W’s What: Search for spices and trade routes for wealth. When: 1300s – 1700s Who:...
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Transcript of W’s What: Search for spices and trade routes for wealth. When: 1300s – 1700s Who:...
Age of Exploration
W’s
What: Search for spices and trade routes for wealth.
When: 1300s – 1700s
Who: Portuguese(1), Spanish (2), English(3)
Why: Adventures spirit, desire for a direct route to random places Increased Knowledge/Education New Inventions
Faster and more efficient ships Accurate maps
New and Improved Sailing Navigational
Technology Astrolabe: measure latitude by finding a point on
the horizon and using sun, stars, and/or moon.
Compass: Magnetic pull used on a device to tell the direction on Nth, Sth, Est, or Wst.
Caravel Ship: Light and fast Rudder System – faster and easier turns Lateen Sail – catch wind from any direction
Cartography Map making (new and more accurate map)
Reasons for European Exploration
Money - $$
Land New land = tax Land could be used for agricultural purposes
(farming)
Wealth Exploit new lands and resources
3G’s – GOD, GOLD, GLORY
Portuguese Explorers
Prince Henry: wanted to find a route around Africa. Wanted to spread Christianity He re-designed ships Open school to teach navigation to people Died in 1460
Left behind multiple maps
Bartolomeu Diaz
Student of Prince Henry
Found the bottom of Africa.
His works weren’t finished when he
died
Vasco da Gama
1479, led 4 ships around Cape of Good Hope
After 10 months, he finally found the end of India. Many people died with a lack of vitamins
3,000% profit from whatever was recovered from where you sailed to
They lived off of salted meat and tack Meat – salted to allow it to be preserved Tack – looked like dog biscuits
Ferdinand Magellan
1519 – sailed five ships from Spain
Rounded around South America
It took 4 months to get to the Philippines even thought they predicted only 3 weeks.
Only 17 people survived the trip there and back
Christopher Columbus
Italian navigator who sailed for Spain. (He thought the Earth was round.)
No one supported him except Spain. Spain and the Queen financed his journey
There were three ships Pinta Nina Santa Maria
Found the Caribbean Islands
Hernan Cortes
Spanish conquistadors landed in Mexico with 600 men, 16 horses, and a few canons.
Natives thought that him and his warriors were Gods.
Natives didn't make any metals Spears were made out of Stone.
Used rivalry to get Aztecs to fight with each other
Cortes moved to Tenochtitlan
Natives disliked Aztecs
Fighting broke out
Conquistadors
Spanish people followed the 3G’s
People settled.
Role of Disease in Exploration and
Conquest Deadly Diseases were brought to the new
world (mumps, small pox, flu, etc.)
Disease spread fast 90% of population died
Dr. Edward Jener – small pox vaccine
Columbian Exchange
Global transfer of plants, animals, foods, and etcetera.
Encomienda System
Conquistadors granted encomiendas (tracts of land and rights to demand labor or tribute from Native Americas)
By 1500s Spain's empire – California to South America
Viceroy – representative of the King that ruled each province
Castas
Spanish colonial caste system.
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mullatos
Castas - continured
Peninsulares – Spanish born
Creoles – Spanish descent born in Americas
Mestizos – Indian and Spanish descent
Mullatos – African and Spanish descent
Slave Trade
Natives died and they needed slaves
Slaves came from Africa – Stolen from their home
Introduction of sugar cane
Triangle Trade
Exchange of Goods and slaves from Europe, Africa, and The New World 1st – Manufactured goods to Africa to be traded
for slaves 2nd – Slaves transported to West Indies
Slave exchanged for goods (Africa New world)
3rd – Sold raw goods (materials) for profit (New World Europe)
Middle Passage
Brought slaves to Americas Emslaved sometimes walked hundreds of miles to coast
city. There were horrific conditions on the ships that brought
the slaves. 100’s of people were crammed on one ship.
Once they arrived at the New World slaves were branded multiple times by different owners
More slaves = more profit Slaves were shackled by their neck. Their was little to no
space to move; they could also be shackled to the wall.
Amistad – Middle Passage
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nePOpkYwjY
Colonization
Mother country took control, set up economy and government
You could only export raw good to Spain and only by Spanish manufacturers
Laws forbid trade in other countries
Mercantilism
Nations strength depended on its wealth
Goal: strong military; expand influence
Export more than you buy… Important increases reserved of gold and silver
through (1) mining and (2) sell more goods
Tudors
Henry VIII Act of Supremacy – 1534
Edward VI – son of Henry VIII 1547-1553
Queen Jane Grey Only in power for 9 days
Queen Mary Wanted a child
Queen Elizabeth Great Compromiser Known as Virgin Queen Evolved England and eventually took out Spain
Puritans – sought to “purify” Anglican church practices, and simplify church authority. (Presbyterians, Congregationalists
Stuarts
James I (son of Mary Queen of Scots) succeeded Elizabeth Believed divine right (wanted minimum
consultation) Parliament was only summoned by the
monarch (king.) Began to raise taxes Called for a translation of the Bible and the
King James version
RELIGIOUS TENTION: Puritans wanted to end elaborate ceremonies at
churches Dissenters began to leave to the Americas 1620 – separatists found Plymouth Colony
TENSION IN THE ROYAL COURT: Corruption began in the Royal Court Ruled by favorites, and sold titles to the highest
bidder 1604 – made peace with Spain 1624 – England goes to war with Spain
Charles I War with Spain, Parliament supported the war
but would not fund it Extra Parliamentary – “higher taxes” (tariffs
and duties) and forced loans 1628 – Charles call Parliament and asks for
money They agree only if Charles recognizes (signs)
“Petition of Right”
Petition of Right
You cant force loans or raise taxes
No imprisonment because of these
Troops can’t be housed in private homes
Charles agrees to the terms 1629 – Charles takes down Parliament
Years of Personal Rule
Charles made peace with Spain and France
Raised taxes and enforced economic raises on people
Imposed Anglican Book of Common Prayer
1640 – Charles forced Parliament back
Parliament’s Reaction
Parliament was angry for not being called for 11 years
Parliament tries to order Charles what to do and argues about what he says
Charles dissolved Parliament again
Scots defeat England that summer
Long Parliament
Active from November 1640 – 1660
Abolished courts that enforced royal policy
Prohibited raising taxes
Tension Intensifies
October 1641 – Parliament asked to raise taxes
Some thought Parliament should be to commander and chief
January 1642 – Charles invades Parliament and arrested all that opposed him
Civil War
Charles left London and raised an army
Parliament passed “Militia Ordinance” which allowed them the right to raise an army
1642 – 1646 (Civil Car
Cavaliers – King supporters
Roundheads – Parliamentary Supporters
Oliver Cromwell
Roundheads allied with Scotland
Oliver – led Parliamentary army
June 1645 – Charles was defeated
Charles was put on trial and was found guilty of treason
Executed on January 30th
Parliament abolished monarchy, House of Lords, and Anglican Church
Puritan Republic
Attacked Scotland and Ireland,
1653 – House of Common wanted Cromwell to disband his army
Charles II
Son of Charles I returns as monarch
Parliament reinstates House of Lords & Commons, Anglican Church, Bishops and Prayer Book
Favored religious toleration
Converts to Catholicism on his death bed
James II
Increased Catholic presence at all levels
Some people wanted the daughter of James, Mary to agree to sign and abide by Bill of Rights
1688 – William and Mary arrived with an army but James fled
Glorious Revolution
Shift of power to limit monarchy.
English Bill of Rights - 1685
Limited power to monarch, guaranteed civil liberty, privilege, and classes
Freedom of speech, right to petition
No one is above the law
Influenced creation of American Bill of Rights
France Under Louis XIV
Become king at the age of 9, but his advisors ruled France while Louis was young
Believed in divine right, ruled as absolute monarch
Took sun as his symbol. Mythology – France revolved around him
“I am the State”
Gave positions in the government to nobles and wealthy business men.
Versailles
Spent decades to build a fortress of buildings in the palace
Thousands lived at Versailles
Levee – nobles competed for the honor to help him get ready when he woke
Peter the Great - Russia
Absolute monarch at age 10
Brother was mentally ill
Sister is Sophia and she tried to have both brothers killed Peter escaped and came back and forced her
into a convent. She became a nun.
1696 – Peter’s mother died and he become the complete ruler
He travels for 18 months to gather an army and to prepare for an attack on the Ottman Empire During his travels he studied new ideas and technologies He took what he knew back to Russia to reform
Westernize – adopted western ideas, technologies, and culture Western style of dress – forced men to shave their beards
He would have lavish/extravagant parties with upper class women and men, they were expected to dance with each other.
Strengthened military and expanded borders Brought all institutions under his control
Pushed social/economic reforms and improved education
Conscripted – forced people into army/military (draft)
Anyone who resisted he would torture and kill them and put their bodies on display around the city. (Gov. buildings)
Warm Water-Port – an area used for import/export and navy uses that would never freeze during the year. It was always accessible
Catherine the Great (1729-96)
Continued Peter’s reforms. She embraced western ideas, education for boys and girls and attacked the Ottman Empire, this allowed her to win a warm water-port
Inspired by Enlightenment theories
She divided Poland
Revolutions – about to begin, people’s rights and place in the eyes of the government
Absolute Monarch
Power that is not limited to having to consult nobles, or common people Absolute power
Divine Right – belief right to rule received from God, must not be challenged
Spain Dominates
During the Golden Age (1550s – 1650s)
Vast amount of gold and silver
Agriculture (sugar cane) produced huge profit
England Emerges
England began to assert their presence in Americas
Ships sailed by English captains (Sea Dogs) attacking Spanish ships
Spanish Armada
Religious wars waging in Europe. Reformation ideas spread
Spain was angry that their ships are being attacked and ordered the Spanish Armada 130 ships, 25,000 soldiers
Fire ships – ships set on fir that were aimed and rammed into another ship
A storm came and destroyed a high amount of Spanish Armada
Spanish ships were slow while English was fast
Queen Elizabeth