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Transcript of Www.childtrends.org A Demographic Portrait of Statutory Rape Kristin Moore, Ph.D. & Jennifer...
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A Demographic Portrait of Statutory Rape
Kristin Moore, Ph.D. & Jennifer Manlove, Ph.D
March 23-24, 2005
Research Questions
1. What is the prevalence of statutory rape?
2. Has the prevalence of statutory rape been increasing over time?
3. What individual and family factors are associated with statutory rape?
4. How do characteristics of statutory rape relationships and partners differ from other sexual relationships?
5. Is statutory rape linked to other adolescent behaviors?
Definition of Statutory Rape
• Teens aged 15 or younger with a sexual partner 3 or more years older
Data• National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 1995
and 2002o Retrospective information on sexual experiences before
age 18o Information on teens’ first sexual experiences
• National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), 1995-1996o Teens in grades 7-12o Information on all sexual relationships
Question #1:
What is the prevalence of statutory rape?
Statutory Rape at First Sex Occurs Among Both Females and Males
49%
5%
46% 52%
13%
35%
Females Males
Source: NSFG 2002
Not SexuallyExperienced Not Sexually
Experienced
Statutory Rape
Statutory Rape
SexuallyExperienced
SexuallyExperienced
Statutory Rape Status at First Sex Among Sexually Experienced Females and Males
26%
74%
9%
91%
StatutoryRape
StatutoryRape
Other Sexually Experienced
Other SexuallyExperienced
Females Males
Source: NSFG 2002
Question #2:
Has the prevalence of statutory rape been increasing over time?
Incidence of Statutory Rape at First Sex Has Not Changed Significantly Among Females
Source: NSFG 2002
14%13%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1995 2002
Incidence of Statutory Rape at First Sex Has Remained Stable Among Sexually
Experienced Females
26% 26%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1995 2002
Source: NSFG 2002
Question #3:
What individual and family factors are associated with statutory rape?
Younger Sexually Experienced Teens Are More Likely to Experience Statutory Rape
65%
53%
16%
41%
12%
27%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Source: NSFG 2002
< 13 14 15 < 13 14 15
Females Males
Females Who Are Younger at First Sex Are More Likely to Say that Sexual Experience
Was Non-Voluntary
18%
10%
5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
< 14 years 15-16 years 17-19 years
Source: NSFG 2002
Average Age Difference Between Teens and Partners
Source: NSFG 2002
5.15.4
1.5
0.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Females Males
Age
Dif
fere
nce
in Y
ears
Statutory Rape Other Sexually Experienced
Distribution of Partner-Teen Age Difference in Statutory Rape Relationships, by Gender
37%
26%
12%
6%
5%
14%
34%
15%22%
12%
3%
14%
3 years 3 years
4 years4 years
5 years
5 years
6 6
7 78+ 8+
Females Males
Source: NSFG 2002
The Incidence of Statutory Rape is Higher Among Teens:
• who do not live with both biological parents
• whose parents have lower educational
attainment, and
• whose mothers gave birth in their teen years
Statutory Rape Increases with the Number of Family Risks*
7%
2%
5%
8%
23%
9%
12%
20%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Source: NSFG 2002
*Family risk factors include low parent education, family structure other than two biological parents, and son/daughter of a teen mother.
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
Females Males
Racial/Ethnic Minorities Are More Likely to Experience Statutory Rape
11%
3%
16%
8%
17%
10%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
Source: NSFG 2002
White Black Hispanic White Black Hispanic
Females Males
Question #4:
How do characteristics of statutory rape relationships and partners
differ from other sexual relationships?
Teens in Statutory Rape Relationships Are More Likely to Meet Partner Outside of
Social Networks
49%
42%
36% 34%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Female Male
% met partner outside of school, neighborhood, place of worship, or friends
Statutory Rape Other Sexually Experienced
Source: Add Health
Statutory Rape Partners of Teen Females Are More Likely to be Behind Grade than Other
Sexual Partners
37%
26%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Statutory Rape Other SexuallyExperienced
Source: Add Health
Relationship Type with First Sexual Partner- Females
9%
29%58%
4% 5%
76%
18%
1%
Going Steady
Engaged/Cohabiting
Just Met/Just Friends
Other
Going Steady
Engaged/CohabitingOther
Just Met/Just Friends
Statutory Rape Other Sexually Experienced
Source: NSFG 2002
Relationship Type with First Sexual Partner- Males
16%
67%
17%
2%
43% 55%
1%Going Steady
Just Met/Just Friends
Other
Just Met/Just Friends
Going Steady
Other
Statutory Rape Other Sexually Experienced
Engaged/Cohabiting
Source: NSFG 2002
Statutory Rape Relationships Differ by Gender
9%
29%
58%
4%
Engaged/CohabitingOther
Just Met/Just Friends
Going Steady
Source: NSFG 2002
Females
Statutory Rape Relationships Differ by Gender
9%
29%
58%
4%
Engaged/CohabitingOther
Just Met/Just Friends
Going Steady
Source: NSFG 2002
Females
16%
67%
17%
Just Met/Just Friends
Going SteadyOther
Males
The Majority of Teens in Statutory Rape and Other Sexual Relationships Report that Most or All of Their Friends Know Their Partner
Source: Add Health
53%59%58% 56%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Females Males
Statutory Rape Other Sexually Experienced
Question #5:
Is statutory rape linked to other adolescent behaviors?
High School Females with Statutory Rape Experiences Report Higher Alcohol and Drug Use
70%
34%
63%
27%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Recent Alcohol Use Recent Drug Use
Statutory Rape Other Sexually Experienced
Source: Add Health
Females and Males in Statutory Rape First Relationships
are More Likely to Drop Out of High School*
29%
40%
14% 16%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Females Males
Statutory Rape Other Sexually Experienced
Source: NSFG 2002
*Measured as males and females aged 20-24 who completed less than 12 years of high school and did not complete a GED.
Females and Males in Statutory Rape Relationships Are Less Likely to Use
Contraception at First Sex
Source: NSFG 2002
65% 68%74%
79%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Females Males
Statutory Rape Other Sexually Experienced
High School Teens in Statutory Rape Relationships Report More Lifetime
Sexual Partners
2.8
3.7
2.1 2.2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Females Males
Nu
mb
er o
f S
exu
al P
artn
ers
Statutory Rape Other Sexually Experienced
Source: Add Health
Females in Statutory Rape First Relationships Are More Likely to Have a Teen Birth
44%
26%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Statutory Rape Other SexuallyExperienced
Source: NSFG 2002
Females in Statutory Rape First Relationships Are More Likely to Have Any or 2+ Nonmarital Births
49%
20%
31%
9%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Nonmarital Birth 2 or More Nonmarital Births
Statutory Rape Other Sexually Experienced
Source: NSFG 2002
Females and Males in Statutory Rape First Relationships Are More Likely to Have Ever
Been Tested for HIV
74% 71%63%
48%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Females Males
Statutory Rape Other Sexually Experienced
Source: NSFG 2002
Females in Statutory Rape First Relationships are More Likely to Cohabit or Marry at an Early Age
2%
3%
37%28%
30%
Source: NSFG 2002
Married
Cohabit
Separated
Divorced
NeverMarried
Statutory Rape
2%2%
52%
24%
20%
MarriedNeverMarried
Separated Divorced
Cohabit
Other Sexually Experienced
Males in Statutory Rape First Relationships are More Likely to Cohabit at an Early Age
1%2%
58%
13%
26%
Source: NSFG 2002
Married
Cohabit
DivorcedSeparated
NeverMarried
Statutory Rape
2%
65%
15%
18%
NeverMarried
Married
Cohabit
Other Sexually Experienced
Separated
Conclusions
Q1. What is the prevalence of statutory rape?• Statutory rape remains a critical issue, affecting
13% of females and 5% of males at first sex.
Q2. Has the prevalence of statutory rape been increasing over time?
• There was no significant change in the overall incidence of statutory rape among females at first sex between 1995 and 2002.
Conclusions
Q3. What individual and family factors are associated with statutory rape?
• The youngest sexually experienced teens are most likely to experience statutory rape at first sex.
• Family risks are associated with statutory rape.
Conclusions
Q4. How do characteristics of statutory rape relationships and partners differ from other sexual relationships?
• Teens are more likely to meet statutory rape partners outside of their usual social networks.
• Statutory rape partners are more likely to be behind in school.
• Statutory rape partners are more likely to be casual partners.
ConclusionsQ5. Is statutory rape linked to other adolescent
behaviors?
Although causality is not determined, statutory rape is linked to:
• negative health outcomes• lower educational attainment• risky sexual behaviors and teen childbearing• earlier union formation
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