Wuppertal Institute 2005

Institute forCulture Studies

Science CentreNorth Rhine-Westphalia

Institute of Workand Technology

Wuppertal Institute forClimate, Environment andEnergy

Wuppertal Institutefor Climate, Environment and Energy

Döppersberg 1942103 WuppertalGermanyPhone: +49-(0)2 02/24 92-0Fax: +49-(0)2 02/24 92-108

Wuppertal Institutefor Climate

Environmentand Energy

An

nu

al R

epo

rt

20

05

/06

ISBN 3-929944-71-5ISBN 978-3-929944-71-6

Wu

pp

ert

al

Inst

itu

te f

or

Cli

ma

te,

En

vir

on

me

nt

an

d E

ne

rgy

An

nu

al R

epo

rt 2

00

5/0

6

science centre north rhine-Westphalia

Wuppertal institute for climate, environment and energy

annual report 2005/2006

© Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy at the Science Centre North Rhine-Westphalia

Annual Report 2005/2006

Editor: Wuppertal Institute Co-ordination: Dorle Riechert, Oscar ReutterPhotos: Visualization Lab Wuppertal Institute and otherTranslation: Meredith Dale, Nina Hausmann, Sandra Lustig, Mary Tyler (Tradukas GbR ); Simone Heinen, Julia Schlüns (Wuppertal Institute)Pictures/graphs: Sabine MichaelisLayout: Dorothea Frinker Print: Ley + Wiegandt, Wuppertal, at Revolve Silk, 100% Recycling-Paper

Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energyat the Science Centre North Rhine-Westphalia Döppersberg 19, 42103 Wuppertal PO Box 10 04 80, 42004 Wuppertal

Phone: +49 202 24 92 0 Telefax: +49 202 24 92 108E-Mail (general): [email protected] (individual staff members): [email protected]: http://www.wupperinst.org

Wuppertal 2006

ISBN 3-929944-71-5 ISBN 978-3-929944-71-6

contents

Welcome 5

WI-Impressionen 6

Increasing Resource Efficiency: Green Rhetoric or Paradigm Shift in Environmental and Economic Policy? 9

Research Group 1: Future Energy and Mobility Structures 27

Research Group 2: Energy, Transport and Climate Policy 37

Research Group 3: Material Flows and Resource Management 45

Research Group 4: Sustainable Production and Consumption 53

Cross Cutting Projects 65

Berlin Office 71

The Ph.D-programme 75

Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production (CSCP) 78

Economic Development 85

New Publications 105

The WI in brief 107

Dear reader,

Welcome at the Wuppertal Institute!

We are pleased to see so much interest in our work, and with this annual report we would like to present you with a short overview on the focal points of our work from summer 2005 until summer 2006. Admittedly, these are only extracts — for more information please visit our homepage http://www.wupperinst.org. We have thoroughly revised this homepage and changed its design. As a result, not only can you now obtain a better over-view and more background information on our Institute and its ideas, but also will you have easier access to us and our publications. To keep yourself up-to-date you can subscribe to our E-Mail-Newsletter “wi-news” on our homepage. Every two weeks the “wi-news” inform you and approximately 8.000 other subscribers worldwide about events, new publications and sci-entific findings of the Wuppertal Institute.

Our research lives from exchange. We see ourselves as mediators between politics, economy, science and the public. Therefore, we appreci-ate suggestions and comments on our work and our publications. We are especially pleased that last year many interested visitors again found their way to Wuppertal. We feel very comfortable in this city with its commit-ted citizenry. Hence, it is by no accident that the “UNEP/ Wuppertal Insti-tute Collaborating Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production” (CSCP), co-founded by the Wuppertal Institute and the Environmental Programme of the United Nations (UNEP), has its seat in Wuppertal. You will find photographs of the opening ceremony with the former UNEP-director Professor Dr. Klaus Töpfer as well as a contribution on the work plan of the CSCP.

Enjoy the reading and use this opportunity to visit us in the internet!

Dorle RiechertPublic Relations

Wi-impressions

� �

increasing resource efficiency: Green rhetoric or paradigm shift in environmental and economic policy ?

During the last few years, calls for an increase in resource, material and energy efficiency, indeed for a veritable “efficiency revolution”, have made their way into politicians’s speeches and official government policies. At the same time, the material and physical view derived from environmental policy that material and energy flows that harm the environment (e.g. waste, sewage, exhausts and emissions, heat loss, transport) should be “avoided” is increasingly linked with monetary operational and macroeconomic analyses that reveal the prospect of considerable cost-cutting potential and scope for innovation. Increasingly, the enhancement of material and energy efficiency in processes, buildings, vehicles and products is seen as part of an integrated whole and, by linking ecological, economic and social dimensions of sustainable production and consumption, is placed in both a technical and a socioeconomic context.1 The subject is examined both at the level of individual businesses and inter-company value chains and of regions, national economies and international interconnections. Are these new developments in research and politics merely “green” rhetoric?

the growing overlap between environmental and economic policy

Ecologists have been pointing out for years that the per capita rates of energy and material consumption in OECD countries cannot be trans-ferred to the growing majority of the world’s population in developing and newly industrialized countries. Due to the limits of finite resources and the absorptive capacity of sinks such as oceans and the atmosphere, two to three planet earths would be needed for developing countries and fast-growing, populous newly industrialized countries such as China and India to adopt the resource-intensive production and consumption patterns of rich coun-

1 European Environment Agency EEA, (ed.), Sustainable Use and Management of Natural Resources, EEA Report No. 9/2005 (Luxembourg, 2005); and Aachener Stiftung Kathy Beys (ed.): Ressourcenproduktivität als Chance: Ein langfristiges Konjunkturprogramm für Deutschland (Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2005).

tries.2 The consequence of this — that welfare must be completely decou-pled from resource consumption — has been formulated as a normative postulate,3 and examined for fundamental feasibility by means of examples4 and scenario calculations.5 This has certainly contributed towards some rethinking and towards a large number of good practice examples, though not yet to mainstreaming of environmental policy as a forward-looking economic policy.

Generally speaking, the actual primacy of the economy in the era of glo-balization of international capitalism makes it difficult to gain due recogni-tion for the ecological and social dimensions of sustainability. In the past, ecology was likely to secure an official hearing and effective implementation only if its economic advantageousness (increased growth and competitive-ness) had been proven beyond doubt. In future, the opposite may be true. In the long term, the economy will only have any prospects if its ecological advantageousness is ensured (i.e. in this context drastically reduced energy and material consumption). That would impact radically on the interplay of environmental and economic policy at all levels. In this respect, it would be no exaggeration to say that a paradigm shift is on its way.6

There is an accumulation of headlines and book titles such as Resource Wars (Michael T. Klare), Winning the Oil Endgame (Amory Lovins),

2 For example, generalizing the resource-intensive lifestyle in the United States to nine billion people would mean “… around 4.5 billion cars (now: 655 million), a need for approx. 80 million tonnes of oil per day (now: 10 million tonnes) and global resource extraction of around 293,000 million tonnes per year (now: 55,000 million)”. See A. Behrens, et al., “Eine Materialinputsteuer zur Senkung des Ressourcenverbrauchs — und Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen?”, in Aachener Stiftung Kathy Beys (ed.), Ressourcen-produktivität (see note 1), pp. 49–62.

3 Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek, Das MIPS-Konzept: Weniger Naturverbrauch — mehr Lebens-qualität durch Faktor 10 (Munich, 2000). Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek, The International Factor 10 Club’s Reports of 1999, Graue Reihe series (Gelsenkirchen: Institut Arbeit und Technik, 2000).

4 Ernst U. von Weizsäcker, Amory B. Lovins and L. HunterLovins, Faktor Vier: Doppelter Wohlstand — halbierter Naturverbrauch (Munich, 1996).

5 Amory B. Lovins and Peter Hennicke, Voller Energie — Vision: Die globale Faktor-Vier-Strategie für Klimaschutz und Atomausstieg (Frankfurt am Main, 1999). The most recent example of the fundamental feasibility of complete decoupling of energy consumption and economic growth is the “2000 Watt Society” concept that was examined by the major Swiss research institutes. See Eberhard Jochem (ed.), Steps towards a Sustainable Devel-opment: A White Book for R&D of Energy-Efficiency Technology (Zurich: Centre for Energy Policy and Economics, 2004).

6 Ernst von Weizsäcker characterized the twenty-first century as the “Age of the Environ-ment”. Reduced to its socioeconomic and technical content, this gives rise to the new paradigm “maximum resource efficiency”.

“Schweden will sich bis 2020 vom Öl befreien” [Sweden plans to liberate itself from oil by 2020] (Spiegel Online, 9 February 2006), “Anleger pochen auf Klimaschutz” [Investors clamour for climate protection] (Frankfurter Rundschau, 9 February 2006) and “Kursfeuerwerk bei deutschen Solar-aktien” [Sky-rocketing prices for German solar shares] (ARD TV news). Apparently, these are no longer merely ecologically motivated “wake-up calls” but primarily inherently economic signals and driving forces. Increas-ing energy and resource productivity, decoupling economic growth from consumption of natural resources, and consumption and production pat-terns using fewer resources are topics that have moved from normative dis-cussion to the centre of hard economic realities. The Federation of Ger-man Industries (BDI) has set up a working party on raw material security. Countries such as China and India with billion-plus populations and high economic growth rates appreciate that managing with fewer resources is an essential prerequisite not only for limiting the ominous consumption of natural capital but first and foremost for preserving growth and develop-ment opportunities. “Leap frogging” by these “lead markets” to high tech-nologies that use fewer resources (e.g. to especially efficient motor vehicles and energy technologies)7 may hold a hitherto unsuspected momentum.8

Yet also in rich countries of the North, such as Germany, increasing resource efficiency may be the key to ecological modernization, to reduc-ing costs and improving competitiveness, to innovation leaps and “green” growth that is less undermining of the natural fundaments of life. Ecologi-cal crises and the economic market pressures of continually rising resource prices will sooner or later force patterns of consumption and production using fewer resources in both North and South.

Nonetheless, it is doubtful whether ecology (e.g. climate protection) can wait for the long-drawn-out autonomous self-regulatory processes of mar-kets and rising raw material prices. The example of the market for oil and gas highlights the need for a forward-looking economic and security policy before manifest economic and geopolitical crises occur and that this should set a more decisive course towards reduced dependence on energy imports.9

7 Martin Jänicke, National Environmental Policies: A Comparative Study of Capacity Build-ing (Berlin: Springer, 1997).

8 The draft 11th five-year plan (2006–10) adopted by the Chinese National People’s Congress on 5 March 2006 includes the assumption that the economy will grow by 7.5% per annum while energy intensity (the ratio of energy consumption to GDP) will be reduced by 20% during the five-year period. See www.gov.cn. “Report on the Work of the Government (2006)”, March 14, 2006.

9 See also Peter Hennicke and Nikolaus Supersberger (eds), Krisenfaktor Öl: Abrüsten mit neuer Energie (Munich: oekom, forthcoming autumn 2006).

Increasing�Resource�Efficiency� 1110� Annual�Report�2005/2006

12� Annual�Report�2005/2006

Therefore we argue that without political interventions and new, intelligent guidelines, stimuli and incentive structures at all political levels, first-mover and other competitive advantages for the economy will be gambled away and Russian roulette will be played with the environment.

For the signs of a paradigm shift, not only in environmental policy, are unambiguous.10 With the prospect of looming shortages, intensified world market competition, increased dependence on imports, escalating prices for energy and other raw materials (e.g. coke, copper, steel, platinum) and the incipient internalization of previously externalized costs (e.g. by means of emissions trading and financial analysts’ ratings in the case of climate change), the bounds of the resource-intensive type of growth that is still prevalent have been reached and, in some cases, crossed.11 Never before was the overlap between economic and innovation policy on the one hand and proactive environmental and climate policy on the other as obvious and as relevant as it is now, and its significance will increase considerably in the future.

One expression of this growing overlap is new and unaccustomed coali-tions of interests and alliances (e.g. between companies, non-government organizations and scientists). Part of this is the increasing realization that, in a globalized economic and cultural world, environmental and economic policy must be conceived globally but must often be implemented locally or regionally. It goes without saying that this applies to climate protection and adjustment to climate change, but it also applies to implementation of more sustainable patterns of consumption and production (Marrakech Process).

There is therefore an increasing need to create environmental policy concepts that supply positive socioeconomic models (more efficient, more economical, better, fairer, more environmentally friendly) rather than being couched in mainly “defensive” terms, as happened so often in the past. In economic terms, environmental policy can rely more on “coalitions of win-ners” than was previously the case, especially when, despite state-acceler-ated structural transformation, it also takes into account diversification strategies and alternative fields of business for the “losers”, makes allowance for transitional periods and is supported by aids to adjustment. In future, modern environmental policy will therefore also be innovation policy and ecologically compatible economic policy, because it will be able to support

10 Klaus Töpfer in an interview in Der Tagesspiegel, “We are facing a total reappraisal of environmental policy”, 9 March 2006.

11 Dennis Meadows, Jorgen Randers and Donella Meadows, Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Global Update (White River Junction VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2004).

On 28 September 2005 a colloquium called “Worldpower: Energy — Challenge for Democracy and Prosperity” took place in the rooms of Deutsche Messe AG Hannover. The event focused on the possible consequences of the prevailing energy policy on security pol-icy worldwide. In cooperation with the Deutsche Messe AG, the German Association of the Club of Rome and the Wuppertal Institute hosted lectures given by the following personali-ties: Prof. Dr. Peter Hennicke, Dr. Friedemann Müller (German Institute for International and Security Affairs), former brigadier Dieter Farwick (Editor in Chief at the World Security Network), Dr. Heinrich Kraft (Deputy Head of the Policy Planning Staff, Federal Foreign Office), Prof. Dr. Mohssen Massarrat (University of Osnabrück), PD Dr. Henner Fürtig (German Orient Institute) and Dr. Franz Trieb (German Aerospace Center). Also presented were discussions with Prof. Dr. Utz Claassen (Chairman of the Board of EnBW), Dr. Hubertus Barth (Institute of the German Economy), Prof. Dr. Rolf Kreibich (Director of the Institute for Futures Studies and Technology Assessment) and Michael Müller (Member of the German Bundestag). Hans-Herbert Holzamer, “Süddeutsche Zeitung”, moderated the event. Sepp D. Heckmann (Chairman of the Board of Deutsche Messe AG) und Uwe Möller (Secretary General of the Club of Rome) welcomed the guests. Photo below from left to right: H.-H. Holzamer, H. Bardt, U. Claassen, D. Attig, R. Kreibich. Photos: Erhardt Heidenreich, by courtesy of Messe Hannover

Increasing�Resource�Efficiency� 13


a new type of technical and social progress that conserves nature and cre-ates work.

Still, one thing that distinguishes environmental policy from economic policy is its longer time horizon and its role as an early-warning system and catalytic accelerator of structural transformation when precautionary action beyond autonomous market incentives is required. That is because for an ambitious energy, climate and resource policy time is perhaps the scarcest resource. An almost inestimable multitude of “good examples” at all levels (projects, policies, instruments, alliances and initiatives) show that sustainable innovations are also economically successful. However, unsus-tainable trends still predominate (e.g. in the case of climate change and of growing dependence on oil and natural gas imports) and all over the world it remains an open question whether the present, frequently over-timid, courses set toward sustainability are in time to prevent an unsustainable accumulation of risks.

Therefore a central task for applied sustainability research is to iden-tify obstacles to innovation and diffusion and to develop key goals, indi-cators, conducive conditions, policy mixes and incentive structures for an accelerated structural transformation of ecological and socioeconomic modernization. In doing so, researchers need to work out which actors with their specific interests and scope for action can make which contributions towards sustainable development and which advantages they can gain from it. An example of this is the German Renewable Energy Act, which (regard-less of whether it is developed sensibly in future) has overcome existing barriers to market access and opened up an attractive future market for a host of new power generation technologies and actors. This success story of a market development encouraged by a national government and of accel-erated ecological modernization in the era of globalization can be contin-ued, for example by developing profitable potential for material efficiency through a programme to stimulate material efficiency,12 by goal-oriented development of the market for energy efficiency technologies with the help of an energy efficiency fund,13 by introducing a bonus or certification system for the accelerated market launch of combined power and heating/

12 Arthur D. Little AdL, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI and Wuppertal Institute (ed.), Studie zur Konzeption eines Programms für die Steigerung der Materialeffizienz in mittelständischen Unternehmen, for the German Federal Ministry of Business and Labour (Wuppertal et al., 2005). http://www.materialeffizienz.de/download/Abschlussbericht.pdf; Aachener Stiftung Kathy Beys (ed.), Ressourcenproduktivität (see note 1).

13 Stefan Thomas, et al., Konzept für einen EnergieSparFonds in Deutschland, final report commissioned by the Hans Boeckler Foundation (Wuppertal: Wuppertal Institute, 2005).

cooling systems14 or by institutionalizing a target-oriented sustainable type of competition along the lines of the Japanese Top Runner Programme (for all durable energy-consuming appliances and vehicles).15 Another possibil-ity is regional market stimuli for climate protection technologies and jobs in the building industry, as the ProKlima fund in Hannover, for instance, has shown in exemplary fashion.16 Yet the most important change must take place in thinking. Business, politics and civil society must learn that in future “less will be more” and “differently better” in a very fundamental sense. The close link between efficiency revolution and renewability (e.g. in the form of green energy technology, industrial raw materials and fuels) could become the central guiding idea for future products, processes, appli-ances, buildings and vehicles.

For this, a new government framework and guidelines are indispensable in the energy sector, for example. Continuing disproportionate use of non-renewable sources of energy will make the world increasingly susceptible to crises and, ultimately, poorer. As long as it is considerably more advanta-geous for the consumer to save energy by means of efficiency technologies than to buy kilowatt-hours from the energy provider, industry also needs a framework that enables it to earn more from avoiding energy use by using high-efficiency technologies than from the profligate sale of energy. Meth-ods and instruments for achieving this reversal in incentive structure, even in liberalized markets, are known and have been implemented in some countries, including in some states of the US, in Britain and in Denmark.17

The energy mix of the future — i.e. a sustainable energy service econ-omy — must amount to more than just a diversification of energy offering. The leaden weight (the “dead costs”) of an unnecessary use of energy and material that does not help to create value but instead represents permanent “loss creation” (Professor Schaltegger) burdens the environment, economy and society in both North and South. Ecological modernization and inno-vation policy should therefore always aim for an “economy that avoids

14 Manfred Fischedick, Joachim Nitsch et al., Langfristszenarien für eine nachhaltige Energienutzung in Deutschland, study commissioned by the German Federal Environ-ment Agency (Wuppertal and Stuttgart, 2002).

15 http://www.eccj.or.jp/summary/local0303/eng/05-03.html16 proKlima GmbH, Jahresbericht 2004 (Hannover, 2005); http://www.proklima-hannover.

de/dateien/pdfs/pK-Jahresbericht_2004.pdf. 17 See also Stefan Thomas, “Aktivitäten der Energiewirtschaft zur Förderung der Energieef-

fizienz auf der Nachfrageseite in liberalisierten Strom- und Gasmärkten europäischer Staaten: Kriteriengestützter Vergleich der politischen Rahmenbedingungen”, PhD disser-tation submitted to the faculty of political and social sciences of the Free University of Berlin, Otto Suhr Institute for Political Science, May 2006.



unnecessary consumption of energy and material”.18 It is not only energy and raw material prices rising across the board and increasingly burden-some oil and gas bills that suggest this, but also the fact that, with a grow-ing world population, sustainable development in the South and qualitative growth in the North are unimaginable in the long term without a sharp increase in resource productivity and without a complete decoupling of welfare from resource consumption. Meanwhile, international comparative studies undertaken by the Wuppertal Institute show, for instance, that while an increase in energy and resource productivity in Germany is certainly ascertainable, it is countered by an increasing consumption of resources by German businesses abroad. In the course of globalization it is therefore increasingly important to dovetail the development of national policies with scientific knowledge in such a way as to largely avoid shifting problems to other regions, above all to developing countries.19

Rough estimates suggest that avoidable use of material and energy cur-rently burdens the German economy with “dead costs” totalling around Euro180,000 million per annum.20 The technologically feasible energy savings potential alone accounts for nearly 45 percent of primary energy consumption, or approximately Euro 70,000 million per annum.21 Tap-ping this enormous energy saving and modernization potential by means of strategic efficiency programmes will not only reduce the national economy’s material costs and energy bill, but will also replace raw material imports and the outflow of capital abroad by new fields of business and purchasing power at home, enhance competitiveness and therefore, given a supportive framework, result in a considerable positive net employment impact on the labour market. An intelligently designed nationwide mate-rial efficiency programme could not only serve to revive the economy and the labour market but also to lessen resource consumption, induce positive employment effects and improve the financial situation of public budg-ets.22

18 Peter Hennicke and Michael Müller, Weltmacht Energie: Herausforderung für Demokra-tie und Wohlstand (Stuttgart: Hirzel, 2005).

19 Stefan Bringezu, Stephan Moll and Helmut Schütz, Resource Use in European Countries: An Estimate of Materials and Waste Streams in the Community, Including Imports and Exports, Using the Instrument of Material Flow Analysis, Wuppertal Report No. 1 (Wuppertal: Wuppertal Institute, 2005).

20 “Avoidable” means that the same service or a service of equal utility can be achieved using less energy or material. A considerable proportion can be saved “economically”, i.e. the capital and transaction cost repayments are lower than the annual energy and/or material cost savings.

21 Internal estimate by the Wuppertal Institute and Dr Fischer. 22 See Aachener Stiftung Kathy Beys (ed.), Ressourcenproduktivität (see note 1).

These national figures will no doubt materialize and be concretized at regional and local level within the system limits of a regional economy. For this, “external relations” with both the national and, depending on foreign trade and payment interconnections, the international market are impor-tant. It is generally true of regional economies, too, that rising prices for energy and raw materials impact directly on the costs borne by local com-panies, private households and public budgets. A rising world oil price (and, in the wake of it, gas price) may be caused by a crisis in the Middle East, but it also burdens the local energy calculation while simultaneously inducing new fields of business, e.g. for local producers of efficiency technologies and renewables as alternatives to oil and gas. The more a region’s economy and social structure has previously been marked by energy and material imports, the more important relief from the burden of “dead” energy and material costs is to its competitiveness and quality as a business location. Rising energy and material prices mean greater dependency on imports and a greater outflow of regional capital and purchasing power elsewhere. A provident local government and economic development policy should pay no less attention to such long-term shifts in the structure and price of energy and material imports than, for instance, to analysing demographic change and its socioeconomic implications.

new tasks for application-oriented sustainability research

Now, hardly anyone questions whether society needs sustainable develop-ment. In future, the central focus will be on implementation and on its socioeconomic prerequisites and interconnections. The question now, therefore, is how to shape sustainable development as a long-term process of change, globally, nationally and regionally. As regards regional Agenda 21 processes, this implies a need not only to reflect on global interconnec-tions but also on economic driving forces (i.e. including specifically the local market opportunities for small and medium-sized enterprises) and on questions of how to better combine an increase in resource efficiency with the social and economic dimensions of sustainability.

Analysing possibilities for action amidst the fraught field of globaliza-tion conflicts, ecology and global justice, threatening wars over resources, national economic weakness, high public debt, heightening social tensions, efforts to protect quality of life and changed models requires an integrative type of application-oriented research and scientific policy advice. The key concept that links these conflicting areas and opens up options for solu-tions is an accelerated increase in energy and resource productivity. This is an absolutely essential, though not a sufficient, condition for the complete



decoupling of growth in welfare (improvement in the quality of life) from resource consumption. “Essential” relates in a material respect to the avail-ability of resources and sinks. Moreover, this decoupling process is also indis-pensable for fulfilling the economic and social prerequisites for sustainability (e.g. for inter-generational, international and national fairness of distribu-tion). “Not sufficient” refers to the fact that complex questions of toxicity,23 of regenerability, of tolerable scale, of the concrete scope for material and energy consumption and of land use must also be answered. In doing so, it is not enough to define what quantity of which resources will be available for sustainable use at the national level in future. Now, it is increasingly impor-tant to take the European and international context into account.

Thus scientific policy advice in the field of sustainability policy assumes a new quality. It must combine scenario and system analyses (back- and fore-casting) aimed at limiting future uncertainty with the identification of strate-gies to guide action and with concretizing packages of instruments, measures and key projects to overcome obstacles more quickly. This requires scientific stimuli that identify foreseeable risks by scientific methods, highlight the present scope for action and initiate the setting of long-term courses more forcefully with an innovative policy mix. In doing so, it is especially impor-tant to highlight how the process of social transformation can be shaped. Successful sustainability policy in this sense can, as projects in schools and in the field of education for sustainability show, can radiate positively onto other policy areas (e.g. education policy). It can motivate the many and diverse actors in civil society (above all young people) to take a greater inter-est in playing an active part in shaping social innovation processes.

In short, what is needed is application-oriented sustainability research that picks up the impetus provided by the 2002 Johannesburg conference plan of implementation and provides scientific stimuli to support ecological modernization and a change to more sustainable patterns of consumption and production in both North and South. The task of this type of research is also to act as a catalyst for strengthening market launch and technology diffusion processes and at the same time to review international experience (e.g. from Japan) in terms of its transferability to Germany.

23 The concept of eco-efficiency as used, for example, by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) explicitly includes reducing the use of toxic materi-als. See WBCSD (ed.), Measuring Eco-Efficiency: A Guide to Reporting Company Performance (London, 2000); http://www.gdrc.org/sustbiz/measuring.pdf. See also Liselotte Schebeck, “Materialeffizienz und das “Konzept Ökoeffizienz”: Perspektiven aus Sicht von Wissenschaft und Praxis”, in Materialeffizienz. Potenziale bewerten, Innova-tionen fördern, Beschäftigung sichern, ed. by Christa Liedtke and Timo Busch (Munich, 2005), pp. 27–36.

new topics for cooperative research

Investigating subject areas around energy and resource productivity and climate and resource protection is an ongoing scientific task, both because of the underlying climate protection policy timescales (2020, 2050, 2100) and the need to adapt to climate change, and on account of the long-term investment cycles for infrastructure in the energy, transport and construc-tion sectors. It is to be hoped that national and EU-wide research policy will accommodate this long-term research need and that it will be translated into major cooperative research programmes. The following are just a few examples of subject areas: • Operationalizing central ideas and devising implementation strategies Translating central ideas on energy and material efficiency that are geared

to the long term (e.g. the “2000 Watt Society” by 2050 in cooperation with major Swiss research institutes)24 into policy- and business-relevant sub-modules, areas of need and packages of measures (e.g. new energy- and material-efficient buildings; fleets of two- to three-litre automobiles of lightweight construction; 500 kWh/a domestic appliance pool; virtual decentralized power stations; negawatt power; biomass strategy, biore-fineries; sustainable consumption patterns and lifestyles).

• Interactions between material and energy efficiency, further development of the material efficiency programme

Integrated analysis of the interactions between material and energy efficiency technologies; development and testing of sector- and target group-specific packages of instruments for tapping cost reduction poten-tial by means of material and energy efficiency; further development, updating and regular evaluation of a nationwide start-up programme; building of regional networks and of nationwide coordination between material efficiency actors.

• Kyoto Plus climate policy Development, harmonization, simplification and evaluation of the

diverse energy and climate policy instruments in Germany, including in the light of recent international developments (Kyoto Plus). Develop-ment of international climate policy strategy, e.g. specification of targets based on a quantitative analysis of integrated scenarios and concepts such as equity or contraction and convergence, along with the attain-

24 Eberhard Jochem (ed.), Steps towards a Sustainable Development (see note 5).

Increasing�Resource�Efficiency� 1�


ability of those targets through energy and climate policy instruments. Interactions between flexible mechanisms and sector- and technology-specific instruments for energy efficiency and renewable energies to encourage innovations, market penetration and technology transfer on parallel tracks.

• Energy security and import dependency / relationship between climate policy and energy-related foreign policy

Identifying trade-offs between security of supply, climate protection and a sustainable national energy mix; strategies to reduce dependency on imports of oil and gas; e.g. including bilateral cooperation with OPEC countries in accordance with the central idea of technology transfer (energy efficiency/renewables) in return for stable oil/gas supplies.

• Infrastructures of the future Analysing the role of decentralized and semi-centralized infrastructures

in the complex of technical development (recycling, cascades), liberaliza-tion, climate protection and quality of life; developing guiding concepts for the future market integration of infrastructures for energy, water/sewage, waste/disposal and public transport.

• Acceleration of market launch processes, diffusion of ecological innovations

Accelerated market launch of renewable raw materials, differentiated by sector, with accelerated efficiency strategies in both developed and developing countries; analysis of barriers to invention, innovation and diffusion of material and energy efficiency technologies and measures to dispel these obstacles (e.g. building networks on life-cycle costs, local or regional initiatives and clusters).

• Justice and fairness in the “greenhouse” Climate change and globalized markets place questions of justice and

fairness in a new light. An answer must be found to the question of how countries in the South can be enabled to develop and simultaneously adjust to climate change that is already happening without losing sight of the main goal, that of largely avoiding climate change.

• Technological innovations and changes in behaviour Analyses and strategies relating to the interplay between technological

innovations and changes in behaviour, e.g. consumption and investment decisions for zero-energy homes, use of information and communica-

tion technology in transport and mobility behaviour, environmental information systems in companies and business resource management.

• Policy innovations for energy efficiency programmes Further conceptual development and policy innovations for energy

efficiency programmes, e.g. energy efficiency fund; Top Runner approach; white certificates; “feebate” programmes; cooperative procurement; contracting, “intracting”, citizen contracting, facility management, mobility management; public procurement.

• Resource scenarios and resource management strategy Identifying priority resource-intensive sectors, technological and institu-

tional improvement potentials and actor-oriented areas of action; devel-oping blueprints for the future resource base in Germany, Europe and the world (material, energy, land), for the domestic and foreign share; developing a biophysical perspective for industrial sectors, addressing key technologies and coupling them with socioeconomic potential.

• Extended material flow analyses Linking material flow analyses, material and land use with micro- and

macroeconomic cost accounting; further development of the bases for monitoring and evaluation of progress towards increased resource productivity at various levels and for various players, along with analysis of value chains and cross-border transfer processes (ecological rucksacks, physical foreign trade balances).

• Sustainable consumption and production Analysing patterns of consumption and production along value chains

and for different areas of need on the basis of sustainability criteria (for example, taking into account more sustainable mobility systems) and analysing the interaction of production- and product-integrated environmental protection, cost reduction and sustainable consumption patterns.

• Environmental monitoring and environmental evaluation Further conceptual development of continuous environment and

sustainability evaluation methods, e.g. for monitoring greenhouse gases and strategic environmental testing.



Naturally, this list is not exhaustive, nor can individual institutes deal with all these subjects. That requires coordination between national and interna-tional scientific networks and further expansion of international coopera-tion in applied sustainability research.

new tasks for the Wuppertal institute

A central idea in the reshaping of the Wuppertal Institute’s research agenda, a process that was accelerated by the critical appraisal by the Wissenschafts-rat (German Science Council) in 2001, was to focus on applied sustain-ability research. In the process, sectoral research departments were replaced by thematically integrated, fixed-term research groups and inter-institute groups. This concept has proven to be extraordinarily successful in bet-ter meeting the requirements of politicians, business and civil society for forms of scientific advice on national and international policy that are ori-ented towards implementation and problem-solving, especially in the field of resource efficiency. Whether in studies of extensive cost-effective energy efficiency potential with end consumers (on behalf of E.ON Ruhrgas)25 or a detailed cost-benefit appraisal on the establishment of a national energy efficiency fund to implement the EU energy efficiency directive (on behalf of the Hans Boeckler Foundation), our analysis was centred on accelerat-ing an increase in energy efficiency by all actors (including the large power corporations) and on the specific conditions required to make this possible. An important factor in this is integration in systems analysis and critical appraisal of innovative supply systems such as the use of biomass to gen-erate biogas26 or concrete analysis and acceptance research for the launch of hydrogen on niche transport markets.27 Research Group 3 and Research Group 4 in particular centred their research on increasing resource effi-ciency, the former from an international, comparative point of view and the latter from the point of view of companies and production chains. In view of rising raw material prices, this has generated a host of new research sub-jects for the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and for

25 Stefan Thomas et al. Optionen und Potenziale für Endenergieeffizienz und Energiedienst-leistungen, final report commissioned by E.ON AG. (Wuppertal: Wuppertal Institute, May 2006.

26 Wuppertal Intstitute et al. (ed.): Analyse und Bewertung der Nutzungsmöglichkeiten von Biomasse: Untersuchung im Auftrag von BGW und DVGW, vol. 1 Gesamtergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen (Wuppertal et al., January 2006).

27 See the HYCHAIN-MINITRANS project. Demonstration of innovative fuel-cell technol-ogy in light and small vehicles with the aim of developing early entry markets for hydro-gen in Europe.

the Federal Environment Ministry, as well as company- and region-related analyses28.

Analyses in the international field have also played a greater role. This applies especially to the EU, since resource efficiency will be high on the agenda under both the Finnish29 and the German Presidency of the Coun-cil of the European Union. In connection with the World Energy Dialogue (2006) at the Hannover Fair, for which the Wuppertal Institute was involved in preparing a concept, a workshop was held in cooperation with the Ger-man Club of Rome society on the topic of “Oil as a Crisis Factor”. The resulting analyses were collected and published.30

The UNEP/Wuppertal Institute Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production, a non-profit subsidiary of the Wuppertal Institute, has successfully launched operations and is supporting the Marrakech Process for implementing the international action plan on sustainable consump-tion and production with numerous publications.31

A large number of meetings with the new North Rhine-Westphalian state government (including with Minister for Innovation, Research, Sci-ence and Technology Professor Andreas Pinkwart and State Secretary Dr Michael Stückradt and presentations to the environment and research committee) and visits to the Institute by Environment Minister Eckhard Uhlenberg and State Secretary Dr Jens Baganz of the Economics Minis-try have resulted in a constructive dialogue with the new regional govern-ment. Unfortunately, by summer 2006 the Institute’s concerns about the

28 Christa Liedtke (ed.), Materialeffizienz: Potenziale bewerten, Innovationen fördern, Beschäftigung sichern (Munich: oekom, 2005).

29 Ministry of the Environment of Finland (ed.), Going Global on Energy Efficiency: Finland’s Initiative Towards a New Generation of Environmental Policy, background paper (Helsinki, 2006). http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=53253&lan=en

30 Peter Hennicke and Nikolaus Supersberger (eds), Krisenfaktor Öl (see note 9).31 Division for Sustainable Development of UN-DESA, UNEP, UNEP/Wuppertal Institute

Collaborating Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production CSCP (eds), Making the Marrakech Process Work, discussion paper for the 2nd International Expert Meeting on the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Produc-tion, San José, Costa Rica, 5–8 September 2005. http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/sdissues/consumption/Marrakech/discussionpaper.pdf See also UNEP/Wuppertal Institute Collaborating Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production CSCP (ed.), Sustain-able Energy Consumption, background paper prepared for the European Conference under the Marrakech Process on Sustainable Consumption and Production, Berlin, 13–14 December 2005. http://scp-centre.org/uploads/media/EnergyMarrakech_Background.pdf See also UNEP/Wuppertal Institute Collaborating Centre on Sustainable Consump-tion and Production CSCP (ed.), Integrating Sustainable Consumption and Production into Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: A Joint UNEP/CSCP Manual, draft version of 17 March 2006.



necessary minimum long-term safeguard of its basic funding had yet to be allayed. However, with the support of all parties and of the innova-tion ministry, signs of possible solutions for 2007 and subsequent years are emerging.

Stable and reliable long-term finances are also of great importance to the staff of the Institute, who have not only continued to develop their expert know-how and the Institute’s ability to canvass work on the inter-national research market in an exemplary fashion, but have also made financial sacrifices to keep the Institute functioning, in anticipation of long-term financial security transpiring. The Institute’s new programme for PhD researchers (see the article by Oscar Reutter on page 75) will serve in the years ahead to systematically encourage, in cooperation with numerous universities, the academic qualification of a rising generation of scientists.

That continued development of the Institute’s expertise has not suf-fered as a result is demonstrated by the successful postdoctoral lecturing qualification obtained by Raimund Bleischwitz (at Kassel University) and Uta von Winterfeld (at the Free University of Berlin) and the completion of outstanding doctorates by, for example, Phillip Schepelmann, Christian Jungbluth and Stefan Thomas.

In recognition of his particular achievements as head of Research Group 1 and of services rendered to the Institute, in June 2006 Manfred Fischedick was appointed Vice-President. During my term of office he will also represent me externally on important occasions.

Gerhard Scherhorn has played a key role in driving forward research at the Institute for many years and, along with Christa Liedtke, successfully built up Research Group 4. He is now treating himself to a reduced work-load but will continue to support the Institute in an advisory capacity.

We were fortunate to succeed in involving Professor Ronald Schettkat of the University of Wuppertal in closer scientific cooperation with the Insti-tute. Professor Schettkat will provide expert support and strengthen the competence of Research Group 4 in the field of economics. He will also take charge of organizing a comprehensive economic research seminar to which economists of international repute are also to contribute. For the subject of sustainable consumption and production affects especially fundamental questions of growth and innovation theory as well as employment and the labour market.

The Wuppertal Institute has coped with the change of financial struc-ture resulting from the sharp decline in institutional funding from the Land North Rhine-Westphalia in recent years by successfully securing third-party funding on the research market (see also the article by Brigitte Mutert on page 85). Nonetheless, a minimum safeguard of basic funding is indispen-sable for an institute that operates internationally, in order to underpin its capacity to canvass work and to produce innovation and scientific substan-tiation through its own fundamental work (e.g. in research, teaching and peer-reviewed publication). Peter Hennicke President


� 27

research Group 1: Future energy and Mobility structures

The development of the energy and mobility system is shaped by a growing number of political guidelines and goals (e.g. environmental and climate protection, energy supply security, competitiveness, concern about social impact, low vulnerability vis-à-vis external and internal effects), which together result in a complex situation. Moreover, every region has its own specific problems and priorities. While in many developing countries, the environmental problems in the megacities are of utmost concern, in many industrialized countries the focus is on reducing the dependence on oil and gas (and the pricing policies of oil and gas companies), while achieving economic and ecological goals. Both in Germany and abroad, large invest-ments in maintaining and expanding energy supply are imminent. In its World Energy Investment Outlook, the International Energy Agency (IEA) forecasts investments in the energy market of a total of US$ 16 to 17 billion (or trillion for our American readers) for the time period between 2005 and 2030. The market actors in Germany have announced investments totalling €30 thousand million through 2012 to renew power stations and power supply networks. At the same time a similar sum is to be invested in renew-able energies.

In view of this situation, decision makers in the political arena and in the business world are increasingly looking for reliable information about ways to develop technology and infrastructure. Against this background, the Future Energy and Mobility Structures Research Group (RG 1) explores what sustainable energy and mobility structures might look like, which technologies are necessary to achieve such structures and which goals for research, technology and development can be derived from them. How can the transition to such structures be achieved, and which implications stem from the transformation process? Taking systems, technology and actors into consideration, our encompassing approach is geared to addressing these issues and finding ways to support the related processes.

In this context and with a special focus on the national and European levels, RG 1 analyses and explores the following questions:

• How can the total stock of power stations be optimized in terms of environmental protection, energy efficiency and profitability over time?

On 20 February 2006, NRW-Environment Minister Eckhard Uhlenberg gathered informa-tion at the Wuppertal Institute regarding the state of affairs of the research, as well as on the projects of the Wuppertal Institute being conducted at the state level. Present were Peter Hennicke and the representatives of the research groups. Among the political guests of the Wuppertal Institute were the State Secretary in the Ministry of the Environment Dr. Alexander Schink, the Mayor of Wuppertal, Peter Jung, along with the Members of the Landtag from Wuppertal Horst Ellinghaus and Peter Brakelmann, and Jürgen Hardt, Chairman of the Wuppertal municipal alliance of the CDU, Ute Koczy, Member of the Parliament, Bündnis 90/Die Grünen, Christian Lindner, Member of the Landtag NRW, FDP, as well as State Secretary in the Ministry of Economics NRW Dr. Jens Baganz along with Ministerialdirigent Dr. Volkard Riechmann.


• How can we promote the expansion and integration of decentralized energy supply technologies and renewable energy, both in terms of systems integration and integration into the power supply networks? Which technical and infrastructural measures are necessary to achieve that goal?

• Which effects do the changing population and demand structures have on the energy and transport systems and the infrastructures on which they are based?

• How can we achieve a better integration of the fuels industry and the energy industry (supply of alternative fuels)?

• Which new technologies and concepts for use in the realms of transport and energy are necessary to make supply more energy-efficient?

• How can renewable energies and energy efficiency technologies be combined to obtain integrated systems solutions?

• In a systematic assessment, how do the new technologies compare with the options available today, and which opportunities exist for bringing them into the market?

The time frame for analysis accordingly encompasses both the short and medium perspective as well as long-term analysis. Concerning methods, the research group’s interdisciplinary team uses the instruments of scenario analysis, process chain analysis and infrastructure analysis. Elements of social-empirical research and acceptance analysis are also employed. RG 1 collaborates with (currently) five doctoral candidates whose research con-tributes towards honing and elaborating our scientific methods, including modelling.

The research group cooperates closely with industry on the one hand and the scientific community on the other in order to carry out its projects with the necessary proximity to implementation. It is in this context that the group’s collaboration in important networks, sometimes in a lead-ership role, at regional level (e.g. Competence Network Power Stations, Mobility and Fuel Cells of the Land Initiative for Energies for the Future, parliamentary study commission North Rhine-Westphalia), at national level (e.g. on hydrogen) and at EU level (various technology platforms) is to be viewed.

Based on the application-oriented approach described above, the research group seeks to conduct research at three levels:

• Research level (e.g. Projects “Hychain” for the EU, “Car Sharing” for the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, “Road Map Energy Research” for the Land North Rhine-Westphalia)

• Level of environmental, technological and industrial systems (e.g. the role of individual technologies for attaining political goals)

• Business level, through identifying long-term business strategies of relevant industry stakeholders (e.g. biogas as “green gas” for the gas industry)

At the centre of RG 1’s research are two focus projects, “New Fuels and Energy Carriers“ and “Technologies and System Integration”, the latter newly established in 2006. Complementing these focus projects, and in close coordination with them, the research group is researching how central infrastructures (e.g. electricity networks) could or should be developed and which factors determine the systems (e.g. dynamic development of settle-ment patterns).

At national and international levels, an intense discussion about pos-sible new energy carriers has developed in recent years, driven most of all by the search for alternatives to mineral oil as the fuel for transport. In this context, research within the Focus Project “New Energy Carriers and Trans-port Fuels” emphasized the following:

• The techno-economic and ecological evaluation of new energy carriers and the corresponding technologies for use, e.g. concerning the possible role and potentials of synthetic biofuels (Project “Biomass Potentials and Options for Generation” for the Ministry of Economics of the Land North Rhine-Westphalia)

• The systems-analytical evaluation of new energy carriers and the primary energy resources on which they are based, in the framework of scenario analyses and holistic strategies (e.g. Project “Integrated Strategy for the Introduction of Alternative Fuels” for the German Federal Environment Agency)

• The analysis of the infrastructural requirements for more intensified use of alternative energy carriers, e.g. concerning the expanded use of biomethane (biogas and synthetic natural gas) via processing and feeding into the natural gas network

One project that serves as an example of the RG’s work in this area is the biogas cooperative project that the Wuppertal Institute carried out for the German gas industry in cooperation with other research partners.

The Focus Project “New Energy Carriers and Fuels” also analyses the potential of hydrogen as a future energy carrier and fuel; RG 1 is a research partner in the EU Integrated Project “HYCHAIN-Minitrans” (project dura-tion 2006–2011), which promotes the introduction of innovative uses of

Research�Group�1� 2�


hydrogen in transport. As a key project within the EU hydrogen strategy, this project is of particular importance. In its function as coordinator of the “Innovation Activities” project, RG 1 investigates the development of sustainable pioneer markets for innovative technologies, building on work for a Hydrogen Road Map NRW which was completed in early 2006.

In addition to current projects, the research group is constantly expand-ing its horizons both at national and international levels:

• Technology analysis, especially regarding second-generation biofuels and the special potentials of biomass gasification as a robust use of the most diverse biomass fractions including waste materials (see below)

• Analysis of the techno-economic synergies of a coordinated transition of fuel systems, e.g. concerning the synergies between natural gas/biometh-ane and hydrogen technologies

• Holistic evaluation of the roles bioenergy could play in integrated sustainability strategies (especially in cooperation with RG 3 we are planning to analyse interactions and synergies where biomass is used in energy generation or as a material, including consideration of cascading uses)

• Continuation and expansion of energy systems analysis with a focus on robust expansion paths for renewable energies in changing framework conditions

In 2006 a second central research area, the Focus Project “Technologies and System Integration”, was established with the aim of bridging the gap between individual technologies and their integration into the energy and transport systems. In this context, a significant field of the RG’s research concerns carbon capture and storage (CCS).

Located in the area of renewable energies and sponsored by the Swiss foundation Pro Evolution, the internationally oriented WISIONS sup-ports concrete projects (mostly in developing countries) as a financial and research partner and publicizes examples of good practice. To date, six brochures with examples of good practice have been published, and fif-teen projects worldwide have received financial support. RG 1 is also work-ing with RG 2 to examine the opportunities for using the Clean Develop-ment Mechanism as a financing mechanism to implement projects in the area of renewable energies. The “Renewable Energies and Security” project addresses this highly topical issue in terms of a broad definition of security (security of supply, risk minimization, crisis prevention, etc.). In addition, RG 1 is involved in reviewing Germany‘s Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG). Current projects in this area deal both with possibilities for better

integrating renewable energies into the electricity market and with collect-ing and assembling experiences with the current law.

In the context of renewable energies, the analysis of system integration plays an important role. In various projects, this applies to the effects on power supply networks, and above all to the question to which extent the partly uneven energy supply from renewables can be made more steady using load management measures (including additional loads which can be controlled), electricity storage facilities, or by promoting the develop-ment of hybrid power stations. Can such and similar measures achieve an increased supply of renewable energies to the electricity market? A second “System Integration” project deals with the dynamically changing demands (due to demographic change, decreasing heat density, etc.) on the long-distance and urban district heating networks and ways of adapting to such changes.

Another focus lies on the analysis of energy efficiency technologies and decentralized energy technologies. Projects funded by the European Union investigate energy-efficient refrigerators (“Pro Cool”) and efficient heat pumps (“Factor 4 Pumps”). At national level, a comparison of innovative heating systems is being carried out, and in cooperation with the energy industry, the efficiency potentials which can be exploited in Germany were identified and evaluated as the basis for a business segment analysis. The analyses are complemented by studies in the area of research and technol-ogy policy. For example, the research group developed a Road Map Energy Research for the Land North Rhine-Westphalia and analysed future policy options for promoting long-distance heating.

Studies on the future of car sharing in Germany (time horizon: 2020) are at the centre of attention of our work on mobility/transport. A multi-year project analyses ways of establishing car sharing as a viable option in the transport market and links those results to scenarios illustrating the environmental impacts resulting from an increase in car-sharing options. In June 2006, the preliminary results were discussed at an expert work-shop. Further projects are concerned with the demands on the mobility and transport system, relating it to societal, economic and technological processes of change. Particularly important in this context is, for example, the question of the automobile of the future and the effects of social and demographic change on mobility behaviour.

Research�Group�1� 31


Typical projectanalysis and assessment of bioenergy pathways

The project of a consortium under the coordination of the Wuppertal Institute was commissioned by the German gas industry. The project inves-tigated various bioenergy pathways with special focus on the future role of biogas. Commonly, biogas is understood as a methane rich gas stem-ming fermentation of residues such as manure or the biomass content of municipal waste. At present, the total technical biogas potential in Germany amounts to 72 TWh/a (Figure page 33), among which the highest share stems from agricultural residues. One third of the potential, however, can be assigned to the cultivation of energy crops for fermentation (maize) on a available area of 550.000 ha that could deliver a biogas production of 24 TWh/a. Even more important, it can be expected that this segment of the biogas potential will grow substantially due to increased abvailability of arable land for energy crop cultivation. On the contrary, the amount of residues is likely to stagnate. For the future, therefore, a significant increase of the total technical biogas potential up to some 160 TWh/a in the year 2030 can be identified, assuming a full dedication of set-aside land to this utilization route (Figure page 34).

Obviously, only part of this technical potential will be suitable for com-mercialization under real frame conditions. A structural problem to address the potential can be seen in the decentralized nature of a biogas system. Due to a limited range of transportation of the basic agricultural feedstock (10–20 km), biogas will be produced most likely at the site if the farm that offers only little opportunities to take benefit from the energy. New possi-bilities emerge, however, when cleaning and upgrading the biogas in order to feed into the natural gas grid.

The study reveals compelling arguments for this route:• a theoretical potential of some 18 percent of the German natural gas

consumption can be replaced by biogas• technologies for cleaning, upgrading and grid connection are market

available• distributing biogas via the grid allows for producing electricity in CHP

units that are close to the heat demand and thus more efficient• the existing framework for promoting renewable energies in Germany

provide sufficient support to commercialize biogas-CHP based on energy crop cultivation

• the use of biogas as a transport fuel offers a more cost-effective option than many other biofuels such as ethanol

Source:Ramesohl et.al., 2005

Potential of biogas made of

energy crops owing to increase of areaand yield increase of 2%

energy crops

residue from harvest and excrements

industrial residue

pote

ntia

l of b

ioga

sbn

kW

h/a 200

150

100

50

00 2005 2020 2030 year

72

116

163

Theoretical potential of the supply with biogas over time

municipal residue

fraction of potential presently used

potential of biogas(min/yield increase of 1%)

potential of biogas(max/yield increase of 3%)



Source:Ramesohl et.al., 2005

difference costs (ct /kWh final energy)

GH

G m

itiga

tion

(g C

O2 e

qv./

kWh

final

ene

rgy)

wood CHP

transport fuelsheat

biogas CHP(energy crops)

biogas CHP(manure)bioga(man

transport fu

1200

900

600

300

00 4 8 12 16

RMEBG-E

BG-MBTL

SGEt-OHBG

SNG CHP

Energy system's view on GHG mitigation impact and cost efficiency ofbiomass pathways (The German example)

electricity and heatheattransport fuels

CHP combined heat and powerRME rapeseed methyl etherBG biogasM manure

E energy cropsBG-M biogas manureBG-E biogas energy cropsBTL biomas-to-liquideSNG synthetic natural gasEtOH ethanolGHG greenhouse gas

Typical projectcarbon capture and storage: ccs

Regarding CCS Research Group 1 is involved in several projects. One important example is a common project with high stakeholder relevance. In this project, commissioned by the Federal Ministry, driving forces for CO

2 sequestration and storage as well as the current assessments of relevant

players are presented. Furthermore the perspective role of CCS for climate protection, and the compatibility with other central strategies of climate protection are analysed. The core of this project is a systematic compari-son of CCS with other climate protection technologies, particularly renew-able energies (costs, learning curves, life cycle balances etc.). The strategic importance of central components such as integrated gasification tech-nology (Figure below) as well as the national and global industrial policy importance of CCS are further aspects . Actually the crucial question is: how far CCS can be a “bridging technology” for the transition to a “Solar age”. These technical and systemanalytical subjects are accompanied with analysis of acceptance and aspects regarding the development of CO

2-infra-

structure.

Source: Ramesohl, Fischedick, 2002

CO2 capture

electricitysystem

efficient coal usegasification

hydrogenproduction

CO2 storageinfrastructures

H2 alternative fuels

Syngas

chemicalindustry

syntheticfuels

Integrated coal gasification as key element of CO2-capture and optionfor the expansion of the product portfolio of coal based fuels


36� Annual�Report�2005/2006 � 37

United Nations Climate Conference in Montreal. The Wuppertal Institute was represented by Ralf Schüle, Bernd Brouns, Bettina Wittneben and Hermann E. Ott (from left to right).

The journalistic workshop in preparation for the “Energy Summit” with the Chancellor was well received. The Wuppertal Institute had invited journalists to that event on 30 March 2006. Peter Hennicke, Manfred Fischedick and Stefan Thomas were available as experts to answer journalists’ questions. Photo: Dorle Riechert

research Group 2: energy, transport and climate policy

In recognition of the fact that the emission of greenhouse gases caused by human activities has an impact on climate change, the G8 leaders clearly signalled their commitment to global climate protection at the Gleneagles summit in mid-2005. But Gleneagles also stands for another important trend: while the actual climate regime and the Kyoto Protocol were devel-oped to reach beyond 2012, numerous international climate initiatives out-side the UN process have also been launched. Rising fossil fuel prices and the debate on energy supply security affect nearly all sectors and indus-tries. Moreover, they reveal that energy efficiency is a central issue for every modern economy, as demonstrated for instance by reactions to the Energy Summit initiated by German Chancellor Angela Merkel early in April 2006, or the entering into force of the EU Energy End-use Efficiency and Energy Services Directive in May 2006. In the transport sector, too, the importance of energy efficiency and renewables is increasing.

These trends underline the need for research to analyse, assess and refine a climate, energy and transport policy that is efficient, sustainable and consistent. Research Group 2 analyses the options for designing and widely adopting such a policy. Central criteria are the integration of objec-tives, stakeholders and instruments, orientation towards long-term objec-tives and efficiency and general acceptance of the developed strategies and instruments.

In this context, the core issues addressed by RG 2 are as follows:

1. What does an integrated energy, transport and climate policy look like, one that is oriented towards long-term targets, especially with regard to climate change beyond 2012, energy efficiency and renewables as well as sustainable mobility? How can such a policy be designed using innova-tive strategies and instruments?

2. Which structural conditions would be conducive to the implementa-tion of such an energy, transport and climate policy? How do individual instruments and packages of instruments interact? How do instruments and structural conditions interact? How are these instruments designed in modern policy networks involving a multitude of players, how are they introduced into political decision-making processes and what are the


conditions for a wide dissemination? What role is played by demand-side oriented instruments and strategies, in particular with regard to energy and mobility services?

In 2005/06 as in previous years Research Group 2 consistently worked on its research strategy and focus. This process involves concentrating the the-matic scope in the two focus projects, integrating the synergies that result from common points of concern in the sub-sectors energy, transport and climate and ensuring and developing our expertise in the core research fields. These are structured as follows:

energy policy, with a Focus on energy efficiency policy

RG 2’s research on regulatory frameworks conducive to end-use energy efficiency, in particular on the EU and the national level, includes studies on the Energy Efficiency Fund (e.g. expertise on the concept of an energy-sav-ing fund, EnergieSparFonds, for Germany on behalf of the Hans Boeckler Foundation) and on legal regulations or voluntary agreements that obligate the energy industry to motivate customers to save energy. In this context the research group examined a system of regulative incentives for common carriers which would break the link between profits and quantity of sup-plied energy and allow energy saving programmes to be financed without impacting competitiveness. The research group analysed the effects of taxa-tion as well as direct and indirect subsidies on the relative competitiveness of various energy carriers.

Analysis, testing, evaluation and development of innovative instruments of energy efficiency policy and innovative energy services are also part of the group’s work in this field. Following the Wuppertal Institute’s imple-mentation-oriented approach, Research Group 2 actively participates in pilot projects to obtain immediate detailed knowledge on the effectiveness of instruments. Communication of research findings and the publication of good practice examples are integral elements of every project, for instance the “Energy+” projects, which examine the instrument of aggregated pur-chase as an incentive for the development and market launch of highly efficient cooling devices and heating pumps, the “Solar&Save” projects on “citizen contracting” for energy savings and solar systems in schools (a fur-ther EU-project applies the findings to the situation in other EU countries) and the project analysing regional network nodes for the modernization in terms of energy of residential buildings in North Rhine-Westphalia.

In the field of energy policy the research group also analyses the gen-eral regulatory frameworks of energy, coal and nuclear policy, addressing

in particular the problems of nuclear waste disposal and plant decommis-sioning. Gas and fossil fuel markets as well as the integration of energy effi-ciency and renewables are a further concern.

transport policy

The research group’s work in the field of transport policy includes analy-ses of and proposals for policy and planning instruments such as strategic environmental auditing. China is one of the non-European countries inter-ested in such instruments; in this context, Research Group 2 is participating in a project on behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research on transport planning in megacities. The public debate on par-ticulate matter had renewed interest in this issue, also on regional and local levels. A first project was carried out on behalf of the North Rhine-West-phalian Environment Ministry.

Further research is dedicated to instruments for environmentally benign forms of transport. This concerns concepts and proposals for the public transport system, mobility management and services as well as commu-nication concepts. RG 2 actively contributed to the investigation of such concepts in several projects carried out for the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. The “Multibus” project, for instance, dem-onstrated how to generate knowledge through implementation-oriented research and, at the same time, how to disseminate good practice.

Gender-competent transport policy and planning is the subject of several projects, e.g. for the European Parliament and KfW Bankengru-ppe. These projects explore the major problems of androcentric transport science, planning and policy, problems related to the economy of caring and home labour, the structural dynamics of individual actions in private households and public institutions as well as questions of gender-compe-tent national and European transport policies.

climate policy

In the research field international climate policy, the further development of the international climate policy regime is one current focus of research. In one project, a proposal developed in co-operation with the Berlin office was discussed with representatives of several developing and transition countries.

On the other hand, the subjects of various projects refer to the flexible Kyoto-instruments Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Joint Imple-mentation (JI) and emssion trading, as e.g. the project on strategies for pro-



moting renewables through the CDM, or the the JI-Coordination Unit for the Federal Environmental Ministry.

A project on emissions trading, coordinated by RG 2 and commissioned by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research explored, in a first phase, the formation process of the EU Emissions Trading System; in a second phase, the impacts on a possible linking of the EU system with the evolving emissions trading systems in other countries were analysed.

integrated energy, transport and climate policy

Energy, transport and climate policy and also the topics covered by the Future Energy and Mobility Structures Research Group overlap in the energy and emission scenarios, which model the impact of sets of policy instruments as well as of energy mobility services and analyse their poten-tials. Such policy-based scenarios were, for example, drawn up for the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) to demonstrate that the EU-25 can achieve a reduction of its greenhouse gas emissions by 30 percent or more by 2020. A scenario for the European Parliament addressed energy supply security.

The research partnership on sustainable local services, “Perspectives of Decentralized Infrastructures”, is coordinated by RG 2. The project is car-ried out on behalf of thirteen German municipal utilities and the Asso-ciation of Municipal Companies (VKU) with the participation of the four research groups of the Wuppertal Institute.

Doctoral, master’s and diploma theses provide another opportunity to address specific research questions in greater depth and detail. In 2005/06, Bettina Wittneben and Stefan Thomas successfully completed their doc-toral theses, and in April 2006 Michael Kopatz submitted his. A further seven doctoral candidates are currently working on their theses.

Clients of the RG 2 include the European Commission, the European Parliament, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the German Federal Environment Agency, the Ministry of Energy and Trans-port and the Environment Ministry of the Land North Rhine-Westphalia, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), the KfW Bankengruppe, the Japanese Environment Ministry as well as business enterprises, foundations, NGOs and local authorities.

Numerous cooperations with universities and other research institu-tions have been intensified through joint projects and proposals, on inter-national level for instance with the Institute for Global Environmental Studies (Japan), the Center for Environment and Energy Research and Studies (Iran), the University of Minerals and Mining (Poland), Oxford University (Great Britain), Lund University (Sweden), Coimbra University

(Portugal) and Politecnico di Milano (Italy). The findings of our research activities were brought to the (expert) public at many scientific and other conferences.

In the course of the strategic development of RG 2, the two focus projects, “Integrated Energy, Transport and Climate Policy in European Multilevel Governance” and “Diffusion of Successful Policy Approaches”, were evaluated and redefined early in 2006. While during the first phase both projects were mainly defined in terms of theory and method, the focus has now shifted to the issues outlined above, the various aspects of which will be concentrated in the focus projects. Obviously method and theory continue to play a major role in the research, but they will no longer repre-sent the central concern. This concentration reflects the systematic integra-tion und focusing of research topics in an ongoing process over a period of several years.

The new focuses are: 1. Instruments of integrated energy, transport and climate policy, in partic-

ular for “Kyoto plus” and energy efficiency2. Future energy and mobility services

Three research fields will be covered:• “Kyoto plus / Parallel tracks”: How do climate policies within the UN

process and other multilateral initiatives promote specific technolo-gies (e.g. energy efficiency and renewables) or measures (e.g. national emissions tradings systems) to complement one another?

• Instruments and strategies of energy efficiency policy in stationary energy uses and especially in the transport sector

• Adapting of energy and mobility services to social change

Typical project Jet-set

On behalf of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), since mid 2003, the project “Jet-Set — The Introduction of Emissions Trading Systems as a Socio-Ecological Transformation Process” is carried out in cooperation with four other research institutes (ZEW in Mannheim, CESR in Kassel, ifeu in Heidelberg and isoe in Frankfurt/Main).

The development of Emissions Trading Systems (ETS) adds a new market-based instrument to EU environmental policy, which has tradi-tionally been more oriented towards command-and-control instruments.



The design of this instrument at the national level entails both new chances as well as risks. There is still a large information gap concern-ing the ecological, economic, insti-tutional and social implications of ETS. In the first project phase, the emerging transformation pro-cesses caused by the European ETS in these areas have been analysed. Moreover, there is a strong need for further research on the further development of the European ETS for the so called first commitment period of the Kyoto-Protocol from 2008–2012 as well as the period from 2012 onward. In the second

project phase, the analysis therefore focuses on assessments of potentials, impacts, and risks of linking the European ETS with other emerging ETS on national or subnational levels such as in Switzerland, Norway, Canada, Japan but also in some regions of the USA and Australia.

Results were achieved in the following areas: 1) Understanding the introduction, implementation and impacts of quantity and market based instruments, 2) Developing recommendations for the design of a future

ETS, 3) Framework conditions regarding potentials and risks of a short to midterm linking of the European ETS.

Different future options for the development of the European ETS were analysed from a transdisciplinary perspective. For an integrated energy, transport, and climate policy, in particular, three aspects are relevant: 1) Multidisciplinarity, which means that the potential future development paths of the European ETS have been analysed from different disciplinary perspectives. 2) The scenario technique has been applied, which means that common assumptions regarding the future political framework as well as the future trend in emissions have been jointly developed and applied for the assessment of different options. 3) With its analysis and recommenda-tions the project provides a contribution to the political discussion on the further development of the European ETS.

In the context of the project a conference titled “Linking Schemes: Poten-tial Impacts of Linking the EU Emissions Trading System with Emerging Carbon Markets in other Countries”, organized by the Wuppertal Institute, took placein Brussels from 29–30 May 2006.

Typical projectMultibus

Due to changing political and financial circumstances, the public transport system — especially in rural areas — faces massive negative changes. As part of the research project “Multibus — the bus system for the rural areas”, it could be demonstrated that introducing a flexible call-a-bus-system that replaces and amplifies a cost-intensive regular service could be cheaper thus improving the quality of public transport in rural areas. Moreover, the qualitative improvements of the public transport supply have resulted in a higher number of public transport users and thus, higher proceeds. Referring to customer relationship, the Wuppertal Institute designed a new marketing concept based on social marketing and promoted the implemen-tation of the new MultiBus-concept.

Based on the project experiences, other relevant factors have been iden-tified for a successful implementation and establishment of call-a-bus- system in rural areas.

MultiBus is a project example of developing and testing new mobility concepts. Based on its experiences, recommendations could be developed aiming at a further diffusion of good practices. The project was developed for the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) from the end

The final conference of the JET-SET project, 29–30 May 2006, from left to right: Dr. Manic Roy (PEW Center, USA), Rie Watanabe (IGES; Japan), James White (National Emissions Trading Taskforce, Australia), Dr. Ralf Schüle (Wuppertal Institute). Photos: Renate Duckat


44� Annual�Report�2005/2006 � 45

of 2001 until the end of 2005. The project team from Research Group 2 cooperated with the engineering firm Harloff Hensel Ingenieur GmbH in Aachen, the WestEnergie und Verkehr GmbH in Geilenkirchen as well as the local authorities from Heinsberg.

research Group 3: Material Flows and resource Management

objective

The Material Flows and Resource Management Research Group (RG 3) examines material flows from extraction to final disposal, taking account of global “ecological rucksacks” and the land use involved. RG 3 develops concepts, strategies and instruments for the promotion of resource produc-tivity and economy-wide sustainable resource management. The vision of the research group is an economy embedded in natural material flows with minimal resource consumption (“Factor 4 to 10”) evolving in an interna-tional context of fair exchange.

This objective has been lent increasing importance by the European Union’s Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources, which was adopted in December 2005 and towards which RG 3 contributed various studies. Other important factors are the incorporation of sustain-able resource use into the Guidelines for Growth and Jobs of the European Commission set out as part of the Lisbon process and the implementation of the German Sustainability Strategy.

research Fields

• Analysis of the socio-industrial metabolism and global land use of economic areas

• Development of sustainable resource-use scenarios• Further development of multilevel information systems and official

statistics• Formulation of a resource policy oriented on a circular flow economy

and development of innovation guidelines for sustainable resource management in national, European and international contexts.

Main Focuses

• Increasing resource productivity without shifting the environmental burden.

• Integrated sustainability assessment of material flows and land use.


research results and ongoing projects (examples)

Focus I: Increasing Resource Productivity without Shifting the Environmental Burden

Starting from the concept of a socio-industrial metabolism and the Fac-tor X vision, this focus project deals with aspects of implementation in a multilevel system encompassing extraction, processing, use and disposal. In terms of regional frame of reference the group’s studies compare situations within the EU.

During the period covered in this report, RG 3 investigated resource-intensive sectors in Germany, including the indirect intermediate inputs for goods of final demand. The results show that ten sectors are responsible for 70 percent of total resource requirements. Input-output analyses provide an important basis for innovation strategies and scenarios (e.g. for the Ger-man Federal Ministry of Education and Research and for the EU Integrated Project MATISSE).

Selected material flow systems were analysed in detail. After examining the material flows related to the production and consumption of iron and steel in the EU, the group continued the analysis of important metals with copper and platinum flow systems. With respect to copper production in Chile and Germany, the group studied the main environmental impacts of existing process chains and considered the development potentials of man-ufacturing processes as used in Chile and Germany, respectively. Possibili-ties of combining the different methods were also examined. RG 3 analysed the material flow system of platinum group metals (PGM) in Europe, tak-ing account of the global sources of PGM. On the basis of this analysis the group modelled the future demand for PGM as related to catalytic convert-ers and fuel cells for vehicles. The results indicate a significant risk of prob-lem shifting if the present energy supply system were to be transformed into a hydrogen economy.

These analyses establish a basis for the development of assessment crite-ria and strategy components of resource policy and resource management. Within the scope of the European Topic Centre on Resource and Waste Management of the European Environmental Agency, RG 3 provided back-ground knowledge on international raw material markets and economic incentives (for aggregates in particular) (http://waste.eionet.eu.int/publica-tions/wp1_2006), thus complementing the ongoing development of assess-ment criteria for an innovation-oriented resource policy.

On-the-ground research into the role of municipal waste management revealed the need for action; RG 3 developed concepts to enhance the pro-

file of this actor group (http://www.daseinsvorsorge.com). One result here is that the enacting of the EU landfill ban of organic waste had consider-able positive effects on climate protection. Moreover, the waste industry has started to produce alternative fuels from waste and thus contributes to the protection of primary resources.

In order to root the resource efficiency agenda in practice, similar work was done in cooperation with event agencies and exhibition companies (www.eventkultur.net). A central message of the three-year project for the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research is that the event of the future is one that convinces by its economical use of resources. How the resource efficiency agenda can be implemented in event planning is set out in a virtual handbook (www.eventkultur-lab.de). RG 3 also lent support to the German Advisory Council on the Environment, the German Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, the European Parliament and the European Commission.

Focus I is also concerned with the decoupling of economic growth and resource use. In multiple correlation and panel analyses the research group identified the driving forces of material and resource consumption in vari-ous countries. The results indicate that factors to do with the Gross Domes-tic Product explain only one third of the variation in material use between countries. By using a multi-criteria approach in input-output analysis it was possible to show that resource-intensive sectors are frequently emission-intensive, too, so that dematerialization may be expected to have positive synergy effects on climate and resource protection. For further comparative input-output analyses on an international scale, RG 3 is collaborating with the responsible European bodies (Eurostat, EEA, ETC-RWM); within the scope of the National Accounting Matrix including Environmental Accounts (NAMEA), this involves setting up, reviewing and refining a data base.

The shifting of environmental burdens through physical trade flows to and from the EU was analysed in several projects. Special attention was paid to the relocation of resource extraction from industrial to develop-ing countries. One conclusion on the theoretical level is that imbalances in visible trade accounts do not necessarily conflict with transition towards sustainable global resource use. Several doctoral candidates affiliated with RG 3 address aspects of this topic in more detail in their theses.

Other doctoral theses deal with the extraction and processing in South America of resources intended for the EU and discuss possibilities of increasing the sustainability of resource use in developing countries. This also includes the examination of linkages between the specific characteris-tics of deposits of internationally traded raw materials such as copper and the environmental impacts of mining them.



Focus II: Integrated Sustainability Assessment of Material Flows and Resource Use

This focus project deals with land use competition resulting from different strategies of resource use and sustainability and develops methods for an integrated assessment. The scope of research comprises land use analyses and the integrated assessment of policy measures.

For the assessment of the global land use of a country RG 3 has developed the method of Global Land Use Accounting (GLUA). The main focus is on global land use associated with domestic consumption of agricultural and forestry products. Initial trials with GLUA showed that the domestic use of agricultural goods in EU-15 requires about 20 percent more land globally than is used for agricultural purpose domestically. The high use of land by the EU is problematic when compared to the land that is available worldwide. The research group drew up scenarios to examine how land use competition evolves and what effects an increasing use of biofuels would have. Sustainable land use scenarios taking account of biomass are presently being compiled to illuminate the situation in Germany. Special emphasis is on the use of biomass for materials.

RG 3’s methods of material flow and land use analysis were adopted in EU projects and play an important role in the European Commission’s ongoing efforts to improve the toolbox for sustainability impact assessment. The “Sustainability A-Test” project has documented available assessment instruments online (www.SustainabilityA-TEST.net). For the areas resource use, waste and dematerialization, the EU Integrated Project MATISSE explores ways of improving tools in early stages of policy formulation (www.matisse-project.net). A consistent reassessment of methodological questions helps forecast the probable impacts of instruments, building up a reliable fund of knowledge. In this context sustainability scenarios are also being drawn up that take account of cross-sectoral driving forces and develop cross-sectoral strategies for a transition towards sustainability. RG 3 coordinates the EU Project FORESCENE, which creates sustainability scenarios on topics like biodiversity/land use, water and resource use/waste (www.forescene.net).

Typical projectincrease of resource productivity as a core strategy for sustainable Development

The “Resource Productivity as a Core Strategy for Sustainable Develop-ment” project is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (duration from July 2005 to December 2006) and examines ways of reconfiguring the framework of economic action on the basis of business and industry strategies so as to bring about a radical increase of resource productivity.

The project, which involves a close analysis of information systems, has shown that the resource indicator of the German Sustainability Strategy fails to take account of biotic resources input and does not disclose the ecological rucksacks of domestic and foreign resource use. The indicator does not reveal risks related to increased resource imports, either, such as growing resource dependencies and problem shifting. Linear extrapolation of various resource use trends in Germany has shown that the reduction target of the German Sustainability Strategy by Factor 2 by the year 2020 is unlikely to be achieved.

Though Germany’s Total Material Requirement (TMR) has stabilized on a high level, the domestic extraction of natural resources is decreasing, while the share of imported resources is growing.

Linear (Resources after DESTATIS)

Linear (TMR)Linear (Resource equivalents)

Linear (Resources after DESTATIS and GDP according CLV)

Source: WI/Schütz 2006

Resources after DESTATIS and GDP according chain-linked volumes (CLV)

Target achievementResource equivalents

Resources after DESTATISTotal Material Requirement (TMR)

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Linear extrapolation of various resource use trends of Germany (1994 = 100)

2020’18’16’14’12’10’08’06’04’022000’98’96’941992



The fi gure shows that even though domestic resource extraction is on the decline, resource use associated with imports continues to increase. While the Total Material Requirement (TMR) in Germany seems to have stabilized on a high level, the share of imported resources is growing.

Also addressed in the project are the direct and indirect linkages between production sectors. Three sectors alone account for 50 percent of resource use in Germany — a clear sign that action needs to be taken. These are 1. Mining/quarrying — construction/dwelling, 2. Metals — vehicles, 3. Agri-culture — foods.

Incentive instruments for resource policy are examined and scenarios are devised. The project is conducted in an interdisciplinary team includ-ing members of RG 3 and RG 4. Project leaders are Dr Stefan Bringezu, Professor Raimund Bleischwitz and Dr Kora Kristof, Dr Christa Liedtke. You will fi nd further information on the project website at www.ressourcenproduktivitaet.de (in German).

Typical projectsustainable land Use and renewable resources

Perspectives for sustainable land use are being explored by RG 3 in coopera-tion with RG 1, RG 4, the Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology in Oberhausen and the IFEU Institute for Energy and Environmental Research in Heidelberg in this project conducted for the German Federal Environment Agency. Special attention is paid to biomass production and supplies. The focus is on the use of biomass for materials, ideally followed by use as an energy source.

While previous research on the utilization of biomass for non-food purposes focused on use as an energy source (heating, electricity, biofuels), comparative analyses conducted by RG 3 have shown that the utilization for material durable goods and consumer goods (e.g. packaging material, insu-lation material, plastics) may signifi cantly relieve environmental burdens. Even without any signifi cant production of non-food biomass, Germany and the EU use more global agricultural land than is available domesti-cally. Unless production and consumption patterns change, the production and use of biofuels and biomass will require additional global land, which would aggravate the existing imbalance.

RESO

URC

E EX

TRA

CTIO

N

RESOURCE USE

5

* 1

06 <

TM

Rij

≤ 10

* 1

06

10

* 10

6 <

TM

Rij

≤ 33

* 1

06

250

* 10

6<

TM

Rij

≤ 5

00 *

106

100

* 10

6 <

TM

Rij

≤ 2

50 *

106

66

* 10

6 <

TM

Rij

≤ 1

00 *

106

33

* 10

6 <

TM

Rij

≤ 66

* 1

06

Inte

rlin

kage

of d

irec

t and

indi

rect

reso

urce

use

(t) t

hrou

gh e

cono

mic

act

iviti

es

indu

ced

by d

omes

tic p

rodu

ctio

n fo

r fin

al d

eman

d (E

uro)

– G

erm

any

(yea

r 200

0)

RESOURCE USE

Cons

truc

tion

Food

prod

ucts

Chem

ical

prod

ucts

Mac

hine

ry

Mot

or v

ehic

les

Oth

er m

arke

tse

rvic

es

Coal

, pea

t

Ener

gyG

lass

pro

duct

s,ce

ram

ics

Min

ing

and

quar

ring

Agr

icul

ture

Met

als

Coke

and

pet

rol.

prod

ucts

Sj

Si :

TM

R (t)

, ind

uced

thro

ugh

activ

ity j

by d

irect

and

indi

rect

use

of

inte

rmed

iate

pro

duct

s (E

uro)

fr

om a

ctiv

ity i

Sour

ce: W

I/A

cost

a 20

06


52� Annual�Report�2005/2006 � 53

The project aims at • optimizing the use of renewable raw materials for materials, fuels and

power (biorefinery model),• minimizing global land use competition and• promoting rural development.

Research is dedicated to the following:• Analysis of the status quo and current trends in the use of non-food

biomass for materials• Analysis of potentials and drawbacks of the use of non-food biomass

for materials• Calculation of land requirements related to these potentials, using

different scenarios • Analysis and evaluation of the ecological, economic, technological

and social impacts of the use of biomass for materials• Analysis of trends in the use of agricultural and forestry areas • Analysis of planning, economic and information instruments• Proposals for measures and instruments to optimize land use in terms

of sustainable resource management

8,2

2000

Source: Bringezu/Steger 2005

Land use potentials for non-food crops(1000 m2 / per capita)

Bezogen auf die Abb. in Proj. 2:Non-food crops: Nachwachsende RohstoffePlant based food (!): Pflanzen basierte NahrungAnimal based food (!): Tier basierte NahrungDas Ganze bezieht sich jeweils auf "Flächen für...", das kann man aber m.E. weglassen, da aus dem Zusammenhang klar.

2030

EU-15

2,51,9

6,2

4,34,23,1

animal based food

plant based food

non food crops

foreigndom

estic1,7

2,8

4,13,7

5,4 max

4,1

2,8 min

globallanduse

research Group 4: sustainable production and consumption

The Sustainable Production and Consumption Research Group (RG 4) is working on strategies to develop and implement more sustainable systems of production and consumption. Its starting point is an awareness that neither consumers nor producers (can) autonomously opt for sustainable production and consumption unless stakeholders in politics, society and business support them by providing an appropriate general framework.

The group’s research is centred on global value chains (product-service chains or systems), industries and areas of need. The relevant actors are shown creative competences and options for action, the structural condi-tions required for sustainable production and consumption are explored, and in the long term the resulting developments in respect of employment and work will be identified. Examining the possibilities for and obsta-cles to developing sustainable patterns of production and consumption requires inter- and transdisciplinary research. This involves combining the approaches adopted in different academic disciplines, such as for instance economic with scientific approaches, or sociological, communication sci-ence and psychological approaches with political perspectives.

The research on sustainable patterns of production and consumption is systematized and structured with the help of two focus projects, each of which comprises two research fields:

Focus project 1: resources and sustainability Management

The first focus project, “Resources and Sustainability Management,” is con-cerned with the micro-level, that is with the actors, processes and organi-zational and management structures in value chains (e.g. companies, con-sumers) and with areas of need. The applied research covers both product line-related material flow data and product-service systems with the ele-ments B2B (customer integration) and B2C (consumer integration).

In Research Field 1.1, “Product Line-Related Material Flow Data”, prod-uct line-related material flow analyses are undertaken as a starting point for analyses in other research fields (e.g. in the area of metals, food, chemicals and plastics, building materials, etc.). The results are data and technology platforms (e.g. www.mips-online.de or the Basque technology platform) for many raw materials, materials and building materials, foodstuffs and


Sust

aina

ble

Prod

uctio

n an

d Co

nsum

ptio

n

Focu

sPr

ojec

t1:R

esou

rces

and

Sust

aina

bilit

yM

anag

emen

t

Focu

s Proj

ect 2

: Cha

ngin

gPa

ttern

sof

Act

ion

inPr

oduc

tion

und

Cons

umpt

ion

Rese

arch

Fie

ld 1

.2Su

stai

nabl

e Pr

oduc

t-Se

rvic

eSy

stem

s –

B2B

, B2C

Sust

aina

ble

syst

em s

olut

ions

Stra

tegi

es fo

r the

diff

usio

n of

tech

nolo

gies

App

licat

ion-

orie

nted

sus

tain

abili

tym

anag

emen

t ins

trum

ents

Polic

y fo

r mor

e su

stai

nabl

e co

nsum

ptio

n

Age

nda-

Setti

ng

New

em

ploy

men

t fie

lds

and

effe

cts

thro

ugh

sust

aina

bilit

y po

licie

s

Reso

urce

pol

icy

and

man

agem

ent

Reso

urce

Pro

duct

ivity

Indi

cato

rs

MIP

S- a

nd te

chno

logy

dat

a

Reso

urce

-, en

ergy

- and

land

use

effic

ienc

y sz

enar

io

Conc

epts

for s

peci

fic a

ctor

s an

d ag

e gr

oups

as w

ell a

s cr

oss-

grou

p co

ncep

ts

Tren

ds in

the

Prod

uctio

n-Co

nsum

ptio

n-Sy

stem

Gen

erat

ion

of a

fflue

nce

proc

esse

s

Inno

vativ

e jo

b pr

ofile

s

Rese

arch

Fie

ld 2

.2Ed

ucat

ion,

Com

mun

icat

ion

and

Lear

ning

Pro

cess

es

Rese

arch

Fie

ld 1

.1Pr

oduc

t Lin

e-Re

late

dM

ater

ial F

low

Dat

a

Rese

arch

Fie

ld 2

.1Po

licie

s fo

r Sus

tain

able

Cons

umpt

ion

and

Prod

uctio

n

renewable raw materials that are then inserted in scientific and implemen-tation-oriented networks (e.g. The German Network on Life Cycle Inven-tory Data, the Factor X Network). These product line-related material flow analyses are to be linked at the macro-level with the economic area-related analysis approach on which the Material Flows and Resource Management Research Group (RG 3) is working. The aim is to use a standard indicator to map the resource productivity of economies and value chains. This is linked closely with the development of trend and political scenarios.

In Research Field 1.2, “Sustainable Product-Service Systems — B2B, B2C”, numerous application-oriented sustainability management instru-ments that will accelerate customer integration (B2B) and consumer inte-gration (B2C) are being developed for companies and sectors. With the help of the instruments developed, the various actors from individual areas of need can actively shape their value chain, from extraction via the pro-duction and use phase through to recycling or final disposal. The platforms www.efficient-entrepreneur.org, www.e-textile.org and www.kompaktnet.de provide examples of this. Responsibility for sustainability in global value chains presents individual actors with the challenge of gathering informa-tion in a complex multi-factor system, pondering this information and tak-ing decisions based on it. Purely scientific analysis is not sufficient for this purpose. Rather, the research group uses methodical approaches for stake-holder processes as a guideline for working out how such a process with the actors involved can be carried out successfully, from analysis via the implementation of suitable measures through to diffusion through indus-try sectors.

In this connection the group has initiated various stakeholder dialogues and developed diverse indicator and reporting systems. These include, for example, the “High 5” guideline for drawing up sustainability reports in SMEs (following the example of the Global Reporting Initiative) for the European aluminium industry, a sustainability report supplement for the textile industry (Global Reporting Initiative), “BioBeN” for the social assessment of the sustainability of products produced by biotechnological means and “Nanologue”, an international dialogue on the social, ethical and legal implications of nanotechnological applications.

preview of Future research activities

Present increases in the price of key resources are an indication of grow-ing scarcity and point to future conflicts over access and distribution — all this, moreover, against the background of a growing world population. As a result, strategies for increasing resource productivity and for the use of



renewable raw materials are becoming a key factor for safeguarding jobs and for sustainable development. Against this background, the research group is developing target group-specific promotion and management instruments. In particular, these will boost the medium- and long-term potentials and system innovations of a competitive and innovative resource strategy. Starting with value chains, areas of need and infrastructures, these instruments will also take account of the relevant groups of actors, produc-ers and consumers at the national and international level. Consequently, the main focuses for the research fields will be as follows:

Research Field 1.1: Product Line-Related Material Flow Data

• Continuation of work on the resource productivity indicator spanning the micro, meso and macro levels (cooperation with RG 3)

• Consideration of further sustainability aspects in qualitative or quantita-tive measurement and assessment systems

• Continuous updating and expansion of the MIPS and technology data held

• Resource/energy/land use efficiency scenarios (technological, institu-tional, social innovations) at the micro and macro level (cooperation with Research Groups 1 and 3)

Research Field 1.2: Sustainable Product-Service Systems — B2B, B2C

• Development of cost- and resource-efficient product and service consumption systems and of sustainable system solutions for selected areas of need (cooperation with Research Group 3)

• Strategies for the diffusion of technologies, know-how and instruments, especially for key actors along value chains

• New and further development of application-oriented sustainability management instruments (including stakeholder interaction processes)

Focus project 2: changing patterns of action in production and consumption

The second focus project, “Changing Patterns of Action in Production and Consumption”, is aimed at drivers of change at the meso level of production and consumption patterns. Changes are promoted and anchored both by policy, e.g. resource policy for companies, employment policy, sustainable consumption policy and integrated production-consumption policies, and via education, communication and learning processes.

Politically, the topic of resource productivity is becoming ever more widely diffused (cf. the EU resource strategy, the R3 concept from Japan and China’s Circular Economy initiative). In Research Field 2.1, “Policies for Sustainable Production and Consumption”, the research group is devel-oping sustainable strategies and measures for a German material efficiency policy. For example, it produced the design for the German programme to stimulate material efficiency, a diffusion programme aimed at small and medium enterprises and business enterprise networks. In future, the research group will be involved in shaping German material efficiency pol-icy: Together with Research Group 3, Material Flows and Resource Manage-ment, it was commissioned by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research to formulate an invitation to tender for a research programme on managing with fewer resources. In addition, at the interface of produc-tion and consumption, it was commissioned by the German Federal Minis-try of Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture to develop a design for

In the context of the second roundtable of the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development on 14 November 2005 in the Landtag of Thuringia in Erfurt the WI-project “KURS 21: Schools take on the future” was being awarded a prize. From left: Dr. Maria J. Welfens, Wuppertal Institute, Prof. Dr. Lenelis Kruse-Graumann, FernUniversitaet in Hagen, Carolin Baedeker, Wuppertal Institute. Photo: private



a measurement and assessment system that employs a variety of incentives — via policies, companies and households — to promote more sustainable consumption (e.g. introduction of a meta sustainability label).

Research Field 2.2, “Education, Communication and Learning Proc-esses”, is concerned with education and with developing competences that enable people to shape their world of life and work in a more sustainable way and to face up to mounting requirements for qualifications and per-formance on the labour market. In view of the national and international debate on education one can assume that the importance of sustainability education will increase significantly in future, both as a research topic and as a new occupational field. Based on the methodical approaches of lifelong and organizational learning, in this research field we developed the game “Sarahs Welt” (sustainable styles of consumption and living as an educa-tional project) and the “KURS 21” learning materials on value chains and sustainability (www.kurs-21.de), as well as a job description for specialist consultants for sustainable management. We also examined the extent to which families of different social origins anticipate values and norms of sus-tainability and resource consumption and pass them on to their children.

Future research activities

A change towards sustainability in production and consumption patterns is at the top of the political agenda both internationally (see the Marra-kech Process launched by the United Nations) and nationally (see the coor-dination between and main focuses of the German Federal Environment Ministry and the German Federal Environment Agency). However, in the research group’s view this change will only be possible if sustainability as an informing and guiding principle enters into individual and social deci-sion-making processes and structures, thereby giving rise to new fields of employment and innovative job descriptions. Thus approaches and meas-ures aimed at more sustainable patterns of production and consumption must also analyse and further develop education and communication proc-esses in conjunction with other scientific institutions. Consequently, the main focuses for the research fields are as follows:

Research Field 2.1: Policies for Sustainable Production and Consumption

• Further development of approaches towards an efficient policy for more sustainable consumption (bottom-up approaches: mode of action and estimates of effect)

• Agenda setting in the subject area of sustainable production and consumption and development of approaches for an integrated policy (cooperation with Research Groups 2 and 3)

• New employment fields and effects through sustainability policies • For value chains and fields of need: development of raw material, build-

ing material and material strategies and optimization of strategies for the use of renewable and non-renewable raw materials (e.g. in respect of supply security, substitution, use of new technologies, etc., in coopera-tion with Research Groups 1 and 3)

• Value chain-related and area of need-related concepts, criteria, strategies and instruments for sustainable resource policy and management

Research Field 2.2: Education, Communication and Learning Processes

• Development of information, communication, education and learning concepts for specific actors (e.g. politicians, consumers, business) and age groups (e.g. children/youths, 50+ generation) as well as cross-group concepts

• Empowerment approaches, linked with household, work and life economy approaches

• Development of innovative job profiles • Examination of non-sustainable and sustainable aspects and trends in

(socio-) cultural practice in the production and consumption system and in the world of work (generation and modification of patterns of thinking, action and behaviour and societal transformation processes, analysis of selected societal entities that impart culture)

In order to link economic doctrine approaches regarding employment pol-icy and growth theory with microeconomic approaches and consumption and lifestyle research, during the next three years the group will be sup-ported in its research by Professor Ronald Schettkat (University of Wupper-tal, Department of Economics) and Professor Gerhard Scherhorn. Profes-sor Schettkat will also be responsible for organizing a cross-research group economic research seminar to which economists of international repute will also be invited.



other Developments and activities

The Sustainable Production and Consumption Research Group was closely involved in preparatory work for the opening of the UNEP / Wuppertal Institute International Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Produc-tion (CSCP) and works closely with the centre. The remits of the CSCP and Research Group 4 complement each other excellently. While Research Group 4 is involved especially in exploring innovative approaches towards sustainable production and consumption that are tested in pilot projects, primarily in industrial countries, the CSCP concentrates on implementa-tion-oriented support for the Marrakech Process and on further develop-ment of concepts that already exist and their transfer to developing coun-tries (orientation towards transfer/diffusion).

Members of the research group’s academic staff are involved in a wide variety of social policy and economic processes at the national and inter-national level that are pushing more sustainable development in produc-tion and consumption. They are involved in numerous processes as expert witnesses and in groups of experts who are developing and supporting research programmes. Thus, research group staff participate in the round table discussions and several national working parties in connection with the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development and

sit on the Future Council of the Land North Rhine-Westphalia, the advisory board of the German Material Efficiency Agency and the jury that awards the German material efficiency prize. In addition, the research group is involved in working parties on methodology and enterprise-related mate-rial flows in the life cycle data network launched by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.

Since 2005, in conjunction with the Efficiency Agency of the Land North Rhine-Westphalia and with future e.V. the research group has published the quarterly magazine factorY — Magazin für Nachhaltiges Wirtschaften (print run 1,500 copies). This is targeted at business people, academics and politicians.

In addition, a post-doctoral, doctoral and diploma thesis strategy geared to the group’s research fields (two post-doctoral, five doctoral, fourteen master’s and diploma theses) makes it possible to conduct the basic research that the research group requires, to train a rising generation of academics and to achieve the research group’s personnel development goals.

Typical projecthow to assess sustainable consumption? concept for a Measurement and assessment system for politicians, Business people and consumers

The ten-year framework programme to promote sustainable patterns of production and consumption that was agreed in 2002 in Johannesburg formed the starting point for a host of diverse international and national activities. The goals of and responsibilities for this programme were dis-cussed at a United Nations-organized conference in Marrakech at which the Marrakech Process was launched. As part of this process, there will be a need to develop target group-specific information systems to promote sustainable production and consumption.

A study commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture and conducted in 2005 by the Sustain-able Production and Consumption Research Group links to this in a vari-ety of ways. The goal of this study was to devise the main features of a measuring and assessment system for sustainable consumption based on existing scientific and political developments. To achieve this, national and international concepts were examined and assessed and an expert dialogue was conducted. The design of the measuring and assessment system that

• Measurement und policy instruments: Setting and reviewing targets,

communication, nationaland international reporting

Politics

Mac

ro le

vel

Mic

ro le

vel

• Management level:Internal und external reporting,benchmarking

• Process level:Instruments for optimizing production processes

• Product level:Instruments for designing and marketing products

Relevant assessment

Companies

• Information at the product level: Labels, test results

• Information relating to analysis of consumer behaviour: Indicators, sustainability report, benchmarking

Households

Sustainable Consumption:Relevant Assessment Concepts for Active Participants



was subsequently devised builds on existing approaches from which target group-specific modules can be developed. They are designed to take effect by starting from national and international processes (such as the Global Reporting Initiative in the field of sustainability reporting) and providing targeted support to the three target groups, that is, politics, companies and consumers, along the road to sustainable development.

Politicians need a monitoring system for macroeconomic decisions that describes the status quo and developments in trends towards sustainable consumption. Consumers need decision-making aids at the point of sale and a simple information structure with aids to action that are suitable for everyday use. Companies want their efforts towards sustainable develop-ment to be visible to said target groups and to have them rewarded. The group therefore suggests a modular measurement and assessment system comprising five instruments that is differentiated for these target groups, as follows:

• A meta-sustainability label, TRIangel, at the point of sale and a• Sustainability check for households were developed for consumers. Here,

political subsidy instruments and payback systems have potential; • Political decision-makers can use the I-CON consumption index, which

shows the market shares of the TRIangel meta sustainability label; • In addition, an instrument that takes effect in the medium to long term is

GO 21, which highlights consumer trends and developments in relevant product areas and builds on the

• BALANCE basket of goods that represents a simplified statistical basket of goods and evaluates products or product groups by means of sustain-ability indicators.

The sustainability indicators required to form the basis for these instru-ments will be developed by means of stakeholder dialogue.

Typical projectholzwende 2020plus

The forestry and timber industry is in an economic crisis situation that calls for structural change and an innovative reorientation towards sus-tainable development. Against this backdrop the “Holzwende 2020plus” project, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, is examining innovation processes in forest and timber manage-

ment. The focus is on exploring future markets in the field of building and rehabilitation with timber, concentrating on three main elements. First, the group will create an aid to orientation that can be used to classify and assess various technological, social, economic and ecological developments in terms of their prospects for the forest and timber industry. A trend analysis will form the basis for drawing up possible scenarios for further develop-ments. A central task of the project is to develop a turnaround scenario for the use of timber in building. Second, it is pursuing practical projects in four key fields aimed at a demand-oriented development of the timber market in building:

• Regional future markets for new building with timber• Future markets for the rehabilitation of old buildings• New markets with innovative timber building materials• Comprehensive cooperation along value chains in craft timber construc-

tion

Thirdly, research work is directed at the transfer of research findings. The group is developing an Internet platform and a network of multipliers to accompany the project. It plans to hold target group-oriented workshops with companies and multipliers, to publish a book and to develop training and in-service training materials on the subject of sustained future markets in the forest and timber industry. For further information, please see the Holzwende Internet platform at www.holzwende2020.de.

The project runs until the end of February 2008. Overall coordination is in the hands of Dr Kora Kristof. Our academic research cooperation part-ners are the Institute for Futures Studies and Technology Assessment (IZT), Wood Research Munich, the Steinbeis Research Institute for Renewable Commodities and triple innova. Partners from practice are the Centre for Energy Technology Brandenburg, Lais Holzbau, the Federal Working Party on the Renewal of Old Buildings and TECNARO GmbH.


64� Annual�Report�2005/2006 � 65

Kick-off meeting of the multipliers network of the Cooperative Project “Holzwende 2020plus: Sustainable Future Markets for the Resource Timber” on 16 May 2006 in Wuppertal. Photo above: The network of multipliers intensely discusses how to make the future markets accessible for timber in the construc-tion field.

Photo centre: Weine Genfors von Stora Enso (third from left) reports on business practise.

Photo below: The cooperat-ing partners in action: Prof. Dr. Gerd Wegener (TU München) and Dr. Kora Kristof.

cross cutting projects

Special problems in our society need special solutions. The Wuppertal Institute meets this challenge by integrating the research performance of all its research groups and by joining their scientists in the following three cross cutting projects:

• Eco-Sufficiency and Quality of Life (direction: Dr. Manfred Linz)• Globalisation and Sustainability (direction: Dr. Wolfgang Sachs)• Integrated Sustainability Scenarios (direction: Dr. Manfred Fischedick)

Hereafter, a summary of the state of affairs is given as well as the design for a possible continuation1; the development of the cross cutting projects will be deliberated with the International Advisory Board.

eco-sufficiency and Quality of life

The strategy of eco-sufficiency which means a measured use of our natural resources aims at limiting and reducing the overall use of resources and the resulting environmental burden. Sufficiency is going to be the complemen-tary strategy alongside the two other sustainability strategies: consistency (implementation of environmentally sound technologies) and efficiency (a more efficient use of natural resources), as we are convinced that this third pillar is necessary to achieve sustainability.

Significant environmental damage is visibly increasing due to climate change; conflicts are emerging as a result of the world-wide increasing demand of important resources and especially of a dramatic rise energy demand. Against this background, the question of potential savings through less consumption gets a central dimension with regard to the conservation of our natural resources.

Sufficiency perfectly fits to the “Plan of Implementation” adopted in Johannesburg in the year of 2002 which has sustainable production and consumption as a focal subject; and integrating sufficiency into the new European Nations strategy would help supporting the decoupling of eco-nomical growth and resource use. Following projects have been realized within the cross cutting project eco-sufficiency and quality of life during the period 2005/2006.

1 Oscar Reutter based on texts of Manfred Fischedick, Manfred Linz and Wolfgang Sachs.


The difference of sustainable growth

Sufficiency pleading for a measured use of resources and a different idea of wealth is easily suspected of impeding economic growth and consequently new employment. This is refuted by the Wuppertal paper no. 157 “What is economy becoming then? About sufficiency, economic growth and unem-ployment” (Manfred Linz, published in January 2006). The paper shows that sufficiency opens up new fields of employment to economy. Given that developed economies like in Germany are likely to go on facing moderate growth and hardly any prospects of new employment, sufficiency does not have damaging effects on economy at all. A further study about the current political and social situation is in preparation. It is to examine the con-sequences of an eco-sufficiency oriented development of production and consumption with regard to growth in industrialized countries (Gerhard Scherhorn).

Sufficiency is profitable

This ongoing partial project analyses how far the share of responsibility which enterprises assume for sustainable development has to be extended claiming not only to limit raw material extraction and pollutant emission but also to integrate a restriction of their increase in production into their corporate philosophy. The only case where sufficiency cannot be profitable is when enterprises are forced by unsustainable competition to external-ize private costs. Wherever this is not the case, the enterprise’s yield and its positive external effects will be stabilized by restricting the turnover to the ecological and social limits of sustainability. Then, the consequence will be externalization of profit instead of externalizing costs (Gerhard Scherhorn).

Ecological justice

Commissioned by the Federal Environmental Agency, an explorative project “Enhancement of conceptual considerations on ecological justice as part of the social accounting in Germany” (project management: Georg Wilke) is realized. The project shall contribute to establish the idea of “ecological justice” in the scientific and public debate, to show connections between the debate of welfare and sustainability, and to achieve an acceptance of “environment” as a part of welfare.

Globalisation and sustainability

What kind of globalisation is sustainable? This is the guiding question of the cross-cutting project. All contributions made by the project attempt to explore the strained relationship between the rising trans-national econ-omy and the goals of public policy such as sustainability and justice. The guiding hypothesis of the research work is that more trans-national fair-ness requires the transition to a resource and nature sound economy in the Northern industrialized parts as well as in the developing centres in the Southern and Eastern part of the world. In order to achieve such transi-tion it is important to shape global governance that gives priority to the goals of sustainability and equity over the goal of economic efficiency. The final target of the project is to identify options for a sustainable design of globalisation.

Book “Fair Future”

After the collaboration of more than 20 scientists from the institute since the summer of 2001, the results of the globalisation project have been sum-marized in a popular scientific book under the guiding theme environment and trans-national justice. The book “Fair Future. Limited Resources and Global Justice” was published in May 2005 and has been discussed publicly during numerous events as well as in the media. A new edition was printed in September 2005 and 5,700 additional copies designed for the work of the Federal Central Agency for Political Education (bpb). Preparations are underway to publish the book in English, Italian and Korean.

The project “Eco-Fair Agricultural Trade”

Since April 2005, approximately 12 selected experts from industrialized and from developing countries work together to draw up a perspective for an alternative agricultural trade regime at the WTO. The collaboration of the expert panel consists in five meetings over three days each and in pub-lishing policy papers. The project is completed by regional consultations held in Senegal, Thailand, Brazil, USA, Europe and from 2007 on further groups ranging from agricultural representatives to trading diplomats will be involved. The project is organized and financed by the Heinrich Boell Foundation and Misereor and conducted by the Wuppertal Institute (Wolf-gang Sachs, Tilman Santarius).

Cross�Cutting�Projects� 67


Ph.D.-Collegium

In April of 2005, also in collaboration with Heinrich Boell Foundation, the Ph.D-Collegium “Globalisation, Environment, and the WTO”, (conducted by Dr. Wolfgang Sachs) started. The title “Globalisation, Environment, and the WTO” is also the subject for all dissertation projects and the theme for all workshops, seminars and excursions organized by the institute as a sci-entific supporting programme. Seven scholarship holders are financed for three years; a part of them works within the institute’s research groups. The dissertation colloquium is an important part of the dissertation programme at the Wuppertal Institute.

The question “What kind of globalisation is sustainable” has been the subject in numerous lectures held in various countries; in many published articles and interviews; and in university lectures at the University of Kassel and at the Schumacher College in England (Wolfgang Sachs).

sustainability scenarios

Within the cross-cutting project sustainability scenarios, biomass has become a new focal subject during the last year and scientists from all research groups are working at developing of a joint biomass strategy. This work is refers to a recently published biomass strategy of the European Commission and the announcement by the German federal government to plan the development of a biomass campaign. Parallel activities exist also on Federal and on State level (e.g. North Rhine-Westphalia). Due to its

broad expertise, the Wuppertal Institute offers special possibilities to deal appropriately with the numerous and complex problems, among them are:

• technical expertise concerning possible energetic and material use of biomass; systematic approaches in comparative analyses regarding the efficiency of biomass use; analyses of infrastructures and scenarios dealing with alternating use of biomass and other strategic options (RG 1, RG 3)

• discussion of biomass in the context of international climate policy and of instruments for climate policy (RG 2)

• Integrated analyses of land use and material flows; broad life cycle based assessment of biomass use for material-energetic purposes (bio-material, bio-fuel, bio-energy) with special regard to the aspects of land use abroad (RG 3, RG 4).

• Determination of accurate overall catalysts and deduction of spanning solution strategies; an international network is to develop models to assess quantitative scenarios (RG 3).

• Strategies for raw and construction material and optimization of strate-gies for the use of renewable and non renewable primary products in value chains and for demand areas as for example food sector or timber industry (RG 4).

The work which has already started in this context is to be intensified dur-ing the next two years and the results are to be integrated into the ongoing political discussion.

Moreover, based on the awareness that there often exists an interactive relationship between measures and technologies which lead to the increase of resource and energy productivity, the research groups have elaborated all together a basic concept for a research programme regarding the topic “strategies and implementation concepts to increase resource and energy productivity”. Against this background, an integrated approach is needed that shows trade offs between the increase of resource and energy efficiency (including a further extension of renewable energies), synergy effects and win-win-options and that also presents optimized solutions.

Public announcements for lectures in Istanbul, Thailand and Florence.

Cross�Cutting�Projects� 6�

70� Annual�Report�2005/2006 � 71

The Wuppertal Report “Fair Future” prompted a discussion meeting on 22 November 2005 in the auditorium of the Wuppertal Institute. Dr. Stefan Feldhaus, responsible for public relations at Siemens AG, and Dr. Wolfgang Sachs, head of the team of authors, discussed about the chances of realizing the approaches presented in “Fair Future” to a global envi-ronmental and economic policy, which is committed to resource justice. The journalist and author Marianne Wollenweber moderated the discussion.

Berlin office

On 3 May 2004 the Wuppertal Institute opened its Berlin Office under the direction of Hermann E. Ott, who was previously director of the Climate Policy Division at the Wuppertal Institute. The Berlin Office is intended to provide the WI with a presence in the German capital. It shall further support scientifically based policy advice as well as increase the Institute’s visibility to the administration, foundations and companies. The Berlin branch is partly funded by the Friends of the Wuppertal Institute society and is otherwise reliant on third party funding of projects.

On 31 October and 1 November 2005 the Berlin Office organized a climate conference and a workshop in Tokyo under the title “Climate Policy 2005 and Beyond: Japanese — German Impulses”. This event formed part of the “Year Germany in Japan 2005/2006” and was funded by the Ger-man Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Protection and Reac-tor Safety (BMU), the Japanese Environment Ministry and the Ministry for Science and Research from the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. At the conference and workshop, experts presented and discussed the experiences of German, European and Japanese climate policy and the opportunities for civil society to engage in meaningful climate protection. The documen-tation was published in June 2006. Two follow up projects are in prepara-tion and a first German-Japanese Workshop regarding emissions trading is arranged for early 2007.

In cooperation with the Japanese institute IGES the Berlin office arranged the symposium “Climate Policy 2005 and beyond”. On 31 Octobe and 1 November 2005 researchers and decisionmakers from Japan and Germany gathered in Tokyo to discuss about German and European concepts in climate protection and their applicability in the Japanese political context.


The project entitled “South-North Dialogue — Equity in the Green-house” was carried out for the Federal Ministry for Economic Coopera-tion (BMZ) and the Gesellschaft für technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ). Along with Research Group II and in partnership with researchers from fourteen different countries a proposal on how developing nations could be incorporated into climate change commitments was prepared (www.south-north-dialogue.net). From the end of 2004 up through early 2006 the proposal was presented and discussed with climate policy diplomats at regional workshops in Africa (Dar-es-Salaam), Asia (Jakarta) and Latin America (Mexico City). Further activities are in preparation.

The Berlin Office, as of the beginning of 2006, is participating in a project to advise the German Environment Ministry regarding the EU and G8 presidencies for 2007. Together with the Hamburg World Economy Institute (HWWI), Perspectives GmbH and iku-GmbH the WI-Berlin will be undertaking brief analyses of international climate policy and its impli-cations for German economic players. The consortium will also devise a publicity strategy and organize two workshops or conferences with stake-holders from business and civil society. Additionally, Hermann E. Ott will provide advice to the German Environmental Ministry on an ad-hoc basis.

The Berlin Office furthermore conducts an evaluation of an internal cli-mate competition of the “Naturfreunde” (Friends of Nature) in Germany. In association with the Naturfreunde the Berlin Office constructed a set of criteria, which will be used by the Berlin Office, the staff of Naturfreunde and an external jury to evaluate the submissions to the contest.

The Berlin Office’s Tilman Santarius, along with Wolfgang Sachs, is working on a project in the area of sustainable governance entitled “Eco-Fair Trade Dialogue”. Misereor and the Heinrich Böll-Foundation commis-sioned this study on international agricultural trade that runs from Janu-ary 2005 to December 2006. In a dialogue with experts from the South the current conditions of the trade in agricultural goods will be discussed and the possibilities for a fair restructuring of the international trade system explored. The results of the project will be concrete proposals for fair inter-national agricultural trade (more at www.ecofair-trade.org). The Berlin Office is also lending support to Research Group I for a special project for the Federal Environmental Agency (UBA) regarding ecological justice.

Since its opening, the Berlin Office has intensified its contacts to public and private investors and established a multitude of associations with these institutions. Many talks and meetings have been held with around 200 cur-rent and future investors and partners. With the purpose of furthering the benefits of networking, a specific network has been established called the Berlin Offices Network. Meeting regularly under the auspices of this net-

work are the heads of a variety of Berlin branch offices for organizations such as the Öko-Institute, the Institute for Ecological Economics Research (IÖW), the Hertie Foundation, the National Wind Energy Alliance, Green-peace and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).

The Wuppertal Institute has been present with a variety of events in the German capital. Most recently, in April 2006, the Berlin Office organized three events with Amory Lovins (Factor Four; Natural Capitalism), includ-ing a discussion with 150 attendees on the Berliner Gendarmenmarkt. The Office is also organizing a climate conference for 28/29 September 2006. Arranged in collaboration with the WWF, the European Climate Forum and the Heinrich Böll-Foundation, this conference will provide latest infor-mation to 300–400 guests about New Targets, New Policies, New Technolo-gies and New Alliances in the world of climate change. The WI Research Groups I and II are co-organizing workshops at the conference. The Berlin Office will edit a variety of scientific articles presented on the conference’s website (www.kyotoplus.org), which will then be compiled into a book available in early 2007.

Since the beginning of 2005 the Berlin Office, in association with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, has been hosting so called “KyotoPlus Dinners.” These Dinners bring together in an informal atmosphere some 20 to 25 people, including high-ranking guests from politics, economics, sciences and civil society for talks regarding international climate policy (mostly in English). The topics of the last two dinners were “Expectations for COP 11 and COP/MOP 1 in Montreal: The Canadian Perspective” (with Jean Boutet, Climate Advisor to the Canadian Environment Minister on 26 October 2005) and “Profitable Climate Protection” (with Amory Lovins on 27 April 2006).

Berlin�Office� 73

74� Annual�Report�2005/2006 � 75

Amory Lovins (RMI), State Secretary Matthias Machnig (Federal Ministry of Environ-ment) and Hermann E. Ott (WI). On 27 April 2006 Amory Lovins, President of the Rocky Mountains Institute, Colorado/USA, presented his book “Winning the Oil Endgame” at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Science. The subsequent discussion with Frith Kuhn (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) was directed by Hermann E. Ott. Photo: Karsten Sach

the ph.D-programme

Since the spring of 2005, the Wupprtal Institute offers a systematic pro-gramme to support and qualify Ph.D students (directed by Dr. Oscar Reut-ter, Research Organization and Quality Control). Around 20 young future scientists coming from such diverse disciplines as biology, energy and proc-ess engineering, environmental engineering, forestry, geography, geology, landscaping, physics, political science, urban and regional planning, social sciences, law, industrial engineering or economics are doing research work at the institute in the context of their dissertations.

Based on these projects, together with co-operating universities (at the moment from Aachen, Bamberg, Berlin, Bochum, Dortmund, Dresden, Duisburg-Essen, Flensburg, Greifswald, Kassel, Oldenburg, Osnabrück und Wuppertal) the Wuppertal Institute aims at intensifying its academic anchoring and at strengthening its disciplinary expertise in transdiscipli-nary research work. University teachers supervise the doctoral theses and the co-operating universities are responsible for the conferral of the doc-torates.

The doctoral theses are elaborated at the Wuppertal Institute based on selected topics of application oriented sustainability research within the research work of the research groups and cross-cutting projects; they are individually supervised by senior scientists and the president of the insti-tute. Whenever possible, the institute tries to realize dissertation projects in the scope of current third-party funded projects.

In order to regularly discuss intermediate results and work related prob-lems of current dissertation projects the Wuppertal Institute has organized dissertation colloquiums for different groups of doctoral students:

• In the dissertation colloquium “Sustainable Energy Supply”, conducted by Dr. Manfred Fischedick, current dissertation projects with energy as a focal point are discussed every six months.

• In the dissertation colloquium “Globalization, Environment and the WTO”, conducted by Dr. Wolfgang Sachs in collaboration with the Heinrich-Boell-foundation, seven subject oriented and connected dissertation projects are discussed in the frame of monthly one day workshops, a two day seminar once a year and during joint excursions.

• In the dissertation colloquium “Methods of application oriented sustain-ability science”, conducted by Dr. Oscar Reutter, two dissertation projects


are presented about once a month in order to review arising methodical questions in an overall and interdisciplinary discussion.

Dissertation projects at the Wuppertal Institute are part privately financed, partly supported by project funds of the institute and partly funded by exter-nal acquisition of doctoral scholarships. Therefore, the Wuppertal Institute co-operates with foundations dedicated to support future scientists. The following foundations are currently promoting dissertation projects real-ized at the Wuppertal Institute:

• Vera and Georg Spahn Foundation• Stemmler Foundation• Heinrich Boell Foundation (www.heinrich-boell-stiftung.de) , • Hans Boeckler Foundation (www.boeckler.de)• Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (www.dbu.de)• Deutscher Akademischer Auslandsdienst (German Academic Exchange

Service) (www.daad.de)

In the meantime, there is a growing number of external applications of young German and foreign scientists applying for a place in the doctoral programme of the Wuppertal Institute. During the reporting period sum-mer 2005 to summer 2006, the following dissertations have successfully been accomplished:

• Dr. Bettina Wittneben (RG Energy, Transport and Climate Policy); dissertation: “Institutional change in the transfer of climate-friendly technology”. Conferral of a doctorate on 23 July 2005 at the University of Cambridge (Faculty Judge Institute of Management Studies; Prof. Dr. Nelson Phillips).

• Dr. Christian Jungbluth (RG Future Energy and Mobility Structures); dissertation: “Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung mit Brennstoffzellen in Wohnge-bäuden im zukünftigen Energiesystem” (Cogeneration with fuel cells in residential buildings in a future energy system). Conferral of a doctorate on May 9th 2006 at the Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochs-chule Aachen (faculty mechanical engineering; Prof. Dr.-Ing. Detlef Stolten, Prof. Dr. Peter Hennicke).

• Dr. Stefan Thomas (RG Energy, Transport and Climate Policy); disser-tation: “Aktivitäten der Energiewirtschaft zur Förderung der Energie-effizienz auf der Nachfrageseite in liberalisierten Strom- und Gasmärkten europäischer Saaten: Kriteriengestützter Vergleich der politischen Rahmenbedingungen” (Action implemented by the power industry to

promote energy efficiency on the demand side in liberalised power and gas markets: Criteria based comparison of political general conditions); conferral of a doctorate on June 21th 2006 at Freie Universität Berlin (Otto-Suhr-Institute for political science; PD Dr. Lutz Mez, Prof. Dr. Peter Hennicke).

Moreover, two postdoctoral lecture qualifications have successfully been accomplished:

• Prof. Dr. Raimund Bleischwitz (RG Material Flows and Resource Management); professorial dissertation: “Gemeinschaftsgüter durch Wissen generierende Institutionen — Ein evolutorischer Ansatz für die Wirtschaftspolitik” (Provision of collective goods by knowledge creating institutions. An evolutionary approach for economic policy). Postdoc-toral lecture qualification in economics on 23 May 2005 at the faculty business sciences at the University of Kassel.

• PD Dr. Uta von Winterfeld (RG Sustainable Production and Consump-tion); professorial dissertation: “Naturpatriarchen — Geburt und Dilemma der Naturbeherrschung bei geistigen Vätern der Neuzeit” (Patriarchs of Nature. Creation and dilemma of nature domination in the workings of spiritual leaders of modern times). Postdoctoral lecture qualification in political science on 15 February 2006 at the faculty politi-cal and social science at the Freie Universität Berlin.

In order to stimulate current dissertation projects and third-party funded projects, a newly installed “Academic colloquium” will to present all finished doctoral theses and professorial dissertations to the whole institute.

Finally, eight young scientists at first without doctoral ambition are currently being qualified in a newly developed 18 month “trainee-on-the-job-programme”. Instructed by senior scientists, the young scientists are to participate as “junior research fellows” in key areas of the scientific project work at the Wuppertal Institute such as project acquisition, project hand-ling, publications or lectures.

Oscar Reutter Research Organization and Quality Control

The�Ph.D-programme� 77


Photos above from left to right: Klaus Töpfer, Harald Bayer, Eckhard Uhlenberg and Michael Stückrath, Michael Kuhndt.

Photo below: In a celebratory atmosphere, the memorandum of foundation was signed by Peter Hennicke, President of the Wuppertal Institute and Klaus Töpfer, Executive Director of UNEP, surrounded by supporters and sponsors. From left to right: Harald Bayer (City of Wuppertal on behalf of the Mayor), Prof. Dr. Klaus Töpfer, Monique Barbut (Director of UNEP Paris), Jochen Reck (Chairman of the Committee for Economy, Medium-sized Businesses and Energy in the State Parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia), Minister Eck-hard Uhlenberg (Ministry for the Environment and Nature Conservation, Agriculture and Consumer Protection of North Rhine-Westphalia), Michael Kuhndt (Head of CSCP), State Secretary Dr. Michael Stückrath (Ministry for Innovation, Research and Technology) and Prof. Dr. Peter Hennicke. Photos: Andreas Fischer

The Ceremony for the Foundation of the UNEP / Wuppertal Institute Collaborating Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production (CSCP)

“We should not be afraid of everyone in this world becoming a consumer. The poor need more food and shelter. They need to have the capabilities to decide for themselves about their material and immaterial well being, just as we can do”, with these words Professor Dr. Klaus Töpfer opened the Collaborating Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Pro-duction (CSCP), co-founded by the UNEP and the Wuppertal Institute.

Centre�on�Sustainable�Consumption�and�Production�(CSCP)� 7�

80� Annual�Report�2005/2006 � 81

The guests from politics and the economy lis-tened to the greeting words and good wishes on the part of the Wup-pertal Mayor Peter Jung (represented by Mr. Harald Bayer), State Secretary Dr. Michael Stückradt, Ministry of Innovation of North Rhine-Westphalia, Dr. Hans-Peter Schipulle, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, and Dr. Hendrik Vygen, Federal Ministry for the Environment. .

At the press conference that followed an atmos-phere of anticipation and ease filled the room. Many journalists used the opportunity to make a personal interview.Photos: Andreas Fischer

centre on sustainable consumption and production (cscp)

The Wuppertal Institute and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) jointly founded the Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Pro-duction (CSCP) in 2005 to establish an international institution for scien-tific research, outreach and transfer activities on sustainable consumption and production (SCP). The CSCP is a member of the international family of UNEP collaborating centres and supported by the German Federal Min-istry for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, the North Rhine-Westphalia Ministry for Environment, Agriculture and Consumer Protection and the Business and Employment Support Agency, Wuppertal.

Vision and mission

The Centre contributes to the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation1 by supporting the UN led “Marrakech Process”2, a 10-year framework of pro-grammes to promote sustainable consumption and production (SCP), that seeks to “promote social and economic development within the carrying capacity of ecosystems by addressing and, where appropriate, delinking economic growth and environmental degradation through improving effi-ciency and sustainability in the use of resources and production processes and reducing resource degradation, pollution and waste”.

The CSCP provides scientific support to activities undertaken by UNEP and other organizations in the field of SCP and supports the integration of environmental, social and cultural concerns into public, private and civil society groups. CSCP also develops, tests, implements and moni-tors concrete projects, especially in developing countries, to enable these countries to leapfrog to sustainable consumption and production patterns using life cycle thinking and a human development perspective as guiding principles.

1 http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/WSSD_POI_PD/English/POIChapter3.htm2 See http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/sdissues/consumption/Marrakech/conprod10Y.htm


strategic priority areas

The three strategic priority areas of the CSCP (see Figure page 83) are derived from the discussions taking place under the Marrakech Process and reflect recent developments in the SCP debate.

Sustainable Consumption and Production for National and Local Development

To deal with the socio-economic consequences of progress towards SCP, especially its contribution to human development and poverty reduction in developing countries, the CSCP works on making societal, public sector and private sector actors aware of SCP policies and programmes and their related positive effects on human development in local and global commu-nities. In this area the CSCP has developed (a) a guide for national policy makers on linking SCP to poverty reduction, (b) a policy framework study and a capacity building programme for local policy makers in China, (c) a manual to assist National Cleaner Production Centres to link their services to socio-economic goals and (d) a guidance document providing support for mainstreaming SCP into activities by development finance institutions in Asia.

Changing Individual and Institutional Patterns of Consumption

CSCP works on individual and institutional patterns of consumption by conducting research on international trends and patterns of consumption and designing intervention strategies to promote sustainable lifestyles and

procurement. The CSCP has developed a conference background paper on sustainable energy consumption and a best practice information brochure on efficient energy consumption. It is currently drafting a guideline for retailers to assist with promotion of sustainable consumption. CSCP will also assemble a product panel to promote energy-efficiency in the public sector.

Encouraging Responsible Industrial Development

CSCP promotes responsible industrial development through working with public and private actors. For public actors, CSCP develops policy frame-works and flexible policy interventions to promote sustainable production taking into account businesses capabilities, needs and motivations. This includes an Eco-Efficiency Policy Compendium for the German Develop-ment Co-operation Agency, Deutsche Gesellschaft für technische Zusam-menarbeit (GTZ), as well as training programmes for policy makers. For

Source: Michael Kuhndt, CSCP, Wuppertal, 2006

Sustainable Consumptionand Production for Nationaland Local Development1

Changing Individualand Institutional Patternsof Consumption2 Encouraging

Responsible IndustrialDevelopment

3

Linking SCP to povertyalleviation

Human Developmentthrough the Market

Marrakech Task ForceExpert Conference

Resource efficiency inan industry sector

Energy Efficiencybooklet for the CSD-14

Product Panel on anEnergy Efficient Product

Guidance Manual forRetailers

Efficient /ResponsibleEntrepreneur website

Policy Reinforcementfor EnvironmentallySound and SociallyResponsible EconomicDevelopment in China

EnvironmentalGovernance Standardsfor DevelopmentFinance Institutions

Compendium of Eco-efficiency policy measures

Source: Michael Kuhndt, CSCP, Wuppertal, 2006

Marrakech Process

Organizing regionalconsultationsin all regions toidentify needs andpriorities for sustain-able consumptionand production

Buildingregional strategiesand implementationmechanisms withregional and nationalownership;

Implementingconcreteprogrammes andprojectson the regional,national and locallevels;

Monitoring andevaluating progressand exchanginginformationand experienceat the internationallevel.

10-year framework of programmes in support of regional and national initiativesto accelerate the shift towards sustainable consumption and production

Centre�on�Sustainable�Consumption�and�Production�(CSCP)� 83


the private sector, CSCP aims to improve companies’ understanding of the value of SCP and awareness of the underlying business case, example are: “Doing SMART Business”, which is a tool targeting small and medium sized enterprises and a project on resource efficiency in global supply chains from a demand perspective which targets larger companies.

team and network

The CSCP Team is composed of experts from different nations and with diverse backgrounds that have significant experience in policy develop-ment, scientific research, business management and advocacy services. The Centre exchanges experiences with partners in both developing and devel-oped countries, with capacity building and training as an integral part of its programmes.

You will also find further information including profiles of the research and implementation projects on http://www.scp-centre.org. Also, feel free to contact us at ++49 -202 45 95 8 -10, [email protected] or visit us at our office.

Michael Kuhndt Head of CSCP

economic Development

General information

The Wuppertal Institute began its work in 1991 as a limited liability com-pany (GmbH). The sole owner is the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia. According to the company statute the Institute’s mission is to promote measures and initiatives to protect the climate, improve the environment and save energy, serving as an interface between scientific knowledge and practical implementation of that knowledge. To realize these goals the Insti-tute aims to integrate external scientific and economic expertise, to utilize it and to combine different disciplines in order to translate research findings into strategies and initiatives to protect the climate and the environment.

In accordance with its company statute and mission, the Wuppertal Institute is a non-profit company. It does not aim to maximize profit, but rather to break even.

Because of its legal status and the volume of money involved the Wup-pertal Institute is subject to the provisions of the German Commercial Code and prepares accounts in compliance with the regulations for large corporations. Its annual financial statements are audited by a firm of inde-pendent auditors.

result and earnings position in 2005

After implementing strict economies in all units, the Institute posted net earnings of EUR 56,000 for the year 2005.

Funding provided by the Land North Rhine-Westphalia in 2005 totalled EUR 2,952,000, approximately the same as in the previous year (2004: EUR 2,947,000). Overall performance in the project segment (sales revenues and change in the inventories of work in progress) amounted to EUR 5,318,000 in 2005, an increase of EUR 82,000 year on year (2004: EUR 5,236,000).

Despite cuts in the number of staff employed at the Institute, total per-sonnel expenses increased by Euro 226,000 year on year, toEUR 5,166,000 (2004: EUR 4,940,000). This was due to general wage increases and severance payments. Material expenses reflect expenditure on work commissioned from third parties. As a rule, this consisted of research, development and consulting services necessary for carrying out projects. Material expenses also include monies held temporarily for channelling to other project part-ners. Material expenses in 2005 totalled EUR 1,748,000, considerably less

� 85


than in the previous year (2004: EUR 1,931,000). This is because the Wup-pertal Institute is the lead partner in various projects and channels mon-ies to other project partners. A year-on-year reduction of EUR 43,000 was achieved in other operating expenses such as the cost of premises, books and journals, communications, etc.

transformation of economic structure

In 2003, the government of the Land North Rhine-Westphalia at the time resolved to cut institutional funding to the Wuppertal Institute by a total of 30 percent in the period from 2003 to 2006. As a result, the Institute was compelled to transform its economic structure in good time.

While institutional funding in 2002 totalled EUR 3,533,000, by 2006 this figure had fallen to EUR 2,307,000. In the four-year period from 2002

to 2006 the Wuppertal Institute had to undertake extraordinary efforts to cope with this cut of more than EUR 1.2 million in basic funding. Conse-quently, in parallel with its research realignment, for the past few years the Wuppertal Institute has been pushing ahead proactively with the necessary economic transformation.

Due largely to a major and growing proportion of third-party fund-ing, in its financial and organizational structure the Wuppertal Institute is increasingly assuming the profile of a market-oriented research undertak-ing along the lines of a Fraunhofer Institute.

We are implementing structural change on two levels. First, basic fund-ing is giving way to project funding. Second, we are cutting non-scientific activities to the minimum operational requirement.

The ratio of personnel expenses to income from projects shows that while costs for scientific staff have remained more or less stable, income from projects has risen considerably. Per capita project income (based on a fulltime workplace of a scientist) has risen from EUR 62,000 in 2002 to almost EUR 116,000 in 2006. This is clear evidence of efficiency improve-ments in recent years on the scientific side.

Financial restructuring demands highly cost-effective and lean organi-zational structures that are designed primarily to support the canvassing and processing of projects funded by third parties. This has signified a con-

profit and loss statement

I E I E 2005 2004 EURO EURO EURO EURO

1. Institutional funding from the Land North Rhine-Westfalia 2,952,300.00 2,946,800.00

2. Fees for projects undertaken including changes in inventory 5,318,165.18 5,236,355.26

3. Other operating income 131,797.85 8.402.263,03 177,344.62 8,360,499.88

4. Material expenses, cost of purchased services –1,748,018.24 –1,930,837.91

5. Personnel expenses –5,166,195.11 –4,940,352.11

6. Depreciation –93,577.17 –103,972.53

7. Other operating expenses –1,220,183.82 –1,269,867.48

8. Result from ordinary activities 174,288.69 115,469.85

9. Earnings from an increase in the amount receivable from the shareholder –118,632.00 12,066.00

10. Net earnings fo the year 55,656.69 127,535.85

personnel costs for scientific staffincome from projects

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

2006 Plan2005200420032002

Mio. EUR

Ratio between personnel costs and income from projects

Ratio between personnel costs and income from projects

Economic�Development� 87


siderable reduction in the capacity of administrative services and service units compared with previously, combined with a simultaneous increase in effi ciency.

The development of personnel expenses shows that we have been quite successful in this area. Costs for non-scientifi c staff have declined continu-ously in recent years while costs for scientifi c staff have remained more or less stable.

Development in third-party funding in 2005

Despite the intensifying pressure on public budgets (of local authori-ties, central and regional government, the EU) and those of other clients and the associated reduction in research funding in general, the Wup-pertal Institute’s income from third-party funding has increased steadily in recent years. In 2005, the Institute processed more than one hundred projects funded by third parties, resulting in gross performance amounting to roughly EUR 5,318,000. Income from projects funded by third parties accounted for 64 percent of total income in 2005, while income from insti-tutional funding accounted for just 36 percent of total income that year. The Institute anticipates a further increase in the volume of third-party funding in 2006.

Developments in the project area in 2005 can also be viewed as very sat-isfactory. Third party funding is secured against tough national and inter-national competition. The stable volume of project funding over the years vouches for the Institute’s competence and competitiveness, for the qual-ity of scientifi c work produced and for recognition by the ministries, local governments, other public institutions, business undertakings, NGOs and international organizations we worked for.

Our main clients last year were the German Federal Ministry of Educa-tion and Research and the European Commission in Brussels. In addition, the Wuppertal Institute undertakes numerous projects for different North Rhine-Westphalia government ministries and for other public and private sector clients.

The chart below shows the proportions of sales revenues earned from our main clients in 2005 (for third-party-funded projects).

Of total sales revenues, 79 percent were earned from public-sector and 21 percent from private-sector clients such as companies, industry associa-tions and foundations. International projects accounted for 31 percent of sales revenues and national projects for 69 percent.

assistants

non-scientific staff

scientific staff

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

25,

3

3,5

Mio. EUR

2005200420032002

Development of personnel costs from 2002–2005

Development of personnel costs from 2002–2005Sonstige

24 %

EU19 %

BMBF23 %

LandNRW9 %

Stiftungen 5 %

BMWA8 %

BMUund UBA

12 %

19 % EU9 %

Federal state NRW

foundations 5 %

8 %

Federal Ministry ofEconomics and

Technology

12 %

Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety & Federal Environment Agency

24 %other income Federal Ministry of Education and Research

23 %

Compostion of sponsors

Compostion of sponsors

Economic�Development� 8�

�0� Annual�Report�2005/2006

income from basic funding from the land north rhine-Westphalia compared with project income

A comparison of total third party income with basic funding from the Land shows that in recent years third party funding has exceeded Land funding by a wide margin. The large proportion of research projects secured through competition again underlines the Wuppertal Institute’s high standard of excellence. It also vouches for the highly intensive and successful canvassing and the quality of research the Institute has undertaken in recent years.

staff development

The trend in the number of staff employed by the Institute shows that fewer personnel were employed in 2005 than in previous years.

On the balance-sheet date, 31 December 2005, 138 staff were employed at the Wuppertal Institute (2004: 142). Of these, 68 were scientists, 30 non-scientists and 40 student assistants or research assistants. The proportion of female staff was 48 percent.

income from projects

Mio. Euro

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

2006’05’04’03’02’012000’99’98’97’96’95’94’93’921991

grants from the Federal State NRW

Ratio between grants from the Federal State and income from projects

Ratio between grants from the Federal State and income from projectsThe workforce composition has changed in recent years. While the

number of scientists has remained constant, the number of non-scientific staff has been reduced. Cuts in institutional funding from the Land North Rhine-Westphalia have placed the Wuppertal Institute in a changed situa-tion that makes the canvassing of new projects a central prerequisite for its long-term economic survival. To achieve this, the Institute needs employ-ees with appropriate skills and experience who are motivated to assume medium or long-term responsibility for canvassing projects. The Institute needs to retain appropriately qualified employees on a long-term basis. During 2005 we drew up transparent criteria for the target structure of contracts for scientific staff.

Since well over half our staff is resident in Wuppertal, a positive conclu-sion can also be drawn from the regional point of view.

Brigitte MutertCommercial Director

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

student / scientificassistants


scientific staff

200520042003

200520042003

145 142 138

145 142 138

student / scientificassistants


scientific staff

Composition of the personnel

Composition of the personnel

Economic�Development� �1

� �3

On 27 October 2005 the virtual handbook “Eventkultur.Lab”, which summarizes the results of the project “Event Culture and Sustainability”, was presented in Berlin. Approximately 50 marketing and commu-nications experts from economy, politics and science discussed with the project manager Rainer Lucas, his team and the project partners. Photos: Dorle Riechert

Meetings


The Wuppertal Energy and Environment Award 2005

The Wuppertal Energy and Environment Award was presented for the 4th time. For the first time the Wuppertal Institute arranged the contest of ideas in cooperation with the Energieagentur North Rhine-Westphalia. On 24 November 2005 State Secretary Dr. Michael Stückradt, Ministry of Innovation, Science, Research and Technology of North Rhine-West-phalia, handed out the awards to the laureates in the historical townhall at the Johannisberg in front of approximately 150 invited guests. Volker Angres, head of the ZDF environment editorial office, moderated the ceremonial act. The aim of the competition was to moti-vate young researchers, developers and initiators to send in their future-oriented, energy efficient but also practical contributions to be evaluated by a jury chaired by Prof. Dr. Peter Hennicke. Altogether 108 applications were turned in. The jury, which was impressed by the variety of ideas and the high quality of the applications, assigned two first prizes and one third prize. One first prize went to the engineer Franz Josef Schulte and his team from Olsberg for the development of a boiler driven steam engine for the purpose of electricity production. Another prize went to the architect Rolf Disch for the conception of the energy facade of the “Sonnenschiff” (service center) in Freiburg. The third prize went to Frank Meyer zur Heide from Detmold for his funnel to re-extract warmth from sewage. Photo above: from left to right: Matthias Knopf, Prof. Dr. Norbert Hüttenhölscher, Amand-ine Tupin, Franz Josef Schulte, Dorothea Hess, Frank Meyer zur Heide, Michael Vannahme, Prof. Dr. Peter Hennicke, Seyed Taghi Mohseni, Dr. Michael Haug, Rolf Disch and State Secretary Dr. Michal Stückrath.Photo below: To the right of Harald Bayer, Head of the Wuppertal Environment Division, the two Members of the Bundestag Jürgen Kucharczyk and Manfred Zöllmer. Photos: Jörg Lange.

Centre left: In the course of the project presentation in the Majolika hall Franz Josef Schulte inspects the “One-Wire-Bus” by the architect Michael Vannahme from Dortmund (right). Centre right: The management consultant Hartmut Happich from Wuppertal (Head of the Innovation Advisory Council) and the designer Dorothea Hess, Bad Homburg v.d. Höhe, talking.

Photo left: The State Secretary at his speech. Photo right: Rolf Disch expressed his grati-tude for receiving the first prize.

Prof. Dr. Peter Hennicke (right), State Secretary Dr. Michael Stückradt, Prof. Dr. Norbert Hüttenhölscher (left) in the audience watching the welcoming speech by the Head of the Wuppertal Environment Division Harald Bayer.

Meetings� �5


On 7 March 2006, the workshop “Production and consumption — together for a sustain-able development” took place at the “Ökostation am Berufskolleg Elberfeld” in Wuppertal. From right: Dr. Christa Liedtke, Carolin Baedeker, Holger Rohn, Wuppertal Institute and Prof. Dr. Gerhard Scherhorn during a discussion. Photo: Michael Ritthoff

Meeting of the transnational partners of the EU-project “Auf KURS in die Zukunft” (“On target for the future”) in Wuppertal on 13 March 2006. The ESSAY (“Education for Sustain-ability: Access Adaptation for Youth”) -meeting was attended by guests from Italy, Sweden and the Netherlands.

“König Kunde ruiniert sein Land — Wie der Verbraucherschutz am Verbraucher scheitert. Und was dagegen zu tun ist.” (“King cus-tomer ruins his country — How consumer protection fails because of the consumer. And what can be done about it.”) Bernhard Pötter, author of the above mentioned book and taz-journalist, presented his book in a forum event in the auditorium of the Wuppertal Institute on 1 March 2006.

On 3 March 2006 the Wuppertal Institute and Cinemaxx Wupper-tal held a discussion meeting titled “Weltmacht Energie” following the showing of the movie “Syri-ana” at the Cinemaxx cinema. The political thriller “Syriana” is about intrigue and corruption in the international oil business.

On 2 June 2006 the conference “Education for Sustainability: Factors and Strategies for Suc-cess” took place in Warsaw in the context of the German-Polish Year 2005/2006. In the panel from left: Anna Kalinowska, Center for En-vironmental Research, University of Warsaw, Dr. Maria J. Welfens, Wuppertal Institute, Dr. Andrzej Kassenberg, Institute for Sustain-able Development, Warsaw, Lech Plotkowski, National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management, Warsaw, Dr. Christa Liedtke, Wuppertal Insti-tute, Alexander Leicht, German UNESCO-Commission.Photo: Welfens

Meetings� �7


On 20 and 21 February the kick-off workshop for the EU-Project “Energy+pumps” took place at the Wuppertal Institute, a project that aims at launching the highly efficient “Factor Four Pump”. Back row from left: Lars Kirchner, WI, Tom Spirek, SEVEn, Gerhard Wohlauf, Stefan Thomas, WI, Dries Maes, VITO, Georg Benke, Bernd Schäppi, A.E.A., Ilari Aho, Motiva, Claus Barthel, WI. Centre row from left: Jürg Nipkow, S.A.F.E, Louiza Papamikrouli, CRES, Andrew Pindar, eERG, Margarita Puent, ESCAN. Front row from left: Jörg Köhl, Dena, Thérèse Kreitz, ADEME, Sophie Attalie, SOWATT.

With a colloquium on the culture of sustainability the Wuppertal Institute expressed its gratitude to Prof. Dr. Gerhard Scherhorn on 7 March 2006 for nine years of excellent cooperation. Prof. Dr. Scherhorn had put down his administrative functions at the begin-ning of the year. However, he will continue to be of assistance on a freelance basis. Speakers were Prof. Dr. Lenelis Kruse and Prof. Dr. Gerhard Scherhorn. The members of the Research Group “Sustainable Production and Consumption” bid their deputy head farewell with a song. Photos: Michael Ritthoff

Meetings� ��


In the context of the support programme “Belarus” of the German government a group of Belarus citizens visited the WI to inform themselves about the subject of scientific indica-tors, which demonstrate sustainable development of a society, and about the research of the Wuppertal Institute. The Belarus citizens were members of NGOs, activists and researchers who were well-informed and discussed actively with the researchers..

On 27 April 2006, “Girls’ Day”, the Wuppertal Institute, just as other German companies and organizations, gave young girls the chance to gain insight into technical and scientific professional fields. The inquisitive girls from the 8th grade were introduced to the work at the Institute and the tasks of the researchers in the Project “WISIONS”.

Meetings� 101


On 1 June 2006, the “Perspectives of the German car-sharing 2020” were debated on the final event of the project “Future of car-sharing in Germany” in the auditorium of the Wuppertal Institute. Project manager Georg Wilke and his team presented the results of the project. The invited external experts also provided ample opportunity to broaden one’s horizon.

Prof. Dr. Michael Vester spoke about the role of the milieu (photo left).Dr. Ulf Schrader provided an insight into questions of marketing (photo below left). Dr. Bodo Schwieger presented car-sharing in other countries (photo above).Photos: Dorle Riechert

Photo above: Project consultants (from left): Prof. Dr. Thomas Krämer-Badoni, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rudolph Petersen, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christian Holz-Rau. Photo below: Panel discussion with (from left): Thomas Pitzschke, DB Car-Sharing, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rudolf Petersen, Georg Wilke, Dr. Oscar Reutter (presentation of the discussion), Martin Stutzbach, German As-sociation of Car-Sharing, Albert Schmidt, former Member of the German Parliament / CPC Berlin and Prof. Dr. Thomas Krämer-Badoni. Photos: Dorle Riechert

Meetings� 103

104� Annual�Report�2005/2006 � 105

Prior to the official book launch in Düsseldorf, the book “Materialeffizienz” was presented to Klaus Töpfer, CDU (center) by Dr. Christa Liedke, Wuppertal Insitute (left) and Werner Preusker, Ag PVC and Environment (right) in the course of the CSCP opening ceremony on 25 November 2005.

new publications

Uta von Winterfeld:

NaturpatriarchenGeburt und Dilemma der Naturbeherrsc-hung bei geistigen Vätern der Neuzeit

Oekom Verlag, München 2006-07-14 ISBN: 3-936581-46-0

Raimund Bleischwitz and Oliver Budzinski (eds.):

Environmental EconomicsInstitutions, Competition, Rational-ity — INFER annual conference 2004, Wuppertal

VWF Verlag für Wissenschaft und Forsc-hung, Berlin, 2006.ISBN 3-89700-182-9(INFER Research Edition vol. 10)

Hermann E. Ott, Karin Holl:

Climate Policy and BeyondJapanese-German Impulses. A documenta-tion on the climate policy dialogue and conference between stakeholders of Japan and Germany within the “Germany year in Japan 2005–2006”.

Wuppertal Spezial Nr. 33ISBN: 3-929944-69-3

Raimund Bleischwitz:

Gemeinschaftsgüter durch Wissen generierende InstitutionenEin evolutorischer Ansatz für die Wirt-schaftspolitik

Metropolis-Verlag, Marburg 2005ISBN: 3-89518-528-0

Martin Khor, Sunita Narrain, Lori Wallach, Manfred Max-Neef u.a.:

Konsum. Globalisierung. Umwelt.McPlanet.com — Das Buch zum zweiten Kongress von Attac, BUND und Greenpeace in Kooperation mit der Heinrich Böll Stif-tung und dem Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie

VSA-Verlag, Hamburg 2005ISBN: 3-89965-136-7

Philipp Schepelmann:

Die ökologische Wende der EU-RegionalpolitikDie regionale Resonanz von umweltpoli-tischen Indikatoren des Lissabon-Prozesses der Europäischen Union

Verlag Dr. Kovac, Hamburg 2005ISBN: 3-8300-2146-1

Hosts and speakers of the book launch “Materialeffizienz. Potenziale bewerten, Inno-vationen fördern, Beschäftigung sichern” (Material Efficiency — Evaluating Potentials, Fostering Innovations, Ensuring Jobs), Christa Liedtke, Timo Busch (eds.) Ökom Verlag on 30 November 2005 in Düsseldorf. From left: Dr. Christa Liedtke, Wuppertal Institute, Werner Preusker, Ag PVC and Environment, Marie-Louise Fasse, CDU, Member of the Landtag, NRW. Another speaker (not in the photo) was Götz von Stumpfeldt, expert for economic policy, Bündnis 90/Die Grünen in the Bundestag. Fotos: Agentur Zeitgeist, Morsbach

106� Annual�Report�2005/2006 � 107

the Wi in brief

The Wuppertal Institute explores and develops models, strategies and instruments to support sustainable development at the local, national and international level. Sustainability research at the Wuppertal Institute focuses on ecology and its relation to economy and society. Special empha-sis is put on analysing and inducing innovations to decouple the use of natural resources from overall development.

Professor Peter Hennicke heads the Wuppertal Institute as President and Chief Research Executive. Dr.-Ing. Manfred Fischedick is the Vice Pres-ident and Brigitte Mutert-Breidbach is the Business Manager. The Institute was founded in 1991 in the legal form of a limited company (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, GmbH) under Professor Dr. Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker as President.

The Institute understands itself as an intermediary between science, economy and politics, therefore, its sustainability research design is applica-tion-oriented. At present, around 140 staff members are working in research groups, scientific services and the administration.

The Wuppertal Institute is part of the Science Centre North Rhine-Westphalia (WZN).

An International Advisory Board that consists of renowned scientists-advises the Wuppertal Institute on questions of its research agenda. The major part of the Institute’s funding derives from an increasing number of third-party projects. It receives basic funding from the Land North Rhine-Westphalia and is affiliated to the Ministry of Innovation, Science, Research and Technology.

The Wuppertal Institute’s clients cover • Governmental organisations, ranging from local authorities to minis-

tries at both state and national levels, the European Commission and the United Nations;

• business and industry, ranging from medium-sized companies to corpo-rate groups and industrial associations;

• civil society, ranging from environmental associations to churches, trade unions and foundations.

Research at the Institute takes place in interdisciplinary and collaborative teams. This way complex questions of a global sustainable development can be answered on a high scientific level and to an extent to which they may

Stephan Moll, Stefan Bringezu, Helmut Schütz:

Ressource Use in Euroean CountriesAn estimate of materials and waste streams in the Community, including imports and exports using the instrument of material flow analysis

Wuppertal Report Nr. 1ISSN: 1862-1953

Holger Dalkmann, Daniel Bongardt, Katja Rottmann, Sabine Hutfilter:

Review of Voluntary Approaches in the European UnionFeasibility Study on Demonstration of Voluntary Approaches for Industrial Environmental Management in China

Wuppertal Report Nr. 2ISSN: 1861-8464

Future e.V. + Effizienz-Agentur NRW + Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie:

factoryYMagazin für nachhaltiges Wirtschaften

ISSN: 1860-6229Weitere Informationen unter http://www.factory-magazin.de/

Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie GmbH:

Wuppertal Bulletinzu Instrumenten des Klima- und Umweltschutzes

ISSN: 1618-3959


be applicable in real life. The core research fields of the Institute’s research groups are:

Future energy and Mobility structures

(RG 1: Director: Dr. Manfred Fischedick: Co-Directors: Dr. Stephan Ramesohl, Dr. Karl-Otto Schallaböck)

Research Group 1 works on systems analysis and on questions of technol-ogy and infrastructure. In the field of energy and mobility it explores paths of transition to sustainable structures, with a focus on implications and opportunities. It develops dynamic potential analyses; it also works towards technology assessments and pointing out consistent paths of development (scenarios, road maps).

energy, transport and climate policy

(RG 2: Director: Dr. Stefan Thomas; Co-Directors: Stefan Lechtenböhmer, Christiane Beuermann)

Research Group 2 analyses strategies and instruments for a more effective and integrated energy, transport and climate policy at local, national and international levels. The research focuses on synergy effects of policy strate-gies that support the sustainable development of energy and transport sys-tems as well as overall climate protection.

Material Flows and resource Management

(RG 3: Director: Dr. Stefan Bringezu; Co-Director: Prof. Dr. Raimund Bleischwitz)

Research Group 3 explores material flows from the extraction of raw mate-rials to final disposal, calculating their global “ecological rucksacks” and the extent of land use involved. It develops concepts, strategies and instruments aimed at improving resource productivity and sustainable resource man-agement.

sustainable production and consumption

(RG 4: Director: Dr. Christa Liedtke; Co-Director: Carolin Baedecker)

Research Group 4 develops concepts and strategies for a sustainability-ori-ented management of production and consumption patterns. It wants to

contribute to the development and launch of more sustainable products, production processes and markets.

Moreover, scientists from the Wuppertal Institute’s research units join forces in cross-cutting projects:• Integrated Sustainability Scenarios (Head: Dr. Manfred Fischedick)• Sustainable Globalisation (Head: Dr. Wolfgang Sachs)• Eco-Sufficiency and Quality of Life (Head: Dr. Manfred Linz)

Further units:

Berlin Office (Head: Dr. Hermann E. Ott)Research Organisation and Quality Control: Dr. Oscar ReutterScientific Services & Organization (Head: Thomas Orbach)Administration (Head: Brigitte Mutert-Breidbach)

contact:

Wuppertal Institute Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy Berlin Office — Hackesche Höfe Döppersberg 19 Rosenthaler Str. 40/41 42103 Wuppertal 10178 Berlin

Phone: +49 (0) 202 2492-0 Phone: +49 (0) 30 2809-5494 Fax: +49 (0) 202 2492-108 Fax: +49 (0) 30 2809-4895E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]: www.wupperinst.org

UNEP/Wuppertal Institute CollaboratingCentre on Sustainable Consumption and Production Hagenauer Straße 3042107 Wuppertal / Germany

Tel. +49 (0) 202 45958-10Fax: +49 (0) 202 45958-31E-Mail: [email protected]: www.scp-centre.org

The�WI�in�brief� 10�


Research Organizationand Quality Control

Scienti�c Servicesand Organization

Cross Cutting Subjects

Research Group 1

FutureEnergy- and Mobility

Structures

Research Group 2

Energy,Transport andClimate Policy

Research Group 3

Material Flowsand ResourceManagement

Research Group 4

SustainableProduction and

Consumption

Wuppertal Institutefor Climate, Environment and Energy

PHDProgramme Berlin O�ce Scienti�c

Services

UNEP/Wuppertal Institute Collaborating Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production GmbH

Chief Executive forResearch / President

Vice President

BusinessManager

AdministrativeServices

Wuppertal Institute 2005

Documents

Transcript of Wuppertal Institute 2005