WWF Project Proposal 2006 - main text -...

Project Proposal 2007

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WWF Project Proposal – Mufunta GMA participatory natural resource management 2007

Project Name: Mufunta Game Management Area (GMA) participatory natural resource management

Project Location: Mufunta Game Management adjacent to the Kafue National Park, Zambia

Project Number: ZM0040

Project Budget: 2007: NOK 4,713,517 requested from Norad, incl. 8% adm. grant to WWF-Norway

Local Partner(s): WWF Southern Africa Regional Programme Office (SARPO)

Contact Person(s): Harrison Kojwang, Russell Taylor (WW-SARPO), (WWF-Norway)

Start Date: 2007-January Expected End Date: 2011-December

Priority Issues1 % Contributes to which milestone(s)?

Forests Forests for Life Target Driven Programme (TDP) 1.4: Improving management of existing protected areas

Freshwater Ecosystems Living Waters TDP 2.1: Contributing to sustainable water management

Oceans and Coasts

Species Species TDP 1.1: Elephant

Toxics

Climate change

Other CBNRM cross cutting SARPO capacity building target

Total 100

Global 200 Ecoregion(s)2

Part of an ecoregion action programme? Yes No X

1 Indicate overall percentage of project relating to each of the six key issues.2 Indicate the ecoregion(s) in which the project has a conservation impact.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This is a project proposal for the Conservation and Livelihoods in Mufunta Game Management Area Project. Mufunta Game Management Area is adjacent to the Kafue National Park west of Lusaka, Zambia’s capital city. The first phase of the project is anticipated to last 3 years, starting in January 2007 and ending in December 2011. The long term goal of the project is to contribute to the reduction of poverty and biodiversity conservation through sustainable natural resource management and the improvement of livelihoods in the Mufunta Game Management Area adjacent to the Kafue National Park. The purpose of the project is to establish efficient, equitable, and sustainable participatory natural resource management systems in Mufunta Game Management Area by 2015. The total project budget for the 3 years is NOK 15,042,423.

Background and JustificationMufunta Game Management Area falls within the Zambezian biome and is located on the western side of Kafue National Park (IUCN Category II; area of 22,400 km2; 150 12’S – 250 38’E) between longitudes 24º 50' to 25º 35' East and latitudes 14º 36' to 15º 58' South covering about 6,555 km2 in extent. The nearest administrative settlement is Kaoma, a district which is about 410 Km west of Lusaka in the western province. Mufunta is sparsely populated with an estimated population of close to 30,000 and estimated population growth rate of 3.4% and density of 7 persons per square kilometer.

The western border of the Kafue National Park, Zambia’s largest national park, has no buffer zone which is locally termed a “game management area”. The fact that a game management area has not been legally established has led to unsustainable and illegal harvesting of natural resources. Unsustainable and illegal activities include illegal

(a). Fishing methods such as the use of mosquito nets, application of poisons in rivers, streams and dambos to kill fish, catching of juvenile fish and fishing during the fish breeding seasons;

(b). Harvesting of forest products such as timber of Guibourtia coleospermum for commercial sale in Lusaka;

(c). Off-take of various species of wildlife;

(d). Agricultural activities and application of agrochemicals in ecologically sensitive environments such dambos, plains and pans.

Natural resources of Mufunta can be sustainably managed by enhancing capacities in the at local community level, Zambia Wildlife Authority, other natural resource management institutions and local level structures that will complement the establishment of the game management area. The diminishing natural resource base is partially a result of inadequate local level natural resource management capacity, other livelihood options and environmental awareness at local level.

Previous Experiences The Mufunta Preparatory Phase Project (ZM00400) had the sole purpose of developing a project proposal. The activities of the preparatory phase were designed to collect baseline information on the culture, socio-economic, vegetation and wildlife ecology, and potential natural resource based enterprises. The baseline information was used to develop the present project proposal. Notable positive side-effects of the preparatory phase have been the formation of an environmental conservation club for school children at Nkeyema High School. The traditional leader of Mufunta, Chief Kahare has so far written to the Zambia Wildlife Authority to request for the formation of a Community Resource Board.

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Goal and Purpose

The goal and purpose of the Conservation and Livelihoods in Mufunta Game Management Area Project are

Goal: Conservation and sustainable use of natural resources by communities in the Mufunta Game Management Area (GMA) secures maintenance of biodiversity and livelihood security for present and future generations.

Purpose: Sustainable participatory natural resource management systems in Mufunta Game Manage

ment Area established, including provision of alternative livelihoods.

OutputsFive main outputs will be pursued in order to achieve the project purpose and contribute to the project goal:

Output 1: Local level institutional structures for natural resources management developed and/or strengthened.

Output 2: Participatory natural resource use management plan developed and implementation facilitated.

Output 3: Range of ecologically sustainable agro- and natural resource based livelihood options identified, developed and adopted.

Output 4: Environmental awareness on natural resource management issues raised in local population of the Mufunta GMA.

Output 5: System for project management and monitoring established and operational.

Project Implementation ArrangementsThe project aims to help create a foundation for sustainable resource use focusing on the local communities in rural areas of Mufunta Game Management Area. It will apply a combined strategy of enterprise development, capacity building in sustainable resource utilization, environmental awareness raising, gender and participation and mainstreaming of HIV/AIDS into project by working through Community Based Organisations and other relevant institutions in local villages. The enterprise and capacity building model aims at integrating natural resource based enterprises into the natural resources management structure of the Village Action Group (VAG) and other grass root level structures to ensure access to benefits in natural resources management for all households at community level and also to widen the range of resources from which communities can benefit. This model will ensure that Village Action Groups, the Community Resource Board and other Community Based Organisations as well as traditional leaders have sufficient skills for enterprise management, budgeting and natural resources management.

In order to implement this model, the project will

At local level, work through the Village Action Groups and other Community Based Organisations

At district level, work through the District Natural Resources Committee, NGOs and other district level structures

At national level, work through relevant government bodies and other partner institutions/organisations.

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This arrangement will be facilitated by a project management team comprising a Project Manager, Natural Resources Management Officer and Project Assistant who will be based in Lusaka. Actual field implementation will be carried out by two Field Coordinators and a Project Assistant. Part-time Community Animators will be used to communicate directly with local community and carry out some community level activities.

BudgetThe table below shows the proposed total project budget for 2006-2008, detailing WWF-Norway’s matching funds (10 per cent of project budget), Norad’s direct project contribution (90 or 100 per cent of project funds) and Norad’s administration grant (8 per cent of 90 or 100 per cent of project budget). All figures are in NOK.

Year WWF-Norway matching funds

Norad direct project funding

Norad adm. grant (8 per cent) Total budget

2006A 72,100 648,900 51,912 772,912

2007B 0 4,397,701 315,816 4,713,517

2008C 0 3,500,586 280,047 3,780,633

SUMD 72,100 8,547,187 647,775 9,267,062

A - Amounts for 2006 are the approved budgets; B - Amounts for 2007 are proposed budgets; C - Amounts for 2008 are indicative budgets; D - Estimate only

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................................ 2Background and Justification.................................................................................................................. 2Previous Experiences............................................................................................................................. 2Goal and Purpose................................................................................................................................... 3Outputs................................................................................................................................................... 3Project Implementation Arrangements....................................................................................................3Budget.................................................................................................................................................... 4

1 INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT BACKGROUND........................................................111.1 Mufunta Game Management Area...................................................................................111.2 Location and Physiography..............................................................................................111.3 Environmental Issues.......................................................................................................141.4 Socio-economic Issues.....................................................................................................191.5 Cultural Issues.................................................................................................................. 20

1.5.1 Tribes and Languages............................................................................................201.5.2 History and Culture of the Nkoya............................................................................231.5.3 History of the Luvale...............................................................................................241.5.4 History of the Lozi...................................................................................................251.5.5 Important Historical Events within Mufunta............................................................26

1.6 Institutional and Legal Issues...........................................................................................271.6.1 Existing Legal and Policy Framework.....................................................................271.6.2 Natural resource policy and legal reforms..............................................................28

1.7 Political Issues.................................................................................................................. 281.8 Threats, Problems and Opportunities...............................................................................291.9 Stakeholders.................................................................................................................... 32

2 JUSTIFICATION..............................................................................................................392.1 Natural Resources and the Poor......................................................................................392.2 Contribution to Implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements......................422.3 Contribution to the Implementation of National Plans.......................................................43

2.3.1 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)............................................................432.3.2 Fifth National Development Plan............................................................................432.3.3 National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) and other environmental plans and

strategies................................................................................................................452.3.4 (Other national, sectoral, regional and local development plans)...........................45

2.4 Other Global and Regional Initiatives...............................................................................462.4.1 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)............................................462.4.2 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)................................................................462.4.3 New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD).............................................46

2.5 Objectives of Norwegian Development Cooperation........................................................472.6 WWF’s experience...........................................................................................................47

2.6.1 Geographical Area.................................................................................................472.6.2 Thematic Area........................................................................................................47

2.7 Contribution to WWF’s Global and Regional Priorities.....................................................482.7.1 Global Priorities......................................................................................................482.7.2 Regional Priorities..................................................................................................48

3 PROJECT ACHIEVEMENTS, LESSONS AND DEVIATIONS........................................493.1 Describe the extent to which the Project has been carried out as planned......................493.2 Describe the extent to which the expected results have been achieved during the last

years................................................................................................................................. 50

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3.3 Describe internal or external factors that have particularly affected project performance or the planning...................................................................................................................... 503.3.1 Internal factors........................................................................................................503.3.2 External factors......................................................................................................50

4 PROJECT GOAL AND PURPOSE..................................................................................504.1 Project Goal...................................................................................................................... 504.2 Project Purpose................................................................................................................50

5 PROJECT OUTPUTS......................................................................................................515.1 Output 1............................................................................................................................ 515.2 Output 2............................................................................................................................ 515.3 Output 3............................................................................................................................ 515.4 Output 4............................................................................................................................ 525.5 Output 5............................................................................................................................ 52

6 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION.......................................................................................526.1 Overall Approach / Implementation Strategy....................................................................526.2 Activities........................................................................................................................... 556.3 Implementation Arrangement...........................................................................................57

6.3.1 Project Organisation...............................................................................................576.3.2 Relationship with Other Relevant Initiatives...........................................................586.3.3 Added Value by WWF Involvement........................................................................60

6.4 Main Beneficiaries and Target Groups.............................................................................616.5 Sustainability and Exit Strategy........................................................................................61

6.5.1 Sustainability criteria..............................................................................................616.5.2 Exit strategy...........................................................................................................61

7 INPUTS............................................................................................................................ 627.1 Personnel......................................................................................................................... 627.2 Materials, Equipment and Infrastructure...........................................................................627.3 Budget.............................................................................................................................. 62

8 ASSUMPTIONS AND RISKS..........................................................................................628.1 Assumptions..................................................................................................................... 628.2 Risks................................................................................................................................. 63

9 REPORTING AND MONITORING...................................................................................639.1 Reporting Schedule..........................................................................................................639.2 Monitoring and Indicators.................................................................................................649.3 Evaluations....................................................................................................................... 69

References........................................................................................................................................... 70

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Common uses of plant species found in Mufunta GMA................................................25Table 2. Projected HIV/AIDS statistics for Kaoma district...........................................................28Table 3. Relative abundance (RA) of tribes within Mufunta Game Management Area...............29Table 4. Presence of tribes (heads of households and spouses) expressed as percentages for

Njonjolo, Nkeyema and Shimano................................................................................30Table 5. Relative frequency (RF) of languages spoken within Mufunta......................................31Table 6. Aspects of early Nkoya culture at around the time they came to settle within Mufunta.32Table 7. Important historical and natural events in the history of Mufunta..................................35Table 8. Threat and problem analysis........................................................................................39Table 9. Stakeholder Analysis Matrix.........................................................................................42Table 10. Natural resources found within Mufunta and their relative importance (RI) scored in

terms of an average family within Mufunta maintaining an average standard of living 49Table 11. Relative importance (RI) of forest resources within Mufunta......................................50Table 12. Past (from 1969) and predicted future (t0 2006) changes in the relative availability of

natural resources within Mufunta.................................................................................51Table 13. Perceived priorities (scores) for natural resource management interventions within

Mufunta and suggested focal areas for such interventions..........................................52Table 14. Objectives and strategies for the natural resources sector under the Fifth National

Development Plan.......................................................................................................55Table 15. Properties of potential natural resource based enterprises in Mufunta.......................68Table 16. Key stakeholder institutions and areas of collaboration..............................................77Table 17. Monitoring Matrix........................................................................................................86

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List of Figures

Figure 1. Map of Zambia showing the location of Mufunta game management area.................17Figure 2. Generalised vegetation map of the Mufunta game management area........................19Figure 3. Problem Tree...............................................................................................................41

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Detailed budget (as separate document)

Appendix 2 Logical Framework Analysis (as separate document)

Appendix 3 Project Organisation Chart (as separate document)

Appendix 3 Map showing the project location/area

Appendix 5 Activity Schedule

Appendix 6 Job descriptions for key positions

Appendix 7a Plant species composition in vegetation types in Mufunta GMA

Appendix 7b Habitat Fauna Associations in Mufunta GMA

Appendix 7c Zambian birds known to occur within Mufunta GMA

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ABBREVIATIONS

ADC Area Development Committee

CBD Convention on Biological Diversity

CBO Community Based Organisation

CBNRM Community Based Natural Resources Management

CCD Convention to Combat Desertification

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna

CRA Cumulative Relative Abundance

CRB Community Resource Board

CRF Cumulative Relative Frequency

CRUAT Community Resource Use Assessment Team

CSO Central Statistical Office

DRC Democratic Republic of Congo

DR CONGO Democratic Republic of Congo

ESP Environmental Support Programme

FNDP Fifth National Development Plan

GMA Game Management Area

IUCN World Conservation Union

IZC Inter-zonal Committee

JMC Joint Management Committtee

Km Kilometre

KNP Kafue National Park

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

MOLG Ministry of Local Government

MOMS Management Oriented Monitoring System

NAPA National Adaptation Program of Action

NEAP National Environmental Action Plan

NEP National Environment Policy

NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development

NGO Non-governmental Organisation

NOK Norwegian Kroner

NORAD Norwegian Agency for International Development

NRM Natural Resource Management

PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

RA Relative Abundance

RF Relative Frequency

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SARPO Southern African Regional Programme Office

SEED Support for Economic Expansion and Diversification

SLAMU South Luangwa Area Management Unit

SNV Netherlands Development Organisation

TBZ Tobacco Boarg of Zambia

TDCF Tourism Development Credit Facility

ToR Terms of Reference

TNDP Transitional National Development Plan

UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

UNFCCD United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

WEHAB Water, Environment, Health, Agriculture and Biodiversity

WRAP Water Resources Action Plan

WSSD World Summit for Sustainable Development

WWF World Wide Fund for Nature

VMC Village Management Committee

ZFAP Zambia Forestry Action Plan

ZM Zambia

ZMC Zonal Management Committee

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1 INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 Mufunta Game Management AreaThe western border of the Kafue National Park, Zambia’s largest national park, has no buffer zone which is locally termed a “game management area”. The fact that a game management area has not been legally established has led to unsustainable and illegal harvesting of natural resources. Unsustainable and illegal activities include illegal

(e). fishing methods such as the use of mosquito nets, application of poisons in rivers, streams and dambos to kill fish, catching of juvenile fish and fishing during the fish breeding seasons;

(f). harvesting of forest products such as timber of Guibourtia coleospermum for commercial sale in Lusaka;

(g). off-take of various species of wildlife;

(h). agricultural activities and application of agrochemicals in ecologically sensitive environments such dambos, plains and pans.

Natural resources of Mufunta can be sustainably managed by enhancing capacities in the Zambia Wildlife Authority, other natural resource management institutions and local level structures that will complement the establishment of the game management area. The diminishing natural resource base is partially a result of inadequate local level natural resource management capacity, other livelihood options and environmental awareness at local level.

1.2 Location and PhysiographyThe proposed Mufunta Game Management Area falls within the Zambezian biome and is located on the western side of Kafue National Park (IUCN Category II; area of 22,400 km2; 150 12’S – 250

38’E) between longitudes 24º 50' to 25º 35' East and latitudes 14º 36' to 15º 58' South covering about 6,555 km2 in extent (Fig. 1).. The Kafue National Park, partially surrounded by eight Game Management Areas, lies south west of Lusaka (the capital city of Zambia). The nearest administrative settlement is Kaoma, a district which is about 410 Km west of Lusaka in the western province. Mufunta is sparsely populated has an estimated population of close to 30,000 with an estimated population growth rate of 3.4% and density of 7 persons per square kilometer. According to the population statistics of 2000 (CSO, 2003), the estimated 30,000 people are spread out in Lalafuta, Litoya, Namilangi and Nkeyema administrative units known as “wards”. The Lusaka – Mongu highway, which is an all weather road passes on the northern boundary of Mufunta making accessibility to the area feasible throughout the year.

The elevation ranges between 1,118 m and 1,235 m above sea level. Most of the area is generally flat and undulating in a few places. Luena, Luampa and a myriad of seasonal tributaries such as Kalongo, Litoya, Kopa, Shilonga, Mwangalesha, Nambungu and Mulambwa constitute the major drainage system and forms one of the important ecological features of the area. The headwaters including catchment areas of the Luampa and Luena Rivers are almost entirely within the proposed Mufunta GMA.

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Figure 1. Map of Zambia showing the location of Mufunta game management area

Mufunta can be typically described to lie in rather a high diversity ecological region. The following distinctive vegetation types (Fig. 2) in Mufunta game management area are

1. Miombo woodland predominantly comprising Brachystegia spiciformis and Julbernadia paniculata as the canopy species associated with Burkea africana. Typically the understorey predominantly covered by Hyparrhenia filipendula and Andropogon schirensis

2. The second category of the Miombo is classified as open woodland, characteristic with Julbernadia paniculata as the predominant canopy species associated with Uapaca species. Distinctively the understorey is covered by the Hyparrhenia species

3. The third category of the Miombo is a scrubland with secondary mixed species, but characteristic with Hyparrhenia rufa and Pennisetum polystachion

4. Relics of dry evergreen forests also reflected in past ecological studies. It is notable that Cryptosepalum woodland exists as a mix of Cryptosepalum exfoliatum and Guibortia coleosperma as well as Digitaria milanjiana. Hyparrhenia species still dominate the under storey grass cover

5. Other sub categories of the dry evergreen forests include, woodland thicket, bush group woodland, Chipya and fallow shrub lands to bush land

6. The other relevant vegetation types relevant to mention include the Riparian forests associated with catchments areas.

7. Finally the area has been endowed with river valley and dambo grasslands often referred to as dry river plains dominated by Loudentia simplex, Tristchya nodiglumia, Eragrostis species and Aristida meridionalis.

The species composition in each vegetation type are listed in Appendix 7a.

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It is clear though based on all previous studies that Mufunta constituted largely mixed Miombo woodland particularly that in transition. It is also noted that dry evergreen forests mainly existing, as woodlands and localized forests were limited on the northern margins of Kalahari sand basin soils.

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Figure 2. Generalised vegetation map of the Mufunta game management area.

There are several grassland pans giving rise to seapage dambos and are hosts to several ground springs, which provide the headwaters of key rivers such as Luena, Longe, Namando and Munkuye Rivers. The pans are sources of reeds, which is used in making of various mats and basketry as well as materials for thatching grass. At least 6 spring points were noted during this assessment. The headwaters also support series of relic riparian vegetation types typically of Syzygium guineense spp. barotsense. This division of the gallery woodland is carried out along headwaters. It suggests that riparian woodland probably was once much more extensive. Fire and possibly changes in drainage have destroyed the woodland on the flats leaving only some relic patches. Because of its dense nature the riparian forests remain relatively intact. They provide a unique hide out for wildlife as well as a ray of plant diversity. Other notable key species observed included Garcinia livingstonei, Diospyros mespilliformis, Mimosops zeyheri with common small tree and sub shrubs of Chrysopphyllum megalismontanum, Oncoba spinosa, Rhus quartiana, Antidesma venosum, Ficus capreifolia, Ficus pygmaea, Maytenus buchanani, Phragmits mauritianus, Phyllanthus reticulates and Tricalysia andogensis and all have folk uses in crafts, edible fruits and phytomedicines.

It has also been documented that the soils and vegetation types in Mufunta are largely of transitional nature from plateau soils on the eastern side to that of Kalahari sand soils on the western margins. Consequently partial destruction of dry evergreen forest and dry deciduous forests on either of the plateau or Kalahari sands lead to invasive Miombo and Kalahari woodland types respectively.

1.3 Environmental Issues

1.3.1 Natural resources and biodiversity values

1.3.1.1 Description of habitat types

Four major habitat types and a matrix of habitat types referred to as Minor-habitats have been identified (Fig. 2) and are divided into habitat type, extent of coverage relative to the entire proposed Mufunta GMA, species composition and status of the habitat type including associated impacts.

Miombo Woodland: This habitat type is the most widely distributed in the proposed Mufunta GMA covering about 4,976 Km2 (76 % of the total area). Characteristic tall trees include Julbernardia paniculata, J. globiflora, Burkea africana, Brachystegia spiciformis, B. boehmii, Parinari curatellifolia, Erythrophleum africanum and Sclerocarya birrea. Other common trees and shrubs include Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia, Combretum adenogonium, Diospyros kirkii, Uapaca spp., Keetia gueinzii, Dalbergiella nyasae, Bauhinia petersiana, Baphia massaiensis and Terminalia sericea.

The herb, sub shrub and grass layer is sparse but very diverse and is characterised by Lannea edulis, Acalypha segetalis, Acrotome inflata, Ageratum conyzoides, Aloe chabaudii, Amaranthus hybridus, A. spinosus, Ansellia africana, Bidens spp, Bulbine abyssinica, Celosia trigyna, Clematopsis scabiosifolia, Cleome spp, Combretum sericeum, Commelina spp, Crassocephalum sarcobasis, Crotalaria goreensis, Cyanotis longifolia, Duranta stramonium, Dicoma angustifolia, Diplolophium zambesianum, Dolichos spp, Erythrocephalum zambesianum, Gardenia subacaulis, Gerbera viridifolia, Hibiscus spp, Hypoxis goetzei, Leonotis nepetifolia, Leucas martinicensis, Nicandra physalodes, Ochna richardsiae, Oxygonum sinuatum, Phyllanthus leucanthus, Stapelia

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gigantean, Striga spp, Diospyros virgata, Abrus pulchellus, Tylosema fassoglense and Vigna vexillata.

Common grasses include Aristida spp., Brachiaria brizantha, Chloris spp., Cynodon dactylon, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, D. giganteum, Digitaria velutina, Eleusine coracana, Eragrostis spp., Melinis repens, Sporobolus fimbriatus, Tragus berteronianus and Urochloa spp.

There are some human-induced impacts in a few places within this habitat type. The most distinct impacts are commercial farming in the TBZ3 area and bush fires. Other impacts include land clearing and associated medium-scale and subsistence farming and timber logging. The collective impact of these human activities is habitat fragmentation resulting in undermining the integrity of the ecosystem by dissecting large and continuous habitats into smaller isolated units and increasing what is known as the ‘edge effect’ whereby the wildlife habitat is affected by conditions of the modified habitats on its edge.

Wooded Grassland: This habitat type is interspersed within the Miombo Woodland and is characterised by a well-developed herb and grass layers with scattered shrubs collectively covering 860 km2 (13 % of the total area). The very rare tall trees include Julbernardia paniculata and Brachystegia spiciformis. Dominant small trees and shrubs include Combretum adenogonium, C. molle, Terminalia stenostachya, Bauhinia petersiana, Cassia abbreviata, Diospyros lycioides, D. kirkii, Kraussia floribunda and Strychnos potatorum. Common herbs include Acanthospermum hispidum, Achyranthes aspera, Amaranthus spp., Aneilema johnstonii, Asystasia gangetica, Berleria mackenii, Bidens spp., Boophone disticha, Cassia obtusiforlia, Celosia trigyna, Ceratotheca sesamoides, Chironia palustris, Clematopsis scabiosifolia, Cleome spp., Conyza welwitschii, Crassocephalum rubens, C. sarcobasis, Crotalaria juncea, Cycnium tubulosum, Dicoma angustifolia, Erythrocephalum zambesianum, Gardenia subacaulis, Gerbera viridifolia, Haplocarpha scaposa, Hibiscus spp., Hypoxis angustifolia, Lapeirousia odoratissima, Momordica balsamina, Nicandra physalodes, Pachycarpus lineolatus, Pentas decora, Scadoxus multiflorus, Striga spp., Tagetes minuta, Tribulus terrestris, Tricliceras longipedunculatum and Vigna nuda. Grasses include Andropogon spp., Chloris spp., Digitaria ternata, Eragrostis spp, Loudetia simplex, Schizachrium sanguineum, Sporoborus spp., Themeda triandra, Panicum coloratum and Urochloa oligotricha. Bush fire and land clearing for subsistence farming and small-scale tobacco farming are the major impacts in this habitat type.

Grassland: Similar to the Wooded Grassland, this habitat type is interspersed within Miombo Woodland covering 491 km2 (about 7 % of the total area) and is characterized by distinct expanse of grass cover and comparatively very low woody species cover. The grass layer is well developed than the herb and sub shrub layer. Common grasses include Andropogon eucomus, Dichanthium annulatum, Echinocloa colona, E. pyramidalis, Eragrostis rotifer, Hemarthria altissima, Hyparrhenia spp., Chloris guyana, Panicum maximum, Sorghum bicolor and Sporobolus fimbriatus. Andropogon spp., Bothriochloa bladhii, Diplachne fusca, Eragrostis rotifer, Setaria pumila, Urochloa mossambicensis, Themeda triandra, Loudetia simplex, Miscanthus junceus, Panicum repens, Vossia cuspidata, Oryza longistaminata and Sporobolus festivus. Herbs and sub shrubs include Cycnium tubulosum, Eulophia speciosa, Lapeirousia rivularis and Pachycarpus lineolatus. Few clusters of small trees and shrubs found include Croton megalobotrys, Syzygium guineense and Rhus spp.

The most serious impact in this habitat type comes from subsistence farming and in some cases use of fertilizers and other polluting agents. Grass cutting for thatching is a common land use activity but does not have very serious impact.

3 Settlement started through tobacco cultivation which was promoted by the Tobacco Board of Zambia.

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River Plain: This habitat type is associated with river systems covering about 228 km2 (about 4 % of the total area) and is characterized by grasslands and low woody species. Lower levels consist of swamps and small wetlands. Common grass species are Loudetia, Tristachya, Themeda, Eragrostis, Echinocloa, Oryza and Vossia. Swampy areas are dominated by Phragmites mauritianus while drier parts are dominated by Hyparrhenia and Cynodon spp. Isolated stands of woody species include Termitaria sericea, Phoenix reclinata and clusters of Croton megalobotrys, Syzygium guineense, Combretum and Acacia spp.

Minor-habitats: These habitat types – in comparison to major habitat types - are relatively small and widely scattered across the landscape of the proposed GMA. Dambos, wetlands, swamps, clusters of Acacia woodlands, thickets, scattered habitat remnants and forest strips, characterize minor-habitats. In some cases, land use activities convert habitat types into minor-habitats called shreds - long narrow strips primarily caused by subsistence farming. Shreds are especially vivid along watercourses such as the Syzygium Riverine Forest patch along the Luena River. Some scattered habitat remnants are probably ‘Stepping Stones’ – patches of habitats, which ease movement of animals through the landscape without necessarily creating direct links to other habitat types.

1.3.1.2 Wildlife of the Mufunta game management area

A range of small to large game is found in the Mufunta game management area (Appendix 7b).

Animals that can be sighted by day include ungulates (common Duiker, Impala), carnivores (banded Mongoose), primates (Chacma Baboon, Vervet Monkey), reptiles (Monitor lizard), rodents (Bush squirrel). Bird sightings include African Gray Hornbill, African Jacana, African Mourning Dove, African Pied Wagtail, Lilac-breasted Roller, Pale-billed Hornbill, Pied Crow, Pied Kingfisher, Red-billed Hornbil, Ring-necked Dove, Southern Yello-billed Hornbill, Swainson’s Francolin.

Animal sightings reported by local community members include ungulates (Buffalo, Bush Pig, Warthog, Water and ReedBuck), rodents (Mole rat, mouse), other animal species (Elephant). Mufunta Game Management Area has been reported as a sanctuary of elephants during the rainy season. Bird species sighted by local communities include Crested Guinea fowl

It has been observed that the level of endemism in the proposed Mufunta GMA is low. It is, however, important to note that out of the 130 so-called Zambian birds, 8 species have been found to occur in the proposed Mufunta GMA (Appendix 7c).

There is very limited knowledge to ascertain local endemism for plant species, mammal species, reptiles and amphibians. Birds are probably the best known of all groups in terms of distribution and abundance and Mufunta game management area is classified as a landscape of biological significance as an important area of bird species endemism.

1.3.1.3 The wealth of natural resources of Mufunta game management area

Mufunta GMA still has extensive vegetation cover providing a rich source of pollen and nectar and can be harnessed for production of honey and other bee products.

The dry grass (Laudentia simplex) for thatching is currently being harvested and marketed.

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A numbers of species that have suitable for pressed oils were identified in the Mufunta GMA. Those of particular interest include Ochna pulchra, Copaifera baumiana and Parinari curatelifolia which all have potentially some economic uses.

Analysis of the spring water will be useful to understand the quality parameters of the water for commercialisation.

There is historical use of phytomedicines and plant supplements that is an opportunity for the local people to commercially engage in the folk knowledge such as herbal teas for nutritional use, extraction of pressed and essential oils as well as gels from Aloes for use in various skin conditions.

The assessment confirmed that some plant species were exploited for various domestic and economic uses. Some of the common domestic uses and suggests some potential commercial applications are listed in Table 1.

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Table 1. Common uses of plant species found in Mufunta GMA

Species Name Domestic use

Scale of harvesting

Other Potential commercial use of species

Brachystegia species Charcoal, fuel wood, construction poles

Localized intensive felling

Bee keeping pollen source

Julbernadia paniculata Charcoal production, fuel wood, construction poles

Common and widespread

Bee keeping pollen and nectar source

Cryptosepalum oxfoliatum

Bow and arrows, fuel wood and land clearing

Extensive Bee keeping pollen and nectar source

Guibortia coleosperma Timber Locally high Quality commercial timber

Pterocarpus angolensis Timber Widespread Commercial timber

Copaifera baumiana Herbal medicines

Low Source of copal resin, nutritional supplements, beekeeping source of pollen & nectar

Parinari curatelliforia Edible fruits, herbal medicines

Common Pressed oil for cosmetic use, source of pollen and nectar

Flacoutia indica Edible fruits, herbal medicines

Common Beverage production, flavour extracts, phyto-medicines

Ochna pulchra Medium Pressed oils for cosmetic uses

Loudentia simplex Thatching of homes

High High quality thatching for hospitality industry

Phragmites mauritianus Basketry, mats

Medium Commercial basket making

Fagara trijuga Edible vegetables

Low Herbal tea, traditional vegetables

Uapaca kirkiana Edible fruits High Production of beverages

1.3.2 Conservation areas

The Mufunta game management area is in itself in advanced stage of being among Zambia’s game management area by the Zambia Wildlife Authority. This process has been driven by the local community through the senior traditional leader, Chief Kahare. The area south of the Lusaka – Mongu Road, in the present Mufunta GMA was first surveyed in 1976 with a view to assessing its potential to be declared into a game management area. The survey found that animal populations were too scarce to warrant the area to be declared a game management area. The next survey was undertaken in 1992 and the Surveyor General approved the drawing for the proposed Mufunta Game Management Area No. 38 covering a total area of 5,417 km2 on 14th

September 1992. Chief Kahare and Kaoma District Council Secretary approved the drawing on 25th January 1993 and 28th June 1993 respectively. The establishment of the Mufunta game management area reinforces the conservation of natural resources in the Kafue National Park as it provides a buffer on the western border which previously was an open area.

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1.4 Socio-economic Issues

1.4.1 Population and economic issues

The area has an estimated population of 30,000 with a population growth rate of 3.4% and density of 4-7 persons per square kilometre. Close to 50% of the 30,000 live within 10 Km on either side of the Lusaka-Mongu road. About 73% of this population are poor as reflected in poor social indicators such as high levels of illiteracy, unemployment, declining life expectancy and unsatisfactory access to clean water, education and health services needed to sustain basic human needs. Sample surveys suggest the presence of almost equal numbers of males and females. Mean family size, defined as those “eating from the same pot” is 6.4 people per household. One fifth of the total population is younger than 7 years; 36% between 7 and 20 years, and the remaining 45% are older than 20 years. Seventy-seven per cent of households are headed by men and 23% by women. There is a low level of polygamy whereby about 8 % of the male headed households have two wives, and roughly 5% do not have a wife. Less than half the heads of households were born in Kaoma, and less than one quarter locally in their current area of residence. Principal districts in which current heads of households were born are Kalabo, Mongu and Senanga. Two thirds of households have been established at their current locations since 1990. The modal age for heads of households is between 40 and 49, and their modal level of education is Grade 7. Twenty percent of heads of households do not have any education, predominantly the elders. About 75% of children of school going age (taken as 7 – 20 years) were reported to be attending school. The principal sources of income within Mufunta are crop production and short term hired labour.

The main income generating crops are maize (corn) and tobacco, followed by vegetables, sweet potatoes, cassava, groundnuts (peanuts) and bananas. Other important non-crop sources of income are chicken production, running small businesses, beer brewing and receipt of pensions and salaries. Reported values for annual household income ranged from US$ 2.70 to US$ 22,700, with mean values of US$ 160 to US$ 1,020 and modal values of US$ 100 to US$ 270. Figures for annual expenditure are very similar. Principal forms of expenditure are beer, food, farming inputs, transport and short term hired labour. Principal centres where money is spent are Lusaka and Mongu, and within Mufunta, TBZ and within villages. Lusaka is the main source of goods, whilst Mongu provides a market for food products which are bought after selling their goods.

1.4.2 HIV/AIDS and other health related issues

Projected HIV/AIDS prevalence for western Zambia has been estimated at 12.6% for 2004 with projected HIV cases of 58,347. Projected annual AIDS deaths in western Zambia for 2004 were estimated at 5,763. HIV/AIDS statistics projections for Kaoma district are in Table 2. The HIV/AIDS pandemic is decimating an already limited pool of skilled workers and managers and eroding the rural labour force. The impact is enormous in terms of loss of economic productivity, loss of income, social liabilities, disruption of the family unit, pressure on social services such as education and health, and increasing pressure on natural resources as affected rural communities increasingly depend on wild natural resource harvesting using unsustainable methods to irk out a living. HIV/AIDS is now recognized by Zambia as one of the greatest threats to development and regional integration, with a significant impact on women in particular. With an estimated adult HIV prevalence rate of 20 per cent or greater in Southern Africa, governments are struggling to determine how to confront the problem without neglecting other, equally compelling issues. Malaria is among the top causes of illness and deaths Zambia Other major health risks include tuberculosis, cholera, and dysentery.

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Table 2. Projected HIV/AIDS statistics for Kaoma district

Description Year

ScoreRACRASubgroups with similar culturesHIV Prevalence (%

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

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)9.59.28.98.68.3Number of People infected8,9868,9338,8768,8088,

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723Annual new AIDS cases678678673666656Annual AIDS-deaths67568

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1680675667Number of orphans1,2701,3261,3691,3981,412Number of AID

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S orphans8889531,0041,0401,062

1.5C

1.5.1T

Mufunta includes a w

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ide variety of different tribes. A total of 20 different tribes (Ta

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ble 3) have been reported but a total of 22 were encountered duri

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ng the census process (Table 4). Some of these, particularly for

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the Lubale and the Lozi) can be grouped together on the basis o

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f sharing similar origins and cultures (Table 5).

The three lar

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gest groups are the Luvale, Lozi and Nkoyas (Tables 3), although

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the numerical differences between these may not be as big. Njonj

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olo, Nkeyema and Shimano each includes a good mix of tribes (es

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pecially Shimano), although different groups are more prominent i

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n some villages than others: Nkoyas in Njonjolo, Lozi in Shimano

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and Luvale (including Mbundas) in Nkeyema. Relations between me

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mbers of different tribes appear to be amicable and devoid of any

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significant conflicts. There is also a relatively high rate of i

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ntermarriage.

T

Tribe

Lubale 288 0,513 0,513 Lubale, Mbunda, Luchazi, Chokwe, Yauma, Nkangala

Lozi 144 0,257 0,770Mashi, Kwangwa, Nyengo, Makoma, Mweni, Subiya, Totela

Nkoya 72 0,128 0,898

Kaonde 24 0,043 0,941

Tonga 12 0,021 0,963

Nyanja 8 0,014 0,977

Bemba 7 0,012 0,989

Lunda 5 0,009 0,998

Zezuru 1 0,002 1,000

Total 561 1,000

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Table 4. Presence of tribes (heads of households and spouses) expressed as percentages for Njonjolo, Nkeyema and Shimano

Tribe Njonjolo Shimano Nkeyema Total

Nkoya 78.8 12.8 18.3 32.4

Lozi 11.5 43.6 18.3 25.4

Mbunda 1.8 14.8 29.9 17.1

Luvale 0.9 9.4 14.0 8.9

Luchazi 4.7 6.7 4.2

Kaonde 4.4 1.3 6.1 4.0

Tonga 0.9 1.3 1.8 1.4

Chokwe 0.9 0.7 1.2 0.9

Komakoma 2.0 0.7

Simaa 2.0 0.7

Kwamashi 0.7 1.2 0.7

Chewa 0.9 0.7 0.5

Shona/Zezuru 1.3 0.5

Lunda 1.3 0.5

Tumbuka 1.2 0.5

Lamba 0.7 0.2

Mbowe 0.7 0.2

Nyengo 0.7 0.2

Mwenyi 0.7 0.2

Muyauma 0.7 0.2

Nsenga 0.6 0.2

Lenje 0.6 0.2

Total 100 100 100 100

The diversity of languages within Mufunta (Table 5) reflects the variety of constituent tribes. The principal language is Lozi, followed by Mbunda, English, Nyanja and Nkoya. Education is carried out predominantly in English. The relatively high prevalence of Nyanja and Bemba are indicative of and result from a relatively high level of interaction with Lusaka.

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Table 5. Relative frequency (RF) of languages spoken within Mufunta

Language Score RF CRF

Lozi 200 0,165 0,165

Mbunda 190 0,157 0,323

English 180 0,149 0,471

Nyanja 165 0,136 0,608

Nkoya 160 0,132 0,740

Luvale 80 0,066 0,806

Bemba 64 0,053 0,859

Kaonde 58 0,048 0,907

Makoma 54 0,045 0,952

Luchazi 18 0,015 0,967

Tonga 15 0,012 0,979

Chokwe 10 0,008 0,988

Lunda 8 0,007 0,994

Mashi 4 0,003 0,998

Kwangwa 2 0,002 0,999

Nyengo 1 0,001 1,000

Total 1209 1,000

1.5.2 History and Culture of the Nkoya

The Nkoyas were the original tribe within the Mufunta area. They originated in central DRC from a place called “Kola”. Most of the Nkoyas within Mufunta speak a dialect called Mashasha (which means sour beer). Others speak Lushange who are found just after Njonjolo and in the vicinity of Mwangaleshi.

The principle districts where Nkoya people are currently found are: Lukulu, Sesheke, Kasempa, Kalabo, Mumbwa, Namwala, Itezhitezhi, Kaoma and Kalomo. They are also found in Choma, Livingstone, Lusaka, Kabwe and Luanshya. The reason for shifting from the DRC is believed to be due to congestion and overcrowding. Movement from Kola was a slow process of shifting and settling, being disturbed, shifting again, rather than as a single direct journey. The time of movement from the DRC was sometime during the early 1700’s. The Nkoya leader at that time, who took them from the DRC to North-western Province, was Kabazi. Movement to Mufunta was only considerably later (about 1899), and from Kasempa. Their leader in Kasempa was Shikanda, who died in Kasempa. After the death of Shikanda the tribe was without a chief for some time.

The children decided to move across the Kafue River (about 1899), where they met with some cousins under Kabulwekabulwe and initially settled at a place called Mangangi which is within what is now the Kafue National Park. Subsequently they separated, leaving Kabulwekabulwe there, and continued south towards Namwala. Once in Namwala, an uncle of Shamamano went to fish at a certain pool (near Njoko). Some Ila people challenged him as to why he was fishing there, and in the following dispute killed him. This was the start of fighting with the Ilas. Shamamano (a grandson of Kasempa) was very brave (Shamamano means a man of courage), and was later installed as the chief . From Njoko, Shamamano subsequently moved (c. 1917) to a small stream called Kawoma, which is just inside Mufunta (c. 1917), and this is where his grave

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is. Prior to this the area is reported to have been empty of any other settlement. The reason for settling in Mufunta was that this seemed to be a good area for farming and for hunting.

Aspects of Nkoya culture are listed in Table 6.

Table 6. Aspects of early Nkoya culture at around the time they came to settle within Mufunta.

Culture Notes

Crops The peoples originating from the DRC (the Nkoyas and Kaondes and also the Bemba) did not have a culture of growing maize. Their principal crops were sorghum, groundnuts, yams (which they brought with them), fingermillet and cucumbers.

Hunting Nkoyas made use of a variety of tools for hunting, including: muzzle loaders, bows and arrows (with poison), dogs, spears, pit traps (mankwina) and other traps (sprint traps, stones). Nowadays the main hunting techniques used are guns, dogs, spears, and traps such as snares.

Cloth and clothes

Used to make a type of cloth called jitata from the bark of certain trees called muhamba (Brachystegia longifolia and B. boehmii). This was used to make blankets (called jilondo) and also for clothing. Also used animal skins such as from antelopes and duiker. The use of lion and leopard skins, and also that of genets, was reserved only for the Chief.

Fire Fire was made by means of creating sparks by clashing stones together and “catching” the sparks in cotton wool.

Pots Made different types of clay pots for water (ntesho) and for cooking (nyunguya and jima).

Kitchen utensils

Made wooden spoons, and also spoons from shells called ngambangamba (a type of bivalve found in rivers) and which are still in use today.

Tools Made metal tools such as axes, hoes, knives, from a type of stone called utare. This stone is found locally for example just south of Njonjolo.

Shoes Shoes were made from bark and from animal skins for example from hippo and buffalo.

The current Chief is called Mwene Kahare XII. The first Chief Kahares I and II were still in the Congo. The lineage is known, but is quite confusing in that some Chiefs have numbers and other do not and are simply known by their names.

1.5.3 History of the Luvale

Lubale people form a distinctive group in North-western Province, but is used here collectively as a name for a number of groups with similar cultures such as the Mbundas, Chokwe and Luchazi. Like the Nkoyas, these people also all originated from central DR Congo, but from where they moved to settle in Angola.

Within Mufunta, Mbundas are more dominant than the Lubales. They are found along the Luampa river and along the main roads, particularly where there is more pronounced “urban” development. They are reported to be strong on trading. In addition to Kaoma, the main areas where you find Luvale people are Lukulu, Kaoma, Chavuma, Mwinilunga South and Kasempa Districts. They are also found in Zambezi, Kalabo, Mongu, Luampa, Senanga, Kabompo and Livingstone, Lusaka, as well as in Angola. The reasons for shifting from Angola and coming to here was both as refugees and also to find good areas for farming. Initial movements were stimulated by a desire to escape the presence of the Portuguese colonial administration in Angola. More recently movements have been driven by the Savimbi wars during which time many Luvale came to Zambia to escape the fighting in Angola. Initial movement from Angola to Zambia was lead by three Mbunda chiefs: Chiyengele, Kandala and Katabola. The latter was the group that settled within Mufunta, whilst the other two are settled outside of Mufunta.

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From Angola the Mbundas came first to Kalabo, and from there to Mongu. The Barotse Chief in the 1920s did not allow the Mbundas to live on the floodplain, so they settled within the adjacent forests. However, the soils there are very poor (Kalahari sands), such that they concentrated in the head water areas where they caused a lot of destruction. As a result the Barotse Chief Lwenyika Yeta decided to push them further east into Kaoma, from where they came into Mufunta (about the 1920s). Their movements were partly also driven by following the extraction of timber, thus resulting in settlements at Luampa, Nyambi etc.

These people introduced cassava to the area. They also introduced mutete, a type of wild vegetable known locally as Mbunda cabbage, and that has now been brought into cultivation, as well as brush millet (mashangu).

The Mbundas used a similar array of hunting techniques as the Nkoyas, as well as other techniques such as kusheka (the running down of an animal by chasing it on foot), and vumbu (digging holes to catch small animals such as mice).

1.5.4 History of the Lozi

Lozi people also originated from the central Congo, from the Lubalunda kingdom. Before coming to Mufunta they first settled in Mongu, sometime during the 1800s, at which time they were under the leadership of Mbuywa Mwambwa. When the Nkoyas started fighting with the Ilas (c. 1917) they sent a message to the Lozis to seek assistance. The Lozi responded positively and sent a number of Ndunas to provide protection. By the time they arrived the fighting was already over. However, the ndunas were settled locally, throughout the area, and through doing so provided lasting protection. This resulted in the establishment of 14 subchiefs (including a few Nkoyas and Mbundas). Twelve subchiefs identified in the area are Kakumba, Libinga, Kanguya, Afumba (Nkoya – he was included as he was the one who lead the others to introduce them to Shamamano), Siwalyondo, Mufaya, Kasimba (Mbunda), Nkumbula, Mwetete (Nkoya), Kasabi (Mbunda), Chilanda, Muleka (and two others). These were spread over the area as assigned by Chief Kahare. Four of these subchiefs are currently settled within Mufunta (Afumba, Nkumbula, Chilanda and Muleka).

This is how the first Lozi people came to this area, ie about 1917 at the time of the conflict with the Ilas. The bulk of the settlement however has been since 1959 which was the time the father of Mr. Mombotwa (one of the Community Resource Use A assessment Team members) came to settle in the scheme at Shimano. Lozi people are now found all over the place, including Angola, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe.

Crops grown by the Lozi were maize sorghum, yams, wheat and groundnuts. The Lozi are credited with introducing maize to this area, Having been exposed to it through contact with early missionaries, and from where it spread to neighbouring areas. The Lozi also appear to be responsible for bringing cattle to Mufunta. Cattle seem to have come into this area from Namwala. Prior to the Nkoyas coming to Mufunta, the Lozis had a conflict with the Tongas about a women, which resulted in the Lozi’s collecting cattle from the Ilas. These animals used to graze on both sides of the Kafue, such that cattle were probably here from the time of the initial Nkoya settlement, although the Nkoya were not interested at all in keeping cattle. The initial cattle were short horned animals that are resistant to tsetse fly. Long horn cattle were introduced much later, and recently have suffered heavily from diseases, such that they seem to be in the process of being eliminated.

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1.5.5 Important Historical Events within Mufunta

When asked to identify important historical events (Table 7), the resource use assessment concentrated on political happenings, but on prompting did add a few natural perturbations too (locusts, floods and drought). The absence of severe drought events is notable. There was some confusion surrounding the dates of the earlier events concerning the conflict with the Ilas etc.

Table 7. Important historical and natural events in the history of Mufunta

Date Event

Conflict with the Ilas over fishing grounds. Nkoyas lead by Shamamano.

Shamamano is installed as Chief Kahare IV. Shifted to make his palace at Kawoma which is within the Kafue National Park but close to the border with Mufunta.

Establishment of the Lukena (Litoya Lya Mbuma) by Chief Timuna near Njonjolo (during the 1900’s)

c.1917 Establishment of Lilhlo Ndunas (subchiefs) within the Nkoya kingdom for protection of the area.

1945 Crop invasion by locusts.

1948 Chief Mutondo by the name of Muchayila was taken in exile to Kalabo by the royal Lozi establishment for 10 years.

1948 Excessive floods which prompted many Lozis to flee from the floodplains to upper lands.

1958 Excessive floods again.

1968 District name was changed from Mankoya to Kaoma in order to harmonise tribal groupings in the area.

1970 Introduction of the Tobacco Board of Zambia to Mufunta by a white man called Mr. Rangel (known locally as Kapayipi after the pipe he liked to smoke). People living in the area were integrated into the scheme. The land under the scheme was designated as state land, leaving the remaining village areas under customary tenure.

1972 Construction of tar road from Lusaka to Mongu

1992 Drought and importation of yellow maize

1996 Succession wrangle of Kalunga to Nduna Kakumba leads to tribal conflict between the Nkoya and Lozi. Some houses were burnt at Ntuba (outside of Mufunta). Both hands of the Litoya Mwanashihemi (Simon Mukumbi) were broken. The case was taken to the courts, which ruled that the Mwanashihemi should be compensated for his injuries. Subsequently the key actors came together and resolved their differences, and today people are working together as one for the development of the area.

2002 Mwene Kahare XI died 16 April 2002.

2006 Current Mwene Kahare XII confirmed 26 June 2002

The history of the Nkoya seeking and accepting protection from the Lozis has been the root of more recent local conflict, in that the Lozi now claim “ownership” of the area, but the Nkoya are proud of their heritage and at times have been reluctant to accept this – hence the exile of Chief Mutondo in 1948 and the more recent disturbances during 1996. Communities of Mufunta do not generally consider the creation of Kafue National Park to have been of any marked importance. This is in marked contrast to many protected areas, particularly where their creation has lead directly to the subsequent displacement of resident communities. This does not appear to have been a factor in the history of the current settlements within Mufunta.

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1.6 Institutional and Legal Issues

1.6.1 Existing Legal and Policy Framework

The Zambian Government has demonstrated its commitment to environment management conservation. Notable natural resource related legislation include the Fisheries Act No. 21 of 1974, Forest Act of 1973 Cap 199 and the Wildlife Act of 1998. However, further legislative reform and devolution is required to consolidate the natural resources gains made in the past decade. Continued engagement with the political leadership at the policy and legislative level is therefore a key task.

Important legislative processes that need to be completed here include development and implementation of subsidiary legislation that empowers communities to own and benefit from their natural resources, and the need to valorise the use of Community Based Organisations as an implementation mechanism to achieve the objectives of national level environmental action plans and multilateral instruments such as the CBD and the CCD. Such subsidiary legislation include the statutory instruments, such as Statutory Instrument No. 52 of 2002 that was issued in support of joint forest management, and bye-laws.

Substantive legislation supporting the involvement of local communities in the management of natural resources is anchored primarily anchored in the Wildlife Act of 1998. The institutionalisation of community based natural resource management in the Wildlife Act of 1998 is potentially far-sighted. It provides a legal framework for formation of Community Resource Boards (CRBs) and provides mechanisms for community involvement in benefit sharing from wildlife resources and its management.

The perceived successes in the wildlife sector encouraged participatory approaches in other sectors including the fisheries sector. Even though community based fisheries management programes have been implemented, they have not been supported by legislation. Such programmes include the SNV-Zambia initiated community-based fisheries management programme in Luapula province, which is operational in the Luapula River, Lake Mweru and Bangweulu swamps fisheries. The second documented initiative is the Lake Kariba Community fisheries management programme through local management structures in the Lake Kariba fisheries called Village Management Committees (VMCs) at the fishing village level, Zone Management Committees (ZMCs) at Chiefdom level and the Inter-Zonal Management Committee (IZC) covers the whole lakeshore from Sinazongwe to Siavonga. The origin of emerging fisheries co-management projects in these areas can be found in the ongoing democratization process taking place in Zambia.

Legislation and policies in forestry management were revised in 1999 and 1998 respectively with the aim of devolving resource management powers and benefit sharing to local communities through various local level institutions. The changes outlined considerable change in the management of Zambia's forest, encouraging the active involvement of local communities in the protection, management and utilisation of forest resources. The revised policy and legislation also introduced the concept of revenue sharing between government and local communities, and presented different approaches to be implemented in the management of Forest Reserves and open areas (under customary land). The draft Forest Act of 1999 which provides for a sense of ownership and benefit sharing has not yet commenced. To facilitate implementation of participatory management of forest resources, Statutory Instrument No. 52 of 2002 was passed to facilitate the implementation of the Forest Policy of 2000.

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1.6.2 Natural resource policy and legal reforms

A legislative development process that will further elaborate participatory natural resource management processes with the involvement of local level institutions is underway in fisheries and wildlife sectors. The fisheries sector, through the Department of Fisheries has drawn up a roadmap for formulating a fisheries policy through participatory policy. Policies and legislation related to forest management were revised in 1998 and 1999 aimed at devolving natural resource management authority and benefit sharing to local communities using local level institutions. The draft Forest Act No. 7 of 1999 which provides ownership and benefit sharing has not yet been activated.

An elaborate community based natural resource policy process is currently underway by the Zambia Wildlife Authority, with WWF support, that has produced a working document for the “National Community Based Natural Resources Management Policy for Game Management Areas and Open Areas”. Important governance and participatory strategies articulated include the role of local communities, local governance structures and traditional leaders in land use planning, Natural resource protection and monitoring of resources use and population trend, sustainable hunting quotas, hunting monitoring and local management of hunting, revenue-generating enterprises from wildlife and other natural resources and sustainable agricultural practices under Objective 1. Objective 2 of the draft working document of the CBNRM policy aims at ensuring the full participation of local communities in managing wildlife in game management areas and open areas whereas Objective 5 aims at promoting community support of private sector investments in wildlife and other natural resources based enterprises and in the development of sustainable utilization of natural resources in game management areas and open areas

1.7 Political IssuesThe Zambian Government has demonstrated its commitment to environment management and conservation. However, further policy and legislative reform and devolution are required to consolidate the natural resources gains made in the past decade.

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1.8 Threats, Problems and OpportunitiesThe threat and problem analysis appears in Table 8 whereas the problem tree is in Figure 3.

Table 8. Threat and problem analysis

Key-problems (described in terms of decline in state, either quantity or quality, of the environment)

Key problem: A deteriorating and diminishing natural resource base contributing to declining livelihoods.

Causes of the key problems (describe pressures)

Scale of pressures (quantify and/or describe significance)

Underlying causes (list at least 2 causes per pressure)

Possible responses by the Project

Pressure 1: Land Clearing High = Up to 10 Km north (Kamakokwa) and 25 Km south from Lusaka-Mongu road (Njonjolo, Nkeyema, and Shimano)

Medium = Lalafuta (north of Lusaka – Mongu road)

Low = South from Njonjolo to southern end of Mufunta game management area in Shakalongo.

1. Agriculture expansion2. Expansion of settlements3. Infrastructure development

4.

1. Land use plans2. Improved land husbandry such as

conservation agriculture

Pressure 2: Unsustainable and unregulated use of natural resource

High = In timber south of Njonjolo; land for agriculture from Njonjolo to northern end of Mufunta GMA; wetland utilisation from Njonjolo to northern end of Mufunta GMA; poaching is higher south of Njonjolo than in the north.

Low = Timber south of Njonjolo

1. Inadequate incentives, access and benefits to manage natural resources

2. Inadequate skills, knowledge and information natural resource base and management

3. Institutional and policy failures

4. Population increase

5. Inadequate access to appropriate technology

1. Formulation and implementation of participatory natural resource management plans

2. Formulate through a consultative process and submit bye-laws to the Kaoma District Council

3. Build institutional and community capacity for management of natural resources

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Pressure 3: Deforestation High = 10 Km south and 15 Km north of Lusaka-Mongu road.

Low = in remainder of Mufunta GMA.

1. Agriculture expansion2. Tobacco curing3. Fire4. Infrastructure

development



3. Strengthen capacity of local level institutions and communities for management of natural resources

4. Formulation and implementation of environmental awareness strategies

Pressure 4: Uncontrolled fire High throughout the Mufunta GMA 1. Land clearing (shifting cultivation)

2. Uncontrolled use of fire as a management tool

3. Hunting activities4. Inadequate knowledge

on fire management


2. Strengthen capacity of local level institutions and communities for management of natural resources

3. Formulation and implementation of environmental awareness strategies


Pressure 5: Use and mismanagement of agro-chemicals and poisons

High north of Njonjolo up to Kabilulwe

1. Need to improve agricultural crop yields

2. Fish harvesting3. Inadequate knowledge

on use and application of agro-chemicals and poisons

4. Expansion of out-grower schemes for cotton and tobacco

Formulation of a strategy for the safe use and management of agro-chemicals and poisons



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Figure 3. Problem Tree


Effects

Causes

Key-problem

Accidental / run-away fire

Charcoal production

Inadequate knowledge on fire management

Unsustainable & unregulated consumption of natural resources

Reduced animal productivity

Increased human wildlife conflict

Habitat & ecosystem degradationIrreversible collapse in the wildlife population / unique nature phenomenon

Unplanned Infrastructure Development

Settlement Expansion

Land tenure vested in traditional authority

Land / Bush clearing

PoachingFood insecurity

Limited IGA opportunities

Illegal trade in meat, timber & other NR

Lack of incentives & benefits

Increased demand for agricultural productsAvailability of illegal

firearms (high calibre)

Inadequate skills, knowledge & information on NR base & management

Inadequate knowledge on land and fire management

Uncontrolled FiresSubsistence and commercial Agric Expansion

Poor law enforcement on land issues

Diminishing natural resource base

Loss of employment

Increased demand for timber

Habitat & ecosystem degradation & modification

Competition for key resources

Loss of substantial tourism related income

Increasing poverty levelsBiodiversity Loss


1.9 Stakeholders

Table 9. Stakeholder Analysis Matrix

List stakeholders per category in relation to the Threats Analysis Matrix

Describe the "stake" Describe potential role in the Project

Who make use or benefit from the Natural Resources (Distinguish between commercial and subsistence & indicate who is threatening them)

1) Stakeholder group 1

Local Communities/Subsistence Farmers

Access to natural resources e.g. micro-wetlands, hunting grounds and fishing grounds.

Income generation from the resources e.g. grass, game meat

Land for farming and settlement.

Formation of the Village Action Groups

And Management of Village Zones

Formation of Commodity groups and implementation of their programmes

Implementation of the safe criteria for agro-chemicals and sustainable natural resource utilization

2) Stakeholder group 2

(a) Chief Kahare And The Mabombora Royal Court

(b) Sub-Chiefs And Village Headmen-

Improved livelihood for subjects

Access to natural resources and benefits from their sustainable use

Establishment and development of Mufunta

Infrastructure development and other development initiatives.

Increased access to natural resources for subjects;

Better livelihoods for subjects from natural resource use

Providing traditional, social and natural resource governance and leadership. Structures.

Administration of customary land.

Community mobilization Patron of the GMA

Community Mobilization in development activities

Conflict resolution and management. Promotion of indigenous knowledge system Participation in resource management.

3) Stakeholder group 3: Resource Users

(a) Pit sawyers(b) Beekeepers

Access to timber species Access to forests for beekeeping activities

Fire management Promotion of sustainable harvesting methods



(c ) Fish Farmers and fishermen

(d) Livestock Owners

(e) Charcoal Producers

(f) Grass cutters (normally women and youth)

and honey collection

Access to wetlands. And water bodies

Fishing rights

Access to grazing grounds

Access to forests and trees for charcoal production

Access to plains and grasslands where thatch grass is found

for timber resources Promotion of modern beekeeping

Management of micro-wetlands and other fisheries

Restocking of natural ponds and water bodies Construction of fish-ponds

Management of grazing lands Fire management Fire management Coppice management Forest protection

Fire management and maintenance of plains and grass lands and protection of their staked parcels

3. Commercial entities

(a) Zambia Leaf Tobacco Ltd

(b) Dunavant Cotton

(c ) Cheetah Zambia Ltd.

Tobacco production and marketing

Cotton production and marketing

Promotion of paprika production and, marketing

Promotion of f farm woodlots Promotion of sustainable wood harvesting

methods for tobacco curing on farms Promotion of safe use of agro-chemical

Promotion of safe methods of agrochemical use

As above



(d) Traders

(e) Commercial Farmers Arable land

Purchase of natural resource based produce and products; such as grass, timber honey, fish’

Traditional crafts etc Sales of essential commodities second hand

clothing

Promotion of conservation farming Promotion of safe agro-chemical use and

management Fire management Management of indigenous trees on the farm

4. Service Institutions

(a) Zambia Wildlife Authority

(b) Forestry Department

(c ) Department Of Community Development

Increased revenue from game licenses.

Increased animal (game) population Establishment of Community Resource Board

Sustainable Management of Forest resources Revenues from Forest licences

Raised adult literacy Reduction in vulnerability to poverty in women

and youth

Co - Management of Wildlife Resources. With local communities

Formation Of Game Management Area Anti-poaching activities with community

structures.

Co - management of forest resources. With community level structures

Creation of cost and benefit sharing mechanisms with local communities

Formulation and implementation of fire management plans

Promotion of adult literacy.

Promotion of income generation activities for women and youth groups.

Facilitation of food security Incorporation of environmental issues in adult



(d) Department Of Agriculture

(e) Ministry of Local Government And HousingAnd Kaoma District Council

(f) Schools

(g) Ministry Of Health

Increased knowledge and appropriate agriculture technology for farming households (Both commercial and subsistence)

New Sub-District Administrative Centre Decentralized governance structures Revenues

The future of the youth in the communities The social and economic development of the

area

Good Human and Environmental Health

literacy curriculum

Incorporation of environmental issues in extension packages

Promotion of safe use and management of agro-chemicals

Fire management

Development of infrastructure Delegation of development planning and

implementation framework Strengthening of Area Development

Committees

Providing democratically elected civic representation

Facilitates the mobilization of resources for local development projects.

Technical support through District Development Committee

Provision of education. to the youth

Promotion of environmental education

Provision of service centre for all development initiatives.

Community mobilization

Promotion of Human and environmental health Education on, and management of the

HIV/AIDS pandemic



(h) Servicing Non-Governmental Organizations

Program Against Malnutrition

Women For Change

Keepers Zambia Foundation

Eradication of hunger and famine from the community

Power and Rights for the local communities

Socio-economic empowerment of the local communities

Socio-empowerment of rural households

Provision of food Security packs

Promotion of income generating activities

Promotion of good governance issues in natural resource management

Promotion of gender issues in natural resource management

Promotion of income generating activities.

Promotion of wetland utilization

Group formation.

Promotion of micro-finance

Promotion of market linkages for small scale producers.

Distribution of agriculture in-puts

Who are responsible for the NR

1) Stakeholder group x

Traditional Leaders and local c0mmunities Heredity rights to the resource Some useful traditional laws and practices They will not easily abandon the entity in the

face of negative impacts Useful indigenous knowledge and technologies

They are committed to share in the responsibility of managing the entity

They will need knowledge and skills in natural resource management and utilization.

2) Stakeholder group y



Government Departments:Agriculture, Community Development,, Education, Fisheries, Forestry, Health, Local Government, Zambia Wildlife Authority,

Legal Mandates to execute Government policies in the conservation of natural resources and delivery of social services

Harmonizing co-management policies (Joint Forest Management, Community Resource Boards, Fisheries Management Board,, Educational Boards) which are meant enhance community participation in the Social and environmental sectors.

3) Stakeholder group z

Non-Governmental Organisations:Keepers Zambia Foundation, Women For Change-Zambia National Farmers Union

Have non bureaucratic mandates to mobilize resources and implement projects with rural communities

They are already in the area executing related livelihood projects

4) Private Sector:Zambia Leaf Tobacco, Dunavant Cotton, Cheetah Zambia

Working with Out grower Schemes for tobacco.. cotton and paprika growers

Already conscious of environmental impacts being exerted on the entity and are struggling to mitigate them

Who has specific interests in the problems?

1) Stakeholder group a

Agriculture Fisheries Forestry Zambia Wildlife Authority

Escalating land clearing in the central part of the entity

Dividing and changing habitat characteristics Increasing use of agro-chemicals Increased levels of poaching and dwindling

animal populations

Introducing agro forestry systems and on farm management of indigenous trees and forests.

Encouraging protection of ecologically sensitive areas on private farms

Encouraging safe methods of use and management of agrichemicals

Arresting possible effects of deforestation and promoting agro forestry systems in farming areas

Creation of the Game mManagement Area and increasing community participation in wildlife management

2) Traditional Leaders And Local Communities -Natural resource degradationIncreasing poverty levels in the communities

-Formation of the GMA and participating in natural resource management



-Creation of mechanisms that will release the potential to benefit from the local natural resources

2) Stakeholder group b

3) Stakeholder group c

Who has most knowledge or are most capable of dealing with the problems?

1) Stakeholder group i

(a) Grass cutters(b) Traditional beekeepers,(c ) Pit sawyers(d) Government extension officers(e) Non governmental organisations(f) Traditional leadership,(g) Rural Women

Resource users have knowledge on where various resources can be found and how they can be managed for the benefit of everybody

The Traditional leadership has traditional rules and regulations for resource use and management.

Government Extension Officers have technical and scientific knowledge in natural resource management.

Successful natural resources takes into account both scientific and indigenous knowledge in developing sustainable management regimes over resources in the commons.

NGOs have also generated a lot of practical lessons from the various projects they have undertaken together with local rural communities. These documented lessons could be adopted and tried in the implementation of the project.

Rural women have tremendous knowledge on various plant species and their importance; Furthermore they know how to deal with traditional subsistence Farming systems

2) Stakeholder group ii

3) Stakeholder group iii



2 JUSTIFICATION

2.1 Natural Resources and the PoorA survey of household livelihood trends in Mufunta indicated that mean annual per capita incomes of US$ 25 to US$ 160. This indicates a high level of disparity between the “have” and “have not”. The resource use assessment conducted in the area indicated that water was of a relatively high importance to livelihoods of the community (Table 10).

Table 10. Natural resources found within Mufunta and their relative importance (RI) scored in terms of an average family within Mufunta maintaining an average standard of living

Resource Score RI CRI

Water 210 0,267 0,267

Soil 200 0,254 0,522

Trees 150 0,191 0,712

Grass 90 0,115 0,827

Streams 60 0,076 0,903

Wildlife 40 0,051 0,954

Birds 20 0,025 0,980

Bees 10 0,013 0,992

Minerals 5 0,006 0,999

Reeds 1 0,001 1,000

Total 786 1,000

Key natural resources in Mufunta are therefore water, soil trees and grass. Wildlife, birds, honey are of secondary importance. The relative importance of water is closely tied to its availability during the dry season and in years of drought. Secondly, the level of land clearing and deforestation have both contributed to drying up of water bodies such is the case at Njonjolo School near Chief Kahare’s palace. Trees in the central part of Mufunta are a critical resource for construction, tobacco curing and timber. Unsustainable and unregulated harvesting patterns have increased the scarcity of wood resources, and medicinal plant resources.

A classification of the importance of forest products in general (Table 11) indicated that the most important uses of forests were identified as being water, fields for agriculture, firewood and poles, collectively accounting for one third of the overall importance mass. These were followed by grass timber, fibre, wildlife and honey, which accounted for a further third of the importance mass.

The remaining third was split amongst a larger basket of products, including foods (birds, tubers, fruits, mushrooms, beverages), medicines, and other minor uses such as brooms, dyes and gums.

Table 11. Relative importance (RI) of forest resources within Mufunta

Resource Score RI CRI

Water 100 0,095 0,095

Fields 90 0,086 0,181

Firewood 80 0,076 0,257



Poles 80 0,076 0,334

Grass 70 0,067 0,400

Timber 70 0,067 0,467

Fibre (rope) 70 0,067 0,534

Wild animals 65 0,062 0,596

Honey 60 0,057 0,653

Birds 60 0,057 0,710

Tubers 60 0,057 0,767

Medicines 60 0,057 0,825

Fruits 50 0,048 0,872

Beverages 50 0,048 0,920

Mushrooms 45 0,043 0,963

Brooms 30 0,029 0,991

Gums 5 0,005 0,996

Dyes 3 0,003 0,999

Minerals 1 0,001 1,000

Total 1049 1,000

Community members have indicated that many resources had declined in availability over the last 10 years (water, land, trees, wildlife), and expected this trend to continue over the next ten years (Table 12). Key reasons for this were population increase, and a corresponding increase in the area of settlement and clearing for agricultural purposes. Particular concerns related to the management of water sources, clearing for the production of tobacco, and charcoal production.

Predicted declines in the availability of grass resources was said to be not so much related to harvesting of grass resources,but due to land use changes such as increased grazing by livestock and increased incidence of fires. Such changes were reported to already be occurring, such that some areas that were formerly important sources of grass no longer are so.

Frequent mention was made of streams that used to hold abundant water, but now dry up, as well as used to have lots of fish but no longer do so. The later was blamed largely on destructive fishing techniques, such as the use of poisons and also the use of mosquito nets.

Table 12. Past (from 1969) and predicted future (t0 2006) changes in the relative availability of natural resources within Mufunta

Resource 1996 2006 2016 Notes

Water 150 100 50 Water supplies are expected to decrease due to continued clearing of forests for farming, particularly in river source areas and along stream banks, leading to the silting of rivers and closure of springs

Land 400 100 25 Availability of land is expected to decrease due to continued population increase, settlement and expansion of farming activities, together with establishment of the sub boma at TBZ which will displace a number of people and cause them to open new fields elsewhere

Trees 150 100 50 Trees are expected to continue to decrease due to further



population expansion, increased farming, increased demand for poles and timber and increased charcoal production

Grass 100 100 50 Expected to decrease due to expansion of population, increased levels of harvesting and changes in land use such as increased levels of grazing by livestock and increased levels of burning

Wildlife 150 100 50 Decrease in wildlife due to increase in settlements and farming activities and poaching, expect continued decrease due to further expansion of settlements and farming activities

Birds 100 100 100 Focus of hunting has been on animals and not birds

Reptiles 100 100 75 Expected to decrease due to loss of habitat to clearing of forests and also indiscriminate burning

Minerals 100 100 100 As yet untapped and currently no plans to do so

In terms of priorities for management interventions, communities gave highest scores to water resources (including rivers, streams and springs), and wildlife, together accounting for 55% of the overall importance mass (Table 13). These were followed by more widely distributed resources in the form of land, trees and grass, with lesser emphasis being given to birds and reptiles.

Table 13. Perceived priorities (scores) for natural resource management interventions within Mufunta and suggested focal areas for such interventions.

Resource Score RI CRI Focal areas

Water, springs, rivers

1900.339 0.339

Sources of rivers feeder streams, rivers and streams

Wildlife 120 0.214 0.553 Rivers, plains, woodland

Land 70 0.125 0.677 Throughout

Trees 60 0.107 0.784 Woodland, villages, farms

Grass 60 0.107 0.891 Pans, plains, woodland

Birds 40 0.071 0.963 Plains and woodland

Reptiles 20 0.036 0.998 Rivers and woodland

Minerals 1 0.002 1.000 Underground

Total 561 1.000

Local level perceptions of problems relating to the management of natural resources include lack of protection of water sources for rivers, streams and springs; indiscriminate cutting of trees; fire; inadequate protection for wildlife, uncontrolled killing of birds and reptiles and overgrazing by livestock. The first suggested solution was to sensitise people about these problems, development of local regulations and empowering communities to manage their resources more wisely.

It can therefore be observed that there is a high level of appreciation of unsustainable and unregulated use of natural resources in Mufunta and the need for interventions. More importantly, there is a relationship between the quality of life in the dry season and drought years with the availability of water. Community members of Mufunta generally acknowledge the problem of



deforestation and its link to declined sources of water, timber and other non-wood forest products. Interventions targeted at community awareness, formulation and strengthening of local regulations and capacity building will enhance the availability of some of the resources over the long term which will contribute to sustainable livelihoods and natural resource management.

The foregoing is in line with the stipulations of the Fifth National Development Plan (FNDP), where under Chapter 9 on Natural Resources, it recognises rapid population growth and over-exploitation of natural resources as threats to natural resources and livelihoods i.e. “……these factors have combined to exert pressure not only on social and economic services, but also on land, resulting in deforestation, biodiversity loss, land degradation and scarcity of agricultural land in some areas” (FNDP, 2006). Some of the causes of environmental degradation, which form principal project interventions, are listed as inadequate institutional capacity, ill-defined property rights, absence of a national land-use planning framework.

The FNDP (2006) has drawn a very clear linkage between poverty alleviation through natural resource management on page 78 article (a) on wildlife management and (c) on forest resources management

(a). Facilitating the tourism development through community involvement with emphasis on placed on community based tourism. In order to facilitate this, a Tourism Development Credity Facility (TDCF) will established. Government is also promoting private sector participation in the management of natural resources. FNDP,

(b). Opportunities arising from the control of deforestation include improved availability of forest goods to rural poor, increased sub-sector productivity and more cost-efficient use of Zambia’s natural resources.

2.2 Contribution to Implementation of Multilateral Environmental AgreementsZambia has acceded to over 20 international environmental conventions that have a bearing on natural resources management. In the FNDP, the Zambian government shall give priority to the domestication of 5 conventions that are critically relevant to Zambia

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention)

Convention for the Protection of World Heritage.

It is also envisaged the Zambian government will also complement on-going efforts, including support to the implementation of the National Capacity Self Assessment project (which is aimed at taking stock of current capacity levels and capacity needs in government, NGOs, CBOs and the private sector for the implementation of the CBD, UNCCD and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)); and the National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA), which has been initiated to help the country adapt and mitigate problems related to climate change.

2.3 Contribution to the Implementation of National Plans2.3.1 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)



The implementation of the first PRSP (2002-2004) and the Transitional National Development Plan (TNDP 2002-2005) came to an end in December 2005. Zambia’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (2002-2004) specifically identified the close and crosscutting relationship between poverty reduction and the environment. It highlighted the prevailing situation where the poor depend on natural resources but are in danger of severely depleting the resource base. It therefore concluded that ‘the involvement“ of affected local communities in environmental management was crucial to the success of poverty reduction. In addition to linking the environment and the livelihoods of the poor, the PRSP as well as the various national policies frequently mentioned the importance of community involvement, capacity building at local level and the need to ensure devolution of natural resource management to local communities. The PRSP was reviewed against the indicators of Millennium Development Goals. The implementation of the MDG related to the environment was inadequate and hence the Fifth National Development Plan will address this indicator in more detail than the PRSP. The PRSP was effected between 2002 and 2005 and have been replaced by the Fifth National Development Plan for 2006 to 2010.

2.3.2 Fifth National Development Plan

The implementation of the PRSP between 2002 and 2005 resulted in inadequate achievement of the MDG related to the environment. According to Chapter 2 under non-income poverty, the Fifth National Development Plan 2006-2011 (FNDP) indicates that “…environmental degradation has reached alarming proportions. The country’s forests are under tremendous pressure, with wood harvesting for fuel and timber and the clearance for agriculture and human settlement being some of the primary causes. In the last decade, environmental degradation, especially deforestation and wildlife and fish depletion, has become particularly severe and threatens sustainable economic growth and the survival of the poorest populations”. Therefore, in trying to address some of the short comings of the PRSP, the FNDP has Chapter 9 on natural resources and Chapter 30 on the environment that have strategies to address environmental issues. The objectives and strategies for the natural resources sector are captured in Table 14.

Table 14. Objectives and strategies for the natural resources sector under the Fifth National Development Plan

No. Objective Strategies1 1. To maintain a representation of

Eco-systems for the benefit of current and future generations

a) Maintenance of representative protected areas network system

b) Expansion of protected area system to include wetlands types which are not currently under protection

2 2. To develop a conducive policy and legislative framework for enhanced contribution of the sector to the National Economy

a) Formulate and implement appropriate policies and plans b) Integrate private sector driven policies and programs in

NRMc) Integrate international environmental conventions in

national laws and local programs

3 3. To strengthen the management systems for sustainable utilization of the natural resources.

a) Improved Coordination and administrationb) Institutional development and capacity building

4 4. To mainstream Gender and HIV/AIDS in Sector activities Promotion of gender HIV/AIDS equity and awareness

5 5. To effectively conserve and manage wildlife and habitats

a) Improving habitat productivity, protection and monitoringb) Rehabilitation protected areas infrastructurec) Integrated regional law enforcement

6 6. To promote the sustainable utilization of wildlife resources

a) Co-management of wildlife resourcesb) Commercialisation of wildlife industries

7 7. To strengthen community participation in wildlife management

Co-management of wildlife resources



8 8. To strengthen institutional and human resource capacities of the Zambia Wildlife Authority

a) Improved Coordination and administrationb) Institutional development and capacity building

9 9. To mainstream Gender, HIV and AIDS into ZAWA Promotion of gender HIV/AIDS equity and awareness

10 10. To effectively manage the process of institutional change and reform of the forestry sector

a) Institutional reformb) Strengthening of institutions and human resourcesc) Enhanced institutional inter-sectoral and regional

collaboration

11 11. To manage and conserve indigenous forests and enhance local forest governance in a sustainable way

a) Integrate forestry into relevant cross-sectoral development activities

b) Implement sustainable forest management and conservation

c) Strengthen forest resource protection and monitoring

12 12. To enhance the economic and social contributions from industrial and plantation forestry through sustainable commercialisation

a) Strengthen commercial forestry b) Improve rural and urban livelihoods through sustainable

forest-based enterprisec) Develop forest sector financing

13 13. To enhance the quality of forest information through improved data generation, management and dissemination

a) Build capacity of forest staff in research & information b) Implement research programmes, inventories and

assessments c) Disseminate forest information and data to key

stakeholders and the general public

14 14. To mainstream Gender, HIV and AIDS into ZAWA Promotion of gender HIV/AIDS equity and awareness

15 15. To promote conservation and sustainable utilization of wetland resources

a) Promotion of community participation.b) Promote commercialisation and value addition for

wetland resources.c) Develop integrated land use planning.d) Improve regional and international Collaboration:

16 16. Strengthen the management systems for sustainable utilization of wetlands.

a) Improve coordination of wetlands managementb) Improve Public awareness on wetland values and

functions.

17 17. Mainstream Gender and HIV/AIDS in wetlands management

a) Promote awareness of gender issues and HIV/AIDS.b) Encourage equity between women and menc) Put in place deliberate measures to equip, protect, care

and support d) HIV/AIDS infected people

18 18. To conserve and manage national heritage

a) to encourage community participation in the conservation and management of the national heritage

b) Promote the commercialisation on national heritagec) Promote Sustainable Tourism Developmentd) Promote Public Awareness and Education in heritage

conservatione) Strengthen Research and Management planningf) Improve regional and international collaborationg) Improve Infrastructureh) Strengthen Analysis, Treatment and Curation of

Heritage Materialsi) Strengthen National Heritage resource protection and

monitoring

19 19. Improve organization and management systems

a) Strengthen national and regional coordinationb) Improve human resources for the organization and

administrative systemc) Improve Financial Management Systemsd) Improve the legal and policy frameworke) Improve Data Management Systemsf) Improve Monitoring Capability

20 20. To Mainstream Gender and HIVUtilise Gender and HIV policies to integrate gender and HIV into heritage management

This project will contribute to Objectives 2, 3, 11, 15, 16, 17, by formulating natural resource usage by-laws, strengthening the local level management systems for sustainable utilization of



natural resources, sustainable management of indigenous forests and wetlands, mainstreaming HIV/AIDS awareness and gender empowerment in natural resource management. In order to entrench benefit accrual from natural resources, a strategy to negotiate and establish formal public-private partnerships for environmentally safe product enterprises and market linkage development will be supported.

2.3.3 National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) and other environmental plans and strategies

Four major national planning frameworks, the National Environmental Action Plan/Environmental Support Programme (NEAP/ESP), the Zambia Forestry Action Plan (ZFAP), the National Biodiversity Action Plan, and the Water Resources Action Plan (WRAP) provide the national framework for the implementation of environment related projects. Priorities in the NEAP/ESP include capacity development while the ZFAP is geared towards the sustainable management of Zambia's forest resources, to which both objectives this project is contributing. ZFAP acknowledges the potential contribution of forest resources to poverty alleviation in Zambia through increased household food security and nutrition through forest products, provision of employment for both rural and urban populations through forest activities and the sustained role of maintaining ecological processes.

2.3.4 (Other national, sectoral, regional and local development plans)

(i) National Environmental Policy (NEP)

The policy recognises the pressing need to manage the impact of human activity on the environment with particular regard to five main areas of environmental concern; deforestation, wildlife depletion, land degradation, heritage destruction and loss, air pollution, water pollution and inadequate sanitation. This project falls within one of the immediate objectives of the NEP, i.e. to enhance sustainable natural resource management for improved environmental health and sustainable livelihoods of rural communities with improved local regulations and institutional structures.

(ii) Draft CBNRM Policy

The policy goal is provide an adequate framework to guide the participation of the various stakeholders in wildlife management in the game management areas and open areas. The lack of/or inadequate participation of local communities in the decision making processes and sharing of benefits arising from managing wildlife has been cited as one of the major contributing factors to the increased levels of poaching of wildlife in the country. The project through intervention at local level will ensure the full participation of local communities in managing wildlife in game management areas and open areas. Ensuring continued community participation in wildlife management is key to sustainable wildlife management.

2.4 Other Global and Regional Initiatives

2.4.1 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)

The 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) did not provide all the global commitments needed to urgently and effectively address poverty and environment issues. However, probably more than ever before, the process highlighted the fundamental links between poverty and the environment, and that lasting poverty reduction cannot be accomplished without sustainable natural resource management. The need for community-based approaches was highlighted, and also included in the Plan of Implementation that came out as a main result of the Summit. As such, the project’s core principles relate very well with the summit. We believe that such initiatives are among the most relevant to address the main issues discussed by the



Summit, namely poverty reduction within the framework of sustainable natural resource management. This will also be the basis for meeting the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. The most important outcome of the summit in the short term was the decision to focus follow-up activities on the so-called WEHAB commitments.

2.4.2 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

The project will contribute towards MDGs 1- Eradicate extreme poverty and 7- Ensure environmental sustainability, through its Income generation activities - poor people tend to be the most dependent upon the direct utilization of biodiversity for their livelihoods, and are therefore the first to suffer when these resources are degraded or lost. Biodiversity also offers great potential for marketing unique products, many of which are extremely valuable but the benefits only infrequently accrue to the poor.

2.4.3 New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD)

The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) is a pledge by African leaders to eradicate poverty and to place their countries on a path of sustainable growth and development and thus halt the marginalization of Africa in the globalisation process.

The ten priority sectors identified for urgent action under NEPAD includes the Environment Initiative. The introduction to NEPAD’s Action Programme notes that poverty reduction depends on the health and good stewardship of the environment. One of NEPAD’s goals, “to implement national strategies for sustainable development by 2005 so as to reverse the loss of environmental resources by 2015” gives credence to the Regional CBNRM Project. Under the sectoral priority on the Environment Initiative, NEPAD targets the following eight sub-themes as priority interventions: combating desertification, wetland conservation, invasive alien species, coastal management, global warming, cross-border conservation areas, environmental governance, and financing.

Details of the various work programmes under NEPAD are still under development. WWF has, together with UNEP, IUCN and the World Bank been invited to develop NEPAD’s environment component further. WWF is therefore in a good position to link the further development of NEPAD with this project. Thus, this Project will facilitate efforts to put NEPAD Environmental Initiative into actual operation, at local scale.

2.5 Objectives of Norwegian Development Cooperation The Norwegian development cooperation policy from 2003-2004 highlights environment and natural resource management as a main element in development cooperation. In June 2006 the Norwegian Government launched an action plan to ensure a more systematic implementation of environmental efforts in development cooperation, with sustainable management of biological biodiversity and natural resources being one of four thematic priority areas. The Project seeks to directly support and improve the sustainable management of biological biodiversity and natural resources by local communities within the Mufunta GMA. The proposed Project thus contributes directly to this clear priority.

Good governance is another main element in Norwegian development cooperation. Management of natural resources contains very important governance issues. Poor governance is frequently an important cause of environmental destruction and may also stop local communities from benefiting from the natural resource base as the resources themselves or income from the use of these resources are taken away from local communities. WWF works to improve governance and transparency through bringing the management responsibility closer to local communities. The



project seeks to establish local community based organizations for the management of natural resources that are representative of and accountable to their constituent members. This is in line with the devolution of governance to the lowest possible level including rights to use and benefit from land and natural resources.

Strengthening civil society is an important tool for an NGO like WWF and an integral part of the proposed Mufunta Project. This involves awareness raising and capacity building within a range of skills. In order for local communities to take a more active role in management of their own natural resource base the Project will assist local communities in organising themselves, strengthen existing institutions and facilitate the establishment of new ones as well as helping local communities formulating their wishes and demands. Developing the capacity of communities to generate their own solutions to local development problems and further developing the existing partnerships between communities, the state, private sector and NGOs, contributes towards the development of a model that is directly applicable to other conservation areas elsewhere in Zambia.

Norway considers Zambia as a long-term development partner with the overall goal of reducing the HIV/AIDS pandemic and addressing the problem of increasing levels of poverty. The four key areas of development assistance outlined in the MoU between Norway and Zambia are governance, education, infrastructure and environmental management (with an emphasis on wildlife management). The development and implementation of strategies for improved natural resources management will directly contribute to fulfilling the environmental output of Norway’s Country Strategy. In addition, it will provide an important model for other similar projects within the environment-wildlife portfolio. Zambia like other southern African countries is facing the HIV/AIDS pandemic. In Zambia, the effects of the pandemic are exacerbated by extreme rural poverty, malnutrition and poor health services. This project will, with its links to other partners, be a conduit for information and skills linking HIV/AIDS, the environment and natural resources.

2.6 WWF’s experience

2.6.1 Geographical Area

WWF Zambia Coordination Office in Lusaka has been operating in Zambia since registration with the Zambian government in 1991. The project sites in which WWF Zambia Coordination Office has been operating include Copperbelt, Bangweulu Basin, Kafue Flats, Kafue river basin in Katuba and Namwala, Luangwa Valley, lower Zambezi, Mumbwa and lately Mufunta game management area.

2.6.2 Thematic Area

Since the 1990s, the WWF Zambia Programme Office in Lusaka has worked with the Zambian government, NGO and other partners in

environmental education for children and adults in Bangweulu, Lower Zambezi, Namwala and Mumbwa

community based natural resource management institutional and policy development for Zambia

conserving forests and freshwater resources in the Kafue Basin in the Kafue headwaters and Kafue flats

conservation of the African wild dog in Luangwa Valley and Lechwe in the Kafue Flats

intergrated water resources management and food security for the Kafue River Basin in Katuba and Namwala



Luangwa Valley land use planning

mitigating of human elephant conflict Luangwa Valley

linking sustainable livelihoods and conservation in the Bangweulu Basin

tourism and protected areas in the Kafue south bank game management area

WWF Zambia has been in the forefront to facilitate the formation and registration of the Zambia Community Based Natural Resources Management Forum and supporting in community based natural resources management activities in selected Game Management Areas, e.g. in the Kafue Flats and the Bangweulu Swamps, and has worked to push development of appropriate policies and legislation at the national level.

Between January and September 2006, WWF Zambia Coordination Office and WWF Norway with the support of the Norwegian government has been implementing the Mufunta CBNRM Project Inception phase whose main activities were to collect baseline information on natural resources of Mufunta, identify stakeholders and carry out stakeholder consultations and natural resource related issues for the purpose of developing the project proposal. Presently WWF Zambia Coordination Office has created good rapport with stakeholders and knowledge coverage of the whole Mufunta game management area. The implementation of the various projects in environmental education, community based natural resource management, freshwater, forestry, wildlife and land use planning has enhanced the capacity of WWF Zambia Coordination Office to implement a project of the magnitude of the current proposal.

2.7 Contribution to WWF’s Global and Regional Priorities

2.7.1 Global Priorities

WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature by conserving the world’s biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption.

WWF’s strengths lie in its ability to think globally and act locally; and that the mixture of fieldwork, policy and campaigning, influencing markets and forming partnerships bring a unique approach which allow effective delivery on the Mission through the One Global Programme. WWF chose its global conservation priorities by first identifying three biomes on the basis of the One Global Programme – forests, freshwater ecosystems and oceans/coasts – and then providing a geographical focus in these ecosystems through the Global 200 Ecoregions. The Miombo eco-region is one of the Global 200 eco-region, the largest eco-region on mainland sub-Saharan Africa. The eco-region provides a good example in which management of landscapes of biological significance is central to maintaining its essential features, such as soil moisture regimes, dominant vegetation cover, characteristic species and associated ecosystem processes.

2.7.2 Regional Priorities

WWF-SARPO (World Wide Fund for nature’s Southern Africa Regional Programme Office) has been tasked with the implementation of WWF’s global mission and targets at the Southern African sub-regional level. WWF –SARPO collaborates with governments, non-governmental organizations, the private sector and other institutions working in the sub-region in the process of executing its programmes of conservation of nature and ecosystem processes. The regional focus translates into the same number of biomes with an additional five issue based or cross-cutting objectives that include savanna ecosystems, arid lands, sustainable wildlife use,



environmental awareness and capacity building. The project will therefore target 4 regional objectives i.e. from the WWF SARPO 2006-2010 Conservation Plan:

Objective 1. Web of Life: Key terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and processes conserved, sustainably managed and used in Southern Africa.

Objective 2. Roar of the Wild: Flagship and priority Southern African species managed for population and range expansion where appropriate, to meet ecological and socio economic requirements of the region.

Objective 3. Sharing Nature’s Bounty: Livelihoods and equitable benefits harnessed for people through economic, social, and cultural contributions from the sustainable use of natural resources in Southern Africa

Objective 4. Constructive Engagement with Policy Makers: Conservation and sustainable natural resource management in Southern Africa supported by sound policy, legislation and macro economic understanding at local and global levels.

WWF-SARPO has an active eco-region conservation programme, the Miombo Ecoregion Conservation Programme, for the Miombo or Southern Caesalpinoid Woodlands Eco-region. The Miombo eco-region is one of the Global 200 eco-region, the largest eco-region on mainland sub-Saharan Africa. The eco-region provides a good example in which management of landscapes of biological significance is central to maintaining its essential features, such as soil moisture regimes, dominant vegetation cover, characteristic species and associated ecosystem processes.

This project, implemented within the Miombo eco-region, will target objectives 1 to 3 and provide an on-going source of technical advice to other projects with which SARPO is already directly associated with in Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

3 PROJECT ACHIEVEMENTS, LESSONS AND DEVIATIONS

3.1 Describe the extent to which the Project has been carried out as plannedThe Mufunta Community Based Natural Resource Management Project - Inception Phase, Zambia (ZAM), Project No. ZM0040 started in January 2006. The project purpose was “Development of a project proposal for a Community Based Natural Resource Management Project for the Mufunta Game Management Area outlining the institutional framework for collaboration, specific implementation, monitoring and evaluation guidelines and the development of plans for the sustainable management of the natural resources of Mufunta Game Management Area adjacent to the Kafue National Park.”

The preparatory phase supported stakeholder consultations at different levels within the proposed project site and in addition, reviewed existing data – socioeconomic and biophysical – produced baseline information, identified gaps and methods for gap filling as well as establishing a framework for monitoring and evaluation. The project brought together relevant stakeholders, focus their complementarities and strengths and in that way built a basis for a local and broad-based ownership of the proposed community based natural resources management project. The preparatory phase ensured that issues pertaining to the sustainable natural resources management using locally based initiatives in the Mufunta Game Management Area become part and parcel of each government department’s sustainable natural resource management agenda.

Other achievements include the formation of a Conservation Club at Nkeyema High School arising from the Head Teacher’s attendance of the stakeholder workshop.



The introduction phase has led to the production of this project document that will not only create an enabling framework through which key stakeholders in natural resources management sector can work together but also a basis for implementing a community based natural resources management project for the Mufunta Game Management Area. The intervention logic for the proposal, including indicators were developed through a workshop with stakeholders that was held in the Kafue National Park. Stakeholders present represented fisheries, forestry, wildlife sectors as well as the Kaoma district local government.

3.2 Describe the extent to which the expected results have been achieved during the last years

The inception of the project has achieved intended results by carrying out an extensive stakeholder consultative process, resource use assessment, and collection of baseline information in vegetation and wildlife ecology. These results that have been achieved have formed an important input into the formulation of this project document.

3.3 Describe internal or external factors that have particularly affected project performance or the planning

3.3.1 Internal factors

The fact that the project had no vehicle meant that a large amount of the budget was used for hiring of a vehicle . However, this had no consequences for implementation of project activities.

3.3.2 External factors

The total area that was covered in the preliminary assessment in Mufunta game management area is 6,555 Km2, which has poor access roads in some areas Shikela and Shakalongo in the south and parts of Lalafuta in the north.

4 PROJECT GOAL AND PURPOSE4.1 Project Goal

The Goal of the proposed Mufunta Community Based Natural Resource Management Project is “Conservation and sustainable use of natural resources by communities in the Mufunta Game Management Area (GMA) secures maintenance of biodiversity and livelihood security for present and future generations”.

Indicators: Degradation of biodiversity and conservation values stopped and where necessary

restored

Benefit flows (livelihoods and ecosystem services) maintained or increased from natural resources in the Mufunta GMA.



4.2 Project Purpose

The Purpose of the proposed Mufunta Community Based Natural Resource Management Project is “Sustainable participatory natural resource management systems in Mufunta Game Management Area established, including provision of alternative livelihoods”.

Indicators: Participatory natural resource management processes are ongoing and supported by

ZAWA by end of 2008.

Natural resource management plans developed, approved and in process of implementation by end of 2009.

Sustainable alternative livelihood strategies for local communities being implemented by end of 2010.

Mandated natural resource management agencies and communities are leading sustainable natural resource management initiatives by end of 2012.

5 PROJECT OUTPUTS

5.1 Output 1

Output 1: Local level institutional structures for natural resources management (NRM) developed and/or strengthened.

An assessment of existing local level institutions was carried out during the inception phase but will continue in the implementation phase. Local level institutions in the Mufunta game management area that were found to be non-existent but important to the project are Community Resource Boards and associated Village Action Groups, commodity groups, and school conservation clubs. These institutions will be formed through a consultative process with various local and national stakeholders. In order to improve capacity for organisational and natural resource management at local level, the institutions that will be established including other community based organisations, Area Development Committees, associations such as those representing out-growers and traditional leaders will be incorporated in capacity building programs. To support the institutional structures and the capacity building programs, by-laws will be formulated and submitted for approval to the Kaoma District Council.

Indicators: Appropriateness and effectiveness of local level institutional structures for natural

resource management assessed by mid 2007.

Ten Village Actions Groups established by end of 2007.

One Community Resource Board established by February 2008.

Training needs for local level institutional structures for natural resource management assessed by June 2008.

Community members from local level support structures have received training on identified needs by end of 2008.

Adequate incentives for sustainable participatory natural resource management by local communities within the Mufunta GMA secured through enabling policy, legal and institutional framework by the end of 2008.



5.2 Output 2

Output 2: Participatory natural resource use management plan developed and implementation facilitated

The natural resource base of Mufunta game management area is not surveyed, making it difficult to formulate elaborate sectoral management plans. In order to create baseline for formulation of sectoral management plans, natural resource based surveys will be conducted for fisheries, forest, water and wildlife resources for the whole Mufunta game management area. Resource based surveys will be coupled with land use mapping in order to create land use plans. Due to the high frequency of occurrence of bush fires, and the unsafe and mismanagement of agrochemicals and poisons, strategies for the management of fire, agrochemicals and poisons will be formulated in collaboration with local community members as well as suppliers of agrochemicals. Management plans for natural resources, fire, agrochemicals and poisons will be embedded with the management orientated monitoring system that WWF has been implementing with the Zambia Wildlife Authority. The project level management plans will then be passed to the Zambia Wildlife Authority for incorporation into the Mufunta GMA management plan.

Indicators: Natural resource management plans (e.g. fisheries, forestry, water, wildlife), that will feed

into overall management plan / land use plan for the GMA, developed and submitted to the Kaoma District Council by September 2008.

Fire management strategy developed by December 2008.

Strategy and action plan to reduce negative impact of agrochemicals developed by December 2008.

Draft Mufunta GMA management plan based on comprehensive participation developed by July 2009.

By-laws for natural resource use developed and submitted by December 2009.

Implementation of Mufunta GMA management plan facilitated by December 2010.

5.3 Output 3

Output 3: Range of ecologically sustainable agro- and natural resource based livelihood options identified, developed and adopted.

Environmentally unsafe agro and natural resource activities that have been going on in Mufunta game management area include unsustainable harvesting of timber (i.e. Rosewood, teak), and agrochemical based cotton and tobacco growing. Improved management practices of agro and natural resource based livelihood activities will greatly enhance their contributory positive effects to the environment.

The identification of livelihood options, capacity improvement, and support and establishment of public-private partnerships for environmentally safe products, enterprises and market linkages are key to catalysing changes in practices and operations.

Indicators: Survey of agro- and natural resource based livelihood activities by October 2007.

Six commodity groups of 15 members each established by February 2008.

Training needs of commodity groups in alternative livelihood strategies assessed by July 2008.



Commodity groups trained in identified needs by end 2009.

Alternative livelihoods strategies developed and implemented by commodity groups by end 2010.

5.4 Output 4


Experiential learning and effective communication are key to environmental awareness amongst local communities. Cross-cutting issues of HIV/AIDS and gender are generally downplayed at the local traditional leadership level. The project will mainstream these issues in its activities and design communication tools/materials that will suit specific stakeholders.

Indicators: All identified target groups (user groups, Kaoma district authorities, traditional leaders,

Community Resource Boards, Community Based Organisations, private sector, Non-governmental organisations, local communities, groups outside the Mufunta GMA) are familiar with the purpose of the project by August 2007.

Environmental awareness strategy developed and implemented by December 2009.

Sixty per cent of the farmers, commodity groups and other natural resource users are aware of the environmental implications on the natural resource base of their activities by December 2009.

5.5 Output 5


The project is expected to be in place by April 2007 when it recruits the project implementation team comprising the project manager, field coordinators and project assistants. The project implementation team will prepare workplans, technical and financial reports, communicate the project and carry out relationship management during the implementation of the project.

Indicators: Project executant, field facilitator & project assistants recruited and functional by April

2007.

Annual process of technical reviews, reporting and preparation of budgets and work plans established by mid 2007, incorporating participation by key stakeholders.

Database of project reports, baseline studies, monitoring system etc. established and operational by end of 2007.

6 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION6.1 Overall Approach / Implementation Strategy



Though Zambia is a country with great natural resources in the form of wildlife, biodiversity, land and freshwater resources it also one of the world’s poorest countries where a large proportion of the population live under severe poverty conditions. Most of the population still depend on the direct utilisation of natural resources around them.

Farming, livestock grassing, fisheries, hunting and collection of natural resources like firewood constitute some of the sustenance initiatives. Over harvesting of the natural resources is increasingly becoming a problem, and with the fast growing population and further rise in consumption patterns, it is apparent that in the near future there will be further over harvesting. This could lead to increase in environmental degradation and further poverty and reduced options for development, unless a more sustainable resource use and new development options can be introduced.

The project aims to help create a foundation for sustainable resource use focusing on the communities in rural areas of Mufunta Game Management Area. It will apply a combined strategy of enterprise development, capacity building on sustainable resource utilization and awareness raising, working through Community Based Organisations and other relevant institutions in the local villages.

Enterprise Development

Communities in the Mufunta GMA have requested the Zambia Wildlife Authority to set up the Game Management Area, so that they can benefit from revenue collection. The purpose of introducing enterprise development is to enhance entrepreneurship at local level, provide alternative sources of livelihoods, encourage conservation and establish sustainability of project interventions in a more practical way.

This strategic approach will aim at developing a model that incorporates community management of natural resources methodologies and linkages with the private sector in beekeeping, thatch grass, crafts, spring water and lodge developers through a public-private partnership. The model will include identification and formation of commodity groups4, Village Action Groups and other local level structures; building capacity in commodity groups, Village Action Groups and other local level structures; linking commodity groups and Village Action Groups with the private sector such as the Zambia Agribusiness Technical Assistance Centre and the Mumwa Crafts Association. The private sector will bring business skills that will build capacity at local level in small scale business management, access to low capital such as the Zambian government’s Tourism Development Credit Facility, and access to local markets for their products. Beekeeping, thatch grass, crafts and spring water are resources that are readily available in Mufunta. Presently, beekeeping, thatch grass and crafts are harnessed and sold to bulk buyers such as Mumwa Crafts Association from Mongu for crafts (Mumwa Crafts Association has an annual purchasing budget of US$ 20,000 with 3,500 members in western province). Promoting trade in commodities that are already traded (Table )in the area with known markets and market players provides a niche to the strategy that will be implemented.

4 Commodity Group: A group identified by a product which can be food or another physical product – an article of commerce. The group will consist of a range of parts, components and suppliers which have been grouped together for reasons of trading ease and synergy. These groups will be formed in accordance with the criteria of similar component and supplier structure.



Table 15. Properties of potential natural resource based enterprises in Mufunta

Enterprise Subsector Potential Product Requirements for Enterprise Development

Potential Markets

Beekeeping Liquid Honey

Beeswax (value chains: cosmetics, water proffing, floor & furniture polishes, candle for lighting)

Technical & business skills; financial management

Forest Fruits Ltd.;

T & C Environment & Devl. In Zambia;

Speciality Foods Ltd’ ;

Rivonia ;

Munati Honey

Thatch Grass Thatching grass As above Golden Grass Ltd.;

Hotels, restaurants & lodges

Crafts Baskets

Decorative articles

As above Mumwa Crafts Association

Wild Organic Mushrooms

Edible mushrooms As above OPPAZ (Organic Producers & Processors Association of Zambia)

Portable Spring Water Drinking water As above Kaoma

Mongu

Lusaka

(retail outlets

One of the key problems found in Community Resource Boards country-wide is that they are revenue-sinks. Building capacity at the Village Action Group and local level structures is expected to change the practice in Community Resource Boards where revenue received is put to consumptive use instead of channelling it into capital projects that create revenue at local level. Secondly, this model entails a major shift from intervening at the Community Resource Board to the Village Action Group and other local level structures that are not at the same level as a Community Resource Board.

The model will provide practitioners in the natural resources management sector a framework, which incorporates standards for peer review and a continuous process of lesson learning and sharing experiences. The Community Resource Boards under the Zambia Wildlife Authority are centrally controlled providing a focal point for all community participation initiatives. Historically emphasis is placed on large game and revenue from hunting as the driver for community development.

The alternative model aims at integrating NRM at Village Action Group (VAG) and other grass root level structures to ensure access to benefits in natural resources management for households at community level and also to widen the range of resources from which communities can benefit.

This new approach will contribute to sustainable natural resources management through the formation/and support for secure community driven organizational structures and capacity building for local level decision-making through smallholder commercialization.



Capacity building

The project will in general work through existing local institutions like CRB’ ADC’s and community organisation/institutions and build the capacity of these. It will be an integrated approach from the project to include the relevant local stakeholders in all the relevant steps in the training from the needs assessments, development of training materials, implementation of the training, to the evaluation and documentation of the results. Also the project plan to involve and utilize the different local resource persons in and around the communities, district and province in connection with all the relevant steps. So, using and building the local resources will be an important aspect of the project. To be able to develop a model that can easily be replicated in other similar settings in Zambia and other countries, it is necessary to utilize as much local human resources as possible and build the capacity building of these. As a starting point Community Animators will be trained in various skills including community mobilization, commodity group organization and community level monitoring of activities including planning.

Environmental Awareness

The project seeks to integrate the awareness on environmental issues and capacity building on natural resource use for both children and adults in the Mufunta community. This will be done by supporting integrated training in the following:

a. School based conservation activities: clubs, field trips and competitions.

b. Support localized curriculum to integrate conservation and community interventions in natural resources management.

c. Community environmental education.

d. Develop learning support materials for schools and communities.

The training of both children and adults in some of the subjects in NRM, will create opportunities for mutual dialogue and involvement between the two groups in both the training situations and otherwise. In this way the schools will come to function as resource centres for the whole community on sustainable natural resource management and other community initiatives on enterprises will also function as learning resources.

Gender and participation

The project will work to ensure participation by all members of the communities in the project activities. As mentioned above local indigenous people is a specific target group, and the project includes specific efforts to ensure that poor and disadvantaged members are included and benefit from the project activities. The project will also work to ensure equal participation by men and women. The project will support and encourage equal participation in project activities, and use methods that can ensure better integration of especially the women in the activities (e.g. special classes for women).

With regard to the training activities for the adults the project will work to ensure equal participation and benefit for men, women and the youth, and in connection with this encourage and ensure that the subjects chosen for training and capacity building both are of interest and benefit for men, women and the youth. The project will therefore collaborate strongly with community based organisations that are targeting women such as Women for Change and Home based care (HIV/AIDS) organisations to ensure that synergies are developed and strengthened between the project and on-going programs.



HIV/AIDS

Although the project will focus on activities within the natural resource sector, other important development issues will be included in the training in the project. In view of the importance of the HIV/AIDS issue in Zambia, the proposed project will integrate HIV/AIDS in its activities. HIV/AIDS leads to large numbers of orphaned children, high infant/child mortality and human resource drain, - and is an area of great concern for any future development process in Zambia.

The project will where possible support the training activities on HIV/AIDS e.g. through club activities and adult education. Also, the project will collaborate with relevant organisations and institutions working with the issue to ensure relevant awareness and capacity building activities on the issue in the project areas is achieved.

6.2 Activities

The activities listed below will be undertaken to produce the above outputs.

Output 1. Local level institutional structures for natural resource management developed and/or strengthened.

Activity 1.1 Assess appropriateness and effectiveness of local level institutional structures for NRM by mid 2007

Activity 1.2 Establish Village Action Groups by end 2007

Activity 1.3 Assess training needs for NRM by June 2008

Activity 1.4 Establish the Community Resource Board by February 2008

Activity 1.5 Facilitate the establishment of school conservation clubs by June 2007

Activity 1.6 Mobilize resources to support the activities of school conservation clubs by 2009

Activity 1.7 Train community members from local level support structures in leadership, financial appreciation, planning and management, and natural resource management by December 2008

Activity 1.8 Train members from commodity groups in entrepreneurship and business management by June 2008

Output 2: Participatory natural resource use management plan developed and implementation facilitated



Activity 2.1 Conduct natural resource base surveys for fisheries, forests, water and wildlife by September 2007

Activity 2.2 Develop NRM / land use plans by September 2008

Activity 2.3 Formulate fire, fisheries, forestry, water and wildlife management plans by December 2008.

Activity 2.4 Facilitate the implementation of fire, fisheries, forestry, water and wildlife management plans by 2009.

Activity 2.5 Formulate an agrochemical strategy for safe use and management by December 2008.

Activity 2.6 Develop draft for the Mufunta GMA management plan by July 2008.

Activity 2.7 Facilitate the formulation of natural resource management by-laws by 2009.

Activity 2.8 Facilitate Implementation of Mufunta GMA management plan by Dec 2010.

Output 3: Range of ecologically sustainable agro- and natural resource based alternative livelihood options identified, developed and adopted.

Activity 3.1 Conduct a survey of agro- and natural resource based livelihood activities by October 2007.

Activity 3.2 Establish commodity groups by February 2008

Activity 3.3 Train community members from commodity groups in entrepreneurship, business management and marketing by June 2008.

Activity 3.4 Support negotiation and establishment of formal public-private partnerships for product, enterprise and market linkages development by December 2008.


Activity 4.1 Identify and develop profiles of all stakeholders in the project area by September 2007.

Activity 4.2 By May 2007, conduct 2 meetings with community representatives, traditional leaders, government authorities, non-governmental organisations, Zambia Wildlife Authority and others to discuss project purpose, outputs and participatory approaches to be used.

Activity 4.3 Conduct 4 training workshops for community representatives, traditional leaders and members from commodity groups in gender empowerment, HIV/AIDS awareness and their links to environmental and community development, by January 2008.

Activity 4.4 Formulate and implement an environmental awareness strategy for children in school, children out of school and adults by December 2009.




Activity 5.1 Recruit project personnel by April 2007

Activity 5.2 Produce annual, bi-annual and quarterly workplans and reports

Activity 5.3 Conduct monitoring and evaluation continuously

Activity 5.4 Communicate project activities and achievements to local partners, donors, interest groups and members of the public quarterly

6.3 Implementation Arrangement

6.3.1 Project Organisation

The project management centre will be based at WWF Zambia Coordination Office in Lusaka, whilst the Field Office will be in Kaoma in the Western Province of Zambia. The staffing will be as follows

1. WWF Zambia Lusaka office

Project Manager

Natural Resources Management Specialist

Project Assistant

Office Administrator.

The project manager will have the core function of managing the project and will be assisted by the Natural Resources Officer. The natural resources officer will be responsible for the technical component of the project and will supervise the two field coordinators. The accounting function will be streamlined within the WWF-Zambia Coordination Office administrative accounting arrangements. The project will pay, through cost recovery, for the accounting related to the project.

2. Field Office:

Field Co-ordinator Southern (Shakalesha to Shakalongo)

Field Co-ordinator Northern (Njonjolo to Lalafuta)

Project Assistant

7 Community Animators

The Field Coordinators will be responsible for field level activities and will report to the natural resources officer.

Due to accessibility in the Mufunta game management area, it has been proposed that Mufunta game management area is to be divided into two zones for management purposes. One field coordinator will be in charge of the area north Lemvu River, extending northward from Njonjolo to Lalafuta. The other field coordinator will be responsible for the zone south of Lemvu River extends southward from Shakalesha to Shakalongo.



Seven (7) Community Animators will be recruited as part-time assistants to facilitate and organise community level activities. Community Animators will be chosen from members of the community and will be resident in their respective homes/villages.

The project organisation chart is in Appendix 3 (as separate document).

6.3.2 Relationship with Other Relevant Initiatives

The project will work and exchange experiences with and learn from a wide range of actors and programmes active within the natural resources management sector in Zambia and the region as a whole. Among these are several NORAD funded projects like the SEED project in the Kafue National Park, the Luangwa Valley Land Use Planning Project, and SLAMU Phase V.

With the project’s focus on working through village level structures and other key institutions (Table 15), the project will be complementary to these other activities, and it is expected that the projects will, in this way, learn from each other and exchange the experiences and models developed.

The Project will further collaborate with other institutions that have promoted community participation in resource utilisation and those that have promoted natural resources conservation, the notable ones are highlighted in Table 15.

Table 16. Key stakeholder institutions and areas of collaboration

Institution Location Relevance and area of collaboration with the project

Kaoma District Council Kaoma Approval And Incorporation Of Community NRM Plans in to the District Plan And Development Frame-work.

Approval And Passing Of NRM by-laws which are important in the management and utilization pf Natural Resources

District Natural Resources Committee comprising

Forestry

Fisheries

ZAWA

Veterinary Services

District Planning Officer

Kaoma Providing Technical Support To The Implementation Of Sector NRM Plan

Facilitating Access To Beekeeping Groups To The State Of The Art Honey And Wax Processing Factory, For The High Quality Processing Of Merchantable And Exportable Honey Products.

Further Incorporating Of Community NRM Plans To The Sector Development Plans

Developing Mechanisms For Cost And Benefit Sharing For Natural Resource Management initiatives

District AIDS TASK FORCE Kaoma Coordinating on issues of HIV/AIDS in Natural Resources Management

Keepers Zambia Foundation Kaoma Collaboration in facilitating



The development of Commodity Groups

The sustainable use of micro wetlands

The market linkages for small producers

Facilitating Foundation Courses For Community Groups in ;

o Business Management

o Basic Book Keeping

o Leadership

o Group Management

Mumwa Crafts Centre Mongu Facilitating the production and marketing of merchantable/exportable traditional crafts.

It has a membership of of 3500 craftsmen/women through out the Western Province the Mufunta Project Area included.

It strongly incorporates HIV?AIDS and Gender in its projects

Women For Change

District And Zone Teachers Resource Centres

Lusaka

Kaoma, Nkeyema, And Nyambi

Promoting income generating activities such as Beekeeping for Women and Youth. It has activities in the project area

Developing And Promoting Tailor-made Environmental Education

Training Of Environmental Education Mentors

Zambia National Farmers Union-Kaoma Branch

Kaoma And Nkeyema

Facilitating The Diversification Of Farm Income Sources Through The Incorporation Of Coordinated production And Marketing Of Natural Resource Based Products

Facilitating The Dialogue On Safe Use And Management Of Agro-chemicals In The Project Area

Village Action Groups Mufunta Preparation And Implementation Of Zone NRM Plans

Selection And Supervision Of Community Scouts And Patrol Crews.

Identification Of Commodity Groups In Each Zone

The Chief Kahare

Mabombola Royal Court

Sub-chiefs

Village Headmen

Mufunta Community Mobilization

Traditional\Customary Natural Resources Regulations

Approval And Facilitating The Implementation Of Land- Use Plan

Patronage Of The Community Resource Board Of Mufunta GMA



6.3.3 Added Value by WWF Involvement

WWF Zambia Coordination Office has been operating in Zambia for more than 12 years working closely with the Zambian government through specialist departments, NGOs, community based organisations, local communities and traditional leaders. The portfolio of key experiences for the WWF Zambia office covers

Intergrated water resources management in Kafue flats

Demonstration of the experiences gained from the Kafue flats enhance food security by sustainably managing fresh water resources of the Kafue river sub-basin in Katuba and Namwala

Developing land use plans in the Lupande area with a strong collaborative and consultative process with local people, traditional leadership and other stakeholders

Support for the establishment of umbrella structures such as the Zambia CBNRM Forum

Support for CBNRM policy review, formulation of a fisheries policy

Implementation of sustainable catchment forest management programs in the upper Kafue headwaters of the Copperbelt designed to enhance alternative livelihood options

Implementation of environmental awareness programs leading to developing local level entrepreneurship activities in the Bangweulu

The foregoing has been achieved through collaboration and consultations with the Zambian government, local communities, other local stakeholders, WWF network partners such as WWF Norway and other external collaborating partners. WWF’s work in Zambia has given it credibility from implementing field programmes that has facilitate WWF’s ability to leverage and influence policy on the basis of field level experience.

WWF’s network of specialists, sound relationship with the Zambian government, credibility and trust at local level in Kaoma and Mufunta, and unassailable negotiation and consultative skills will add value to the project that cannot be measured in monetary terms.

6.4 Main Beneficiaries and Target Groups

The primary beneficiaries of the Natural Resources Management activities in the Mufunta GMA will be the residents of Chief Kahare / Community Resource Board and the Village Action Groups under Kaoma District. The benefits will constitute direct earnings derived from wildlife based as well as enterprise development activities undertaken in Mufunta GMA. In addition, land use planning will contribute to a reduction in human-wildlife conflicts. Directly and indirectly, both Kaoma District Council and ZAWA, Western Region will also benefit from the contributions of the project, as the preparation of appropriate land use plans, notably those components relating to tourism and urban infrastructure development, will greatly aid decision making and provide the basis for a regulatory framework for planning. Importantly, the project hopes to assist beneficiaries avoid making wrong and irreversible planning decisions through formulation of by-laws which would help them during implementation.

6.5 Sustainability and Exit Strategy

6.5.1 Sustainability criteria

For the duration of the Project (2007 to 2011) the partnership of WWF Zambia and WWF SARPO ensures a high level of technical and administrative support for the Mufunta project planning



process. The sustainability of the project and its implementation once terminated will depend on a number of factors. Central to the planning process is the resumption of direct benefits to communities from wildlife utilisation. It is anticipated that these direct and indirect economic benefits will maintain the conservation efforts under the Mufunta GMA land use plan.

In addition the Project seeks to engender a culture of planning, implementation and monitoring in order that the “plan” is a process rather than a set of boundaries on a map.

6.5.2 Exit strategy

Given both incentives and capacity to continue a process, which the project aims to achieve, it should be possible to ensure a level of sustainability. The wider CBNRM process within ZAWA around the Kafue National Park should also allow this project to exit after 2011 without creating a total vacuum.

The establishment and empowerment of local communities, which include traditional leaders, emergent businessmen and women, as well as institutional groupings such as the VAGs, once well developed will also contribute to sustainability and continuity after the end of the project.

7 INPUTS

7.1 PersonnelThe project expects to recruit staff complement of 6 namely Project Manager (PM, x1), Natural Resources Officer (NRMO, x1), Field Coordinators (FC, x2), Project Assistants (PA, x2) and Security Guards (SG, x2). Additionally, Community Animators (CA, x7) will be recruited on part-time basis depending on need for their services. Community Animators will not be project personnel.

Additional personnel time will be contributed by partners that include members of the Kaoma District’s District Natural Resources Committee (DNRC) comprised of fisheries, forestry, water, wildlife and the district planning office.

7.2 Materials, Equipment and InfrastructureOffice equipment (computers, printers, fax machines, photocopiers, audio-video), consumables such stationery, vehicles and motorcycles will constitute the materials and equipment that the project will require to use to deliver on stated outputs. The project will not invest in infrastructure but will utilise rented property such as the office building to be rented in Kaoma.



7.3 BudgetThe table below shows the proposed total project budget for 2006-2008, detailing WWF-Norway’s matching funds (10 per cent of project budget), Norad’s direct project contribution (90 or 100 per cent of project funds) and Norad’s administration grant (8 per cent of 90 or 100 per cent of project budget). All figures are in NOK.

Year WWF-Norway matching funds

Norad direct project funding

Norad adm. grant (8 per cent) Total budget

2006A 72,100 648,900 51,912 772,912

2007B 0 4,397,701 315,816 4,713,517

2008C 0 3,500,586 280,047 3,780,633

SUMD 72,100 8,547,187 647,775 9,267,062

A - Amounts for 2006 are the approved budgets; B - Amounts for 2007 are proposed budgets; C - Amounts for 2008 are indicative budgets; D - Estimate only

8 ASSUMPTIONS AND RISKS

8.1 AssumptionsIn any given situation a proposed project meet all the required standards, but there are some underlying assumptions and risks which could delay or out disrupt implementation. The assumptions listed below are partly drawn from the logical framework analysis in Appendix 2 (as separate document) and describe situations, events, conditions or decisions which are necessary for project success, but which are largely or completely beyond the control of the Mufunta Project management. In the forgoing analysis it is therefore assumed that the project is likely to achieve the goals and objectives if there is no risk of major deviations or changes.

The project will work within the new political framework in Zambia after election of the Republican President (2006 – 2011).

Government policy and enabling environment conducive to project implementation.

Partners share vision and objectives and are committed for 3 years during the project implementation phase.

Macro-economic conditions favourable to the project

Social change will contribute to local communities economic well being as well as address local environmental issues.

WWF Zambia Country Programme Strategy will continue to support education for sustainable development

Villagers/communities will adopt participatory NRM as an alternative economic route to poverty reduction and economic empowerment.

Growth in tourism/eco-tourism will continue and the Government of Zambia continues to see this as priority sector in the present and future national development plans.

Donor policy remains conducive to project implementation.

Exchange rate fluctuations are minimal



8.2 Risks Funding partners can’t find adequate funds and the project becomes skewed or imbalanced

to one component.

Other NGOs/CBOs working in project sites, which work in a different way, do not see CBNRM as an alternative to rural livelihood improvement strategy. This could derail the long-term process.

Closeness and dependence on natural resources. How traditional would the communities want to remain?

Communities have the time/interest to engage with (i.e. take up the opportunities offered by) schools as learning/resource centres.

9 REPORTING AND MONITORING

9.1 Reporting ScheduleThe following reports will be submitted:

Semi-annual Technical Progress Report

Quarterly Financial Report

Annual Technical Progress Report

Annual Financial Report

Annual Audit Report

Project Proposal for next year

Evaluation Report

Final Technical Report

Final Financial Report

The Project will follow the reporting schedule indicated below:AprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecSemi-

annual Technical Progress

Reports115th15thQuarterly

Financial Reports131st

30th 30th 31st

Annual Technical Progress

Report115thAnnual

Financial Report115th

Jan

Detailed budget (as

Logical Framework Analysis (as separate document)



separate document)Appendix 2Annual Audit Report115thProject Proposal for next year21stEvaluation Report(s)315th

Final Technical Report41stFinal Financial Report41st1 – Every year, 2

– For the appropriate years, 3 – Evaluation reports should be submitted immediately after completion and preferably before 15th

February the year following to be included in the Norad reporting that following year 4 – Only following the final year of the WWF-Norway – Norad cooperation agreement.FebMar

9.2 Monitoring and Indicators

Periodic monitoring will be fundamental



to keeping this project on track and ensuring quality outputs. It will provide essential information needed to make decisions and manage the project well. In short, monitoring will give us the ability to

A

P

F

D

F

C

S

A

A

E

hese ar



e important responsibilities for this project. They are particularly weighty when taken in the context of the important leadership role WWF as an organization



plays in global conservation and influencing policy.

n WWF, the fundamental tool for monitoring success has been the logical framework appr



oach to goal setting and defining the components for achieving those goals. The figure below illustrates the theoretical ‘linkages’ in the hierarchy of



these plans, culminating in a cumulative impact with respect to WWF’s global mission. Success at the individual project level gives an indication of succ



ess at the country level, and so on.

E

The evaluation plan for the project comprises three elements:

Internal technical evaluations twice a year

A mid-term review of the first



three-year project phase early 2007.

An end of first three-year project phase in late 2008.

The mid-term project review will be carried out according to a format stipulated by WWF- Norway and WWF SARPO. This requires participation by project partners in the review/evaluation process and consultations with key stakeholders. The review/evaluation team will be led by an independent consultant, who will be responsible for



overseeing the review/evaluation processes and producing reports. The purpose of the review/evaluation will be to conduct open and transparent reflection and analysis of the implementation of the project. The review/evaluation processes should also contribute to learning and empowerment of the project team by stimulating analytical capacity and critical awareness, and helping to improve planning and implementation skills. Recomm



endations of the mid term review will be incorporated into the following workplan. The Project is willing to incorporate any issues that Norad would like examined and will invite Norad to be represented in the review and evaluation teams.

REFERENCES

Central Statistical Office. 2006. Selected socio-economic indicators 20



03-2004. CSO, Lusaka.

Central Statistical Office. 2005. HIV/AIDS epidemiological projections, 1985-2010. CSO, Lusaka.

Central Statistical Office. 2005. Living conditions monitori



ng survey report. CSO. Lusaka

Kaoma District Council. 2004. District development and poverty reduction strategy (DDPRS). District Planning Unit, District Development Co



ordinating Committee, Kaoma

Kaoma District Council. 2005. Kaoma district annual investment plan-2006. District Planning Unit, District Development Coordinating Co



mmittee, Kaoma.

Kaoma District Council. 2005. Kaoma district development plan, 2006-2011. District Planning Unit, District Development Coordinating Committee, Ka



oma

Ministry of Finance and National Planning. 2006. Fifth National Development Plan 2006-2010. First Draft incorporating revisions to the zero draft. Volume 1, Main Plan. 18



April 2006.

NACSO. 2004. Namibia’s communal conservancies: a review of progress and challenges. NACSO

Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2006. Nowergian action plan



for environment in development cooperation. June 2006.

Provincial Planning Office.2006. Nkeyema development plan. Department of physical planning and housing. Mongu.

State of the



environment, Zambezi Basin. 2000. SADC/IUCN/ZRA/SARDC

WWF. 2004. Lupande CBNRM Land Use Planning Project. Mid-term internal progress review.

WWF Southern African



Regional Programme Office. Conservation Strategy 2006-2010

WWF Zambia Coordination Office. 2006. Report on vegetation and ecological assessment of the propose



d Mufunta game management area.

WWF Zambia Coordination Office. 2006. Widlife ecology of the proposed Mufunta game management area adjacent to the Kafue Natio



nal Park.

WWF Zambia Coordination Office. 2006. Resource use assessment of the proposed Mufunta game management area.

WWF Zambia Coordination Office, 2006.



Potential natural resource based enterprises in the Mufunta game management area.

Zambia Wildlife Authority. 2005. National community based natural resources mana



gement policy for game management areas and open areas. Working DRAFT Document.

LIST OF APPENDICESAppendix 1

Appendix 3 Project Organisation Chart (as separate document)

Appendix 3 Map showing the project location/area

Appendix 5 Activity Schedule

Appendix 6 Job descriptions for key positions

Appendix 7a Plant species composition in vegetation types in Mufunta GMA

Appendix 7b Habitat Fauna Associations in Mufunta GMA

Appendix 7c Zambian birds known to occur within Mufunta GMA



Appendix 4. Map showing project location

1. REGIONS 1 & 2: Northern project management area to be managed by one Field Coordinator. Area

covers two Chiefs, i.e. Chief Muleka & Chief Nkumbula

2. REGION 3 & 4: Southern project management area to be managed by second Field Coordinator.

Area covers two Chiefs, i.e. Chief Afumba & Chief Shakalonga

3. LEMVU RIVER: Forms the natural boundary between the north and southern project areas


1

2

3

4

Boundary dividing northern from southern project areas

Project field office


Appendix 5. Activity Schedule

Activity

Timeline2007 2008 2009

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9

Q10 Q11 Q12

1.1.Establish the Community Resource Board by June 2007

1.2.Establish commodity groups by December 2007

1.3.Facilitate the establishment of school conservation clubs by June 2007

1.4.Mobilize resources to support the activities of school conservation clubs by 2009

1.5.Train community members from local level support structures in leadership, financial appreciation, planning and management, and natural resource management by December 2007

1.6.Train members from commodity groups in entrepreneurship and business management by June 2008

1.7.Facilitate the formulation of natural resource management by-laws by 2009.

2.1.Conduct natural resource base surveys for fisheries, forests, water and wildlife by September 2007

2.2.Prepare land use plans by March 2008

2.3.Formulate fire, fisheries, forestry, water and wildlife management plans by December 2007.

2.4.Facilitate the implementation of fire, fisheries, forestry, water and wildlife management plans by 2009.

2.5.Formulate an agrochemical strategy for safe use and management by December 2007.

2.6.Develop the Mufunta GMA management plan by March 2008.

3.1.Conduct a survey of agro- and natural resource based livelihood activities by October 2007.

3.2.Establish commodity groups by December 2007(cf: Activity 1.2)

3.3.Train community members from commodity groups in entrepreneurship, business management and marketing by June 2008.

3.4.Support negotiation and establishment of formal public-private partnerships for environmentally safe product enterprise and market linkages development by December 2008.

4.1.Identify and develop profiles of all stakeholders in the project area by September 2007.

4.2.By May 2007, conduct 2 meetings with community representatives, traditional leaders, government



authorities, non-governmental organisations, Zambia Wildlife Authority and others to discuss project purpose, outputs and participatory approaches to be used.

4.3.Conduct 4 training workshops for community representatives, traditional leaders and members from commodity groups in gender empowerment, HIV/AIDS awareness and their links to environmental and community development, by January 2008

4.1.Formulate and implement an environmental awareness strategy for children in school, children out of school and adults by December 2009.

5.1.Recruit project personnel by April 2007

5.2.Produce annual, bi-annual and quarterly workplans and reports

5.3.Conduct monitoring and evaluation continuously

5.4.Communicate project activities and achievements to local partners, donors, interest groups and members of the public quarterly



4.2.By May 2007, conduct 2 meetings with community representatives, traditional leaders, government authorities, non-governmental organisations, Zambia Wildlife Authority and others to discuss project purpose, outputs and participatory approaches to be used.4.3.Conduct 4 training workshops for community representatives, traditional leaders and members from commodity groups in gender empowerment, HIV/AIDS awareness and their links to environmental and community development, by January 20084.1.Formulate and implement an environmental awareness strategy for children in school, children out of school and adults by December 2009.5.1.Recruit project personnel by April 2007Q7Q8Q9Q10Q11Q121.1.Establish the Community Resource Board by June 20071.2.Establish commodity groups by December 20071.3.Facilitate the establishment of school conservation clubs by June 20071.4.Mobilize resources to support the activities of school conservation clubs by 2009

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

MiomboCryptosepalum & ChipyaRiparianPan GrasslandsTall trees5.2.Produce annual, bi-annual and quarterly workplans and reports5.3.Conduct

monitoring and evaluation continuously5.4.Communicate project activities

and achievements to local partners, donors, interest groups and members of the public

quarterly1.5.Train community members from local level support structures in leadership, financial appreciation, planning and management, and natural resource management by December

20071.6.Train members from commodity groups in entrepreneurship and business management by June 20081.7.Facilitate the formulation of natural

resource management by-laws by 2009.2.1.Conduct natural resource base surveys

for fisheries, forests, water and wildlife by September 20072.2.Prepare land use plans by

March 20082.3.Formulate fire, fisheries, forestry, water and wildlife management plans by

December 2007.2.4.Facilitate the implementation




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

of fire, fisheries, forestry, water and wildlife management plans by 2009.2.5.Formulate an

agrochemical strategy for safe use and management by December 2007.2.6.Develop the

Mufunta GMA management plan by March 2008.3.1.Conduct a survey of agro- and natural resource based livelihood activities by October

2007.3.2.Establish commodity groups by December 2007(cf: Activity 1.2)3.3.Train

community members from commodity groups in entrepreneurship, business management and

marketing by June 2008.3.4.Support negotiation and establishment of formal public-private

partnerships for environmentally safe product enterprise and market linkages development by

December 2008.4.1.Identify and develop profiles of all stakeholders in the project area by September

2007.Q5Q6




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Appendix 6. Job descriptions of key positionsA. In Zambia

A1. Project Manager

Objectives

The overall objective of this assignment is the overall supervision of the project implementation in Zambia.




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Outputs

Overall coordination of project activities including coordination with WWF Norway.

Activities

Overall project management/supervision and project cycle management in Zambia; inputs to project planning, monitoring and reporting, including production of technical progress reports; technical input to




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

implementation of activities; high level liaison with key project stakeholders; high level liaison with WWF Norway; chairing of project steering committee. Budgeting and controlling; facilitate proper communication with the Norwegian Embassy in Lusaka.

Minimum education

A postgraduate qualification in natural resource management coupled with project management experience in a natural resource




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

management and community participation project framework.

A2. Natural Resources Management Officer/Specialist

Objectives

The overall objective of this assignment is the day-to-day implementation of the project in Zambia.

Outputs




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Co-ordinated and smooth day-to day implementation of the project.

Activities

Co-ordinate the development of inception project activities including project mobilization, inception report, recruitment of field staff, revising project implementation plan, communication strategy and monitoring system; coordinate and supervise the field activities in




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Zambia; facilitate report writing including inception report and progress reports; facilitate project steering committee meetings including preparation of meetings.

Minimum education

An undergraduate degree (BSc.) in natural resource management or related field with experience in a project dealing with aspects of natural resource management with a strong community participation component.




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

A3. Field Education Coordinators

Objectives

The overall objective of this assignment is the day-to-day implementation of the project activities at targeted field sites in the northern and southern project areas within the Mufunta game management area.




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Outputs

Co-ordinated and smooth day-to day implementation of the project activities at targeted sites.

Activities

Co-ordinate the development of inception project activities including project mobilization, inception report, revising project implementation plan, communication strategy and monitoring system; coordinate and




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

supervise the field activities in the targeted field sites; assist to facilitate report writing including inception report and progress reports; budgeting and monitoring expenditure.

Minimum education

A college diploma in a natural resource management related discipline with not less than 3 years field experience in implementing field based activities of similar to activities that will be implemented




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

in the Mufunta game management area under this project.

A4. Project Assistants

Objectives

The overall objective of the project assistant will be to carry out diversified secretarial and designated administrative duties with initiative and judgement.

Output




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

A professionally functional project office with smooth day to day implementation of diverse secretarial and administrative outcomes.

Activities

Providing secretarial services to the Project Manager and other project staff; maintain an outline of project budget expenses as well as petty cash and petty cash records; maintain a diary and arrange




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

appointments for project staff; international travel arrangements for all professional staff and local bookings for visitors to the programme, to workshops and conferences; maintain records of project consumables (stationery); handling correspondence for the project; filing, retrieval and archiving of programme and project documents in accordance with the WWF filing list; any other duties that may be assigned from time to time.

Minimum education




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Brachystegia spiciformis A La r

Brachystegia longifolia Lc C

Berchemia discolor R r

Combretum collinum Lo c

Cryptosepalum exfoliatum R lc

Peltophorum africanum Lo R

Lonchocarpus nelsii o-lf o

Pteleopsis anisoptera O Lo

Terminalia sericea Lf Lo

Xeroderris stuhlmannii R

Pterocarpus angolensis O O




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Small treesBoscia albitrunea Lo

Boscia angustifolia o-lf

Cassia abbreviata Lo

Citropsis daweana Lf

Combretum celastroides Lf

Combretum elaengnoides C

Commiphora pracanthoides R

Crotea gratissimus Lc

Fagara trijuga Lo

Gardenia spatulifolia R

Haplocoelum foliosum r-lo




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Hexalobus monopetalus R

Markharmia acuminata Lo

Markhamia fischeri Lo

Rhus longipes Lo

Rothmania fischeri R r

Schrebera trichoclada R

Securidaca longipendiculata O Lo

Strychnos madagascariensis Lo

Terenna neurophylla R

Vangueria infausta R

Vitex payos R

Ximenia Americana O




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Ximenia caffra R

ShrubsAcacia ataxacantha Lf lf lo

Acacia fleckii R r lo

Acacia scheinfthurthi Lo lf

Acalypha chirindica Lf lf

Alchornea occidentalis Lf

Allophylus africanus Lo

Allophylus whitei R

Baphia massaiansis spp. obovata F f r

Bauhimia petersiana R lf




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Bauhinia macrantha o-lf

Byrocarpus orientalis Lo lo

Canthium burtti lo

Canthium frangula Lo lf

Cassipourea sp R

Clerodendron capitatum Lo o

Clerodendron myricoided Lo o

Combretum engleri o-lf lf

Crotalaria falvicarinata Lo

Croton scheffleri Lo

Dichrostachys cinerea Lo

Erythrococca menyharthii R




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Flacourtia indica Lo lo

Grewia avellana Lf

Grewia flavescens Lo

Grewia retinervis Lo

Sida cordifolia Lo

Indigofera ormocarpoides Lo

Lantana rhodesiensis R

Leonotis nepetifolia Lo

Maytenus senegalensis R

Magaritaria discolor O

Paveta assimilis Lo lo

Plectranthus candelabriformis v.lo




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Plumbago zeylanica Lf

Premma senensis R

Tricalysia allenii lo

Waltheria indica Lf

Xeromphis obovata Lo

Sub shrubsAchyrathes aspera Lf lo

Blepharis maderaspatensis Lf

Clerodendrum uncinatum Lo

Crotalaria virgata R

Gardenia brachythamnus Lo




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Hemizygia bracteosa Lo

Hibscus lobatus Lo

Hypoestus verticillaris Lo

Justicia betanica Lo

Monechma debile Lo

Phyllanthus maderspatensis Lo

Pupalia lappacea Lo

Tephrosia cephalantha Lf

Triumfetta tomentosa Lc

Triumfetta trichocarpa R

Climbers




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Baissea wilftherstii o-lf

Bonania spectabilis Lc

Capparis tomentosa Lo

Clematis brachista Lo

Combretum mossambiecense Lo

Cymphostema congestum Lo

Dioscorea hirtifoflora Lo

Hippocratea parviflora o-lf

Ipomea verbaeccidea Lc

Jasmimum streptopus Lc

Landolphia parvifolia Lo lc

Maerua friesii Lo




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Mucuna glabrialata R

Pentarrhinum insipidium R

Rhynchosia caribea Lc

Secamone erythradenia Lo

Strephanthus kombe Lo

Tilacora funifera R

Grasses and HerbsAloe chabaudi Lo

Abrus pulchellus Lf

Diplachme fusca lf

Eriocharysis pallida lf




Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Hyparrhenia sp Lc lf

Laudentia simplex la

Phragmites mauritianus lf

Setaria homblei

Setaria phragmitoides

Sporobulus consimilis

Sacciolepsis huillensis

Sacciolepsis scirpoides

Vossia cuspidata

Frequency symbols:- Abundant



Ld - Locally dominant

c. - Common

lc - locally common

f - Frequent

lf - locally frequent

v.lf - very locally frequent

r - Rare

o - Occasional

lo - locally occasional



Appendix 7b. Habitat-Fauna associations in the Mufunta game management area

Species Habitat

UNGULATES

Buffalo Syncerus caffer d w GD MW RP

Bush Pig Potamochoerus larvatus MW RP

Common Duiker Sylvicapra grimmia MW

Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius w GD RP

Oribi Ourebia ourebi GD RP

Sharpe's Grysbok Raphicerus sharpie MW

Warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus d w GD MW

Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa d w GD

Roan Antelope Hippotragus equinus MW WG

Sable Antelope Hippotragus niger MW WG

Lichtenstein's Hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteinii d GD MW

Blue Wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus GD WG

Impala Aepyceros melampus d GD MW RP WG

Bushbuck Tragephus scriptus r t A C

Greater Kudu Tragephus strepsiceros WG

Eland Taurotragus oryx MW WG

Plains Zebra Equus burchellii d GD WG

Reedbuck Redunca arundinum d GD



Species Habitat

CARNIVORES

African Wild Dog Lycaon pictus MW A

Banded mongoose Mungos mungo MW A

Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus GD

Lion Panthera leo GD MW

Side-striped Jackal Canis adustus GD

Spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta GD MW

African civet Civettictis civetta MW

PRIMATES

Chacma Baboon Papio cynocephalus ursinus GD MW

Vervet Monkey Cercopithecus aethiops WG MW

REPTILES

Black Mamba Dendroaspis polylepis MW GD DC

Common African python Python sebae GD WG G

Leopard tortoise Geochelone pardalis WG GD WG

Monitor lizard Veranus niloticus MW RP

Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus RP w

RODENTS

Bush squirrel Paraxerus cepapi MW WG

Mole rat Cryptomys damarensis GD WG MW a



Species Habitat

Mouse Mastomys spp GD WG MW a

Porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis MW A

Springhare Pedetes capensis GD WG

OTHER ANIMALS SPECIES

Aardvark Orycteropus afer WG MW

Elephant Loxodonta africana MW WG RP GD d w

Hare Lepus victoriae MW D

BIRDS

Abdim's Stork Ciconia abdimii GD

African Darter Anhinga melanogaster RP w

African Gray Hornbill Tockus nasutus MW C

African Jacana Actophilorius africana RP C

African Mourning Dove Streptopelia decipiens MW

African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp MW

Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus G MW

Bearded Woodpecker Thripias namaquus MW D

Black-capped Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta KF

Black-collared Barbet Lybius torquatus MW C

Black-collared eremomela Eremomela atricollis MW

Carmine Bee-eater Merops nubicus nubicoides KFR

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis K B



Species Habitat

Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild WG

Crested Barbet Trachyphonus vaillantii C

Crested Guineafowl Guttera pucherani GD

Crested Hoopoe Upupa epops WG G

Crowned Hornbill Tockus alboterminatus MW C

Crowned Plover Vanellus coronatus KF RVC

Eastern Paradise Whydah Vidua paradisaea G MW

Fish Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer KF

Gabon Nightjar Scotornis fossii D

Garden Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus WG A

Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus GD RP

Goliath Heron Ardea goliath GD C

Gray Go-away-bird Corythaixoides concolor MW

Gray Heron Ardea cinerea GD

Greater Honeyguide Indicator indicator D

Hadada Ibis Bostrychia hagedash r RP

Kori Bustard Ardeotis kori GD MW

Lappet-faced Vulture Aegypius tracheliotus GD MW

Lilac-breasted Roller Coracias caudate GD WG MW

Malachite Kingfisher Alcedo cristata KF

Marbou Stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus GD I MW

Miombo pied barbet* Tricholaema frontana MW

Open-billed Stork Anastomus lamelligerus GD RP



Species Habitat

Pale-billed hornbill Tockus pallidirostris MW

Pied Crow Corvus albus WG

Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis RP

Red-billed Hornbill Tockus erythrorynchus GD MW

Red-billed Oxpecker Buphagus erythrorhynchus GD WG

Ring-necked Dove Streptopelia capicola MW

Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopica GD RP

Saddle-billed Stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis GD RP

Southern Black Flycatcher Melaenornis pammelaina GD A

Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus cafer WG MW

Southern Red Bishop Euplectes orix WG

Southern Yellow-billed Hornbill Tockus leucomelas MW C

Spectacled Weaver Ploceus ocularis WG

Spoonbill Platalea alba GD

Spur-winged Goose Plectropterus gambensis RP w K1

Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides KFR RP

Swainson's Francolin Francolinus swainsonii WG MW B

Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus WG MW

Wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus GD

White-bellied Sunbird Nectarinia talatala MW GD

White-breasted Cormorant Phalacrocorax lucidus RP K1

White-cheeked bee-eater* Merops variegates MW

White-crowned Plover Vanellus albiceps RP w



Species Habitat

White-faced Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna viduata RP w

White-headed Vulture Aegypius occipitalis GD WG MW

White-winged black tit* Parus leucomelas MW C

Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava WG MW

Yellow-billed Stork Mycteria ibis GD RP

Key to habitat abbreviations

Major habitat types Minor-habitats

MW: Miombo Woodland d: Dambo

WG: WOODED GRASSLAND w: Wetlands

GD: GRASSLAND s: Swamp

RP: RIVER PLAIN:- including small and ephemeral rivers a: Acacia woodland - cluster

r: Riparian Forest

t: Thicket

Note: (1) Fauna: Highlighted black indicates actual sightings while highlighted blue indicates recording from signs – rest of the species are those likely to occur in the indicated habitat types.

Species marked with * are known to occur only in Zambia (more details in Appendix 2c)

(2) Habitat: Two-letter abbreviation refers to major habitat types shown on the accompanying map



Appendix 7c. Zambian birds known to occur within the Mufunta Game Management Area

SpeciesHabitat

Common name Scientific name

White-cheeked bee eater Merops variegates Floodplain / Dambo

Miombo pied barbet Tricholaema frontana Miombo Woodland

Central bearded scrub robin Erythyropygia barbata Miombo Woodland

Bohm's flycatcher Muscicapa boehmi Miombo Woodland

White-winged black tit Parus leucomelas Grassland/River Plain

Stripe-breasted seed-eater Serinus reichardi Miombo Woodland

Fulleborn's longclaw Macronyx fuellenbornii Dambo

Grey- headed sparrow Passer griseus Miombo Woodland


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