Www.biware.hs-bremen.de_download_Workshop_technicall Eng Pdf_7. KMUTT_Potential for RE in Thailand

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The Potential for Biogas and

Biomass Combustionin Thailand

BiWaRE

Biomass and Waste for Renewable Energy

Warinthorn Songkasiri, Ph.D.

9.12.04


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Country Profile: ThailandRegions

NorthernNortheastern

Central PlainSouthern

76 Provinces

Population: 62 million Agriculture to Agroindustries24% of export earning[rice, shrimp, frozen seafood]


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Energy Situation in Thailand

Current With the Use of Renewable Energy

OilLignite

Natural GasLignite

ImportedElectricity

OilRenewable EImported Coals

Natural GasImported Coals

Renewable E

ImportedElectricity


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Biomass in ThailandAgricultural Residues Farm Wastes

Industrial Wastewaters Municipal Solid Wastes


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Biomass Agricultural Residues

Source: Biomass OneSource: Biomass One -- Stop Clearing House.Stop Clearing House. Chapter 1 Biomass Fuels. Conversion of Chapter 1 Biomass Fuels. Conversion of biomass to electricity and thermal energy Biomass Fuelsbiomass to electricity and thermal energy Biomass Fuels 1313 -- 0303 -- 20032003

Sugar cane supplied to a sugar millin Kalasin

Bagasse. The biomass residue leftafter extraction of the cane juice


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Biomass Agricultural Residues

Source: Biomass OneSource: Biomass One -- Stop Clearing House.Stop Clearing House. Chapter 1 Biomass Fuels.Chapter 1 Biomass Fuels.Conversion of biomass to electricity and thermal energy BiomassConversion of biomass to electricity and thermal energy Biomass FuelsFuels 1313 -- 0303 -- 20032003

Wood waste at a furniture factoryWood waste at a furniture factorynearnear ChonburiChonburi

Feeding of saw dust and woodFeeding of saw dust and woodwaste into a steam boilerwaste into a steam boiler


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Example of Agricultural residues in Thailand

RICEProduction in 2003: 26,057 ktons*

0.684

0.493

SurplusAvail

Factor**

7,830

2,904

Amount of Surplus(ktons)

17.86

10.24

CalorificValue

(MJ/kg)**

18,25411,4470.447Straw

80,1755,8900.230Husk

PotentialEnergy (TJ)

ResidueGenerated

(ktons)RPR**Residue

* National Statistics Office


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Agricultural residues in Thailand

90215.400.8430.049Empty Bunches

1,53817.930.3780.160Shell

16.00

16.23

18.4218.04

17.39

14.40

10.24

14.27

CalorificValue

(MJ/kg)

4.1300.8090.225Frond

4,9570.5950.362Husk

1,418Coconut

11,1280.4070.088Stalk16,868Cassava13,9580.6700.273Corn Cob4,230Maize

336,4470.9860.302Top & Trashier

56,3580.2070.291Bagasse64,973Sugar Cane

81,5810.6840.447Straw

42,1620.4930.230Husk26,057Rice

PotentialEnergy

(TJ)

SurplusAvailability

Factor RPRResidue

Production2003

(ktons)Crop


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Agricultural residues in Thailand

125,5049.8312.604Frond

16418.460.0370.049Shell

16.33

17.62

17.86

19.23

14.49

19.44

12.66

CalorificValue(MJ/kg)

18,65510.233Male

Bunches

1,7020.1340.147Fibre

21,8880.5840.428EmptyBunches

4,903Oil Palm

2,0590.6481.252Leaves &stem

132Sorghum

1,68613.232Stalk36Cotton

10,2290.762.663Stalk,Leaves &Stems

260Soybean

45810.323Shell112Groundnut

PotentialEnergy(TJ)

SurplusAvailabilityFactor

RPRResidueProduction2003(ktons)

Crop Potential Energy (TJ) from Agricultural Residues

392805, 53%

123743, 17%

11128, 2% 2059, 0%

10229, 1%1686, 0%

13958, 2%

11527, 2%

458, 0%

167913, 23%

Sugar Cane Rice Oil Palm Coconut Cassava

Maize Ground Nut Cotton Soybean Sorghum


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Potential Energy (TJ)

from Agricultural Residues in each RegionAgricultural Residues in the North11520

77524

253 77161516

12986

866

7001

22290

Groundnut CassavaMaize Oil PalmRice Husk Rice StrawSorghum Soybean

Sugar Cane Bagasse Sugar Cane Top&Trashier

Agricultural Residues in the Northeast

29877

1894

26905

58003182168

160619

15441

Groundnut CassavaMaize Oil PalmRice Husk Rice StrawSorghum SoybeanSugar Cane Bagasse Sugar Cane Top&Trashier

Agricultural Residues in the Central Plain

13865 26827

1329

1189

24520

4472 305969

146379

Groundnut CassavaMaize Oil PalmRice Husk Rice StrawSorghum SoybeanSugar Cane Bagasse Sugar Cane Top&Trashier

Agricultural Residues in the South

157690

25861336

Oil Palm Rice Husk Rice Straw


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Example of Farm Wastes in Thailand

CowsNumber: 5,208,541 heads*

0.8

0.5

CollectibleFactor

0.174

0.174

SolidRatio

0.134

0.134

VolatileSolid Ratio

18,25415307,927Dairy Cow

80,17554,900,614Cattle

Dry manure(ktons/yr)

Manure(kg/head/d)

#(heads)Type

55.4

183.5

Biogas Potential(10 6 m 3 /yr)

1,163

3,855

PotentialEnergy(TJ/yr)

0.307307,927Dairy Cow

0.3074,900,614Cattle

Biogas(m 3 /kg vol solid)# (heads)Type


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Farm Wastes in Thailand

12924.900.2170.81.2325,140Swine-Native

1,7136.140.2420.80.03172,247,561Chicken

1396.600.310.40.0327,884,041Duck

8024.900.2170.82791,024Swine M35124.900.2170.80.52,123,663Swine Piglet

1,74524.900.2170.81.24,400,326Swine - Khun

52324.900.2170.82791,024Swine F

1,16355.360.3070.815307,927Dairy Cow

2,03696.950.2860.581,72,223Buffalo

0.241

0.307

Biogas(m3/kg vol

solid)

0.83

183.55

Biogas(10 6 m 3 /yr)

17

3,855


0.5402,178Elephant

0.554,900,614Cattle

CollectibleRatio

Manure(kg/head/d)Number

(heads)Type


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Example of Industrial Wastewaters

4.12

WW/product(m3/ton)

4,799,800

WW(m3/yr)

2,368

COD (mg/L)

1,165,000,000Liter Beer

Production(unit/yr)UnitType

* Department of Livestocks

4,546,675

Biogas Potential(10 6 m 3 /yr)

109


9,092,74111,365,926Beer

Removed COD(kg/yr)

COD Loading(kg/yr)Type


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Industrial Wastewaters in Thailand

1,62567,724,80013,256,000TonFFBPalm Oil

3,990166,269,38624.722,225,125TonCassava Starch

29412,247,3719.31,381,000TonSoda andBeverages

1,13547,295,15731.14558,297TonCanned Seafood

38516,036,50731.14495,174TonFrozen Seafood

30812,849,7454.98391,282TonCanned Pineapple

241,014,9254.05491,370TonRaw Milk1094,546,3714.121,165,000,000Liter Beer

622,593,6753.475,380,000Liter Alcoholicbeverage

2,14589,371,51211.826,447,000TonSugar

36915,380,05574.54225,846TonSlaughter House

(TJ)(m3/yr)(m3/ton)(units/yr)

EnergyBiogasWastewater/product

ProductionUnitIndustrial Type


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Municipal Solid Wastes

124,146785176538679WholeKingdom

1540416.8891254155.34521South

3164616.09196679354.69869Northeast

2473618.76131852961.35893North

3316216.99195184958.99079Central

1919911.28170205350.059317Bangkok

Energy(TJ/yr)

Calorific value(MJ/kg)**

Organic(tons/yr)

Organic Ratio(%)**

Amount(ton/d)*Region

Potential Energy (TJ) in MSW by Region

19199, 15%

33162, 28%

24736, 20%

31646, 25%

15404, 12%

Bangkok Central Plain North Northeast South


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Comparison of Estimated Energy (TJ)from Different Types of Biomass in Thailand

AgriculturalResidues,

735506, 49%Municipal

Wastes,757,704, 49%

IndustrialWastewaters,

10,448, 1%

Farm Wastes,11,750, 1%

Biogas Potential in Thailand


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Biogas Potential in Thailand

Cow Buffalo Pig Chicken Duck Elephant Sheep Human Horse

Biogas Produced (million m3/year)

Total Potential Biogas Produced (million m3/year)

Estimated Biogas Produced, no data (million m3/year)


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Barriers

Lack of successful referencesLack of technical know-howHigh project development costs, lengthy permittingprocess

Uncertainties related to long term biomass supplyWrong perception of environmental impact oncommunitiesLack of favorable government policiesFinancial issues


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Energy Policy and Strategy in Thailand

Development of Renewable Energy

Promotion of Energy Efficiency

k h ld l


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Stakeholders in RE DevelopmentGovernment Agencies & Public Utilities

The Energy Policy and Planning OfficeThe National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)

Department of Energy Development and Promotion (DEDP)Electricity Authority of Thailand (EGAT)Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA)

Interest Groups (NGOs)

Sustainable Energy Network (SEN) Appropriate Technology Association (ATA)

Private StakeholdersThe Federation of Thai Industries (FTI)The Energy Conservation Center of Thailand (ECCT)COGENThe Cogeneration Public Company Limited (COCO)The Electricity Generating Public Company Limited (EGCO)

E d R bl E


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Energy and Renewable Energy

Development PoliciesThe Energy Conservation and Promotion Act (ENCON)Energy Conservation Promotion Fund (ENCON Fund)

established under the ENCON Act. Article 24Money transferred from the Petroleum FundLevies imposed on petroleum product producers and importers at arate determined by the National Energy Policy Council (NEPC)

Additional sources, e.g., surcharges on power consumption,government subsidies, etc.Energy Conservation ProgramPrivatization of the Energy Sector Price PolicyTax ReductionSupports for Renewable Energy

Th S ll P P d S h


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The Small Power Producers Scheme

The Small Power Producer (SPP) regulationslaunched in 1992 and cover small-scale non-conventional power plants, including biomass

Assistance from the EC-ASEAN COGEN programme to transfer EU technologiesEPPO and EGAT are also proposing an additional subsidy of upto 0.6 Bt per kWh as an incentive for the new biomass-firedprojects to offset the relatively high specific investment cost of such plants

Current Technologies for Substrate Usage in Thailand


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Current Technologies for Substrate Usage in Thailand

RRMSW

R/D/ COther food waste

RRR/PCorn cobs

R/DAnimal slurriesRRRR/D/ CRCoconut waste

RCRCPalm oil waste

R/D/ CCassava Food waste

RRRCassava Stalks

RRRRRRSugar cane residues

CRRCRSugar Cane bagasse

RRRRubber leafy biomass

RCR/PRCRRubber wood waste

R/D/ CR/DR/D/ CR/P/ CRRice Husk

Lignocellulosis

Anaer.Digest.

Cogen.PyrolisisGasific.

Carbonis.Directcombu

st

BiochemicalThermalDensi

fic.

Conversion Technology

Fuel

Legend : R: Research & Development D: Demonstration C: Commercialisation P: Pilot Plant

Additi l I f ti


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Additional Information

D i i T St t


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Decision Tree Structure

START

Technological Considerations

Social-Cultural Considerations

Environmental Considerations

Economical Considerations

END

Thailand Energ Profile 2002


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Thailand Energy Profile 2002

EnergyProduction (ktoe) 45,227Import 47,423Export 8,194Final Energy Consumption 52,979Growth of Final Energy Consumption 6.9%Consumption/Capita (toe/capita) 0.8

Electric Power Installed Capacity (MW) 24,157Production (ktoe) 9,289

Import (ktoe) 239Export (ktoe) 23Consumption (ktoe) 8,536Consumption/Capita (toe/capita) 0.1

Current Status of Electricity Generating


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Current Status of Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT)

Electricity production as of 31 December 2003

Capacity 24,983 MW (100%) EGAT 14,431 MW (58%) IPP 8,000 MW (32%) Import or Exchange 640 MW (2%) SPP 1,912 MW (8%)High-voltage station 196 stationDistributed to 76 provinces

Electricity Consumption for Thailand 2003

23,315, 22%

25,350, 24%48,252, 45%

7,043, 7% 1,949, 2%

228, 0%

Residential BusinessIndustry Agriculture

Others Others EGAT direct Customer

Energy Demand Project by Types


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Energy Demand Project by Types

64,14238,93823,50917,30

1

15,74

8

Total

15,4668,8805,1614,1284,174Traditional Fuel11,1736,9424,2163,0792,801Electricity14,1918,1924,6003,7003,637Fuel Oil1,7681,008562446423Motor Fuel

3,5412,0421,141872780Gas1,189684377298279LPG

16,81411,1907,4524,7783,654Coal20252015200520001995Fuel

Biogas Plants


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Biogas Plants

UASBSermsuk2

AFF,MesophillicGreenspot, Surat Thani1Soda and beverages

2001Plug flow + UASBPitsanulok Province1Slaughter House

1999UASB,Mesophillic treating PET WWTunTex1Petro chemical

2002Cover LagoonFarm CP1

1996Plug flow + UASBLarge and Medium scale20Swine Farm

2000CSTR,Mesophillic Asian Plam oil1Oil Palm

UASB,MesophillicTropical Canning Group, Thai

Union frozen food5Frozen Seafood/

Canned food

1998UASBBeer Thai

1984UASB,MesophillicSurathip Group12 Alcoholic Beverages1994UASB,MesophillicBoonrod Brewery1Brewery

2000 AFF,MesophillicBangkok InterFood1

2000UASB,MesophillicChau Heng1Rice Starch

2004HssUASB1

2004UASB,MesophillicGeneral starch1

1999 Anerobic buffle Reactor, MesophilicThai wa1

2004UASB,MesophillicThai Prasit Starch1

1996UASB,MesophillicNational Starch and Chemical2

2003 Anerobic buffle Reactor, MesophilicSa-nguan Wong Co., Ltd.1Tapioca starch

sinceProcessName of CompanyNoIndustry

List of Thermal Plants


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List of Thermal Plants

Surathani, ThailandPalm OilThe Southern Palm (1978) Co., Ltd.

Surat Thani, ThailandWoodTRT Parawood Co. Ltd.*

Nakorn Ratchasima, ThailandRiceChia Meng Co. Ltd.*

Panom Sarakham, Chachoengsao,ThailandPaperHigh Tech Paper Co. Ltd.*

Srakaew, ThailandWoodAreechai Woodtech Co. Ltd.*

Laem Chabang, Chonburi, ThailandWoodLaem Chabang Industry Co., Ltd.*

Yala, ThailandWoodElectricity Generating Public Co., Ltd.

Supahanburi, ThailandSugarMitr Phol Sugar Corp., Ltd.

Pathumtani, ThailandRicePatum Rice Mill and Granary Public. Co.

Ltd.

Central ThailandProject developerA.T. Biopower Co, Ltd

LocationIndustryOwner/developer

Current Status (August 20 2003)


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Current Status (August 20, 2003)

30

231.7

34

281.9

40322.3

Non-Firm

4

45.2

5

65.4

14265.6

Renew

25

1,792.0

26

1,852

261,852.0

Cogen

Firm

802,439.9

No. of SPPsPurchased Capacity (MW)

59

2,068.9

Achieved CODNo. of SPPs

Purchased Capacity (MW)

65

2,199.3

Signed ContractsNo. of SPPs

Purchased Capacity (MW)

TotalSPPs

EPPO Master Plan for the Promotion of


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EPPO Master Plan for the Promotion of

Renewable Energy Request for proposal (43 proposals; 775 MW)Preliminary evaluation on technical feasibility,

financial, etc. (31 projects approved, 491.3 MW)Public consultation hearing

10 km radius

Community participationEIA

Monitor and evaluationThree party committee Government agent, communityrepresentative, and plant owner Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

20 projects approved; 243.3 MW; 1400 million baht support

ENCON Fund Biogas Plant


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ENCON Fund Biogas Plant

12 biogas demonstration plants for tapioca starchproducing factories166 million baht (30% of capital cost)

Wastewaters 25 million m3

4 agenciesDepartment of Energy Development and Promotion(DEDP) (4 factories UASB)Department of Factory (3 factories UASB)BAU, Chiang Mai University (2 factories H-UASB)KMUTT (3 factories Anaerobic Fixed Film Reactor)

Biogas generated 36 million m 3Electricity 44 MkWh/year Fuel oil 22 million liters (174 million baht)

EPPO

Biomass Fuels


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Source: Biomass OneSource: Biomass One -- Stop Clearing House.Stop Clearing House. Chapter 1 Biomass Fuels.Chapter 1 Biomass Fuels.Conversion of biomass to electricit and thermal ener BiomassConversion of biomass to electricit and thermal ener Biomass FuelsFuels 1313 -- 0303 -- 20032003

Production of charcoal/activatedProduction of charcoal/activatedcarbon from coconut shells incarbon from coconut shells in PrachuapPrachuap

Production of charcoalProduction of charcoalbriquettes from waste afterbriquettes from waste afterproduction of charcoalproduction of charcoal

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