Wireless Sensor Network for Prototype of Fire Detection

Raditya Budi Nugroho1, Erwin Susanto2 and Unang Sunarya3 1,2,3Engineering School, Telkom University

Bandung 40257, Indonesia

1radityabudinugroho@gmail.com, 2 erwinelektro@telkomuniversity.ac.id, 3unangsunarya@telkomuniversity.ac.id

Abstract- This paper proposes the prototype design of a fire suppression system. The system uses temperature sensor LM35, gas sensor MQ-7 and microcontroller ATMega8535 as processing data from sensors. Environmental conditions such as temperature and CO gas concentration will be processed by the microcontroller and the data is sent by XBee Radio Frequency (RF) module and forwarded to the XBee RF server. The User Interface Guide (GUI) on a Personal Computer (PC) displays the data. Fire detection system equipment using Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is applied with a mesh topology using XBee RF module series 2.

Keywords Wireless Sensor Network, Microcontroller, LM35, MQ-7, LCD, GUI, Mesh Topology, Xbee Series 2

I. INTRODUCTION Fire is one of the environmental threats that can damage

humans and their property. Initial information about the potential fire will greatly help in fire prevention. Therefore, a detection device and early warning of fire which provide early information to act more quickly and precisely is required. Wireless Sensor Network, or commonly abbreviated as WSN, is one example of the proper method for detection and early warning of fire. WSN also been widely used in the world of medicine, military, and industry.

WSN is a low powered and small device with inexpensive sensor which able to detect events in the surrounding environment. Each sensor or node will form a distribution of sensors. The data will be sent to the next nearest node and it continues to other nearest node until reach the server node that connected to monitoring device of Windows-based laptop.

This research uses wireless communication protocol standard for radio waves (RF) IEEE 802.15.4 developed by Zigbee to monitor the real-time parameters, like fire and smoke. The objective of this research is to design and implement WSN for fire detection using ZigBee RF communication module. The designed system uses five XBee Series 2 RF modules with mesh topology; four modules for node sensors and one for coordinator node.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW In WSN networks, nodes sensor deployed with the aim

of capturing the presence of investigated symptoms or phenomena. The number of deployed nodes can be determined according to the needs and depends on several factors such as the area, the ability of sensing nodes, etc. Each node has the ability to collect data and forward to the Access Point as well as communicate with other nodes. Nodes sensor can collect large amounts of data from the arising phenomenon of the surrounding environment [7]

WSN architecture can be represented by figure 1. Typical architecture of WSN below

Figure 2.1. Typical architecture of WSN

A sensor node usually consists of four subsystems:

computing, communication, sensing and power supply. Computing subsystem consists of a microprocessor (microcontroller, MCU) which is responsible for the control of sensors and implementation of communication protocols, and a memory space. Communication subsystems has a radio frequency with a short range, which is used to communicate with the closest nodes sensor and the physical world. The radio can operate in the transmit mode, receive, idle or sleep depending on the desired activity. When the nodes sensor are not in a state of transmitting/receiving, it is recommended to enable nodes in perfect condition shutdown rather than sleep or standby because both modes consumes considerable energy. Sensing subsystem is a group sensor as the connector between the nodes with the world around.

2014 2nd International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (ICoICT)978-1-4799-3580-2/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE 469

To achieve minimum energy use, mounted on the sensor must have low power

The main components of WSN to operacontroller, sensor, memory, and power suppis used to receive / send data using the protocor IEEE 802.11b to other devices such as Rmodem, or other nodes. Controller is arithmetic and logic calculations which very of data process, such as sending, receiving, setc. Usually, the microcontroller is used ibecause it has the capability of processinlogic, and also has the ability to store data ican serve as data storage media optionally bmedium is already available on the microacts as a tool to detect physical quantities The sensor is a device that can convert a phyelectrical quantities, such as voltage or currADC into a quantized pulse that can be furthmicrocontroller.

ZigBee [8] is a synonym for Zig-zag mocan move erratically in the absence of ihoney from each bee to another. ZigBee tecdata rate focus, low power consumption, lnetworking protocol targeted for automacontrol applications. Committee of IEEE 8standard low data rate, then the Zigbee Alliadecided to join. Zigbee is a co(trademark/brand name) for this techno802.15.4 protocol focuses on two layers doMAC layer. Zigbee Alliance focuses on delayer protocol (from the Network to the Appthe data network interoperability, securicoverage of wireless home and building cprevailing in the market and scientific standards evolution.

ZigBee has 3 models of network topoloMesh (Peer to Peer) and Cluster Tree

. Figure 2.2 Topology Network

the components r. ate are transceiver, ply [6]. Transceiver col IEEE 802.15.4

RF modules, GSM used to perform useful in a variety

set the sleep mode, n this component

ng arithmetic and in RAM. Memory ecause the storage controller. Sensor in the real world.

ysical quantity into rent, converted by her processed by a

otion and Bee, they information about chnology is a low low cost, wireless ation and remote 802.15.4 works on ance and the IEEE ommercial name logy. The IEEE own, physical and aling with the top lication Layer) for ity services, and control, standards

development to

ogy: star topology,

k Model

XBee wireless module cooperates on the 2.4 GHz freque

Figure 2.3

ATMega 8535 microcontwith 8 Kbyte System PrograMemory technology is with Computing), no sumirna compatible pin out, and accordset of INTEL.

Figure 2.4 A

IC LM35[3] is used as temform of the Integrated Circuit (highly linear corresponds to teserves as a modifier of physicavoltage which has coefficient not require calibration or adjutheir accuracy over a quarttemperature.

Figure 2.5 LM35 ba

MQ-7 is a CO (Carbon Mto use. Sensors really suitable fa range of detection from 10 to

ommunicates in full duplex and ency range [4].

3 Xbee series 2

troller is 8-bit microcontroller ammable Flash from ATMEL. RISC (Reduce Instruction Set (nonvolatile), high density,

dance with instruction standards

ATMega8535

mperature sensor, packed in the (IC), which the voltage output is emperature changes. This sensor al quantities from temperature to

of 10 mV/ C. IC LM35 does ustment from the outside due to ter degrees Celsius at room

asic temperature sensor

Monoxide) gas sensor, fairly easy

for the detection of CO gas with 2,000ppm [1].

2014 2nd International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (ICoICT)978-1-4799-3580-2/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE 470

Figure 2.6 MQ-7 CO gas sen

III. SYSTEM DESIGN In this study, we design a fire detect

ZigBee RF module using mesh topology. Thif any fire is detected and monitor temconcentration of smoke (carbon monoxide gincluding temperature sensor (LM35) an(MQ7), LCD circuit, minimum system and X

Figure 3.1 System diagram b

The flowchart of designed system and itarchitecture can be figured as follows :

Figure 3.2 Flowchart

nsor

tion system using he system can sign

mperature and the gas). The design is nd smoke sensor XBee device.

block

s network

Figure 3.3 Netw

The flowchart of sensor node

figured below

Figure 3.4. Flowc

Figure 3.5 Flowchar

The output voltage owith the measured temperatureoutput voltage is read by micwithout the need of a boosterADC into temperature units req

work Architecture

and sensor coordinator can be

chart of sensor node

rt of node coordinator

of the sensor is scaled linearly e, which is 10 mV per 1C. The crocontroller through ADC pin r. Hence, the conversion of the quires the following calculation:

2014 2nd International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (ICoICT)978-1-4799-3580-2/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE 471

10102450000

=

mVADCC

Figure 3.6 Schematic of LM

Figure 3.7 Schematic of MQ

The sensor can detect CO gases betw(parts per million). Smoke must contain CO for the calculation for the value of ADC conof ppm

201024

1980+

=

ADCppm

Figure 3.8 Schematic of minimum system

XBee is configured as a receiver and amesh topology of ZigBee protocol. Each Xbe set for the configuration. This addrparameter PAN ID (Personal Area NetworNumber High), SL (Serial Number Low), address High), DL (Destination Low)communicate in a mesh topology, XBee muthis research there are 5 XBees which be set device and 1 coordinator. Then the followingXBee mesh topology are applied:

35

Q-7

ween 20-2000 ppm gas that is needed

nversion into units

0

and Xbee shield

a transmitter, uses XBee address must ress includes the rk ID), SH (Serial

DH (Destination ). In order to ust be set first. In to 3 routers, 1 end g settings with the

- PAN ID parameter value Router ID and Device End

- SH coordinator parameter Device

- The value of the parameteand End Device

Figure 3.9 D

IV. TESTINGThe following is testing result o

Table 4.1 T

Figure 4.1 Readi

According to the testshown that it is able to retit to the form of units of pp

= Value PAN coordinator all d

value = DH all Router and End

er SL coordinator = DL all Router

Display of GUI

G AND ANALYSIS of this experiment

Testing of LM35

ing of MQ-7 sensor

t results of MQ-7 sensor, it is trieve data of ADC and convert pm.

2014 2nd International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (ICoICT)978-1-4799-3580-2/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE 472

Figure 4.2 Temperature data transmission in serial

Figure 4.3 PPM data transmission in serial

Figure 4.4 Temperature data transmission in wireless

Figure 4.5 PPM data transmission in wireless

Range testing of Zigbee at indoor and outdoor is displayed below

Table 4.2 Range testing at indoor

Table 4.3 Range testing at outdoor

Testing of system performance includes error testing in the system and time delay recovery. In this test, all the nodes activate nodes 2,3 and 4 placed in an open space whereas the nodes 2 and 3 are placed side by side between node 1 and node 4. Coordinator node is placed in the room but adjacent to node 1 while node 4 is located away from the coordinator, and not connected. The test is performed in a confined space.

Table 4.4 Error Testing

It is shown that, serial data transmission more stable than wireless data transmission.

23.524

24.525

25.5

1 4 7 10 13

Suhu

(0c)

time(s)

Celcius

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

PPM

time(s)

PPM

23

24

25

26

27

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

Tem

pera

ture

(0c)

time(s)

Celsius

05

101520253035

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

PPM

time(s)

PPM

2014 2nd International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (ICoICT)978-1-4799-3580-2/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE 473

This is due to the influence of the channel (medium) in the wireless data transmission

Table 4.5 Time delay recovery

V. CONCLUSION This paper presents the design of wireless sensor network

for fire detection. Testing and analysis has been done using ZigBee RF module with a mesh topology.

1. Average error of measuring is 1.3 of 11 testing. 2. From the measurement of distance, the system can

work stable in 27 meters for indoor measurement and 100 meters of outdoor measurement.

3. Average time delay recovery from 3th node to 2th is 24 s and from 2th node to 3th node is 25.5 s.

The video of the measurement and testing can be downloaded from the link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CO7j6UQTO2w&feature=youtu.be

REFERENCES

[1]. Asykin, Syarif. Design of gas emission detector for vehicle using data communication with GSM modem. Available at http://www.eepis-its.edu/uploadta/downloadmk.php?id=1872. [accessed at 3 January 2013]. (in Indonesia)

[2]. Dawud Y. Smoke episodes and assessment of health impacts related to haze from forest fires:Indonesian experience. The Indonesian Association of Pulmonologist, Persahabatan Hospital Jakarta; 1999.pp 313-322

[3]. Kurniawan,Taufiq. Application of temperature sensor for room temperature detector at file room of Kantor Notaris Nindita Utari,SH using ATMega8535 microcontroller and Bascom-AVR. Final Project. Computer Engineering. Telkom Polytechnic.2011. (in Indonesia).

[4]. Muharam,Andika. Design and implementation of remote control system using XBEE PRO with microcontroller. Final Project. Bandung.2012.( in Indonesia)

[5]. Puspita,Stephanie Arif. Pegasis algorithm analysis for wireless sensor network. Final Project.Bandung. 2011. (in Indonesia)

[6]. Sukmana Murty, Wahyu. Simulation and performance analysis of Zigbee (IEEE 802.15.4) in IT Telkom personal area network. Final Project. Bandung. 2009. (in Indonesia)

[7]. Wibawa,Tenday. Agus Setya. Microcontroller based design of wireless soccer robot. Available at http://www.eepis-its.edu/uploadta/downloadmk.php?id=1075.[ accessed at 2 January 2013]. (in Indonesia)

[8]. Widiasrini, P. Tri Riska Ferawati.. Zigbee: low power wireless communication. Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Gunadarma University. (in Indonesia)

2014 2nd International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (ICoICT)978-1-4799-3580-2/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE 474

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