Www.its.berkeley.edu/volvocenter Track 3: Green Transport Green Logistics Nakul Sathaye Life-Cycle...

www.its.berkeley.edu/volvocenter

Track 3: Green TransportGreen LogisticsNakul Sathaye

Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger TransportationMike Chester

UC Berkeley Center for Future Urban TransportVolvo Center for Excellence Workshop

July 24, 2006


Outline• Green Logistics

– Externalities of Freight Transportation– Methodology– Organization of Options

• Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation– Problem Statement– Methodology– Application


Green Logistics

Externalities of Freight TransportationEconomic Impacts 1.Traffic Congestion

2. Resource waste

Ecological Impacts: 1. Greenhouse Gases Cause Climate Change2. The use of non-renewable fossil fuel3. The effects of waste products such as tires and oil4. Ecosystem destruction and species extinction

Social Impacts: 1. Negative public health impacts of pollution2. Crop destruction3. Injuries and deaths resulting from traffic accidents4. Noise5. Visual intrusion6. Congestion deterring passenger travel7. Loss of Greenfield sites and open spaces8. Deterioration of Buildings/Infrastructure

Adapted from UK Roundtable on Sustainable Development (1996)


Green Logistics

Freight Emissions in Metropolitan Areas

Ang-Olson and Ostria (2005): Assessing the Effects of Freight Movement on Air Quality at the National and Regional Level: Final Report

Regional Freight Emissions % of all Sources

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

Chicago Dallas-Ft.Worth

Detroit Houston Los Angeles

NOx

PM-10

Regional Freight Emissions (% of Mobile Sources)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Chicago Dallas-Ft.Worth

Detroit Houston Los Angeles

NOxPM-10


Green Logistics

Modal Considerations

Mode split for overall freight transportation by tonnage in the U.S. in 2001

Modal split of freight transport volume in Europe

European Environment Agency (2006): Transport and Environment Facing A DIllema

Ang-Olson and Ostria (2005): Assessing the Effects of Freight Movement on Air Quality at the National and Regional Level: Final Report


Green Logistics

Methodology

Logistics Optimization Methods

-Facility Location

-Routing

-Scheduling and Management

Assessment of Environmental Externalities

Transportation and Environmental Economic Theory

Impact Analysis (Case Studies)

•Air Quality Considerations

•Logistics Companies

•Implementation Costs

Green Logistics Methods

Current Green Logistics Schemes


Green Logistics

Organization of Options

Nakul Sathaye, Yuwei Li, Arpad Horvath and Samer Madanat (2006): The Environmental Impacts of Logistics Systems and Options for Mitigation

Social & EconomicActivities

Logistic Activities

Emissions NegativeImpacts

Optimize logistics Reduce emissions Reduce exposure

Technological and Policy Options


Effect on Externalities Application Types Options/Considerations

I. Impact Considerations A. Impact Assessment 1. Exposure Metrics

B. Policies and Projects 1. Diversion based on location2. Diversion based on timing

II. Emissions Reduction A. Industry Practices 1. Employee Training2. Equipment Condition

B. Technologies 1. Fuel Efficiency 2. Fuel Changes3. Combustion Improvements 4. Post-Combustion Controls

C. Government Policies 1. Vehicle Standards2. Fuel Standards

III. Affecting Operations A. Technologies 1. Intelligent Routing Systems 2. Real-Time Traffic Information3. Online B2B Coordination

B. Operations 1. Vehicle Utilization2. Intermodal Options

C. Public Projects 1. Terminals2. Pavement Characteristics

D. Government Policies 1. Load Factor Requirements 2. Weight Regulations3. Zonal Designations 4. Temporal Restrictions5. Taxation 6. Market Creation

IV. Economic and Societal Development Considerations

A. Demand 1. Goods Characteristics2. Geography3. Cultural

Table 11 in Nakul Sathaye, Yuwei Li, Arpad Horvath and Samer Madanat (2006): The Environmental Impacts of Logistics Systems and Options for Mitigation


Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation

Problem Statement

• Transportation emissions are typically evaluated from the vehicle tail-pipe– Vehicle life-cycle is ignored

(i.e. manufacturing and disposal)– Mode and fuel infrastructure is ignored

• Policy is created and decisions are made based on tail-pipe emissions– e.g. CAFE standards

• A thorough understanding of human health and environmental impacts requires knowledge of emissions from the mode’s life-cycle



Methodology• A life-cycle emissions inventory will

be created– Modes: automobile, bus, heavy rail,

and light rail

– For each mode: inputs and outputs from infrastructure, vehicle, and fuels

• Hybrid LCA– Combines the positive aspects of

process based LCA and economic input-output based LCA

– Goes beyond vehicle tail-pipe; quantifies effects in the supply chain

I V F

Design

Production

Use X

End-of-Life

I=Infrastructure, V=Vehicle, F=Fuels

EIO

Supply Chain

Pro

du

ct

Process-Based



Emissions Inventory

• Energy Inputs– Electricity and fuel use

• Emissions Outputs– Criteria air pollutants (SO2, CO, NOX, VOC, Pb, PM10)– Greenhouse gases (CH4, CO2, N2O)

• Quantification and location of inputs/outputs in the supply chain:– Improve decision-making processes– Applicability of abatement technologies



Inventory Application

• Comparison of two major U.S. cities with different modal shares– New York and Los Angeles

• Application of life-cycle inventory to existing transportation models to understand full effects

Image Source: Google Maps, http://maps.google.com/, Accessed 7/11/2006

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