identification e, e, and

The NEMO3 detectorThe NEMO3 detector

isotope foils

scintillators

PMTs

Calibration tube

Cathodic rings Wire chamber

View of one sector during source installationView of one sector during source installation

NEMO3 during installation (August 2001)NEMO3 during installation (August 2001)

100Mo 6.914 kg Q= 3034 keV

82Se 0.932 kg Q= 2995 keV

116Cd 405 g Q= 2805 keV

96Zr 9.4 g Q= 3350 keV

150Nd 37.0 g Q= 3367 keV

Cu 621 g

48Ca 7.0 g Q= 4272 keV

natTe 491 g

130Te 454 g Q= 2529 keV

measurement

External bkgmeasurement

(Enriched isotopes produced in Russia)

100Mo purified at INL (USA) and ITEP (Russia)

decay isotopesdecay isotopesin NEMO3 detectorin NEMO3 detector

Trigger: 1 PM > 150 keV 3 Geiger hits (2 neighbour layers + 1) Trigger Rate = 5,8 Hz evts: 1 event every 2 minutes

Typical 2 event observed from 100Mo

events selectionevents selectionin NEMO3in NEMO3

Deposited energy: E1+E2= 2088 keVInternal hypothesis: (t)mes –(t)theo = 0.22 nsCommon vertex: (vertex) = 2.1 mm

Vertexemission

Transverse view Run Number: 2040Event Number: 9732Date: 2003-03-20

(vertex)// = 5.7 mm

Vertexemission

Longitudinal view

events selection• 2 tracks with charge < 0• 2 PM, each E> 200 keV• PM-track association• Common vertex

• Internal hypothesis t~0ns• No isolated PM ( rejection)• No delayed track (214Bi rejection )

Phase 2 Oct. 2004 – Mar. 2006 LOW RADON

Angular distribution138969 events

6914 g294 daysS/B = 54

NEMO-3

100Mo

E1 + E2 (keV)

Sum energy spectrum138969 events

6914 g294 daysS/B = 54

NEMO-3

100Mo

Background subtracted

• Data22 Monte Carlo

• Data22 Monte CarloBackground subtracted

« factory» → tool for precision test

T1/2() = 7.15 0.02 (stat) 0.54 (syst) 1018 years

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

N

umbe

r of

eve

nts

100100Mo Mo Results – Phase 2 Results – Phase 2

Cos()

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

Num

ber

of e

vent

s/0.

05 M

eV

Other Nuclei Other Nuclei Results – Phase 1 Results – Phase 1

932 g389 days

2750 eventsS/B = 4

48Ca

82Se 82Se T1/2 = 10.3 0.2 (stat) 1.0 (syst) 1019 y (Q=2995 keV)

116Cd T1/2 = 2.8 0.1 (stat) 0.3 (syst) 1019 y (Q= 2805

keV)

150Nd T1/2 = 9.7 0.7 (stat) 1.0 (syst) 1018 y (Q= 3367

keV)

96Zr T1/2 = 2.0 0.3 (stat) 0.2 (syst) 1019 y (Q=3350

keV)

48Ca T1/2 = 3.9 0.7 (stat) 0.6 (syst) 1019 y (Q=4272

keV)

Background subtracted

NEMO3 is able to measure each componant of its background by different analysis channels

External BKG: 208Tl (PMTs) channel external (e, )~ 103 evts y1 kg 1 2.8<E1 E2<3.2 MeV

External BKG: neutrons and > 3MeVchannel crossing eor (e,e)int with E1E2 4 MeV~ 3. 10-3 evts y1 kg 1 2.8<E1 E2<3.2 MeV

208Tl in the foils : 80 ± 20 Bq/kgChannels (e,2, (e,3 coming from the foil~ 0.1 evts y1 kg 1 2.8<E1 E2<3.2 MeV

Radon in NEMO3 Channel (e, in gas or in the foil~ 1 evt y1 kg 1 2.8<E1 E2<3.2 MeV

100Mo T1/2 = 7.15 1018 y~ 0.3 evts y1 kg 1 2.8<E1+E2<3.2 MeV

Background radon level suppressed by a factor 10 in Dec. 2004

with the radon-free air purification system

214Bi in NEMO30.1 evts y1 kg 1 2.8<E1 E2<3.2 MeV

Measurements of Measurements of backgrounds backgrounds

Phase I: High radon levelFebruary 2003 - September 2004

394 days of data taking publication: Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 182302 (2005)

Phase II: Low radon levelDecember 2004 - today

294 days of data taking have been preliminary analysed (Dec 2004-Mar 2006)

Two phases of runs in NEMO-3Two phases of runs in NEMO-3

100Mo, 7 kg

T1/2() > 5.8 1023 years (90 % C.L.)Phases I + II

Phase I, High radon394 days

Phase I + II693 days

[2.8-3.2] MeV: () = 8 % Expected bkg = 8.1 events

Nobserved = 7 events

Num

ber

of e

vent

s / 4

0 ke

V

Phase II, Low radon299 days

[2.8-3.2] MeV: () = 8 % Expected bkg = 3.0 events

Nobserved = 4 events

Num

ber

of e

vent

s / 4

0 ke

V

Num

ber

of e

vent

s / 4

0 ke

V

Expected sensitivity End 2009: T1/2() > 2. 1024 years (90% C.L.)

results with results with 100100MoMo

82Se, 1 kg

T1/2() > 1.2 1023 (90 % C.L.)Phases I + II

Phase I, High radon394 days

Phase II, Low radon299 days

Phase I + II693 days

[2.7-3.2] MeV: = 13 % Expected bkg= 3.1 ± 0.6 Nobserved = 5 evts

[2.7-3.2] MeV: = 13 % Expected bkg= 1.2 ± 0.3 Nobserved = 2 evts

Expected sensitivity End 2009: T1/2() > 8. 1023 years (90% C.L.)

results with results with 8282SeSe

Efficiency 8 % ~ 30 %

NEMO-3 SuperNEMO

7 kg 100-200 kg Isotope mass M

Choice of isotope 100Mo

150Nd or 82Se

Internal radiopurity 208Tl and 214Bi in the foils

208Tl < Bq/kg214Bi < 300 Bq/kg

208Tl < Bq/kg(If 82Se: 214Bi < 10 Bq/kg)

T1/2() > 2. 1024 y<m> < 0.3 – 1.3 eV

T1/2() > 1026 y<m> < 50 meV

SENSITIVITY

Energy resolution FWHM(calorimeter)

8% @3MeV 4% @ 3MeV

Main R&D tasks:1) source production 3) Radioprurity2) Energy resolution 4) Tracking

From NEMO-3 to SuperNEMO

USAMHCINL

(U Texas)

JapanU Saga

KEKU Osaka

FranceCEN Bordeaux

IReS StrasbourgLAL ORSAY

LPC CaenLSCE Gif/Yvette

UKUCL

U ManchesterImperial College

FinlandU Jyvaskula

RussiaJINR DubnaITEP Mosow

Kurchatov InstituteUkraine

INR KievISMA Kharkov

Czech RepublicCharles U PrahaIEAP Praha

MaroccoFes U

Slovakia(U. Bratislava)

~ 60 physicists, 12 countries, 27 laboratories

SpainU Valencia

U SaragossaU Barcelona

PolandU Warsaw

SuperNEMO Collaboration

February 2006 – February 2009 • Approved in France, UK and Spain. Similar proposals under

consideration in Russia, Czech Republic, Japan• Main tasks and deliverables

– R&D on critical components• Calorimeter energy resolution of 4% at 3 MeV• Optimisation of tracking detector• Wiring automation• Ultrapure source production and purity control • Sensitivity simulations

– Technical Design report– Experimental site selection (Modane (Frejus), Canfranc, Gran

Sasso, Boulby)

SuperNEMO Design Study

Planar and modular design: ~ 100 kg of enriched isotopes 20 modules 5 kg

Top view5 m

1 m

Possible SuperNEMO design

• Source (40 mg/cm2) 4 x 3 m2• Tracking : drift chamber ~3000 cells in Geiger mode• Calorimeter: Scint. + PMTs ~ 1000 PMTs if scint. Blocs

~ 100 PMTs if scint. bars

1 m

odul

e

Plastic scintillators (collaboration with Karkhov and Dubna = PICS) - Improvement on polystyrene production

- Development of Polyvinylxylene - Geometry and wrapping (chemical treatment Karkhov)

Tests in CENBG of different production and size of scintillators with an e- spectrometer

FWHM @ 1 MeV ~ 7%Scintillator blocks 6 x 6 x 2 cm3

PMT XP5312B (Photonis)

Liquid scintillators - Advantages: high light yield + very good uniformity and transparency - Challenge: mechanical contraints particularly for the entrance window (electron detection)

FWHM @ 1 MeV = 7.3 %

Liq. Scintillator 75 x 75 x 20 mm3

+ Light guide + PMT 3"

R&D Scintillators

Photomultipliers - Hamamatsu and Photonis - Large size and Large Quantum Efficiency: QE ~ 45 % for 3" PMTs

Tracking prototype in UK

Isotope Q (MeV) G (y-1) Shell Model QRPA

48Ca 4.271 2.44 9.2 1026 2.9 1027

76Ge 2.040 0.24 7 1027 2.4 1027

82Se 2.995 1.08 9.6 1026 7.4 1026

96Zr 3.350 2.24 1.5 1028

100Mo 3.034 1.75 1.4 1027

116Cd 2.802 1.89 1027

130Te 2.528 1.70 3.6 1026 1027

136Xe 2.479 1.81 5.2 1026 2-5 1027

150Nd 3.367 8.00 1.2 1026

T1/2() avec m=50meVShell Model: Caurier et al.QRPA: Feasller Rodin Simkovic Vogel 2005

150Nd: a dream for ?= G M ‹m›22

T1/2

1

100 kg of 150Nd is equivalent to:(efficiency and background constant)

If M0v = cte, M0 QRPA

1700 kg of 76Ge 1000 kg of 76Ge 400 kg of 82Se 340 kg of 82Se 400 kg of 130Te 720 kg of 130Te 400 kg of 136Xe 2600 kg of 136Xe

Q 150Nd = 3.367 MeV,

Beyond the of 2.614 MeV from 208Tl Beyond 214Bi Q = 3.2 MeV

150Nd: a dream for ?

150150Nd production: The Laser Method (AVLIS)Nd production: The Laser Method (AVLIS)AVLIS: Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation

Vaporized isotope mixture

Laser beam

Enriched U collecting plate

Depleted U collecting plate

Selective photoionization based on :isotope shifts in the atomic absorption optical spectraU + 3 selective photons → 235U+ + e-

EvaporatorDye laser chainYag laserCopper vapor laser

2000 – 2003 Program: MENPHIS Facility2000 – 2003 Program: MENPHIS Facility

• Production of 200 kg of enriched U at 2.5 % in few days• Results in agreement with simulation expectation

Design : 2001Building : 20021st test : early 20031st full scale exp. : june 2003

MENPHIS simulation shows that enrichment of 150Nd is doable (ton scale), ~ 100 kg in few weeks !!!

48Ca enrichment is theoriticaly doable. Studies must be done

Expression of Interest of SuperNEMO, SNO++ and Japan to keep MENPHYS for Nd enrichment

With T1/2(0) = 1.3 1024 y 1000 events/y with 1% naturalNd-loaded liquidscintillator in SNO++

SNO++ with 1% of 150Nd-loaded = High potential of discovery !!!SuperNEMO + SNO + 150Nd= A unique Tracko-Calo + Calo

simulation:one year of data

SNO++ ProjectSNO++ ProjectNeodinium loaded in Liquid Scintillator in SNO

Possible location for SuperNEMO

Canfranc (Spain)

Phase I20 kg(2010)

Phase II100- 200 kg

(2012)

Modane(Frejus)

(France)

Cost estimate (preliminary)Isotope: (10 M€) if 82Se 20 M€ if 150Nd (AVLIS)Detector: 20 M€

Grand Total: 40 - 50 M€

R&D SuperNEMOR&D SuperNEMO

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

NEMO3 Running NEMO3 Running

RUNNING ofRUNNING ofFull Full

detectordetector

construction of construction of 20 modules 20 modules

SuperNEMO 1SuperNEMO 1stst module module

constructionconstruction

Final SuperNEMO modules Final SuperNEMO modules installation installation

PreparationPreparationof the siteof the site

6 SuperNEMO modules running @ 6 SuperNEMO modules running @ CanfrancCanfranc

Schedule / cost