WYATTetalHedberg2014FINAL

Considering the Vertical Variation in Rock Mechanical Properties of a Lithologic Zone Using Laboratory Derived Data – Is it Time

for Geomechanical Stratigraphy?

D. E. Wyatt, J. Hampton, D. Hu, C. Chen, V. Martysevich Halliburton Energy Services

Applied Sciences Houston, TX

AAPG/SEG/SPWLA HEDBERG CONFERENCE “FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS ASSOCIATED WITH SUCCESSFUL HYDRAULIC FRACTURING – MEANS AND METHODS FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING”

DECEMBER 7-11, 2014 – AUSTIN, TEXAS

1 © 2014 HALLIBURTON. All Rights Reserved.

Basic Motivation

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~1,300m

~60m

Figure from Wyatt and Harris, 2000.

© 2014 HALLIBURTON. All Rights Reserved.

Overview • In our geoscience properties research at Halliburton we have a

defined program for sampling and testing core from basins around the world for geomechanical and rock property information.

• This is a mix of very new to older core, all evaluated through destructive mechanical testing, digital rock and analytical analyses.

• We are possibly beginning to see some level of definable spatial predictability in the patterns of rock mechanical properties. This is an early introduction to our thoughts - and a proposal.

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(From Wikipedia)


Background


Overview – Lab Data

© HALLIBURTON. All Rights Reserved.

Data – Lab to Log Correlation


Stratigraphy • “larger scale vertical and lateral relationships between units of sedimentary rock that

are defined on the basis of lithologic or physical properties, paleontological characteristics, geophysical properties, age relationships, and geographic position and distribution” (Boggs, 2006).

• Following Murphy and Salvador (2012) a “stratum is a layer of rock characterized by particular lithologic properties and attributes that distinguish it from adjacent layers and a ”stratigraphic unit” is a body of rock established as a distinct entity in the classification of the Earth’s rocks, based on any of the properties or attributes or combinations thereof that rocks possess.”

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Lithostratigraphy ≡ stratigraphy concerned with the description of rock units in terms of their lithological features. It deals with the spatial relations of such rock units, but does not take into consideration the evolution of the organisms contained within the units (biostratigraphy), or geologic time (chronostratigraphy).

Chronostratigraphy ≡ stratigraphy linked to the concept of time where bodies of rock are bounder by isochronous surfaces. The formal terms are: eon, era, period, epoch, age, and chron (the last four of these are the equivalent of system, series, stage and chronozone in the Stratomeric Standard hierarchy).

Biostratigraphy ≡ stratigraphy that involves the use of fossil plants and animals in the dating and correlation of the stratigraphic sequences of rock in which they are discovered. A zone is the fundamental division recognized by biostratigraphers. Index fossils are used.

Magnetostratigraphy ≡ stratigraphy that involves bodies of rock that exhibits magnetic properties that are different to adjacent bodies of rock in the stratigraphic succession.

Sequence Stratigraphy = allostratigraphy ≡ stratigraphy that involves bodies of rock defined based on their relationship to unconformities or other corellatable surfaces.

Seismic, chemostratigraphy, isotope, cyclostratigraphy, high-resolution, etc.


Geomechanical Stratigraphy • We are proposing a new stratigraphic system where we develop defined

spatial relationships based on geomechanical and rock property information, from both lab and borehole derived information (primarily as a supporting paradigm to “lithostratigraphy”).

• Geomechanical Stratigraphy, Rock Property Stratigraphy(or similar terms) ≡ a stratigraphic system of classification that involve bodies of rock that exhibit similar and spatially correlative geomechanical and physical rock properties, often occurring in trends or patterns that are different to adjacent bodies of rock in the stratigraphic succession, where the rock mechanical trends or patterns are tendencies that occur within commonly defined stratigraphic intervals, such as those defined by gamma ray or other stratigraphic systems or tools, that predictably demonstrate progressive and spatial geomechanical and rock property variations and changes.

• I propose the term “fortistratigraphy” from the Latin adjective ‘fortis’ meaning strength or strong.

(hey Joe, what does your fortistrat data indicate?)


Data – Lab Example, Looking for Trends

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(Cant, 1991)

(www.kgs.ku.edu, 2014)

(Gilreath, SLB TR, 1987)


Data – Lab to Borehole Correlation


Data – Borehole Acoustic

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Stippled lines represent major contacts (sequences or unconformities) and thin dashed lines transitional (member) boundaries respectively.

YM

GR

PR


Data – Borehole Acoustic cont.

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YM

GR

PR

Mechanical data matches depositional system – stratigraphic boundaries with curve patterns matching individual beds and having distinctive cyclical patterns.


Summary • Early efforts suggest that it may be possible to classify and

spatially relate (map) differing geomechanical properties in a predictive stratigraphic system given sufficient sampling density.

• We have named this stratigraphic system “Fortistratigraphy” as a stratigraphic system (under development) for spatially classifying rock strength. Rock strength may relate to porosity, permeability, geoechemistry, fluids, etc.

• We believe Fortistratigraphy must be considered between well-defined sediment packages in a depositional system bounded by isochrons, unconformities, etc., but may be valuable as locally interpretable. It must be compared to other systematic stratigraphic interpretations.

• This is a work in progress.


References Cited Boggs, S., 2006, Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, 4th ed.; Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle

River, NJ; 662 p.

Cant, D. J., 1991, Geometric modelling of facies migration: theoretical development of facies successions and local unconformities, Basin Research, Vol. 3, No. 2, June 1991, pp. 51-62.

Dyman, T.S., and Condon, S.M., 2006, Assessment of undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources—Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Cotton Valley Group, Jurassic Smackover Interior Salt Basins Total Petroleum System, in the East Texas Basin and Louisiana-Mississippi Salt Basins Provinces: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS–69–E, Chapter 2, 48 p.

Gilreath, J. A., 1987, Schlumberger Technical Review, July 1987, in Crain’s Petrophysical Handbook.

Mann, J.C., 1993. Uncertainty in geology. Computers in Geology—25 Years of Progress. Oxford University Press, pp. 241–254.

Murphy, M. A. and A. Salvador, 2012, International Stratigraphic Guide – An abridged version, Episodes, Vol. 22, no. 4, 18 p.

Nichols, G., 2009, Sedimentology and stratigraphy, 2nd ed; John Wiley and Sons, West Sussex, UK; 419 p.

Wellman, J. F., F. Horowitz, E. Schill and K. Regenauer-Lieb, 2010, Towards incorporating uncertainty of structural data in 3D geological inversion, Tectonophysics (2010), doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2010.04.022.

Wyatt, D. E. and M. K. Harris, 2000, Carolina Geological Society 2000 Field Trip Guidebook, Savannah River Site Environmental Remediation Systems in Unconsolidated Upper Coastal Plain Sediments – Stratigraphic and Structural Considerations, 339 p.

Zoback, M. D., 2007, Reservoir Geomechanics, Cambridge University Press, 449 p.


Thank You!


WYATTetalHedberg2014FINAL

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