Wyss- Does Wittgenstein Have a Method

8/16/2019 Wyss- Does Wittgenstein Have a Method

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Wittgenstein’s method is little more than a skill, and thus not a

method in any ambitious sense of that word. Another is Conant’s view(+,( '* (+# 9+'5"$"9+< "6 (+# 5,(#2 &'(()#*$(#'*> (+#2# '$ *"( !"# .#(+"/> ;:( , -,2'#(< "6 .#(+"/$7 ? (,4@5# (+#$# 4+,55#*)#$ ;<A:#$('"*'*) (+#'2 92#$:99"$#/ 4"*4#9('"*$ "6 $#%&!' ,*/ 4"*45:/#that indeed, we can speak of Wittgenstein’s method '* ,* '*(#2#$('*)$#*$#7 1+#2#; (+# (!"(#)% "6 $#%&!' 3'55 ;# #5:4'/,(#/ ,*/ (+# $#*$# '*

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framework of Wittgenstein’s philosophy, and that methods in some 3,< 2#A:'2# (+#"2'#$7 J"*,*( .,'*(,'*$ (+,(> 6"2 (+# 5,(#2 &'(()#*$(#'*> (+#2# '$ *"( "*# .#(+"/> ;:( , .:5('(:/# "6 .#(+"/$CDEKDF7 J"*,*( 92"-'/#$ (3" 2#,$"*$7 1+# 6'2$( '$ +'$ 2#,/'*) "6 L?MKNN, which states that “there is not a single philosophicalmethod”. The second is his insistence that a plurality of grammars2#A:'2# , 95:2,5'(< "6 .#(+"/$7 1+'$ #$$,< 2#.,'*$ #O#)#('4,5 ,*//#6#*/$ (+2## '*(#292#(,('-# 45,'.$ ,),'*$( (+# 4+,55#*)#$ "6 =4+:5(#

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five central elements of Wittgenstein’s method. The other four are(+# *,(:2# "6 )&.,!3!)&.(*, )/!2,#$3 > 3+,( (+# *.$ "6 9+'5"$"9+< '$>,*/ (+# 3!6/(#3 "6 92";5#.$ ,$ 3#55 ,$ (+# $#*"3 (" 2#$"5-# (+#.7 Q9+'5"$"9+'4,5 92";5#. '$ , .'$:*/#2$(,*/'*) "6 (+# :$# "6 3"2/$7 1+# *.$ '$ (" ,((,'* 4".95#(# 45,2'( (+,( '$ , 4".95#(#5< 45#,2:*/#2$(,*/'*) "6 (+# :$# "6 (+# 2#5#-,*( 3"2/$> '* $:4+ , 3,< (+,((+# '*'(',5 .'$:*/#2$(,*/'*) '$ 2#$"5-#/7 B:( 4".95#(# 45,2'(< '$ *"((+# $,.# ,$ 4".92#+#*$'-#*#$$> (+# '/#, (+,( ,55 9"(#*(',5 92";5#.$

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,995'4,('"* "6 9,2('4:5,2 .#(+"/$ "2 92"4#/:2#$ (" 9,2('4:5,29+'5"$"9+'4,5 92";5#.$7 Q $+"2( *"(# "* .< (#2.'*"5") A:#$('"*$,;":( (+# .#(+"/ ,2# ,* '*(#)2,5 9,2( "6 9+'5"$"9+< – /'$4:$$'*)(+#. '$ '($#56 *"(+'*) #5$# (+,* /"'*) 9+'5"$"9+< C467 L? MKDKF7R#-#2(+#5#$$> +'$ 9+'5"$"9+< ,*/ +'$ .#(+"/ ,2# *"( 3'(+":(92#$:99"$'('"*$ C467 [5"4@ DEETI VWF7 L2";5#.$ ,*/ A:#$('"*$,;":( (+#. ,2# (" ;# (2#,(#/ 5'@# ,*< "(+#2 9+'5"$"9+'4,5 A:#$('"*7 This implies that Wittgenstein’s method is vulnerable to attacks on'($ 92#$:99"$'('"*$7 ?6 '( (:2*$ ":( (+,( $#*"."5 +,$ *" 4"**#4('"* 3+,($"#-#2 (" 63# > +'$ .#(+"/ 5"$#$ '($ ,99#,57

? ;#)'* ;< (#55'*) (3" /'66#2#*( $("2'#$ "6 (+# /#-#5"9.#*( "6 Wittgenstein’s thought in the thirties (sect'"* KF7 1+#* ? 4"*$'/#2Schulte’s position and state my reasons for not being convinced by'( C$#4('"* DF7 ?* $#4('"* N> ? (2,4# , $(2'4( /'4+"(".< "6 (3" @'*/$of methods as a source for Schulte’s refusal to acknowledge that &'(()#*$(#'* +,/ , .#(+"/ ,*/ 92"-'/# ,* ,5(#2*,('-# (,O"*".< "6methods. Next, I discuss Conant’s position and argue against his


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concedes that “Wittgenstein felt that he had '.3(!4#/#' something”,,*/ +# 4".9,2#$ (+'$ /'$4"-#2< (" (+# /'$4"-#2< "6

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II) Wittgenstein didn’t give an informative account of his method,(+#2#6"2# +# +,$ *" .#(+"/ '* (+# ,.;'('":$ $#*$#7

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Nevertheless, that would only defend a straw man’s position.For, in my opinion, Wittgenstein’s reflections on his method are of)2#,( '*(#2#$(7 Z"3#-#2> =4+:5(# '$ ,/,.,*( (+,( &'(()#*$(#'* /'/

*"( 92"-'/# ,*< '*6"2.,('-# ,44":*( "6 +'$ .#(+"/7 B:( ? 2#.,'*:*4"*-'*4#/7 1" $@#(4+ .< 2#,$"*$I ?* (+# :"4#3%.5*%.!"3 > (+#2# ,2#.,*< 2#.,2@$ (+,( 4"*(,'* '*6"2.,('-# /#$42'9('"*$ "6 Wittgenstein’s method, most prominently in the so called“philosophy chapter” (PI §89HKNNF> ,$ 3#55 ,$ '* $"5'(,2< 2#.,2@$$:4+ ,$ CL? MMVD> DVXHDVV> NEW> NKX> NXE> NTK> NYT> XUX> VWW> UUXF7 The “nature of the investigation” (PI pref.), Wittgenstein’s laconic92#/'5#4('"*$ ,*/ (+# /'66#2#*( -"'4#$ "6 (+# 3"2@ .,@# '( /'66'4:5(

(" 2#,/7 B:( 6"2 '*$(,*4# '* L? MMYW ,*/ WE> +# 92"-'/#$ , $@#(4+ "6(+# @'*/ "6 '*-#$('),('"* , 9+'5"$"9+'4,5 '*-#$('),('"* '$7 ?( *#'(+#2$(:/'#$ 6,4($ "6 *,(:2# *"2 4,:$,5 4"**#4('"*$> ;:( '$ , )2,..,('4,5investigation that studies “the 8."'3 !0 3%*%#$#"% (+,( 3# .,@# ,;":(phenomena” (PI §90). Granted, some 4"*4#9($ 2#A:'2#45,2'6'4,('"*I Gor instance, what is “everyday use” (PI §116)? But(+'$ $+"3$ "*5< (+,( &'(()#*$(#'* +,$ *"( 2#$"5-#/ #4#/- 9+'5"$"9+'4,5 92";5#. (+,( '$ 4"**#4(#/ 3'(+ +'$ .#(+"/> *"( (+,(+# +,$ *"( )'-#* ,* '55:.'*,('*) /#$42'9('"* "6 '( '* ,*< $#*$#7 1+#62,.#3"2@ (+,( &'(()#*$(#'* 92"-'/#$ 3'(+ (+# /#$42'9('"* "6 +'$method is not “at most a kind of tradition, an institution or acommon background” (Schulte 2002: 405), but an account of the*,(:2# "6 (+# 9+'5"$"9+'4,5 92";5#.$ ,*/ (+#'2 $"5:('"*7R#-#2(+#5#$$> =4+:5(# 4":5/ $('55 .,'*(,'* (+,( 3+'5# &'(()#*$(#'*/'/ 92"-'/# ,* '*6"2.,('-# /#$42'9('"* "6 +'$ .#(+"/> +# /"#$*i(*##/ ("7 B:( (+#*> =4+:5(# "3#$ :$ ,* #O95,*,('"* 3+< Wittgenstein doesn’( *##/ (" )'-# "*#7 86 4":2$#> (" #O95,'* (+'$ ;<

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$@'55$ ,*/ .#(+"/$7 1+,( (+2"3$ 5')+( "* (+# A:#$('"* 3+#(+#2 &'(()#*$(#'*’s .#(+"/> "2 3+,(#-#2 +# (+":)+( (" +,-# /'$4"-#2#/>'$ ."2# (+,* , $@'557 ?( '$ '*$"6,2 *"( ."2# (+,* , $@'55 ,$ '( '$ *"(4"**#4(#/ (" , (+#"2< ,*/ /"#$ *"( 2#A:'2# ,*< #O(#2*,5 ,99,2,(:$5'@# , ;'cycle or an electron microscope. But it is “more than askill” in the sense that is not a skill. It is a way of doing things, not, A:,5'(< "6 , 9#2$"*7 Q*/ (+'$ 3,< "6 /"'*) (+'*)$ +,$ ;##*'*6"2.,('-#5< /#$42';#/ ;< &'(()#*$(#'*7

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One source of Schulte’s denial that Wittgenstein had a method is(+,( +# +"5/$ 6,$( "*(" , $(2'4( /'4+"(".< ;#(3##* (3" @'*/$ "6.#(+"/7 1+# 6'2$( @'*/ '$ , .#(+"/ (+,( '$ ;,$'4,55< , $9#4',5 ( +# ,55:/#$ (" , /'$('*4('"* $'.'5,2 ("=#,25#’s ;#(3##* 2#):5,('-# ,*/ 4"*$('(:('-# 2:5#$ C=#,25# KWUWI J+7D7VF> (+":)+ =#,25#’s *"('"* "6 2#):5,('-# 2:5#$ '$ ;2",/#27 =4+:5(#’s 4,(#)"2< "6 2:5#$ 4"*/:4('-# (" 3'**'*) $+":5/ ;# 4"*$(2:#/;2",/5


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(+# 9,((#2* #O#.95'6'#/ ;< 5,;#5$ (+,( .,< ;# $(:4@ "*(" (+# ";^#4($(+#< 6'(7 C=4+:5(# DEEDI XENF

1+,( '$> =4+:5(# /#.,*/$ 62". , .#(+"/ '* 9+'5"$"9+< (+,( '( +,$

#O95'4'( '*$(2:4('"*$ 6"2 )*/%.(6,*/ (*3#3 7 G"2 ,55 "6 (+#.0 G"2 .,* (+# :"4#3%.5*%.!"3 doesn’t sport such explicit'6Hthen rules. Then, according to Schulte’s dichotomy, there2#.,'*$ "*5< "*# @'*/ "6 .#(+"/ 3+'4+ 4":5/ ;# ,$42';#/ (" &'(()#*$(#'*I , .#(+"/ ,$ , $@'557 ?( '$ 4:2'":$ +"3 (+# '/#, "6 ,.#(+"/ (+,( 4"*$'$($ "6 2:5#$ 6"2 3'**'*) 4"+#2#$ 3'(+ (+# /#.,*/(+,( ,.;'('":$ .#(+"/$ ;# 4"**#4(#/ (" , (+#"2< C=4+:5(# DEEDIXENP XEVF7 G"2 (+# 6"2.#2 '/#, '$ 4"*(2,$(#/ 3'(+ .#(+"/$ (+,( ,2#

.#2# $@'55$7 =" 9#2+,9$ (+#"2'#$ ,2# *"( *#4#$$,2< 6"2 ,.;'('":$

.#(+"/$0 ?* ,*< #-#*(> ? .,'*(,'* (+,( 3# 4,* /'$('*):'$+ .#(+"/$,44"2/'*) (" (+2## 42"$$H4:(('*) /'$('*4('"*$I $#A:#*(',5 ,*/ *"*H$#A:#*(',5 ,22,*)#.#*( "6 2:5#$P 42#,('-# ,*/ .#4+,*'4 ,995'4,('"*"6 2:5#$P "-#2,24+'*) ,*/ 92";5#.H"2'#*(#/ .#(+"/$7 Z#2# ,2#$".# /#6'*'('"*$I

"#3/#)'(%4 5#'167I +,$ ,* "2/#2#/ ,*/ 6'*'(# $#( "6 2:5#$7

86)9/#)'(%4 5#'167I '($ 2:5#$ ,2# *"( "2/#2#/ '*(" , $#2'#$ "2 '(

+,$ ,* :*5'.'(#/ *:.;#2 "6 2:5#$7

:;#%'( ;/4#&I 2:5#$ ,2# ,995'#/ 3'(+":( C.:4+F5##3, (+# .#(+"/ "6 9'4@'*) , 5"4@ ;< :$'*) , ;:.9@# '* "2/#2 ("6"55"3 (+'$ A:'4@ .#(+"/

,*/


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4,* $#(&*".(*,,- ,995< (+# $(#9$ '* (+# 2')+( "2/#2 ?3#@6#"%.*,A ,*/ 3# 4":5/ 4,55 (+#.*,5!/.%&$.( $#%&!'3 7 1+#$# ,2# *"( ,5)"2'(+.$ $'*4# (+#< "9#2,(# *"(#O45:$'-#5< 3'(+ $')*$ "2 6:*4('"*$ C1:2'*) .,4+'*#$ 3":5/ +,-# ,+,2/ ('.# ( (+#< 4,*$"5-# , )'-#* 2,*)# "6 92";5#.$ ;< ,995 (ake Descartes’ method in his C.3(!6/3 '# ,* DE%&!'# CDEKKINNF7 ?( 4"*$'$($ "*5< "6 6":2 2:5#$ (+,( ,2# (" ):'/# +:.,*:*/#2$(,*/'*) '* *,, '($ #*/#,-":2$7 8*# 4":5/ ,2):# (+,( (+# 2:5#$,2# "2/#2#/ '* , 3#@6#"(# I G'2$(> )#( 2'/ "6 ,55 $:99"$#/ (2:(+$ '6 (+#2#2#.,'*$ $".# /":;(7 =#4"*/> /'-'/# (+# 92";5#.$ '*("$:;92";5#.$7 1+'2/> $(,2( 3'(+ (+"$# 92";5#.$ (+,( ,2# #,$< ("

$"5-#7 G":2(+> $(2'-# 6"2 4".95#(#*#$$ '* (+#2# '$ , .#(+"/ "6 /") (2,'*'*) called “dog whispering”. Instead of viewing the relationship between owner


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,*/ /") ,$ "*# "6 '$$:'*) 4"..,*/$ ,*/ 6"55"3'*) (+#.> '( $##$ '(,$ "*# "6 .:(:,5 :*/#2$(,*/'*)> ,*/ (+#2#;< $#($ (+# )",5 6"2 /")(2,'*'*)7 J"*$#A:#*(5 3+,( '$ 9#24#'-#/ ,$ , 92";5#. '$ *"( "*5<

(+# ;#+,-'":2 "6 (+# /") 3+" 4+#3$ "* (+# 4:$+'"*$ 3+'5# (+#"3*#2 '$ ,;$#*(> ;:( ,5$" (+# ;#+,-'":2 "6 (+# "3*#2 3+" 4".#$+".#> )#($ ,*)2 $3#,2$ '* , 2,'$#/ -"'4# ,( (+# /") ,*/ (+#*.'$'*(#292#($ (+# #*$:'*) 6#,2 "6 (+# /") ,$ ):'5(7 Q .#,*$ ("2#$"5-# $:4+ 92";5#.,('4 ;#+,-'":2 (+#* '$ (" ;"(+ 4+,*)# (+#;#+,-'":2 "6 (+# /") (+2":)+ 4"*/'('"*'*) *"' (+# ;#+,-'":2 "6(+# "3*#2 (+2":)+ #O95,*,('"*7 R,(:2,55 (+#$# ):'/#5'*#$ ,5"*#4,**"( (#,4+ "*# (" ;# , $@'56:5 /") 3+'$9#2#27 B:( (+#< 92"-'/#

):'/# 2,'5$ (" '*(#)2,(# $"5:('"*$ "6 9,2('4:5,2 92";5#.$ '*(" , 3'/#262,.#3"2@> ,/,9( #O'$('*) 92"4#/:2#$ (" *#3 4,$#$ "2 #-#* '*-#*(*#3 92"4#/:2#$7 1+:$> (+'$ .#(+"/ '$ !4#/*/(&."5 > "!"B3#@6#"%.*, ,*/(/#*%.4# 7

Q*< .#(+"/ .:$( /#5'.'( (+# 2,*)# "6 92";5#.$ '( /#,5$ 3'(+,*/ $(,(# 3+,( 4":*($ ,$ , $"5:('"*7 G"2 $".# .#(+"/$> (+'$ 4,* ;#/"*# -#2< #,$'5 (""7 ?6


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(+#2# '$ , .'$.,(4+ ;#(3##* (+# )",5 ,$ 3# 9:2$:# '( '* 92,4('4# ,*/":2 2#,5 *##/> , 4+,*)# "6 (+# 9:2$:#/ ,'. '* ":2 92,4('4# '$ 42:4',5(" ,4+'#-# 3+,( 3# 2#,55< *##/ (" ,4+'#-#7 1+# ;#5'#6 (+,( '( '$ ,

4"*$('(:('-# 2:5# "6 4+#$$ (+,( (+# A:##* 4,* "*5< ;# ."-#/ 3+'5#(+# 95, 6"2 '*$(,*4# '* (+# 2"5# (+,( '$ ,$42';#/ (" $4'#*('6'4/'$4"-#2'#$7 ?6 (+#2# ,2# )""/ 2#,$"*$ 6"2 "2 ,),'*$( "*# "6 (+#4"*4#9('"*$ "2 .#(+"/$> (+#* (+'$ /'$4:$$'"* '$ "6 ";-'":$'.9"2(,*4#7 1+:$ 3# 4,* $## +"3 (+# 6'-# #5#.#*($ 3+'4+ ?

'/#*('6'#/ '* &'(()#*$(#'*’s .#(+"/ ,2# ,4('"*H):'/'*)7 1+# 2:5#$(+,( /#(#2.'*# (+# *,(:2# "6 92";5#.$ ,*/ ,'.$ ,2# '.9"2(,*( ("9:2$:# ,'.$ (+,( ,//2#$$ ":2 2#,5 *##/ C467 L? MKEYF7 B:( 3+,( ,2#the rules of Wittgenstein’s method? Z#2# '$ , -#2< '*,/#A:,(#,((#.9( (" 92#$$ (+# 6'-# #5#.#*($ ? +,-# .#*('"*#/ '*(" 2:5#$7 1+#< ,2# ,( , +')+ 5#-#5 "6 ,;$(2,4('"* ,*/ 3":5/ 2#A:'2# 6:2(+#2#5:4'/,('"*7

cKF Q 9+'5"$"9+'4,5 92";5#. '$ , .'$:*/#2$(,*/'*) "2 , 5,4@ "6

:*/#2$(,*/'*) "6 ":2 :$# "6 3"2/$7cDF 1+# ,'. "6 9+'5"$"9+< '$ (" ,((,'* , 4".95#(#5< 45#,2:*/#2$(,*/'*) "6 (+# :$# "6 (+"$# 3"2/$ (+,( ,2# 92";5#.,('47

cNF &+,( 4":*($ ,$ , .'$:*/#2$(,*/'*) ,*/ 3+,( 4":*($ ,$ ,*:*/#2$(,*/'*) '$ (" ;# /#(#2.'*#/ ;< $(:/ '($ $":24#$ ,*/ (+# "(+#2 92";5#.$ (+,( ,* '*/'-'/:,5 +,$7

;, Conant: “Methods, not a method”

J"*,*( 45,'.$ (+,( 6"2 (+# 5,(#2 &'(()#*$(#'*> (+#2# '$ *"( !"# .#(+"/> ;:( , .:5('(:/# "6 .#(+"/$7 8;-'":$5 (+'$ ,55:/#$ (" (+#5,$( ,*/ ;"O#/ $#*(#*4# "6 L? MKNN CJ"*,*( DEKDI UNVF7 ? 3'55/'$4:$$ (+# '*(#292#(,('-# 4+,55#*)# "6 (+'$ $#*(#*4# '* (+# *#O($#4('"*7 J"*,*( 92"-'/#$ ,* '*(2'4,(# $("2< "6 (+# /#-#5"9.#*( "6

Wittgenstein’s thought from early to middle to later Wittgenstein in(#2.$ "6 .#(+"/ ,*/ )2,..,27 S"2#"-#2> J"*,*( '$ "6 (+# "9'*'"*


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(+,( (+#$# (3"> )2,..,2 ,*/ .#(+"/> ,2# 5'*@#/ '* ,* '.9"2(,*( 3, ;:( 45:*) (" (+# '/#, (+,( (+#2# 3,$ "*#.#(+"/7 _,(#2 &'(()#*$(#'* (+#* 2#,5'$#/ (+,( (+# '/#, "6 "*#.#(+"/ '$ :*/#2.'*#/ ;< (+#2# ;#'*) ,* :*5'.'(#/ -,2'#(< "6 6"2.$"6 )2,..,2> ,*/ 4"*$#A:#*(5< ,;,*/"*#/ (+# '/#, (+,( +# +,/ "*#.#(+"/ CJ"*,*( DEKDI UXE> UXDF7 ? 3'55 9"'*( ":( $".# ),9$ '* (+#story. But let’s first see how Conant puts it:

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

1+,( (+# "*# 2#A:'2#$ (+# "(+#2> +"3#-#2> (,@#$ ('.# ,*/ 3"2@ 6"2S'//5# &'(()#*$(#'* (" 4".# (" ,992#4',(#7 CJ"*,*( DEKDI UXEHKF

Some elucidations are in order. First, what does “openH#*/#/>infinitely extendable” mean? ? :*/#2$(,*/ (+'$ ,$ ,55:/'*) (" ,9"(#*(',5 '*6'*'( (+# $#( "6 #5#.#*($ '$ :*5'.'(#/ '* (+# $#*$# (+,( 3# 4,*always find a new element. The antonym of it is “limited”: Q( ,

)'-#* 9"'*(> 3# +,-# 32'((#* /"3* ,55 #5#.#*($ "6 (+# $#(7 1+'$9"'*( .,< +,-# *"( ;##* 2#,4+#/ ;:( '( '$ '* 92'*4'95#,((,'*,;5#7 J"*$#A:#*(5 J"*,*( /"#$ *"( 4"*(2,$( "*# .#(+"/ 3'(+ , 95:2,5'(< "6 .#(+"/$> ;:( 3'(+ ,* :*5'.'(#/ 95:2,5'(


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)C

Z"3 4,* (+# $+'6( ,3,< 62". % 5")'4 ("3,2/$ , 95:2,5'(< "65")'4$ C"2 )2,..,2$F ;# :*/#2$(""/0 Q 6,5$# $(,2( 3":5/ ;# (" $,<(+,( (+# F/*(%*%63 3":5/ ,/-"4,(# , 5'.'(#/ ,.":*( "6 5")'4,5 6"2.$

3+'4+ .'//5# &'(()#*$(#'* 2#95,4#/ ;< ,* :*5'.'(#/ ,.":*( "6)2,..,('4,5 6"2.$7 1+# 92";5#. '$ (+,( (+'$ '$ *"( (2:# "6 (+#F/*(%*%63 I G"2 "*# (+'*)> (+#2# '$ ,* '.9"2(,*( /'$('*4('"* ;#(3##*5")'4 ,*/ (+# *)),.(*%.!" "6 5")'4 C1_L V7VVTF7 8*5< (+# 5,((#2 /#4'/#$ 3+'4+ #5#.#*(,2< 92"9"$'('"*$ (+#2# ,2#> ,*/ 3'(+ (+,(> 3+'4+5")'4,5 6"2.$ (+#2# ,2#7 _")'4 /"#$ *"( /#4'/# 3+#(+#2 (+#2# '$ ,DTHtermed relation (TLP 5.5541). For another, the “logical forms,2# 1.%&!6% number” (TLP 4.128). That is, in the F/*(%*%63 > (+# 5")'4,5

6"2.$ ,2# :*5'.'(#/> (""7 Q ;#((#2 3,< (" (#55 J"*,*(’s $("2< (,@#$ '*(" ,44":*( (+#

/'$('*4('"* ;#(3##* (+2## /'66#2#*( 5#-#5$ '* (+# F/*(%*%63 I 8* (+#6'2$( '$ (+# )#*#2,5 6"2. "6 , 92"9"$'('"*7 Q55 92"9"$'('"*$ 3'(+ ,$#*$# 4"*6"2. (" (+'$ "*# 6"2.I (+#< ,2# (2:(+H6:*4('"*$ "6#5#.#*(,2< 92"9"$'('"*$7 1" /#*< (+'$ ;:( $('55 ,limited amount (one could call them “categories”), or C''F (+,( (+#2#

'$ ,* :*5'.'(#/ ,.":*( "6 )#*#2,5 5")'4,5 6"2.$7 ='*4# "* (+'$$#4"*/ ,5(#2*,('-#> (+# /'$('*4('"* ;#(3##* )#*#2,5 )2,..,('4,56"2.$ ,*/ )2,..,('4,5 6"2.$ ;#4".#$ /":;(6:5> "* (+,( ,44":*(>(+# 6'2$( 5#-#5 4"55,9$#$ '*(" (+# $#4"*/7 1+# $#4"*/ 5#-#5 4".92'$#$(+# 5")'4,5 6"2.$I 92"9#2 *,.#$> 92#/'4,(#$> DH(#2.#/ 2#5,('"*$> DTH(#2.#/ 2#5,('"*$7 1+:$> ')*"2'*) /#pth analysis, “is a boy” and “is aman” have the same logical form, but not “is an uncle”. For the5,((#2 '$ , /'$):'$#/ 2#5,('"*7 1+# (+'2/ 5#-#5 '$ (+#* (+# 5")'4,5 6"2."6 , $9#4'6'4 $#*(#*4# C'* (+# (#2.'*"5")< "6 (+# F/*(%*%63 > (+'$ '$4,55#/ (+# “5")'4,5 $(2:4(:2#” F7

G"2 J"*,*(> (+# 4"*(2,$( ;#(3##* (+# #,25< *"('"* "6 5")'4 ,*/(+# 5,(#2 *"('"* "6 )2,..,2 '$ 9#2('*#*(P (+,( '$> (+# ."-# 62". ,!5.( (" 5/*$$*/3 7 =" +#2# '$ .< (,@# "* J"*,*(’s $("2 (+# )#*#2,5 6"2. "6 , 92"9"$'('"*7 B:( +# 2#(,'*#/ (+#"(+#2 (3" 5#-#5$ '* ."/'6'#/ 6"2.7 ?*$(#,/ "6 5")'4,5 6"2.$ 3# +,-#*"3 )2,..,('4,5 6"2.$> 3+'4+ ,5$" '*45:/# /'66#2#*4#$ $:4+ ,$between “has a key” and “has a pain”. Thus> (+#2# '$ '*/##/ ,*


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'.9"2(,*( 4+,*)# '* (#2.$ "6 )2,..,2 "2 5")'4I (+# #,25< &'(()#*$(#'* (+":)+( (+,( (+#2# '$ !"# 5")'4 "6 5,*):,)#> 3+'4+ '$("9'4H*#:(2,5> ,*/ 4,* ;# :$#/ (" (,5@ ,;":( ,*< ("9'47 S'//5#

&'(()#*$(#'*> +"3#-#2> 2#,5'$#/ (+,( (+# )2,..,2 "6 5,*):,)# 4,*(,@# -#2< /'66#2#*( )#*#2,5 6"2.$ '* /'66#2#*( 5,*):,)# ),.#$7 1+#$("2< *"3 #O95,'*$ (+,( (+# "*# )#*#2,5 5")'4,5 6"2. 4"22#$9"*/#/(" "*# .#(+"/> ;:( (+,( (+'$ ."*'$. "6 .#(+"/ +,/ (" ;# )'-#* :9"*4# (+# ."*'$. "6 )#*#2,5 92"9"$'('"*,5 6"2. +,/ ;##* )'-#* :97

Third, what are “forms of method”? L#2+,9$ 3# 4,*understand this expression by analogy with “forms of grammar”. A6"2. "6 )2,..,2 '$ 3+,( '$ 4".."* (" $#-#2,5 $#*(#*4#H( "*# 9+'5"$"9+'4,5 ."-#'$ (" 9"'*( (" , /'66#2#*4# "6 $ "2(3" 6"2.$ "6 .#(+"/7

The story rests on an insight on Wittgenstein’s part. This insight4,* ;# 92#$#*(#/ '* (+# 6"2. "6 ,* ,2):.#*(I

DF ?* 9+'5"$"9+ ,* :*5'.'(#/ ,.":*( "6 )#*#2,5 6"2.$ "6)2,..,2 2#A:'2#$ ,* :*5'.'(#/ ,.":*( "6 .#(+"/$7 C)2,..,2$2#A:'2# .#(+"/$F

NF 8:2 5,*):,)# /"#$ C"2 4":5/F +,-# ,* :*5'.'(#/ ,.":*( "6)#*#2,5 6"2.$ "6 )2,..,27

XF Z#*4#> 9+'5"$"9+< +,$ ,* :*5'.'(#/ ,.":*( "6 .#(+"/$7

S'//5# &'(()#*$(#'* 2#,5'$#$ CNF 4"*(2, #,25< &'(()#*$(#'*> ;:( 6,'5$(" )2,$9 CDF7 8*5< (+# 5,(#2 &'(()#*$(#'* .,@#$ (+# *#O( $(#9 ,*/2#,4+#$ (+# 4"*45:$'"* CXF7 1+# ,2):.#*( '$ , -,5'/ $!'63 )!"#"3 > ;:(? $## (3" 92";5#.$ 3'(+ '(7


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8* , 92#5'.'*,2< *"(#> '( 3":5/ ;# :*4+,2'(,;5# (" 2#,/ (+'$,2):.#*( ,$ #O45:/'*) ,*< ,992",4+ (" 9+'5"$"9+< 3+'4+ /"#$ *"(,44"2/ , 4#*(2,5 2"5# (" 6"2.$ "6 )2,..,2 "2 5")'4 C],*(> Z:$$#25>

Descartes) from having a method at all. After all, Conant’s6"2.:5,('"*$ ,2# /'2#4(#/ at Wittgenstein’s development, not at the+'$("2< "6 9+'5"$"9+< '* )#*#2,57 S"2#"-#2> +# 4":5/ 2#,4( ;<generalising premise (2) to any “object or medium of philosophicalinvestigation (logic/grammar)” (Conant 2012: 640). That is, if the";^#4( "6 9+'5"$"9+'4,5 '*-#$('),('"* $9"2($ ,* :*5'.'(#/ ,.":*( "66"2.$> (+#* ,* :*5'.'(#/ ,.":*( "6 .#(+"/$ '$ 2#A:'2#/ (" /#,5 3'(+ (+#.7

1+# 6'2$( 92";5#. '$ (+# .,'* 92#.'$# CDF7 J"*,*( '$ 45#,25<4"..'((#/ (" $".#(+'*) 5'@# (+'$ ;< +'$ $("2< ,*/ (+# 5"*) A:"(#,;"-#7 B:( 3+< $+":5/ 3# ,44#9( ,* (+# .#(+"/ "6 :$'*) (+'$ '/#,5 *"(,('"* (" /#."*$(2,(#(+,( 4#2(,'* $#*(#*4#$ ,2# *"*$#*$'4,5> ,*/ (" :*/#2$(,*/ "(+#2$#*(#*4#$ 45#,25< C1_L X7KKD> U7VNF7 L#2+,9$ "*# 4":5/ ,2):# (+,( Wittgenstein’s ideal notation requires a general propositional form. Q44"2/'*)5 (+# .#(+"/$ "6 (+# F/*(%*%63 3":5/ /#9#*/ "* '(7j-#* '6 $"> (+'$ $+"3$ "*5< (+,( (+# F/*(%*/.*" .#(+"/$ +,-# (" ;#/'$4,2/#/ (")#(+#2 3'(+ (+# )#*#2,5 92"9"$'('"*,5 6"2.7 B:( '( /"#$*"( $+"3 ,*


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$:2-# 3'(+ (+# 3!6/(#3 "64"*6:$'"*$7 G"2 '*$(,*4#> '* (+# G.5 F-)#3(/.)% CB1 XEUF> &'(()#*$(#'* 45,'.$ (+,( 9+'5"$"9+'4,5 92";5#.$ ,2# *"( /'66'4:5(6"2 (+# '*(#55#4(> ;:( 6"2 (+# 3'557 1+'$ 2#A:'2#$ $(2,(#)'#$ "2 .#(+"/$(" ":(3'( (+# 3'55I 3# +,-# (" 6')+( 4#2(,'* '*(#55#4(:,5 (#.9(,('"*$>(#*/#*4'#$7 ='.'5,25 ,* '.9"2(,*( ";$(,45# (" 92"9#25< :*/#2$(,*/(+,( 9,2( "6 )2,..,2 (+,( 4,:$#$ (2":;5# ,2# '/#,5$> 9'4(:2#$ "6 +"3'( .:$( ;# 3+'4+ +,-# $#((5#/ '* (+# .'*/7 k:$( (" 92#$#*( , 45#,2

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X There are different ways to interpret “surveyable representation” in the :"4#3%.5*%.!"3 7]::$#5, $##$ '( ,$ , $"2( "6 :.;2#55, (#2. 6"2 ,55 .#(+"/$ (+,( &'(()#*$(#'* :$#$ C]::$#5,DEEYI DUWF7 [5"4@ 6,-":2$ , ."2# $9#4'6'4 '*(#292#(,('"* C[5"4@ KWWUI DYEF7 ? (#*/("3,2/$ , $9#4'6'4 '*(#292#(,('"* /'66#2#*( 62". [5ock’s. But this matter need not be/#4'/#/ +#2#7 c#),2/5#$$ "6 '*(#292#(,('"*> $:2-#


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The word “method” does only occur in a 6#3 2#.,2@$ '* (+#:"4#3%.5*%.!"3 7 8*# :$# 4"*4#2*$ (+# 4"**#4('"* ;#(3##* $')* "29'4(:2# ,*/ .#,*'*)> ,*/ 3+#(+#2 (+#2# '$ , .#(+"/ "6 92"^#4('"*(" )#( 62". "*# (" (+# "(+#2 CL? MKNW> KXK> NUU> VXYF7 Q*"(+#2 :$#'$ ,$ , .#(+"/ "6 .#,$:2#.#*( CL? MDXDF7 Both don’t deal with the

sense of “method” that interests us. Closer to our interest are two2#.,2@$ (+,( 4"*4#2* , )/!2,#$B!/.#"%#' .#(+"/7 CL? MXYF .#*('"*$“the method of §2”, and applies it to a new case. The method, in(+'$ 4,$#> '$ (" 4"*$'/#2 , 5,*):,)# ),.# 3+#2# ,* ,*(#4#/#*(5<)'-#* /#$42'9('"* "6 5,*):,)# ,$ , 3+"5# '$ '*/##/ 4"22#4(7 1+#point of studying “the phenomena of language in primitive kinds of:$# '* 3+'4+ "*# 4,* 45#,25< $:2-#< (+# 9:29"$# ,*/ 6:*4('"*'*) "6 words,” is to “disperse[...] the fog” which has been brought about

by a “general concept of meaning” (PI §5). That is, it is a method"2 92"4#/:2# (+,( '$ /#$('*#/ *"( (" (,4@5# , 9,2('4:5,2 6"2. "6


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“Examples” is written in plural, “method” in singular. Is this thelast surviving reference to Wittgenstein’s !"# .#(+"/0 82 '$ +#(,5@'*) ,;":( "*# !0 $*"- .#(+"/$0 If “eine” were in italics, the6"2.#2 2#,/'*) $+":5/ ;# 6,-":2#/7 B:( $'*4# '( '$ *"(> ;"(+2#,/'*)$ 4,* ;# :9+#5/7 ? 5#,* ("3,2/$ (+# 6"2.#2> $'*4# '( 4+'.#$ 3'(+ .< "-#2H,55 2#,/'*)7 ?*$(#,/ "6 5, 3"+5 ,;#2 )';( #$S#(+"/#*> )5#'4+$,. -#2$4+'#/#*# 1+#2,9'#*7 CL? MKNNF

Z#2#> '( $##.$ (+,( &'(()#*$(#'* #O95'4'(5< /#*'#$ (+,( 9+'5"$"9+<+,$ !"# .#(+"/7 S< 2#$9"*$# (" (+'$ '$ (+,( '* (+# :"4#3%.5*%.!"3 > '( '$crucial to notice deliberate ambiguities, such as of “being hidden”CL? MWK> KDU -$7 MKDWF "2 (+# :$# "6 "*# 3"2/ '* 9"$'('-# ,*/negative contexts, e.g. “essence” (PI §89, 371 vs. §92, 97, 113, 116)._'@#3'$#> (+#2# '$ , /#5';#2,(# ,.;'):'(< ;#(3##* (+# .#(+"/ (+,( '$“demonstrated by examples” (PI §133) and the insistence that there,2# $*"- .#(+"/$ CL? MKNNF7 1+# 6'2$( '$ ,;":( (+# !4#/*/(&."5 .#(+"/> 3+'4+ 92"-'/#$ , )#*#2,5 $(2,(#)< (" (,4@5# 9+'5"$"9+'4,54"*6:$'"*$ ,*/ ,* :*/#2$(,*/'*) "6 (+# *,(:2# "6 9+'5"$"9+'4,5

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O33*-3I 8O6"2/I B5,4@3#557 =#4"*/ j/'('"*7Conant, J. 2012. “Wittgenstein’s Methods”. In: O. Kuusela and M. McGinn,

#/7 DEKD7 PH0!/' Q*"'2!!8 !0 >.%%5#"3%#."I 8O6"2/I 8O6"2/ h*'-#2$'(<L2#$$> 997 UDEHUXV7

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[5"4@> Z7H J. 1991. “Philosophical Investigations Section 128: ‘ 1+#$#$ '*L+'5"$"9+ Z7Hk7 KWWU7 = >.%%5#"3%#." C.(%.!"*/-I S,5/#*I B5,4@3#557[5"4@> Z7Hk7 DEET7 “Perspectives on Wittgenstein: An Intermittently

Opinionated Survey”. ?*I [7 ],+,*#> j7 ],*(#2',* ,*/ 87 ]::$#5,>#/7 DEET7 >.%%5#"3%#." *"' Q.3 :"%#/)/#%#/3I O33*-3 ." % D#$!/- !0 R!/'!"G*8#/I S,5/#*I B5,4@3#55> 997 NTHUV7

Hanfling, O. 2004. “The Use of ‘ 1+#"2 L7 DEKD7 >.%%5#"3%#." ’s D#%*)&.,!3!)&-I 8O6"2/I J5,2#*/"* L2#$$7]::$#5,> 87 DEEY7 F T%/655,# =5*."3% C!5$*%.3$I >.%%5#"3%#." *"' % N!"(#)% !0

9&.,!3!)&-I J,.;2'/)# SQI Z,2-,2/ h*'-#2$'(< L2#$$7Moore, G.E. 1993. “Wittgenstein’s _#4(:2#$ '* KWNEH33”. ?*I k7 ]5,))# ,*/ Q7

R"2/.,**> #/7 KWWN7 9&.,!3!)&.(*, P((*3.!"3I ?*/',*,9"5'$I Z,4@#((> 997XUHKKX7

Morris, K. 2007. “Wittgenstein’s S#(+"/I c'//'*) L#"95# "6 L+'5"$"9+'4,5L2#^:/'ces”. In: G. Kahane, E. Kanterian and O. Kuusela, ed. 2007.

>.%%5#"3%#." *"' Q.3 :"%#/)/#%#/3I O33*-3 ." % D#$!/- !0 R!/'!" G*8#/I S,5/#*I B5,4@3#55> 997 UYHYW7Schulte, J. 2002. “Wittgenstein’s ‘S#(+"/’”. In: R. Haller and K. Puhl, ed.

DEED7 >.%%5#"3%#." 6"' '.# U686"0% '#/ 9&.,!3!)&.#I O."# 7#62#1#/%6"5 "*(&VW X*&/#"I &'#*I l`B Z1L> 997 NWWHXKE7

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Wyss- Does Wittgenstein Have a Method

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