WS 4. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, WS 4. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

ATTENTION GRABBERNext two (at least) sentences must be background about

Topic/Issue at hand

The United States Postal service has reshaped America’s character by providing Americans mail for over three centuries. Despite the system’s deep roots in American history, many Americans have resorted to different means of communications, thus damaging USPS’s business. Competition from electronic mail and other packaging companies have threatened the existence of USPS. The USPS, therefore, should be restructured in order to meet the needs of a changing world in ways that would increase its popularity and prevent it from losing more money.

ATTENTION GRABBERNext two (at least) sentences must be background/critical thinking about the author of the passage, the passage itself, or the time period of the passage that is relevant to your argument.

(Think SOAPSTONE or Précis)

1. Subject/Topic (Author of the prose, title of prose)

2. Direction (ex: parallelism or allusion) = Strategies

3. Claim (Use a verb i.e. contrasts, defines, juxtaposes, argues, claims, delineates)

4. Universal Idea (prompt question answer)Example: Thomas Paine, in his persuasive essay “The

American Crisis No. 1,” urges Americans to become active in the fight for independence using parallelism, figurative language, and rhetorical appeals.

Through the use of parallelism, figurative language, and rhetorical appeals, Thomas Paine, in his persuasive essay “The American Crisis No. 1,” compels Americans to proactively support American independence.

(The Thesis explains (how– the rhetorical devices) answer the (what–prompt question, purpose)

OrThe author uses (what- rhetorical device ) to (how –

explain the function of the examples).

Labels such as nerd and geek ostracize intellectuals in today’s society and reflect the lack of respect in America for intellect. Despite the fact that intelligence is crucial to maintaining power in a world wide technology race, Americans continue to place greater emphasis on social skills and athletic prowess than intelligence. Leonid Fridman criticizes this change in a passionate essay entitled “America Needs It’s Nerds”. Using logos and rhetorical questions, Fridman challenges the derogatory view on those who value academic achievement.

Working women and children fought for equal rights throughout most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Ironically, women and children were the ones subject to heinous, unimaginable working conditions from an early age. Reformers, such as Florence Kelley, campaigned for equal conditions for all people in the workplace. While her crusade obtained the support of many, the opposition to equal conditions was immense and difficult to overcome. Speeches became a tool used to rally support for the common cause, especially among women. Kelley’s speech at the National American Woman Suffrage Association’s convention appeals to the sentiments of listener’s and utilizes emotional anecdotes in order to repeal child labor, while simultaneously eliciting a revolutionary response from listeners.

Crevecoeur's diction, and the positive connotations of the words he uses to describe Americans presents his positive, though occasionally paternal and superior, attitude toward Americans and disparaging discernment of Europeans.

Topic Direction Claim Universal idea.

Many foreigners came to America during the republic’s formative years to explore the life in the new nation. The writings of de Tocqueville and Charles Dickens commented on the new American character and government in the nineteenth century. Michel-Guillaume-Jean de Crevecoeur, who wrote Letters from an American Farmer in 1782, was not alone in his endeavor, though he was one of the first to visit the new United States. His writing generally reflects a positive image of Americans. While taking note of their humble origins and lack of cultural refinement, he praises the resilience of American citizens. Crevecoeur's diction, and the positive connotations of the words he uses to describe Americans presents his positive, though occasionally paternal and superior, attitude toward Americans and disparaging discernment of Europeans.

ATTENTION GRABBERNext two (at least) sentences must be background about

the essay topic

In any group of individuals, whether animals in a park or a group of business executives at a board meeting, there is a socially acceptable way to conduct oneself. To stray from what is expected is to break an unspoken code and violate the rules of the group. In any coalition of people, unspoken rules define not only behavior, but the identity of the group.

1. The Outside Connection1. The Outside Connection 2. The Global Statement2. The Global Statement 3. Using a Quote3. Using a Quote 4. An Anecdote4. An Anecdote 5. The Straw Man5. The Straw Man

Wait? Isn’t there one missing? Wait? Isn’t there one missing?

DON’T DO THIS - EVER!DON’T DO THIS - EVER! Usually the question is not answeredUsually the question is not answered Sometimes it even includes second Sometimes it even includes second

person:person: Ex: Have you ever wondered what it Ex: Have you ever wondered what it

would be like to be lonely? would be like to be lonely? Also, do not use a command: Also, do not use a command:

Imagine, being the only one left on Imagine, being the only one left on earth.earth.

Starts with broad statement about a theme/idea/analogy that relates to your thesis

Give example from literature, author’s life, or other history or scientific source that relates to this theme.

Don’t connect to pop culture or anything that seems out of character

Transition into your thesis clearly to avoid confusing the reader.

Broad ThemeBroad Theme

TransitionTransition

The same can be said of human beings; people

mimic each other, taking cues from others actionsjustifying their own crimes with the sins of others. Cultureis, in the end, a set of rules and that game is won by thosewho know how to play.

A locust swarm only truly begins when just one gets hungry. A single specimen will release a pheromone that spreads like fire throughout every locust in a radius of miles and thus the nightmarish, omnivorous swarm begins, devouring everything in sight.

ThesisThesis

Those who understand the social rules of a group will fit in the best because conformity invariably leads to acceptance and humans are naturally sound animals who will develop systems to regulate each other’s behavior.

Start with a broad statement and then narrow toward your thesis.

Similar setup to Outside Connection. Very versatile – works in a variety of

situations. Don’t be too broad or vague.

Start with a broad statement and then narrow toward your thesis.

Similar setup to Outside Connection. Very versatile – works in a variety of

situations. Don’t be too broad or vague.

Every society has a set of indefatigable rules in which it governs itself by.

Every society has a set of indefatigable rules in which it governs itself by.

To belong, one often has to look, act, or talk a particular way. In order to take part in societal norms and customs, therefore, one must proverbially “adapt or die.” Many great works of literature have explored this need to conform to society in order to belong.

To belong, one often has to look, act, or talk a particular way. In order to take part in societal norms and customs, therefore, one must proverbially “adapt or die.” Many great works of literature have explored this need to conform to society in order to belong. However, as works like Jane Eyre, Hamlet and Beowulf show; while unspoken rules may facilitate acceptance into society and increase one’s chances of belonging, nobody can ever completely “fit in.”

However, as works like Jane Eyre, Hamlet and Beowulf show; while unspoken rules may facilitate acceptance into society and increase one’s chances of belonging, nobody can ever completely “fit in.”

BroadBroad

NarrowingNarrowing

More NarrowingMore Narrowing

ThesisThesis

Always include a lead-in (TLQ) into the quote as well as cite the speaker.

Avoid quoting the passage(s) that the essay will be about – quote a famous speaker or another novel.

Always include a lead-in (TLQ) into the quote as well as cite the speaker.

Avoid quoting the passage(s) that the essay will be about – quote a famous speaker or another novel.

The winsome Transcendentalist, Emerson once bemused, “To be great is to be misunderstood.” The winsome Transcendentalist, Emerson once bemused, “To be great is to be misunderstood.”Lead

intoQuote

Lead intoQuote

TransitionTransition

ThesisThesis

Dimmesdale in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter seems to meet both criteria. In a Puritan age, when worshipping idols could be punishable by death, the very minister who preaches the same convictions is idolized himself by the community. At the end of the novel, Hawthorne illustrates both the irony of Dimmesdale’s fandom and the hypocrisy in the society of which he is apart.

Dimmesdale in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter seems to meet both criteria. In a Puritan age, when worshipping idols could be punishable by death, the very minister who preaches the same convictions is idolized himself by the community. At the end of the novel, Hawthorne illustrates both the irony of Dimmesdale’s fandom and the hypocrisy in the society of which he is apart. This irony is revealed through juxtaposition and particular choices of diction. This irony is revealed through juxtaposition and particular choices of diction.

A brief story that relates to your thesis, no more than a few sentences.

No first person!!!!!!!

A brief story that relates to your thesis, no more than a few sentences.

No first person!!!!!!!

In American culture and society today, people are categorized in different groups based on their social status or ethnic background.

In American culture and society today, people are categorized in different groups based on their social status or ethnic background. In a high school setting, for example, students befriend other students based on their similarities, whether they are nerds or athletes. These students are attracted to each other as a result of some invisible, unspoken force.

In a high school setting, for example, students befriend other students based on their similarities, whether they are nerds or athletes. These students are attracted to each other as a result of some invisible, unspoken force.

AnecdoteAnecdote

ThesisThesis

One, therefore, only truly belongs to a group once they understand the unspoken rules that exists within that group.

In the end, it will not be the basketball player or the wrestler that allows America to maintain its position of technological and scholarly achievement in the world, but, as Fridman tells us, the “nerd”. Indeed, the great society which allows for the tremendous fame of athletes and other pop-culture icons to be perpetuated is built upon the backs of nerds. The term “geek” in itself is derogatory as we now equate a drive and determination to learn with “an outcast street-performer.” As Fridman articulates, “enough is enough.” Fridman develops his argument for the return of the geek and the end of American anti-intellectual sentiment through classical appeals and comparisons.

In the end, it will not be the basketball player or the wrestler that allows America to maintain its position of technological and scholarly achievement in the world, but, as Fridman tells us, the “nerd”. Indeed, the great society which allows for the tremendous fame of athletes and other pop-culture icons to be perpetuated is built upon the backs of nerds. The term “geek” in itself is derogatory as we now equate a drive and determination to learn with “an outcast street-performer.” As Fridman articulates, “enough is enough.” Fridman develops his argument for the return of the geek and the end of American anti-intellectual sentiment through classical appeals and comparisons.

Begin with an idea that is the opposite of your

true position.

Then prove it wrong.

Be sure to clearly transition from the false idea to your true position!

Begin with an idea that is the opposite of your

true position.

Then prove it wrong.

Be sure to clearly transition from the false idea to your true position!

People hear a great deal about People hear a great deal about divorce’s disastrous impact on children. divorce’s disastrous impact on children. They are bombarded with advice on how to They are bombarded with advice on how to make divorce as painless as possible for make divorce as painless as possible for their offspring, and numerous heartbreaking their offspring, and numerous heartbreaking stories about the confused, grieving stories about the confused, grieving children of divorced parents abound. Little children of divorced parents abound. Little attention has been paid, however, to a attention has been paid, however, to a different effect that divorce may have on different effect that divorce may have on young people, for children of divorced young people, for children of divorced parents may become skilled manipulators, parents may become skilled manipulators, playing off one parent against the other, playing off one parent against the other, worsening an already painful situation……worsening an already painful situation……

People hear a great deal about People hear a great deal about divorce’s disastrous impact on children. divorce’s disastrous impact on children. They are bombarded with advice on how to They are bombarded with advice on how to make divorce as painless as possible for make divorce as painless as possible for their offspring, and numerous heartbreaking their offspring, and numerous heartbreaking stories about the confused, grieving stories about the confused, grieving children of divorced parents abound. Little children of divorced parents abound. Little attention has been paid, however, to a attention has been paid, however, to a different effect that divorce may have on different effect that divorce may have on young people, for children of divorced young people, for children of divorced parents may become skilled manipulators, parents may become skilled manipulators, playing off one parent against the other, playing off one parent against the other, worsening an already painful situation……worsening an already painful situation……

FalseFalseTo To TrueTrue

FalseFalseTo To TrueTrue

FalseFalseFalseFalse

What other type of AP essay might this work well for????

Restate your argument in different words.Restate your argument in different words. Reflect upon or extend what was already Reflect upon or extend what was already

stated in the body of the essay or the hook.stated in the body of the essay or the hook. Make predictions about the topic.Make predictions about the topic.

Restate your argument in different words.Restate your argument in different words. Reflect upon or extend what was already Reflect upon or extend what was already

stated in the body of the essay or the hook.stated in the body of the essay or the hook. Make predictions about the topic.Make predictions about the topic.

Then…Then…Then…Then…

Restate thesis in different words.Restate thesis in different words. Reflect upon or extend what was already Reflect upon or extend what was already

stated in the body of the essay or the stated in the body of the essay or the hook.hook.

Make predictions about the topic.Make predictions about the topic. Include a further insight, a larger universal Include a further insight, a larger universal

truth or connection truth or connection Last sentence should be insightful and Last sentence should be insightful and

definitely not repetitivedefinitely not repetitive

Restate thesis in different words.Restate thesis in different words. Reflect upon or extend what was already Reflect upon or extend what was already

stated in the body of the essay or the stated in the body of the essay or the hook.hook.

Make predictions about the topic.Make predictions about the topic. Include a further insight, a larger universal Include a further insight, a larger universal

truth or connection truth or connection Last sentence should be insightful and Last sentence should be insightful and

definitely not repetitivedefinitely not repetitive

The last sentence may link back to the The last sentence may link back to the hook in your opening paragraph. hook in your opening paragraph. Imagine this is your VEHICLE. Try to Imagine this is your VEHICLE. Try to exit the same car in which you started exit the same car in which you started your journey.your journey.

THINK about what you WRITE!THINK about what you WRITE! That means if it sounds lame, don’t That means if it sounds lame, don’t

write it!write it! Does what you wrote add value?Does what you wrote add value? Does it relate directly back to the Does it relate directly back to the

thesis?thesis? Does it relate to the topic sentence?Does it relate to the topic sentence? Is the topic sentence arguable?Is the topic sentence arguable?

THINK about what you WRITE!THINK about what you WRITE! That means if it sounds lame, don’t That means if it sounds lame, don’t

write it!write it! Does what you wrote add value?Does what you wrote add value? Does it relate directly back to the Does it relate directly back to the

thesis?thesis? Does it relate to the topic sentence?Does it relate to the topic sentence? Is the topic sentence arguable?Is the topic sentence arguable?

Too much of ANYTHING gets BORING.Too much of ANYTHING gets BORING. That means the same word, phrasing, That means the same word, phrasing,

sentence starters, transition, lead-in sentence starters, transition, lead-in strategy, or anything else for that matter.strategy, or anything else for that matter.

Variety is the key.Variety is the key.› Awareness of your diction› Awareness of syntax – don’t write

choppy sentences but don’t always use long, complex sentences; variety in sentence length can be used deliberately for impact

Too much of ANYTHING gets BORING.Too much of ANYTHING gets BORING. That means the same word, phrasing, That means the same word, phrasing,

sentence starters, transition, lead-in sentence starters, transition, lead-in strategy, or anything else for that matter.strategy, or anything else for that matter.

Variety is the key.Variety is the key.› Awareness of your diction› Awareness of syntax – don’t write

choppy sentences but don’t always use long, complex sentences; variety in sentence length can be used deliberately for impact

1.Huck Finn Intro Paragraphs. Woo-Hoo!

2.Begin Writing….Right Now!

1.Huck Finn Intro Paragraphs. Woo-Hoo!

2.Begin Writing….Right Now!