Www.scotland.gov.uk/simd How Deprived is your Neighbourhood? (Or: Is Glasgow worse than Edinburgh?)...

www.scotland.gov.uk/simd

How Deprived is your Neighbourhood?

(Or: Is Glasgow worse than Edinburgh?)

Royal Statistical Society Edinburgh Local Group

Matt Perkins and Niamh LaffanOffice of the Chief Statistician

10th November 2009


Presentation Outline

• SIMD Background

• SIMD 2009 Methodology

• SIMD 2009 Results

• Where to find more information

• Questions


What is the SIMD?• The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation

identifies small area concentrations of multiple deprivation across all of Scotland

• Relative measure ranking the 6,505 datazones in Scotland from 1 being most deprived to 6,505 being the least deprived in Scotland


Where has the SIMD come from?• 2000: England and Wales Indices of Deprivation

Social Disadvantage Research Centre (SDRC), University of Oxford

• 2001: Measures of Deprivation for Northern Ireland Social Disadvantage Research Centre (SDRC), University of Oxford

• 2003: Scottish Indices of Deprivation 2003 Social Disadvantage Research Centre (SDRC), University of Oxford

– Ward level, domains covering income, employment, health, education and access to services.

• ‘Measuring Deprivation in Scotland : Developing a Long-Term Strategy’ Scottish Centre for Research on Social Justice (SCRSJ)


Townsend definition of deprivation“Deprivation takes many different forms in every known society. People can be said to be deprived if they lack the types of diet, clothing, housing, household facilities and fuel, and environmental , educational, working and social conditions, activities and facilities that are customary, or at least widely encouraged and approved, in the societies to which they belong.”

(Townsend, P. (1987) Deprivation, Journal of Social Policy, 16 (1) pp. 125-146.)


Datazones•Statistical geography•Created by St Andrews University with local input•Fixed boundaries over time•Criteria

– Population size– Existing boundaries– Social Homogeneity– Compactness of shape

•6,505 datazones in Scotland•Average population of 750 people

Constructing data zones for Scottish Neighbourhood Statistics. Robin Flowerdew, Zhiqiang Feng, David Manley Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 31 (2007)76-90


SIMD 2004• Work done in house (with some SDRC help)• Datazone geography• 6 aspects of deprivation (domains)

– Income – Employment– Health– Education– Access– Housing

• Data from 2001 and 2002


SIMD 2006• Evaluation of Statistical Techniques in the

Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (2005 Dr Alex McConnachie, Dr Chris Weir, Robertson Centre for Biostatistics University of Glasgow)

• 7 domains– New crime domain added

• Public transport times included in access domain as sub-domain

• 37 indicators• Data (mostly) from 2004 and 2005• Published October 2006


SIMD 2009• Published on 29th October 2009• 7 domains

– Income– Employment– Health– Education– Access– Crime– Housing

• 38 indicators• Data (mostly) from 2007 and 2008


Employment Deprivation Domain

• Based on benefits data (2008)– Unemployment Claimant Count

• 12 month average– Incapacity Benefit recipients

• Working age– Severe Disablement Allowance

• Working age– Compulsory New Deal Participants

• No change to 2004 indicators for 2006 or 2009• Datazone SAPE

– Working age population


Income Deprivation Domain

• Not measuring income• Based on benefits data (2008 and 2007)

– Income support• adults and children

– Guarantee Pension Credit• adults

– Job Seekers Allowance• adults and children

• 2004 used WFTC and DTC data• 2009 – WTC and CTC (2006 data)• Datazone SAPE

– Total population


Housing Deprivation Domain• Census data

– No change since SIMD 2004– Persons in households which are

overcrowded– Persons in households without central heating

• Census populations– Total population

• No new indicators identified


Crime Domain• Relevant to Neighbourhood Deprivation• ‘SIMD crime’ not ‘Total Crime’

– Crimes of violence– Drug Offences– Domestic Housebreaking– Minor Assault– Vandalism

• Does not include crimes in/near police station• First included in 2006• Total populations – rate per 10,000• Move to financial year for SIMD 2009


Health Deprivation Domain• Indicators used:

– Standardised Mortality Ratio*– Hospital Episodes related to alcohol use*– Hospital Episodes related to drug use*– Comparative Illness Factor*– Emergency Admissions to Hospital*– Proportion of population being prescribed drugs for anxiety,

depression or psychosis– Proportion of live singleton births of low birth weight

• *Age – Sex Standardisation• Methodological changes since 2004

– Removal of Shrinkage• Minor changes for 2009• Normalised and combined using factor analysis


Education Deprivation Domain• Indicators

– School pupil absences– Pupil Performance on SQA at Stage 4– Working age people with no qualifications– 17-21 year olds enrolling into HE– People ages 16-18 not in full time education,

employment or training

• NEET indicator change for 2009• Populations relevant to indicator• Combined using factor analysis


Access to Services Domain (indicators)• Drive Times

– GP– Shopping facilities (Supermarket in 2004)– Petrol Station– Primary and Secondary Schools (Primary only in

2004)– Post Office

• Public Transport (Not included in SIMD 2004)– GP– Shopping Facilities– Post Office


• Population weighted based on COAs

• Factor analysis within sub-domains• Methodology and modelling changes• Change to sub-domain weights. (3/4:1/4 – 2/3:1/3)

Access to Services Domain (methodology)


Creating the index• Exponential Transformation

• Weights based on:– Academic research– Data quality

• Sensitivity analysis

• Use ranks for analysis


Points to watch• Data from 2007 and 2008 means the recent economic

downturn not picked up but it is unlikely to have a large effect on the relative differences across Scotland.

• Changes to methodology so care is needed when comparing over time eg crime domain, tax credit data.

• There will always be a 15% most deprived – if a datazone moves out another will move in.

• The Index is relative ie shows an area is more or less deprived than another one but not how much more deprived. Use Income and Employment domains and the indicators.

• The least deprived area is not the most affluent, it just lacks deprivation eg in the income domain there is a lack of benefit claimants


Points to watch• No datazones in the 15% most deprived does

not mean no deprivation, just no concentrations of multiple deprivation

• Not all people who are deprived live in deprived areas. The index measures concentrations of deprivation

• 36% of income deprived people live in the 15% most deprived areas 64% live out with 15% most deprived.

• Index does work in rural areas just fewer concentrations of multiple deprivation and more mixed populations.


SIMD 2009 Summary Results


Headline findings


Headline findings• Improvements in Glasgow

• Concentrations of multiple deprivation becoming more spread out geographically

• Concentrations of deprivation in most deprived datazones reduced slightly


Datazones in the 15% most deprived overall

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1 or more 2 or more 3 or more 4 or more 5 or more 6 or more All 7

SIMD 2006

SIMD 2009


Headline findings• Improvements in Glasgow• Concentrations of multiple deprivation becoming

more spread out geographically• Concentrations of deprivation in most deprived

datazones reduced slightly• 4 in 5 datazones that moved out between SIMD

2004 and SIMD 2006 stayed out in SIMD 2009• 4 in 5 datazones in 15% most deprived in SIMD

2009 have been in on both SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006


Most deprived datazone

• S01003279

• East end of Glasgow.

• Ranked 62 in SIMD 2006

• DZ ranked 1 in SIMD 2006 now ranked 2


SIMD 2009 National Share


SIMD 2009 – National Share (part 1)

*The national share is the number/percentage of datazones in the 15% most deprived in Scotland that fall in each Local Authority


SIMD 2009 Local Share


SIMD 2009 – Local Share (part 1)

*The local share is the percentage of datazones within a Local Authority that fall within the 15% most deprived in Scotland


• So, is Glasgow worse than Edinburgh?

– Relatively speaking, using this measure Glasgow is more deprived than Edinburgh


Datazone movement


Datazone movement by vigintile


Datazone moving out of 15% MD


Datazone moving into 15% MD


SIMD 2009 Domains


Employment domain

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

45.0%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Employment Domain Vigintile

% W

ork

ing

Ag

e P

op

ula

tio

n E

mp

loym

ent

Dep

rive

d

2004 2006 2009Most Deprived Least Deprived


Income domain

05

1015202530354045505560

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Income Domain Vigintile

% P

op

ula

tio

n I

nc

om

e D

ep

riv

ed

SIMD2004 SIMD2006 SIMD2009

Most Deprived

LeastDeprived


SIMD 2009 outputs


Where to find more..• General report with initial analysis • Technical report• Guidance leaflet• Interactive mapping website• Statistical Compendium

– tables, charts & maps

• Background data for SIMD 2006

• www.scotland.gov.uk/simd• More to come…


Interactive mapping website


Interactive mapping


ANY QUESTIONS?

Contacts:

Matt Perkins

Tel: 0131 244 0443

[email protected] Niamh Laffan Tel: 0131 244 3331

[email protected]

Neighbourhood Statistics (SNS & SIMD)

Tel: 0131 244 0442

[email protected]

Www.scotland.gov.uk/simd How Deprived is your Neighbourhood? (Or: Is Glasgow worse than Edinburgh?)...

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